Propane

Propane
customer safety
information book
BP is interested in enhancing propane customers and their end consumers knowledge
associated with the use of propane, educating them in the safe handling of the product.
The voluntary guidelines as recommended in this CD / document were developed by
independent propane industry consultants. BP does not independently test or verify the
accuracy of the information or methods used to collect the data that supports the
conclusions or recommendations reflected in this document. BP disclaims any liability
for any personal injury, property damage, business losses or other damages of any
nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or
indirectly resulting from the publication, use, or reliance on this document, or any
information, apparatus, method, process or similar item disclosed in this document. This
disclaimer of liability shall apply even if such loss or damage results, in whole or in part,
from any acts or omissions of or by any negligence on the part of BP or any persons
who contributed to the development of the information contained in this document. BP
makes no warranty or guaranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information
published in this document.
Users of this CD / document should consult the law of their individual jurisdictions for
codes, standards and legal requirements applicable to them. This document is not
intended nor should it be construed to (1) set forth policies or procedures which are the
general custom or practice in the propane industry; (2) to establish the legal standards of
care owed by propane distributors to their customers; or (3) to prevent the user from
using
different
methods
to
implement
applicable
codes,
standards
or
legal
requirements.
By disseminating or publishing this CD / document, BP is not undertaking to render any
professional or other service to or on behalf of any person or entity. Anyone reading or
using this document should rely on his or her own judgment or, as appropriate, should
seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable
care in any and all circumstances.
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Welcome to our Propane Customers
When used properly propane is a safe, economical, clean burning and environmentally friendly
fuel with many different uses such as:
• Home heating, cooking, water heating, fireplaces
• Lawn maintenance – mowing, trimming
• Power generation – portable generators
• Forklift operation
• Barbeque grills, smokers, fish fryers
• Temporary construction heating
• Vehicle fuel
• Commercial heating
• Industrial / process heating
• Agricultural uses – crop drying, irrigation, etc.
• RV heating, cooking, water heating
As with any energy product (gasoline, natural gas, electricity, fuel oil, wood, etc.), it is important to
respect, understand and know how to safely use propane, your propane system and appliances.
This CD provides information regarding: “what propane is”, leak detection and emergency
procedures to follow if you suspect a leak, propane odorization and odor fade, a technical
information bulletin, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and much more.
The health and safety of propane workers, consumers and the general public remain of
paramount concern and a core value of the propane industry. Propane wholesale and retail
companies along with regulators, and other industry members and support groups are committed
to and guided by a vision of safe storage, transporting and usage of propane. BP, as a supplier of
propane to wholesalers and retailers, shares this safety vision.
To that end, a well informed propane workforce is essential to maintaining the health and well
being of propane customers, consumers and the general public. BP is committed to enhancing
our customers’ knowledge of propane and it’s properties, educating them on the safe handling of
the product.
It is our hope that in this CD you will find the safety information useful. Please feel free to
print the materials in this CD and review it with your employees.
Equally
important, please share all safety information with your end users to keep them
informed and safe.
For more propane safety and educational information as well as training materials and course
offerings around the safe handling and usage of propane, please visit the PERC Safety &
Training web site www.propanesafety.com.
Thank you for your diligence in this important area.
Some of the information in this CD was provided with permission from the
Propane Education and Research Council (PERC), extracted from information and
training materials found on the PERC website www.propanesafety.com . Besides
generally promoting propane industry safety throughout the CD, BP also supports the fine work of
PERC in building awareness for propane safety and providing training and education venues for
propane retailers and suppliers.
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A Legal Duty to Inform Customers
In most states the law requires every person or company in the chain of distribution, to provide
the end propane consumer instruction on how to use it properly, the inherent dangers associated
with propane use and the proper means to avoid those dangers. Propane retailers must provide
full and adequate warning to its direct customer. Adequate information would include a
description and sources where the proper warnings may be obtained.
Retailers should annually review and take stock of their propane safety programs. Each company
needs to tailor its safety program to its specific circumstances.
Good propane safety programs typically focus on three basic areas: warnings and safety
information for their customers, employee training, and policies and procedures implementing
practices taught in training.
Consumer Education
Every retailer should have a warning program in place with two primary goals: (1) getting warning
and safety information to customers and (2) documenting that warning and safety information was
provided to customers (e.g. customer receipts or utilization of mailing services).
Warning and safety material can take a variety of forms – warning labels/decals available from
local Propane Marketers, State Propane Gas Associations, and PERC, posters, brochures (e.g.
‘Scratch and Sniff’ for odor detection), printed information that can be included on invoices and
other customer mailings – some of which can be found within this Safety CD. Other sources of
safety information material are the State Propane Gas Associations, PERC, NFPA 58 and more.
Safety Training
It is vitally important that all employees handling propane are adequately trained. This includes
everyone from people that fill barbecue cylinders for walk-in customers, to bulk delivery drivers
filling tanks at consumer’s homes, and to customer service representatives. Training is not just
common sense, it is required. NFPA 58 provides, “In the interest of safety, all persons employed
in the handling of LP gases shall be trained in proper handling and operating procedures, which
the employee shall document.
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Contents
I. PROPANE INFORMATION …………………………………………………………………… 7
• What is Propane?
• Properties and Characteristics
• Personal Protective Equipment
II. ODORANTS …………………………………………………………………………………….11
• Purpose of Propane Odorants
• Odorant Characteristics
• Adding Odorants
• Verifying Propane Odorization
• Odor Fade
• Preserving Odorants
III. HANDLING AND DISPENSING PROPANE SAFELY……………………………………..14
• Receiving Propane Safely . . . . . . .
- Tank Types / Specifics – features, capacity, mode of transport, etc.
• Dispensing Propane Overview
- Dispensing Stations
- Dispenser Operators
- Dispenser Training Requirements
- Operating Safely and Consumer Responsibilities
• Dispensing Equipment
- Typical Equipment
- Preparing the Dispenser
- Dispenser Shutdown
• Inspecting, Filling and Labeling Small Cylinders
- Visual Inspections
- Re-qualification
- Purging
- Filling and Labeling Cylinders
- Cylinder Loading and Transporting
• Additional Handling Safety Measures
• Basic Fire Prevention Information
- Fire Response Information
- Fire Extinguisher Usage
- Leaks and Fires
• Delivering Propane Safely To End User Customers via:
- Bobtail
- Cargo Tank Motor Vehicle
• Unloading a Cargo Tank Motor Vehicle
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IV. GAS LEAK DETECTION – CONSUMER GAS COMPLAINTS, GAS LEAKS
AND SERVICE INTERRUPTIONS ………………………………………………………….34
• Leak Detection
• End Customer Response
• Taking Safety Precautions
• Investigating and Identifying Gas Leaks
• Gas Service Interruptions
• System and Surrounding Inspections
V. EXHIBITS – INFORMATIONAL MATERIAL TO BE USED TO PROMOTE
WORK AND HOME PROPANE SAFE USAGE ……………………………………………37
• Emergency Procedure for a Propane Leak
• Steps to Take in the Event of an Accident Involving Propane
• How to Control LP-Gas Leaks and Fires
• NFPA 704 Hazardous Material Identification System
• Technical Information Bulletin 34.19-2
VI. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS) …………………………………………….56
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I. PROPANE INFORMATION
What is Propane?
Propane is a hydrocarbon (C3H8) and is sometimes referred to as liquefied petroleum gas, LPgas or LPG. Propane is produced from both natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Most
propane used in the United States is produced domestically with some imported from Canada
and from overseas. It is nontoxic, colorless and virtually odorless. As with natural gas, an
identifying odor is added so the gas can be readily detected.
In its natural state, propane is a liquid stored under pressure in tanks and cylinders. In most
systems, propane is vaporized to a gas before it leaves the tank or cylinder and is then dispensed
through a pressure regulator to an appliance, vehicle or piece of equipment.
Millions of Americans use propane each day. Propane is used in and around homes for furnaces,
water heaters, air conditioners, outdoor grills, fireplaces, and appliances; on farms for uses such
as pest control, crop drying and irrigation pumps; for industrial uses such as forklifts and fleet
vehicles and in millions of commercial establishments, including restaurants and hotels that
depend on propane for heating, cooking, and other uses.
In the United States there are approximately 70,000 miles of interstate pipelines and more than
25,000 retail dealers making propane readily available for most homeowners and convenient to
use. Because propane is stored in portable tanks, it can be used in areas beyond gas mains. To
fuel homes, large tanks can be buried underground because it is a nontoxic, non-poisonous fuel
that doesn’t contaminate aquifers or soil. Refueling a propane vehicle takes about the same
amount of time as refueling a gasoline vehicle. Nationwide, propane refueling infrastructure
consists of more than 10,000 public and private sites.
