Plan de cours

COURSE OUTLINE
FROM AIDS TO ZIKA: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCING CHALLENGES FOR GLOBAL
HEALTH
APRES LE SIDA, ZIKA : DEFIS
ECONOMIQUES ET FINANCIERS DE LA
SANTE MONDIALE
Teachers: Joseph BRUNET-JAILLY, Mead OVER
Academic Year 2016/2017: Spring semester
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Mead Over taught in the undergraduate, Masters and PhD programs of Williams College and Boston
University for eleven years, then moved to the research department of the World Bank for twenty years, and
now is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Global Development in Washington. Mead Over has been working
on the economic aspects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic since 1988 and published four books and multiple
journal articles on that topic. He has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of the US PEPFAR program
and on one of the review committees of the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS). In
October, 2014 he co-authored the first World Bank’s report on the economic impact of the Ebola epidemic.
Joseph Brunet-Jailly, trained at Grenoble and then Paris Universities, taught at Strasbourg University for six
years, then served as Associate Professor, Professor and Dean at University of Aix-en-Provence (19681986), before moving to the position of Senior Fellow in the French Institute of Development Studies (Institut
de recherche pour le développement, IRD), working in Mali and Côte d’Ivoire (1986-2004). Prof. Brunet-Jailly
is the author of mulitple articles on health sector resource tracking and allocation in Africa ; in addition to
teaching at Science-Po, he consults for various international aid agencies and African governments. Last
edited book, with Dominique Kerouedan: Santé mondiale, enjeu stratégique, jeux diplomatiques, Presses de
Sciences-Po, 2016
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COURSE OUTLINE
COURSE OUTLINE
Session 1: Introduction
Disputed scientific results and your future role
Global Health or World Health ?
Rawls or Sen ?
Required readings:
• Jeffrey P Koplan et alii: Towards a common definition of global health, Lancet 2009; 373: 1993–95.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2960332-9/fulltext
• Derek Yach and Douglas Bettcher, “The Globalization of Public Health, I: Threats and Opportunities,”
American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998): 735–738, and “The Globalization of Public Health, II:
The Convergence of Self-Interest and Altruism,” American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998): 738–
741. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.88.5.738
• Dominique Kerouedan, Joseph Brunet-Jailly : Santé mondiale, enjeu stratégique, jeux diplomatiques,
Presses de Sciences-Po, 2015 (Introduction, pp. 27-68)
Recommended readings:
• Amartya Sen: L’idée de justice, Champs Essais, Flammarion, 2012 ; or Amartya Sen: The idea of
justice, Penguin Books, 2009
Session 2: Indicators of the population’s health status (from mortality to Global
Burden of Disease)
Required readings:
• Eran Bendavid, Charles B. Holmes, Jay Bhattacharya, Grant Miller, HIV Development Assistance and
Adult Mortality in Africa, JAMA, May 16, 2012, Vol 307, No. 19.
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1157487
• Joshua A Salomon, New disability weights for the global burden of disease,Bulletin of the World
Health Organization 2010;88:879-879. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.084301
Web exercise:
Use “GBD Compare”, the disease burden visualizer on the Institute of Health Metrics web site, to compare
and contrast the distribution of disease burden of one poor African country and one OECD country and
prepare to discuss your observations in class. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
Session 3: National Health Accounts and Development Aid on Health
Required readings:
• Joseph L Dieleman, National spending on health by source for 184 countries between 2013 and 2040,
Lancet, April 13, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30167-2 (with webappendix)
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• Joseph L Dieleman et alii, Development assistance for health: past trends, associations, and the
future of international financial flows for health, Lancet, online April 13, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30168-4
• Nathalie Van de Maele, David B Evans, Tessa Tan-Torres: Development assistance for health in
Africa: are we telling the right story? Bull World Health Organ 2013;91:483–490.