Propane is one of the cleanest burning of all fossil fuels. Propane is an approved clean fuel listed
in the 1990 Clean Air Act and the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Tests conducted by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency show that propane-fueled vehicles produce 30 to 90 percent
less carbon monoxide and about 50 percent fewer toxins and other smog-producing emissions
than gasoline engines. Propane also is non-toxic, so it’s not harmful to soil or water.
PROPANE PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTI CS
Safe handling and dispensing of propane involves knowing its properties and characteristics, plus
being aware of safe handling procedures, wearing the proper protective equipment and taking
safe measures to reduce the chance of injury occurring on the job. More on this later in the CD.
CHARACTERISTICS
Safe dispensing of propane involves knowing
its properties and characteristics, plus being
aware of safety procedures.
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is available
from propane suppliers and distributors, and by law
must be available and accessible to all employees
at the workplace. Within this CD is information from
the MSDS that relates to the job of safely dispensing
propane. There are propane MSDS at the end of the CD.
More detailed information on dispensing propane
can be found in later sections of the CD.
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Propane can be either a liquid or a gas depending on the amount of pressure in which it is
stored. To store propane as a liquid above its normal boiling point (-44 ºF), it must be stored and
transported in pressure-tight containers. Propane liquid stored in
containers at ambient temperatures will begin to boil off and pressurize
the vapor space of the container. This vapor is what is used in
customer propane appliances and equipment.
In its natural state, propane is colorless and odorless.
To increase the likelihood that a propane leak will be detected, an odorant
(usually sulfur-based) is added to the gas at the time of production or shipping.
Learn to recognize the odor of propane and always be sensitive to the slightest
smell of gas.
Under certain conditions, the chemical odorant can fade or diminish in intensity.
Some persons may have difficulty detecting this odorant. Colds, allergies, sinus
congestion, cooking odors, certain medications, age, prolonged exposure to the
odor of propane, damp or musty smells and the use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs
may diminish the dispenser’s or end users’ ability to detect the odorant. More
detailed information on odorization and odor fade can be found in
the next section as this is a critically important safety area.
If for any reason a dispenser or end use customer cannot smell odorized propane, they are to
notify a supervisor or their propane supplier immediately. Both the dispenser or the end user’s
safety may depend on their ability to smell propane in the event of a leak.
Liquid propane, like water, will expand when heat is added to it.
Propane liquid, however will increase in volume nearly 17 times
greater than water over the same temperature increase. To allow
for this expansion, propane containers are typically filled
to only 80% of their capacity.
If propane liquid is released into the air, the lack of pressure quickly vaporizes it, expanding it to
270 times its original volume. Therefore, liquid propane leaks can be more hazardous than
vapor leaks.
Propane is non-toxic, but if released in a confined space, will displace air. Therefore, avoid
inhaling propane. Propane vapor is 1-1/2 times heavier than air. If released into still air, it may
initially settle in low lying areas. However, if there is sufficient air movement, especially outside,
the vapor will quickly dissipate in the air.
Propane also causes a refrigerating effect that makes everything it touches extremely cold. This
means if it comes in contact with skin, it can cause third degree or deep freeze burns. The
following section talks about Personal Protective Equipment that should be worn when handling
or dispensing propane.
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Because of propane’s refrigerating effect and other characteristics,
gloves or other personal protective equipment resistant to propane
should be worn when filling containers. Employers may require other
personal protective equipment e.g. goggles, respirators, boots, etc.
depending on the responsibilities of the employee. When necessary,
always wear personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety
shoes, safety glasses and hard hats to eliminate on-the-job accidents.
Using personal protective equipment requires hazard awareness
and knowledge of the equipment’s purpose, limitations, proper fit
and maintenance.
Personal Protective Equipment: OSHA Requirements
Under OSHA regulations employers are responsible for:
• Determining the use and selection of personal
protective equipment.
• Training all employees to properly use and care for
personal protective equipment.
• Documenting employee training and use of personal
protective equipment.
OSHA requires the use of personal protective equipment
during operations that present the risk of injury to
employees that cannot be eliminated by engineering or
process procedures.
Head and Face Protection
Face and eye protection is absolutely necessary when
chipping, grinding, drilling, sledging, or using air-powered
tools for breaking pavement. In these situations, protect
your eyes and face by wearing a face shield or protective
goggles.
Head protection means wearing a hard hat on construction sites where it is possible to be hit
on the head by falling or swinging objects, or when required. Bump hats may be worn when
working in crawl spaces or other areas where piping and irregular structures may cause head
cuts or bruises.
Hearing protection includes ear plugs or acoustical ear muffs. Wear hearing protection when
noise makes it difficult to communicate verbally with other workers. Depending on the work area
or job function, employers may determine that hearing protection is necessary. When steady or
impulse noise levels are at or above 85 decibels, hearing protection is required.
Hands, Arms and Feet Protection
Suitable work gloves should be worn to protect hands when doing jobs such as:
• Handling pipes or planks
• Using heavy tools
• Moving tanks or cylinders
• Cutting with torches or welding
• Transferring liquid propane
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Gloves should never be worn around moving machinery where there is a possibility of hands or
gloves getting caught and pulled into moving parts.
Encourage employees to wear long sleeve shirts with the sleeves rolled down to protect their
arms, and to wear safety shoes to protect their feet, particularly if they are a cylinder delivery
technician. Much of that work involves handling heavy tools, equipment, and installation
materials. First aid treatment should be given if minor cuts, scratches, or bruises occur.
Respirators
Respirators are an important piece of equipment to help employees breathe when the oxygen
level is low or if the air is contaminated with toxic substances such as carbon monoxide.
There are two basic types of respirators:
• Air Purifying Respirators use filters that remove harmful substances from the air.
They range from simple disposable masks to complex powered air purifying respirators.
But air purifying respirators don’t supply oxygen and should not be used in oxygendeficient air or in air that is immediately dangerous to life or health.
• Air Supplying Respirators provide breathable air from a clean air source when the
surrounding air is contaminated. They range from supplied air respirators, called SARs,
and self contained breathing apparatuses called SCBAs, to complete air supplied suits.
Be sure to consult Material Safety Data Sheets to determine which respirator to select
and the requirements associated with its use.
Under the Dispensing Propane section in the CD, we will provide more suggested safety
measures to help prevent bodily injury when handling propane or propane cylinders.
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II. ODORANTS
Odorants
This section is critically important to everyone’s safety in handling propane. Please pay
particular attention to it and be sure to share it with employees.
Purpose of odorants
Because propane is naturally odorless and colorless, a commercial odorant is added so propane
can be detected if it leaks into the environment. Although other odorants may
be used, the one most commonly used is ethyl mercaptan, which is added at the rate
of at least one pound per 10,000 gallons of propane.
Effective odorization enables the detection of leaks before gas concentration in the air reaches a
flammable level. It also reduces gas loss through early detection and repair of leaking pipes,
fittings and storage container fixtures
Odorant Characteristics
Odorants have the following characteristics:
• An odorous and unpleasant smell; distinctive and readily identifiable as a gas additive and
unlike other odors
• Mix well with liquid propane at the same or nearly the same rate - volatile
• Stable, inert or chemically inactive enough not to bond with, decompose or react with other
parts of the gas or with materials in the distribution system or appliance - inert
• Non-corrosive under conditions found in gas transmission, distribution and utilization.
• Burns completely in the gas flame to form products that are not corrosive, irritating or
toxic - combustible
Adding Odorant - Requirements
Propane is odorized at a refinery, processing plant or pipeline
terminal before it is shipped to the bulk plant. Both NFPA 58
and the Department of Transportation (DOT) set safety
standards regulating the addition of odorants. Both NFPA 58
and DOT require that propane be odorized before transporting
it to a bulk plant. The only exception is when the propane will
be used in a manufacturing process that requires the use of
“unstenched” LP-gas.
According to NFPA 58, a sniff test must be performed and
documented whenever a tank car or transport delivers
propane to the bulk plant. Propane dispensers may also
perform sniff tests when filling cargo tanks and customers’ containers.
NOTE: Know company policy and standard operating procedures for
documenting the presence of propane odorant and responding, if
there is a suspicion that propane is not properly odorized.
For safety reasons, a person should be able to smell the odorant
when the concentration of propane is below the Lower Flammability
Limit or LFL. When there is a slight smell of propane odorant,
proper actions must be taken to determine the source.
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HANDLING UNODORIZED PROPANE
If propane appears to be unodorized:
• Do not load the cargo tank or cylinder.
• Disconnect the transfer hoses and secure them in their storage racks.
• Contact a supervisor immediately.
• Alert others in the area not to load until approved by the facility manager or supervisor.
The company may also require closing and tagging the withdrawal valves on the storage
container so it is not distributed to consumers.
VERIFYING PROPANE ODORIZATION
Simply smelling the propane is one method of verifying that
odorant has been added to propane. This is called a sniff test.
THE SNIFF TEST
The sniff test is the most widely used method to check for propane
odorant and is considered by the industry as standard procedure.
Being heavier than air, leaking propane will initially sink and collect
near the floor. To check whether there is a leak using the sniff test,
get down on your hands and knees and sniff close to the floor to
smell for propane.
Always take the following precautions when performing
the sniff test:
• Wearing appropriate protective gear
• Only vent a small amount of liquid propane
• Sniff only after the vent is closed and the liquid propane has vaporized
• Become familiar with company policies and standard operating
procedures, including how to document the presence of propane
odorant and procedures to follow upon encountering potentially
under odorized propane. There are other, less commonly used
tests for verifying propane odorant, such as using stain tubes or
odorometers.
THE SNIFF TEST DURING BOBTAIL LOADING
Follow these steps to perform the sniff test when loading a bobtail:
1. After securing the plant liquid transfer hose to the cargo
tank connection and before filling the cargo tank, briefly
open and close the transfer hose end valve.
2. Vent a small amount of liquid propane through a #54
vent and then close it.
3. Sniff the area immediately after the liquid vaporizes.
4. Verify that the propane is odorized.
5. Record the sniff test results on the loading ticket, daily
routing report or other company form and proceed with
the loading operation.
There is more bobtail loading information in a later
section of the CD.
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PRESERVING ODORANTS / CAUSES OF ODOR FADE
Odor fade can occur when there is an underground propane leak. The movement of gas through
the soil can filter out the odorant.
Oxidation (a chemical reaction involving internal rust in the tank or cylinder) also causes odor
fade. New and reconditioned tanks and cylinders that sit too long before being filled are prone to
internal rust when moisture and air get inside.
Absorption is another cause of odor fade. The odorant in leaking gas can absorb (stick) on new
or old building materials such as unpainted or untreated masonry, rough wall surfaces, on the
inside of gas piping and on furniture fabrics and drapes thus reducing the intensity of the odor.
Note:
• Under some conditions, the chemical odorant (usually ethyl mercaptan) that gives propane its
distinctive smell can fade or diminish in intensity.
• On rare occasions, a leak can exist and the gas may not have an odor.
Generally odor fade doesn’t occur in containers that have been in continuous use. However, with
new containers, or ones that have been left open to the atmosphere, you must take precautions
to maintain odorant integrity.
Follow these practices to keep odorants from oxidizing and fading:
• Purge air and moisture from the propane container.
• Keep propane containers pressurized when shipping and until installation at customer
locations.
• Keep valves closed on containers in storage to prevent moisture in the air from entering the
container. This keeps water and rust from building up inside the container. Know company
procedures regarding container purging and storage practices.
Some containers are now being shipped with a vacuum in them. In other words, manufacturers
suck the air and moisture out of the containers right after they’re manufactured. This is an attempt
to prevent the inside walls from forming the ferrous oxides (rust) that do the most damage to
odorants. On these containers, make sure that the vacuum seal is not broken until the container
is filled with propane.
Loss of sense of smell
In addition to odor fade, physical conditions may prevent smelling a propane leak. Some physical
causes are:
• Colds, allergies, sinus congestion
• Use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs
• Cooking odors and certain foods eaten
• Certain medications
• Decline in ability to smell, especially for older people
• Prolong exposure to the odor of propane
• Musty or damp smells such as in a basement
Contact a doctor when concerned about the ability
to smell propane.
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III. HANDLING AND DISPENSING PROPANE SAFELY
Receiving Propane at a Bulk Plant
Cargo, Railroad and Intermodal Portable Tanks
Large shipments of propane are transported to bulk plants
in three different types of tanks: cargo tanks, railroad tank
cars and intermodal (IM) portable tanks. All of these tanks
are designed according to DOT specifications.
Cargo Tanks
• Features: Cargo tanks are the most common tank used
to transport propane to a bulk plant. They’re installed on
both bobtails and transport trucks.
• Water capacity (transport cargo tanks): Approximately
9,000-11,600 gallons (some exceed 14,000 gallons).
• Water capacity (bobtail cargo tanks): Approximately
1,800-5,000 gallons (some as small as 350 gallons).
• Mode of transport: Bobtail or transport truck
Railroad Tank Cars
• Features: Railroad tank cars are the largest DOT tanks
that transport propane. They have fittings and valves
enclosed in a dome and are painted off-white to indicate
thermal insulation or black to indicate a jacketed tank car.
• Water capacity: 4,000-45,000 gallons.
• Mode of transport: Railroad
Intermodal (IM) Portable Tanks
• Features: IM portable tanks are used to deliver propane
to locations requiring multiple modes of transportation.
They are also used for temporary or emergency service
at customer sites or bulk plants.
• Water capacity: 4,500-6,500 gallons.
• Mode of transport: Boat, truck, or railroad
Cargo Tanks – Overall Structure
Cargo tanks are built according to DOT design code MC330 or
MC331, as well as ASME codes. They are constructed of steel
and are equipped with openings and baffles.
• Tank steel — Every cargo tank is built from a certain type
of steel. Some cargo tanks use heat-treated steel that has
been through a heat-treating process called quenching
and tempering (QT). These tanks are somewhat lighter
than tanks
made from nonquenched and tempered (NQT) steel.
• Tank openings — Cargo tank openings are either threaded
or flanged. An inspection manway is usually located in the
upper section of the rear head. Since 1994, manways have
been required in cargo in cargo tanks. Openings for transferring
propane liquid and vapor are usually located on the bottom
of the tank. Openings for the relief valves are located on the
top of the tank.
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•
Tank baffles — Tank baffles are circular, rectangular or cross-shaped steel plates
mounted inside the cargo tank. They limit the movement of liquid when the vehicle is in
motion. While they effectively decrease the sloshing of liquid in forward and backward
motion, baffles are not effective in limiting side-to-side motion or preventing
vehicle rollover. Baffles cannot be inspected from outside the cargo tank. If a baffle
breaks, however, it may make a clanging noise when the vehicle moves or is loaded or
unloaded.
Railroad Tank Car Overall structure
• Railroad tank cars are built according to DOT design specifications 105, 112 and 114.
They are equipped with tank openings, tank protection and tank insulation.
• Tank openings—All valve openings in railroad tank cars are located on the top of the
tank and protected by the dome. The dome encloses a large opening on the top of the
tank and connects to a welded fitting at least 14" to 18" in diameter. As a safety precaution,
always inspect the dome area and the valves for leakage or damage. Contact your supervisor
and follow company policy if you identify any unsafe conditions.
• Tank Protection—Rail car tanks are protected by thick steel at each end to prevent a
coupler or any other object from puncturing the lower half of the tank head. Check the
head of the car for damage and report any unsafe conditions.
• Tank insulation—All railroad tank cars used for propane transportation have special
thermal protection in the event of exposure to fire.
DISPENSING PROPANE SAFELY
Overview
Propane Dispensing Stations
Dispensing stations can be found on bulk plant cylinder docks, industrial locations, hardware
stores, campgrounds, rental equipment companies or gasoline stations. They offer a convenient
fueling source for residential, recreational and business users of propane. Propane dispenser
operators play a critical role in safely and efficiently providing propane to the end users.
Propane Dispenser Operators
Propane dispenser operators’ responsibilities include:
• Understanding the operation of the dispensing
equipment, the regulations pertaining to it, and
the routine inspections which should be performed
before each use.
• Inspecting end use customer containers to ensure
that they are safe for filling.
• Filling containers to their proper levels and ensuring
that containers are not overfilled;
• Communicating to end users product safety information and warnings such as the proper
securing of containers when transporting them;
• Maintaining the security of the propane dispenser and transfer area to control ignition
sources and to prevent tampering or release of propane;
• Knowing how to shut down and secure the dispenser in the event of an emergency.
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Dispenser Training Requirements
There are specific training and inspection requirements published
in national codes (such as NFPA58, the LP Gas Code) and by
government agencies such as the United States Department of
Transportation (DOT), the Department of Labor (DOL) and the
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).