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/91/7/12-115410.pdf
Recommended readings:
• Français: Guide pour l'élaboration des comptes nationaux de la santé avec des applications spéciales
pour les pays à faible et moyen revenus. http://www.who.int/healthaccounts/documentation/FrenchPG-Final.pdf
• English: Guide to producing national health accounts – with special applications for low-income and
middle-income countries. WHO, World Bank and USAID, 2005. http://www.who.int/healthaccounts/documentation/publication_nha_guide/en/
• Nirmala Ravishankar, Paul Gubbins, Rebecca J Cooley, Katherine Leach-Kemon, Catherine M
Michaud, Dean T Jamison, Christopher J L Murray: Financing of global health: tracking development
assistance for health from 1990 to 2007, Lancet 2009; 373: 2113–24 (webappendix included).
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%29608813/fulltext?_eventId=login
Session 4: Allocation criteria: is CEA sufficient?
Required readings
• Andrew Mirelman, Amanda Glassman, Miriam Temin, Estimating the Avertable Disease Burden and
Cost-Effectiveness in Millions Saved Third Edition, Center for Global Development, 2016, 31 p.
http://www.cgdev.org/publication/estimating-avertable-disease-burden-and-cost-effectiveness-millionssaved-third-edition
• Joseph L. Dieleman, Casey M. Graves, Tara Templin, Elizabeth Johnson, Ranju Baral, Katherine
Leach-Kemon, Annie M. Haakenstad, and Christopher J.L. Murray: Global Health Development
Assistance Remained Steady In 2013 But Did Not Align With Recipients’ Disease Burden, Health
Affairs 33, n° 5 (2014)
• P. Musgrove: Public spending on health care: how are different criteria related?, Health Policy 47
(1999) 207–223
Recommended readings:
• Alesina, Alberto and David Dollar. "Who Gives Foreign Aid To Whom And Why?," Journal of Economic
Growth, 2000, v5(1,Mar), 33-63
• Nicoli Nattrass, Gregg Gonsalves: Economics and the Backlash against AIDS-Specific Funding,
http://www.econ.yale.edu/~granis/web/Backlash%20agains%20AIDS-Specific%20Funding.pdf
• Joseph Brunet-Jailly, Sida, tuberculose, palu : quel rôle pour la France ? TheConversation, 15 juillet
2016, https://theconversation.com/sida-turberculose-palu-quel-role-pour-la-france-62308
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Session 5: Universal Health Coverage: from Slogan to Implementation
Required Readings:
• Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage, World Health Report 2010,
http://www.who.int/whr/2010/en/
• Adam Wagstaff: We just learned a whole lot more about achieving Universal Health Coverage,
http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/we-just-learned-whole-lot-more-about-achieving-universalhealth-coverage
• Joseph Kutzin:Health financing for universal coverage and health system performance: concepts and
implications for policy, Bull World Health Organ v.91(8); 2013 Aug 1,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738310/
Recommended Readings
• Vikram Patel et alii, Assuring health coverage for all in India,Lancet 2015; 386: 2422–35
• Universal Health Coverage Study Series, World Bank,
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/universal-health-coverage-study-series
Enhancing universal health coverage today, http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/enhancinguniversal-health-coverage-today.htm ; and also http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/universalhealth-coverage.htm
Session 6: Introduction to the economics of epidemics: AIDS, Ebola and Zika
Required readings:
• Over and Garnett, Treatment essay for the Copenhagen Consensus,
http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/over_garnett.pdf
• The World Bank, The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic: Short and Medium Term
Estimates for West Africa, http://wrld.bg/EXVwY
• The World Bank, Pandemic Emergency Facility: Frequently asked questions, Spetember, 2016,
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pandemics/brief/pandemic-emergency-facility-frequently-askedquestions
•
Alfaro-Murillo JA, Parpia AS, Fitzpatrick MC, Tamagnan JA, Medlock J, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, et al.