NFPA 58, the LP-Gas Code, is a national standard that addresses:
• Dispensing station equipment requirements
• Cylinder storage and refueling
• Cylinder appurtenances (such as overfilling protection devices)
• Dispenser operator training
States and jurisdictions have differing policies relative to the adoption of
various editions of NFPA 58; some may add or delete provisions to the code.
Check with a supervisor to determine which edition of NFPA 58 applies locally
and whether any provisions have been modified.
Some of the DOT requirements cover:
• Visual inspection prior to filling cylinders
• Pressure relief device leak checking and replacement
• Periodic cylinder requalification
• Cylinder markings and labeling
• Cylinder weight verification
• Filling methods used (weight or volume)
• Hazardous material training and documentation
OSHA rules include:
• The use of and training in personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Written Hazard Communication Plans and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• Emergency Action Plans
Propane dispensers must know their responsibilities, be properly trained to follow proper handling
procedures and understand the applicable regulations and local laws in order to provide end
users and the general public a safe, efficient energy source.
Safe Propane Dispensing
Every release or leak creates the potential for a hazardous situation.
Keep in mind that the proper mixture of propane vapor, air and a
source of ignition causes propane to burn. To minimize the likelihood of sources of ignition or propane release, customers should
be restricted from the immediate area around the liquid propane
transfer operation.
To safely dispense propane, it is important to know the following:
• The location of and how to operate emergency shutdown and pump controls
• The location and condition of the fire extinguisher
• Plant fire prevention and emergency evacuation plans
• That ignition sources are not permitted within 25 feet of the point of transfer and
combustible materials within 10 feet
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•
•
Valve protection is required, except for the time that cylinders are on the scales
and being filled
Proper cylinder handling techniques
Upon dispensing propane to a consumer (filling a cylinder), please remind them of the following
regarding:
• Transportation and Storage of Cylinders
- Always transport cylinders in a secure and upright position so they will not fall or roll
- Never transport in the passenger compartment of any vehicle
- Never transport without closing and sealing the valve
• Heat
Never keep a filled cylinder inside a hot vehicle or inside the closed trunk of a car. Heat may
cause the pressure relief valve to release propane. Note: Flash fires and explosions can
result from exposing cylinders to heat
• Disposing of Small Propane Cylinders
Never burn or crush empty containers. Many ordinary household products use unodorized
propane as the propellant. Although they may seem empty, the containers may have propane
vapors left in them. Propane can be released when exposed to heat or pressure, enabling
flash fires or explosions to occur.
Dispensing Equipment
In order to safely dispense propane, propane dispensing employees must know the equipment
they are working with and how to use it. There are two main types of packaged propane
dispenser installations: vertical tank dispensers and horizontal tank dispensers.
Dispensing equipment may vary with the
location. Systems may or may not have the
following components:
• An ASME storage tank that supplies propane
to the dispensing equipment
• Valves to control the flow of propane through
the piping system
• Extra heavy piping and forged steel pipe fittings
• A propane pump, driven by an explosion-proof
electric motor
• A platform scale for weighing cylinders during and after filling
• Automatic pump by-pass valve(s), to protect the pump, piping
and hoses against excessively high pressures when the hose
end valves are closed and the pump is running
• Electrical wiring, fixtures and switches to control
the propane pump motor and provide for emergency shutdown.
• A metering system for measuring liquid propane transferred
into appropriate containers.
• Propane transfer hose assemblies for cylinder filling and ASME tank filling.
• Hose end adapters to accommodate the different valves used on DOT cylinders
and ASME tanks.
• An emergency break-away device for vehicle-mounted containers designed to
provide protection in case of a pull-away. These are usually on the ASME tank transfer
hose assembly to stop the flow of gas, if the customer drives away with the hose attached.
• A fenced enclosure or lockable cabinet to secure the dispenser when not in use.
Depending on the site and enclosure, traffic barricades may also be required.
17
Manual shutdown dispensers rely on the operator to determine when the maximum
permitted filling limit for a cylinder is reached, and to stop the flow of liquid into
cylinders by manually closing one or more valves.
Automatic shutdown systems are used primarily where several
cylinders are being filled simultaneously, such as the cylinder dock
at a propane plant. They reduce the possibility of overfilling cylinders
and normally consist of a sensor or trip lever mounted on the balance
beam of the scale and a master control valve that restricts the flow of
liquid propane to the dispensing hose.
The dispenser tank may be equipped with either an internal excess
flow valve in combination with a positive shutoff valve or an
internal valve which incorporates excess flow protection and
may include thermal and remote shutoff capability.
Remote shutdown stations may also be located away from the
pump and transfer location providing a greater level of emergency
shutdown capability.
Ball valves control the flow of propane from the supply tank
through the piping and may be used as a hose end valve. A ball
valve is open when the valve handle is pointed in the same direction
as the piping (illustrated); in the closed position, the handle is
across the piping.
Globe valves are similar to a water faucet and are operated by
turning the hand-wheel counter-clockwise to open and clockwise
to close. They must be either fully open or fully closed.
Hose end valves stop the flow of propane as part of the container filling operation.
As another safeguard against overfilling containers hose end valves must be quick closing or
snap acting types. Many designs also incorporate a safety latch to prevent accidental opening
when the valve is not connected for filling.
Platform balance beam scales determine when the proper filling weight for cylinders is reached
and when to stop the flow of liquid propane into the cylinder. In many states and jurisdictions,
scales must bear certification decals from weights and measures officials, and be periodically
inspected and calibrated for accuracy.
Platform scales can be either single beam or double beam. Both require periodic
maintenance and should be checked daily for proper registration at zero and with a known
weight. They must also be leveled and protected from weather, especially accumulation of
water, debris, snow or ice.
Preparing the Dispenser
The first step in preparing the dispenser for operation is to unlock
and open any or all entry gate or gates. If the dispenser is equipped
with a cabinet, unlock the cabinet and verify that the hose end
valves are closed.
With the exception of the hose end valves, slowly open the liquid
outlet valve and the first downstream manual valve.
18
•
•
•
If valves are opened too quickly, the excess flow valve may
close and you’ll hear a snapping noise.
Shut off the manual valve and the internal valve.
When the pressure equalizes, slowly open the operating
valves including the vapor valve connected to the vapor
return line from the meter. Inspect all valves, piping,
transfer hose and fittings for proper operation as well
as the threads of all connection adapters, especially
brass for excess wear and to assure that the gaskets
are in place and in suitable working condition. Verify
there are no propane leaks.
Dispenser Shutdown
When the dispenser is not in use, or at any time that
a qualified dispenser operator is not in attendance,
the dispenser should be shut down and secured.
The shut down procedure is basically the reverse of
preparing the dispenser for operation.
• Close all valves at the storage tank.
• Place a dust cap or plug in the hose end
valve or Filling adapter
• Store the filler hose in the proper location
• Close and lock the cabinet and/or fence gates
Becoming familiar with the dispensing equipment and how it works will enable dispenser /
operators to safely fill cylinders and protect end users, the workplace and the employee.
INSPECTING, FILLING AND LABELING SMALL CYLINDERS
Pre-fill Visual Check
Safely inspecting and filling small portable cylinders is an important job that requires
following specific procedures.
End users are often not aware of cylinder inspection, requalification, purging and filling
requirements. Consequently certain cylinders may be compromised and should not be filled with
propane. There are unknowns as to conditions of the container prior to its arrival for refilling, or
after the container leaves the filling station. Reasonable care must be exercised in handling the
cylinder while it is at the filling location.
Before a small cylinder can be filled or refilled DOT regulations require a visual check to verify
that it is fit for continued service. If any of the following conditions are found, the cylinder must
not be refilled.
• Leaks
• Cracks
• Bulging
• Serious denting or gouging
• Defective valves
• Defective or leaking pressure relief device
• Evidence of physical abuse, fire or heat damage,
or excessive rusting or corrosion
• Damage to the cylinder valve, valve protection
and cylinder foot rings
• Out-of-date requalification
19
If any of these conditions are found, identify the cylinder and set it aside in a designated safe
area.
Steel cylinders subjected to fire must be requalified, reconditioned or repaired prior to being
put back into service. Aluminum cylinders subjected to fire must be permanently removed
from service.
Cylinders with a series of XXXs over the DOT specification number and marked service
pressure or stamped with “CONDEMNED” on the shoulder, head, or collar are condemned
cylinders and must not be refilled or continued in service.
Valves and accessories should be inspected prior to filling.
Many cylinder valves are made with non-metallic or soft parts
such as Nylon, rubber or Teflon®.
When these materials wear out or are damaged, propane liquid
or vapor can leak out of the valve and create a potentially hazardous
situation. They should be checked regularly for signs of aging
and wear.
Valve accessories may become broken or even lost, allowing dirt or moisture to enter. Inspect
and replace faulty or missing dust caps. Many states and jurisdictions require that cylinders be
equipped with an OPD, an overfilling prevention device. Check your company’s policies for
refilling and handling cylinders that do not have an OPD.
Valves may also be damaged through improper cylinder maintenance. For example service
personnel may fail to use proper brushes or applicators around cylinder openings when painting
them. As a result, gauge faces, "weep" holes in filler valves, and discharge openings of relief
valves may be covered with paint.
A blue-green stain on the brass portion of the cylinder valve
is evidence that it has been in contact with anhydrous
ammonia, which is often used to manufacture illegal drugs.
If a cylinder is found in this condition, isolate it by placing it in
an area where hazards from ejection of the valve and product
loss would be minimized then and notify a supervisor.
Requalification
All refillable cylinders must be requalified at regular intervals. Requalification is performed only
by qualified individuals whose facility is registered with the DOT, not at dispenser locations. The
most recent requalification date is stamped on the cylinder.
• A date without a letter indicates the next requalification must
be within 12 years.
• The letter “S” following the date indicates the cylinder must
be requalified within seven years of the marked date.
• The letter “E” following the date indicates that requalification
is required again within five years of the marked date.
Cylinders that are out of qualification must NOT
be refilled.
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Purging
In order for equipment to operate safely, both new cylinders that have not been vacuum purged
by the manufacturer and those that have been opened to the atmosphere must be purged of air
or moisture before they are filled. If air or moisture enter a propane cylinder, they can slow down
the filling operation, create unusually high service pressures, may cause regulator freeze-up and
may cause fading of the odorant in the cylinder. More details on odor fade later in the CD.
Purging should be done in an approved area as outlined in NFPA 58, usually at a propane plant,
and never done with propane liquid.
Cylinder filling stations — Many bulk plants have a separate cylinder filling station or dock
for loading, unloading and filling cylinders. Most plants use a separate pump with a very low
pumping capacity for filling cylinders. These pumps transfer only 10-15 gallons of propane per
minute.
Filling Cylinders by Weight
Cylinders less than 200 pounds water capacity and subject to DOT jurisdiction must be filled by
weight. Please check for any exceptions. During the filling procedure, the operator must be in
attendance the entire time.
To fill a cylinder by weight:
• Set the scale to the proper total weight of the filled cylinder:
tare weight plus 42% of water capacity plus the weight
of the hose and nozzle.
• Filling charts with common cylinder capacities are also available
• Open the liquid outlet valve on the storage / supply tank and any
valves in the by-pass return line, if this has not already been done.
• Connect the dispensing hose to the service valve
• Open the service valve on the cylinder
• Start the pump and slowly open the hose end valve
• Close the hose end valve as soon as the scale beam or indicator tips
• Close the cylinder valve
• Shut off the pump
• Disconnect the dispensing hose. Check the weight of the filled cylinder
• If it has been overfilled, contact a supervisor. DO NOT GIVE THE END USER AN
OVERFILLED CYLINDER, since the relief valve may release propane and create a
flammable mixture.
• Close the liquid outlet valve on the storage tank
• Check the cylinder valves, especially the relief valve, for leaks
Service valve outlets on cylinders of 45 lbs. propane capacity or less must be either plugged or
equipped with a quick closing or quick connect coupling. No plug is required for OPD
service valves; however, a protective cap or cover may be installed to keep out dust and debris.
After the cylinder filling operation is completed, or at any time the dispensing station is
unattended, shut off the pump, close valves at the storage tank and disconnect and store the
hose. At locations that are not weather protected, install a dust cap or plug in hose filling adapter.
Secure the installation against tampering.
Cylinder Labeling
NFPA 58, DOT and OSHA require specific labeling for
all cylinders. DOT cylinders used to transport propane
must be clearly and durably marked with the proper
shipping name and hazard class.
21
In addition, a consumer information / warning label must be on all portable refillable
cylinders of 100 lb. propane capacity or less not filled on site. The label must include information
on the potential hazards of propane.
Cylinders used in industrial applications must have additional
warning information. Apply a new warning label if the original
manufacturer’s label is not present or legible. If you have any
question regarding the legibility or completeness of the warning
label that is on the cylinder, place a new warning label on the cylinder.
Cylinder Loading and Transporting
Prior to releasing the cylinder to the end user, be sure it is protected
against damage to the cylinder valves and fittings while being transported.
Cylinders of 2-1/2 pound water capacity (1 pound propane capacity) or
more must be positioned so that each cylinder's pressure relief valve is
in direct communication with the vapor space at all times. Cylinders
must also be fastened securely in a position to minimize the possibility
of movement, tipping or physical damage related to each other or to the
supporting structure, while in transit.
It is important to recognize the difference between horizontal and vertical cylinders. They
are typically marked to indicate in which position they are to be used. Failure to properly position
cylinders during transportation may result in a very serious situation should the relief valve need
to vent while having liquid in the valve.
NFPA58 limits closed bodied vehicles such as passenger cars and vans to a maximum of 90#
LP-Gas capacity with no single container having a capacity of more that 45#.
Verify state and local codes, as they may be different.
Many propane retailers distribute safety information
literature to their end users when cylinders are filled.
Sharing safety information is a good business practice
anytime, or when a new end user purchases a cylinder
or on an annual basis with a billing statement.
Properly inspecting, filling and marking cylinders enables
The propane industry to safely serve and protect both the
end users and the propane retailer. At the same time,
customers are provided with a safe source of fuel for
their cylinder needs.
Additional Safe Handling Measures
When handling and dispensing propane, please take the
following additional safety measures and precautions, and
always wear personal protective gear.
Lifting Materials Correctly
Injuries resulting from lifting heavy materials can be prevented.
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Follow the steps below for proper lifting:
1. Set feet solidly on the floor about 12" apart, with one foot slightly ahead of the other.
2. Crouch in front of the object with knees bent to a 90° angle. Do not squat.
3. Keep the back straight and firmly grasp the object. Make a preliminary lift to determine
if the load is too heavy to lift alone. If yes, get help.
4. To lift the object, straighten legs and at the same time bring the back to a vertical or
upright position.
5. Lift with a smooth, even movement. Avoid a jerking motion.
If a change in direction is necessary, do not twist the body. Instead, turn the whole body.
NOTE: Remember, improper lifting of light objects is much more likely to cause a back
injury than properly lifting heavy objects.
Loading and Securing Materials
There are many precautions you should take when loading and
securing materials. Some of these are:
• When loading materials of different sizes and weights, place the
heaviest objects on the truck bed and distribute the weight evenly
on all wheels.
• Place a flag or light on any materials hanging over the edge of
the truck bed.
• Properly secure pipe loads to the truck bed.
• Be certain to secure any material that can shift on the truck.
• A sudden shifting of weight can cause loss of control of the
vehicle and damage the load. Use chains, straps or cables to secure loads properly.
Because of the varying sizes, shapes, and weights of loads, it is difficult to list all of
the precautions that should be followed for securing them. DOT and OSHA regulations
require that securing devices be inspected prior to each use. Damaged securing devices
should be repaired or replaced. Always follow company procedures whenever tying down
a load on a truck or trailer.
Storing Materials and Cylinders
When storing materials at the propane plant, be sure to use:
• Bins and racks
• Appropriate supports
• Signage showing safe floor loads and maximum heights
to which materials may be stacked
When storing cylinders, always be sure to:
•
•
•
•
•
Keep ignitable material at least 10 feet from cylinders
Prohibit smoking or open flames
Label all cylinders properly
Monitor cylinders for leakage
Understand all OSHA and NFPA 58 requirements
Moving Cylinders with Hand Trucks
Use hand trucks to move large or heavy cylinders, appliances, or
drums. Hand trucks come in many designs and with varying wheel
sizes depending on their capacity. Some are constructed with rails
or treads to allow you to move on stairways. Don’t use a platform
hand truck to move cylinders or drums. Instead, use a hand truck
specifically designed for these. It may have a holding strap that
can be tightened around the cylinder.
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Loading Cylinders with Lift Gates
Truck-mounted lift gates reduce labor when moving cylinders.