(2016) A Cost-Effectiveness Tool for Informing Policies on Zika Virus Control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis
10(5): e0004743. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004743
http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004743&type=printable
Assignment for this session:
•
Acquaint yourself with the Stata introductory information on this website:
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/sk/
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COURSE OUTLINE
Session 7: The economic rationale for investing in good health: Cost of illness,
aversion behavior and the “full income” approach (applied to AIDS & Ebola)
Required readings:
• Over, Bertozzi and Chin, Guidelines for rapid estimation of the direct and indirect costs of HIV infection
in a developing country, Health Policy, Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 169–186, April 1989
• Jamison et al., Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation, Lancet, 2013; 382: 1898–
955, http://globalhealth2035.org/sites/default/files/report/global-health-2035.pdf
• Lamontagne, Erik, Mead Over, et al., 2017, Rate of return to investing in the Fast Track Initiative,
(forthcoming)
Optional reading:
• Over and Piot, HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1993, Disease Control Priorities
Project, http://www.cgdev.org/doc/Initiatives/dcp1-ch20.pdf
Session 8: Donor-supported AIDS treatment: From unconditional largess and the
“tipping point” to “partnership agreements” and the AIDS transition
Required readings:
• Mead Over, The AIDS Transition, Chapter 1 - 3, 2011
• Silverman, Over and Bauhoff, Aligning incentives, accelerating impact: Next generation financing
models for global health, Center for Global Development, Dec. 14, 2015
Recommended Readings:
• PEPFAR, Controlling the epidemic: Delivering on the promise of an AIDS free generation, 2014
http://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/234744.pdf
• M. Over, “Échec de la prévention: le poids croissant des droits engendrés par l’aide américaine au
financement du traitement mondial contre le VIH/SIDA et la voie à suivre,” Revue d’Economie du
développement, 2009/1-2 (Vol. 23) http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=EDD_231_0107 ;
also available in English, see: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1131340
• PEPFAR guidelines on partnership agreements:
http://www.pepfar.gov/reports/guidance/framework/120513.htm
• Also review Ravishankar, et al from Session 2.
Session 9: Cost functions and the cost-effectiveness of AIDS treatment expansion
Required readings:
• Meyer-Rath and Over, Modelling the Cost of Antiretroviral Treatment—State of the Art and Future
Directions, PLoS Medicine, July 10, 2012,
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001247
•
Meyer-Rath, Gesine, M. Over, D. J. Klein and A. Bershteyn (2015) The Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
of Alternative Strategies to Expand Treatment to HIV-Positive South Africans: Scale Economies and
Outreach Costs, Center for Global Development Working Paper 401, April, 2015,
http://www.cgdev.org/publication/cost-and-cost-effectiveness-alternative-strategies-expandtreatment-hiv-positive-south
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COURSE OUTLINE
Recommended readings:
• Over, The effect of scale on cost projections for a primary health care program in a developing
country, Soc Sci Med. 1986;22(3):351-60
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0277953686901346
• Bjorn Lundberg, The Five Best Ways to Fight AIDS: What happened when we asked economists to
identify the most effective responses to the epidemic.
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/project_syndicate/2011/10/how_to_fight_aids_five_
of_the_most_effective_responses_.html
• Mead Over, Priorities for AIDS Spending: Evaluating Interventions Individually obscures the benefits of
synergy, Blog 9/30/2011 at http://www.cgdev.org/blog/priorities-aids-spending-evaluatinginterventions-individually-obscures-benefits-synergy
Session 10: Allocating health sector resources between AIDS and other diseases:
How great is the tradeoff?
Required readings:
• Bongaarts and Over, Global HIV/AIDS Policy in Transition, Science 11 June 2010: Vol. 328 no. 5984
pp. 1359-1360 and subsequent letters to the editor by Holmes et al., Asiimwe et al., Nattrass and
Gonsalves, Reddi and Leeper and Barry and Townsend.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5984/1359.full.pdf
Assignment for this session:
Computer lab on modeling future AIDS treatment costs
Session 11: Is additional expenditure on AIDS a sound investment even in a
resource-constrained environment?
Students to debate the above question in class, with some students assigned the affirmative and some the
negative.
Assignment for this session:
View the debate on the same topic which was hosted by the World Bank during the 2012 International AIDS
Conference in Washington, DC. The link is:
•
http://live.worldbank.org/debate-global-health-funding-hivaids-liveblog-webcast
In conjunction with the debate, view the blogs here:
•
http://www.cgdev.org/blog/aids-spending-good-investment-maybe-not
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Session 12: Class presentations of individual student’s country projection models
Assignment for this session:
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation of 6 slides to summarize the conclusions of the student’s cost-benefit
analysis of alternative AIDS treatment policies in the sub-Saharan African country on which they are writing
their final paper.
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