When using lift gates, always be sure to:
• Clear the are a of objects or people that could be hit by the lift
• Properly balance the cylinder on the lift before operating
• Lock the lift gate in the “travel” position before moving the vehicle
Using Ladders and Platforms
Falling incidents account for nearly 20% of disabling accidents each
year. Most falls happen when ladders or platforms aren’t used properly.
Ladders may be used for painting tanks and maintaining company
buildings. Platforms are time savers when used properly and safely.
They are commonly used for tank maintenance or railcar unloading.
Basic Fire Prevention Information
Fire has the potential to destroy property and take human lives.
Therefore, it is critical to understand the following fire prevention
rules when working with propane:
• Observe any fire prevention signs posted at the plant and any warnings marked on
containers with flammable material.
• Note the location of emergency shutdown controls and fire extinguishers at the plant
and on the truck.
• Never block access to the fire control equipment including fire alarms,
fire extinguishers, sliding fire doors, fire escapes, and sprinklers.
• Know how to use the fire extinguishers and inspect them frequently to
verify they are fully charged.
• Keep all ignition sources, including cigarettes and open flames, away from
propane transfer areas. Never turn on or off any electrical switch in the
area of a propane discharge. If power must be turned off to avoid a fire,
try turning it off from the circuit breaker in another location not affected by
the discharge.
• Know the telephone number of the local fire department.
• Report any leak or potential fire hazards to your supervisor.
Fire Response Information
It is important to train your employees what to do if they encounter an uncontrolled
Leak or fire. They should remain calm and, if it’s safe, do the following:
• If there is an emergency shutdown device, activate it
• Immediately eliminate the sources of ignition
• Evacuate the immediate area; contact the fire department and do not re-enter
until it has been determined safe. Move and stay upwind of a propane leak, fire
or vapor cloud.
• Shut off the electrical power at the main power source
• If the fire involves a propane delivery vehicle on a highway, block off the roadway
at least 2,500 feet in both directions from the accident.
• Contact their supervisor from a safe location. If they are unsure about what to do in
the event of a fire, or if there is any danger of personal injury, do not approach the
fire. Evacuate the area and wait for fire fighting personnel to arrive.
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Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 58, the National Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, requires
at least one fire extinguisher easily available at the filling
site. It should be at least an 18 lb. dry chemical extinguisher
with a B:C rating, and each employee must be trained in the
proper use and operation of it. OSHA requires employees to
be trained on fire extinguisher use upon initial hiring as well
as annually.
Fire extinguishers are not intended to put out propane fires and have a limited application area.
They are only effective for small fires, such as those involving combustible materials. They are
also valuable in providing an escape route for personnel.
NFPA 10 requires a monthly visual inspection of all fire extinguishers. This includes
checking the extinguisher to be sure it is fully charged and has a tag showing the last annual
inspection. If the extinguisher is due for inspection, low on charge, damaged, or even missing an
inspection tag, filling operations should be stopped. Notify your supervisor immediately.
Leaks and Fires
In the event of an uncontrolled leak or fire, if it is safe to do so,
remain calm and do the following:
• If there is an emergency shutdown device, activate it
• Immediately eliminate sources of ignition
• Evacuate the immediate area
• Contact the fire department and do not re-enter the area
until it has been determined to be safe
• Move and stay upwind of a propane leak, fire or vapor cloud
• Shut off the electrical power at the main power supply
• Contact your propane supplier from a safe location
It is important to remember that in any propane emergency where there is fire, flames should not
be extinguished unless by doing so the fuel supply can be turned off. An explosion hazard is
much greater than what the fire hazard could produce.
After a fire, do not operate a dispenser that has been exposed to fire until it has been thoroughly
inspected and repaired by a qualified technician approved by a propane supplier. Companies
may have specific instructions to be followed in both routine and emergency situations. Consult a
supervisor for more information.
Delivering Propane Safely to End Users
This section covers the loading and delivering of propane to end users.
The Bobtail
Bobtails are basically bulk plants on wheels. They are
containers that are filled on site.
Bobtail equipment— The bobtail has a DOT cargo tank
mounted directly on the chassis behind the cab. The typical
bobtail cargo tank has a water capacity of 1,800 to 5,000 gallons. To deliver propane, bobtails are
equipped with a pump, a liquid meter that measures the gallons of propane delivered, and special
delivery hoses.
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Filling the bobtail— To fill the bobtail cargo tank, propane is first withdrawn from the bulk
storage tanks and then pumped through bulkhead hoses into the bobtail cargo tank. Most
propane distribution plants have bobtail filling stations that are separate from transport unloading
bulkheads. This ensures that the bobtails are filled quickly and easily. A stationary bulk plant
pump is used to fill bobtails in most plants. These pumps have a high flow capacity and can
transfer as much as 300 gallons of propane liquid per minute. Some bulk plants also use a liquid
meter to keep track of how much propane is loaded each day for bobtail deliveries.
Cylinder Delivery Vehicles
Cylinder delivery vehicles are specialized straight trucks used for safely transporting cylinders to
and from customer installations or retail stores, home improvement centers and convenience
stores. Typically, cylinders are received, inspected, filled and prepared for delivery at a cylinder
dock at the bulk plant. Cylinder delivery vehicles are usually equipped with cylinder handling
dollies and lifting equipment to facilitate safe cylinder handling.
Loading a Cargo Tank Motor Vehicle (CTMV) Using a Plant Pump (Detailed)
Before the filling operation, the person loading the CTMV (bobtail or transport) should be familiar
with the bulk plant layout and operating procedures. These procedures are designed to be as
universal as possible, and are to be used as a guide only. They do not replace company policies
or federal, state and local codes. Be sure to check company policy and state and local codes
before beginning the unloading operation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Prepare for the loading operation
Check the liquid level gauges
Check to see valves are closed and check hoses
Connect the transfer hoses
Perform the sniff test
Fill the cargo tank
Disconnect hoses and prepare the bobtail for travel
Step 1: Prepare for the Loading Operation
Upon arrival at the bulk plant to load a bobtail:
• Check for obstacles that might create an unsafe filling condition.
• Check to see that the liquid fill connection on the cargo tank is at least 10ft from the nearest
bulk storage container. Always contact a supervisor to determine how to position the bobtail
at the bulkhead in a way that maximizes the shearing effect of the hoses and piping in the
event of a pull-away.
• Set the parking brake and turn off the engine.
• Place chock blocks in front of and behind a rear wheel to prevent the vehicle from rolling
forward or backward.
• Remove any ignition sources within 25ft of the transfer point. Shut down any internal
combustion engines within 15ft of the transfer. Cease metal working operations (grinding,
welding, brazing, etc.) within 35ft of the point of transfer. Smoking, open flame, portable
electrical tools, and extension lights capable of igniting LP-gas shall not be permitted within
25ft of a point of transfer while filling operations are in progress. In addition, metal cutting,
grinding, brazing, soldering or welding shall not be permitted within 35ft. of a point of transfer
while filling operations are in progress.
Step 2: Check the Liquid Level Gauges
• Check the liquid level gauges on the bulk plant storage tank to make sure that it has enough
liquid propane to fill the cargo tank. If it does not, contact a supervisor or plant manager so
they can set up delivery.
• Check the liquid level gauges on the cargo tank and record how much propane is in the tank
before beginning the load operation.
26
Step 3: Make sure Valves are Closed and Check Hoses
Before connecting the hoses to begin loading operations, make certain all appropriate valves are
closed and hoses are in good working condition.
• Make sure the liquid fill and vapor equalizing valves on the cargo tank are closed.
• Remove the dust caps from the valves, inspect them for damage and wear, and if necessary,
replace defective gaskets.
• Make sure the bulk plant liquid and vapor hose-end valves are closed.
• Inspect the transfer hoses, couplings, valves, and connectors, including ACME threads,
to make sure they are free of defects or damage.
Step 4: Connect the Transfer Hoses
To properly connect the liquid transfer and vapor equalizing hoses:
• Connect the plant liquid hose to the liquid fill valve on the bobtail cargo tank. Whenever
handling the hose, be sure to point the end of the hose away from your body.
• Tighten the plant liquid hose into the filler valve of the cargo tank by moving the hose
assembly up and down while turning the ACME connector. Once the connection is hand tight,
give it an additional quarter turn using a spanner wrench.
• Connect the vapor equalizing hose between the storage container and the cargo tank and
hand tighten so it doesn’t leak.
NOTE: In accordance with company policy, operate the ESVs at the loading bulkhead to be sure
they are functioning properly. If they are not operating properly, do not connect the transfer
hoses between the storage container and the cargo tank on the bulk delivery vehicle.
Step 5: Perform the Sniff Test (Verifying odorization described in Section III)
Before filling the cargo tank, your company may require you to perform a sniff test
and verify product odorization. To do this:
• Vent a small quantity of propane through the vent valve located on the plant
liquid hose.
• Sniff the area immediately after the liquid vaporizes.
• If there is a propane odorant smell, the propane dispenser may proceed with
the loading operation.
• If there is no propane odorant smell or any unusual smell, the dispenser
should not load the cargo tank and should contact a supervisor imm ediately,
telling others in the area not to load until approved by the facility manager or
supervisor.
Step 6: Fill the Cargo Tank
During the transfer operation, a qualified person must be in attendance at all times. This means
that the propane dispenser must be within 25ft of the cargo tank and have an unobstructed view
of it in order to monitor the condition of the transfer operation, and handle any emergencies.
To fill the cargo tank:
• Insert a ticket in the plant meter and reset the register to zero if applicable.
• Check to see that all liquid and vapor equalizing valves are fully open in the transfer
piping
between the plant storage tanks and the bulkhead.
• Open the manual vapor equalizing valve and the manual filling valve on the cargo tank. If a leak
is noticed, close all valves, stop the process, and repair any leaks before proceeding.
• Start the pump and monitor the liquid level gauges. When the maximum permitted filling level is
reached, immediately turn off the plant pump.
• Close the plant liquid hose valve and all valves on the cargo tank. Be alert for signs of erratic
pump operation during the transfer. If a leak or fire develops during the transfer, close all ESVs
immediately and stop the pump, if they can be done safely. Move upwind and away from any
uncontrolled release of propane.
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Step 7: Disconnect Hoses and Prepare Bobtail for Travel
When the loading operation is complete, do the following to prepare the bobtail for travel:
• Bleed down and disconnect the plant liquid hose from the bobtail liquid fill connection.
• Bleed down and disconnect the vapor equalizing hose from the vapor equalizing the
connection on the bobtail.
• Replace the dust caps on the bobtail liquid fill and vapor equalizing connections.
• Replace the dust caps on the plant liquid and vapor hoses and store them as required.
• Walk around the bobtail and check for any obstacles that may be in its path.
• Remove the chock blocks and stow them in their travel compartment or holders.
• Move the vehicle, but only after it has been determined the path is clear and the
discharge of propane has dissipated.
Loading a Cargo Tank Motor Vehicle (CTMV) Using a Plant Compressor
Procedures for filling bobtails are based on practices commonly used in the propane industry,
manufacturers’ instructions, and provisions in NFPANFPA 58. Propane dispensers should be
familiar with plant layout, including bulk plant equipment, piping functions, and company operating
procedures before attempting the filling operation.
These procedures are designed to be as universal as possible, and are to be used as a guide
only. They do not replace company policies or federal, state and local codes. Be sure to check
company policy and state and local codes before beginning the unloading operation.
Step 1:
• Position the bobtail at the loading bulkhead, with the fill
connection on the cargo tank at least 10 feet from the
nearest bulk storage container.
• Set the vehicle parking brake.
• Shut down the engine.
• Place chock blocks in front and behind a rear wheel
to prevent movement of the vehicle.
Step 2:
Examine the plant piping and flow control valves. Determine how vapor will move from the bulk
storage tank(s) to the suction side of the compressor and on to the cargo tank.
Step 3:
Set the liquid level gauges on the bobtail.
• Before connecting the hoses from the bulk propane storage tank to the bobtail, determine the
maximum permitted filling level. This is determined by obtaining the specific gravity of the
propane from shipping papers and observing the liquid propane temperature on the
thermometer located either in the cargo tank or in the storage container at the plant.
• When a storage container is filled by volume, the filling stops when the volume of the liquid
maximum permitted volume is indicated by a fixed maximum liquid level gauge. The gauge
extends inside the container and measures the level of the liquid. The gauges most often
used on bobtails are the fixed maximum liquid level gauge and the variable liquid level gauge.
If either the temperature or the specific gravity is not known, the float gauge cannot be used
to determine the correct set point and therefore, the maximum permitted filling level of the
cargo tank cannot be determined. In that case, the fixed maximum liquid level gauge must be
used to determine the maximum filling level.
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Step 4:
Inspect the compressor and check the crankcase oil level in the sight glass, or by using
the dipstick
Step 5:
Connect the liquid fill and compressor vapor hoses to fill the cargo tank. Before connecting the
transfer hoses, make sure all sources of ignition within 25 ft of the transfer point are removed.
Internal combustion engines within 15 ft of the point of transfer must be shut down while transfer
operations are in progress, with exceptions as listed in NFPA 58. Cease metal working operations
(grinding, welding, brazing, etc.) within 35 ft of the point of transfer.
• Carefully inspect the liquid and vapor transfer hose assemblies. If any defect is found,
discontinue the operation, notify a supervisor and do not resume loading until the hose defect
has been eliminated. If another loading bulkhead is available, move to it after notifying a
supervisor
and
ensuring
that
a
warning
notice
is
placed
on
the
defective hose.
• Check to see that the fill and vapor equalizing valves on the bobtail are closed. Remove the
dust covers from the valve connectors. Inspect the valve connectors for damage and wear
and if necessary, replace any defective O-ring or flat gasket.
• Check to see that the liquid and vapor hose-end valves are closed. In accordance with
company policy, operate the emergency shut-down valves (ESVs) at the loading bulkhead to
be sure they are functioning properly. CAUTION: If the ESV’s do not operate properly, do not
connect the transfer hoses.
• Connect the liquid plant hose-end valve to the fill valve on the bobtail. Carry it in the palm of
the hand pointed away from the body. Tighten the plant hose-end valve into the filler valve of
the bobtail by gently moving the hose-end valve up and down while turning the ACME
connector. Once the connector is hand-tight, turn the connector an additional 1/8 to 1/4 turn
using a spanner wrench, tapping the handle of the spanner wrench with the palm of a glovedhand.
• Slightly open the liquid hose-end valve and check for leakage. If leakage exists, close the
hose-end valve and disconnect the ACME adapter after the connection has bled down and is
de-pressurized. Examine the condition of the O-ring or flat gasket in the cargo tank filler
adapter and replace as needed.
• Examine the ACME threads on the hose-end adapter and the bobtail filler connection.
If either is excessively worn so the connection leaks with a new O-ring or gasket, replace the
worn fitting or adapter before proceeding with the loading operation.
• Connect the vapor equalizing hose between the storage container and the bobtail.
• Follow the procedures used when connecting the plant liquid transfer hose with the exception
of the use of the spanner wrench.
Step 6:
Sniff test to verify propane odorization .
Step 7:
Open the vent on the compressor’s liquid trap to verify that liquid is not present in the vapor hose
and suction line; it may severely damage the compressor and ultimately produce leaks at the
head gasket or oil sump.
Step 8:
Verify the 4-way valve is in the proper position for loading the bobtail and check all in-line valves
and bulk tank valves for their proper open or closed position
.
Step 9:
Check to see that that all shutoff valves are open in the liquid transfer, vapor suction and vapor
discharge hoses.
29
Step 10:
Start the compressor in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
• Vapor compressors remove vapor from the receiving tank, compress the vapor to a higher
pressure, and move it through piping into the supply tank. The higher pressure vapor in the
supply tank forces liquid to move to the receiving tank where the pressure has been reduced
by the action of the vapor compressor.
Step 11:
Verify the proper filling set for the cargo tank, using the thermometer reading and the liquid level
gauge index.
Step 12:
Monitor the cargo tank filling and stop the compressor when the proper liquid level is reached, or
if any abnormal operating condition is noticed.
Step 13:
Close all valves in the transfer hoses.
Step 14:
Close all valves in both the suction and discharge vapor piping circuits. Close the ESV(s) at the
transfer bulkhead and the appropriate liquid and vapor valves in the bulk storage tank(s),
if applicable.
Step 15:
Disconnect the transfer hoses and prepare the bobtail for travel.
• Bleed down the gas trapped between the cargo tank filler valve and the transfer hose end
valve and disconnect the liquid hose from the Bobtail fill valve.
• Bleed down the gas trapped between the vapor return valve and the vapor equaling hose-end
valve and disconnect the vapor hose from the vapor equalizing valve on the bobtail.
• Replace the dust caps on the fill and vapor equalizing valves.
• Replace the dust caps on the liquid and vapor hose-end valves. Store the hoses as required.
• If applicable, operate the reset lever on the plant meter so that it stamps the loading ticket.
• Fill out any company inventory forms and process them as required.
• Before removing the chock blocks, walk around the Bobtail and check for any obstacles that
may be in its path.
• Move the truck only after it has been determined the path is clear and any discharge of
propane has dissipated.
• If for any reason the transfer operation is interrupted, or the attendant must leave the area,
the compressor must be shutdown and transfer hoses disconnected as outlined
in steps (12)-(14). DO NOT leave transfer hoses connected to a Bobtail while unattended by
a qualified person.
Unloading a Cargo Tank Motor Vehicle
Procedures for liquid transfer operations at LP-Gas bulk storage tanks from transports are based
on common industry practices, manufacturer’s instructions, and provisions listed in NFPA 582008 and U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT) cargo tank unloading regulations.
Furthermore, the major steps in the unloading procedures will vary according to the emergency
discharge system used on the CTMV.
These procedures are designed to be as universal as possible, and are to be used as a guide
only. They do not replace company policies or federal, state and local codes. Be sure to check
company policy and state and local codes before beginning the unloading operation. Before
performing the unloading operation, you should review bulk plant layout and operating
procedures. Make sure you are familiar with the bulk plant equipment, piping functions, and
company operating procedures.
30
US Department of Transportation Requirements
U.S. DOT requirements for drivers and operators unloading cargo tank motor vehicles (CTMV)
are set out in several sections of the Code of Federal Regulations. The principal requirements
can be found in the following references:
• Unloading Attendance Requirements – 49 CFR 177.834
• CTMV Safety Check – 49 CFR 177.840(m)
• Unloading Procedures* – 49 CFR 177.840 (q)
• Emergency Discharge Control – 49 CFR 178.337-11, 173.315(n)
* for cargo tanks with capacities larger than 3500 water gallons, and cargo tanks in other
than metered delivery service
US DOT unloading rules include:
1. A qualified person must be in attendance at all times during unloading.
2. A person is ”qualified'' if he or she has been made aware of the nature of the hazardous
material which is to be loaded or unloaded, has been instructed on the procedures to be followed
in emergencies, is authorized to move the cargo tank, and has the means to do so.
3. The qualified person attending the unloading operation must be alert and
remain within 25 feet of the cargo tank when the CTMV internal self closing stop valve is open.
4. The qualified person attending the unloading operation must have an unobstructed view of the
cargo tank and delivery hose to the maximum extent practicable, except during short periods
when it is necessary to activate controls or monitor the receiving container.
New transport cargo tanks placed into service after July 1, 2001, must be equipped with either a
passive emergency shutdown system or, if the transport is used in metered delivery service, a
remote (radio frequency) shutdown system with a query feature for unloading operations lasting
more than 5 minutes. Cargo tanks that are used in both metered and non-metered service must
have both types of emergency shutdown systems.
Startup
1. Inspect the transfer area, before giving the driver the signal to enter the plant area.
2. Spot the CTMV (most commonly, a “transport”) and guide it into position at the unloading
bulkhead. To prevent unnecessary wear on the PTO (power take-off) drive shaft and the pump
during unloading, the centerlines of the tractor and trailer should coincide.
3. Set the brakes and turn off all electrical devices.
4. Set the chock blocks at the front and back of one of the tractor drive wheels.
5. If applicable, check with company policy for procedures to follow if a water or ammonia test
is required.
Operation
1. Determine the maximum amount of LP-Gas to be transferred to the plant storage tanks. In
most cases, a transport will arrive only when there is enough room in the plant storage tank(s) for
the entire load of LP-Gas. To avoid accidentally overfilling the storage tank(s), calculate the
maximum amount of LP-Gas that can be added safely.
2. Review and follow company procedures for checking the operation of the ESVs and pull-a-way
protection installed in the plant. If the ESVs will not operate properly, do not continue the transfer
operation. Notify the bulk plant’s manager or supervisor.
3. Check the manual shutoff valves on the transport liquid and vapor connections to be sure they
are fully closed. Slowly remove the dust caps.
31
4. Remove the dust caps from the connectors on the transfer hoses. Check the connectors to be
sure they are clean. Check the O-rings on the valve connectors to be sure they are in good
condition. If necessary, clean the connectors with a rag and replace worn, flattened, or damaged
O-rings before making connections to be transport.
5. Conduct a visual inspection of delivery hose deployed during each unloading operation.
Rejection criteria include exposed reinforcement, permanently deformed wire braid reinforcement,
soft spots, bulging, loose outer covering, damaged couplings, and loose/missing/corroded bolts.
6. Connect hoses between the transport and the bulkhead. When using ACME connectors, spin
on the connectors until they are hand-tight. While tightening the connectors, move the hose or
hose end valve up and down slightly to prevent the threads from seizing. When each connection
is hand-tight, tighten it to “wrench tight” with a spanner wrench. Never bang on the connector with
the dust cap, a hammer, or other device.
7. Check each connection for leaks by isolating it from the system and charging it with LP- Gas.
If any connection leaks, close all valves and retighten the connection. If the leak persists,
examine the condition of connection o-rings or gaskets, and replace them if they are defective.
Do not transfer liquid if leaking LP-Gas is present.
8. Verify that the LP-Gas being delivered to the bulk plant is odorized by
conducting a sniff test or other means, and document the results.
9. When all valves are fully open, start the pump by engaging the PTO. Listen carefully for
sounds of erratic pump behavior and check the sight gauge or flow indicator to be sure liquid is
flowing through the system.
[Note: If an excess-flow valve slugs shut, stop the pump; then, reopen the excess-flow valve by
equalizing pressure across the valve before continuing.]
10. Unload the transport tank. Remember that a qualified person must be present during the
entire transfer operation to handle emergencies and monitor the condition of the transfer system.
Monitor the liquid level gauges in the plant storage tanks carefully during the operation. If
possible, equalize pressure between the transport and the plant storage tank.
11. When a tank reaches its maximum permitted filling level, stop the pump and adjust the valves
in the plant piping to route the remainder of the load to another tank.
Shutdown
1. When the plant storage tank reaches its maximum permitted
filling level or the transport tank is empty, stop the pump and
immediately close all liquid and vapor lines involved in the
transfer operation.
2. Bleed down and disconnect the hoses. Store them away as
necessary. Caution: Never disconnect any hose until the
LP-Gas trapped in the connection has been safely bled off.
This should be done through either the bleeder valve on the
hose-end valve or a pipe-away adaptor in the transport or bulkhead connections.
3. Replace all caps on hose-end valves and on transport and plant
liquid and vapor connections.
4. Complete the plant unloading form, any necessary accounting
forms, and the return bill of lading.
32
5. Check to be sure that all bulkhead or transport hoses have been disconnected and securely
stored and that all valves are tightly closed and capped.
6. Before removing the chock blocks, walk around the CTMV and check for any obstacles
that may be in its path. When determined to be clear, remove the chock blocks and store them
on the vehicle.
7. Move the truck only after it has been determined the path is clear and an discharge of LP-Gas
has dissipated.
33
IV. GAS LEAK DETECTION – CONSUMER GAS COMPLAINTS, GAS LEAKS
AND SERVICE INTERRUPTIONS
This section deals with gas leak detection and handling the consumer service call.
Leak and the Smell of Gas
Always be sensitive to the slightest gas smell. Learn to recognize the odor
of propane gas. It’s a distinctive and unpleasant garbage, sewage or a dead
animal smell. Scratch and sniff brochures are available from the NPGA.
Warning Signs
Below are some warning signs of a gas leak. Always treat the smell of
propane, no matter how strong or weak the smell, treat it as a serious
gas leak. Note: if there is a gas leak, follow the emergency
procedure in this CD / booklet.
Examples of warning signs which may indicate a gas leak has occurred are:
• When the presence of a foul odor persists
• When something smells like garbage, sewage or a dead animal it
may be a serious gas leak
• A hissing sound near a gas appliance, piping or storage tanks and cylinders
Gas Leak and Odor Complaint Reports
Adding and properly preserving odorants is very important, because it helps ensure the safe use
of propane.
Always treat customer odor complaints and gas leak
reports as priority service calls and take the necessary
steps to fully investigate them because:
• A customer complaint about a gas odor may indicate a leak.
• A prompt response to a gas leak or odor call can protect
both personnel and the public from the hazards caused by
escaping gas. Office personnel, delivery personnel, and gas
service technicians can effectively and safely respond to gas
leak and odor complaint reports by properly applying company
policies and procedure.
Fielding Gas Leak Calls
Most gas leaks are reported by telephone, sometimes making it difficult
to determine the amount and concentration of the possible gas leak.
Leak Report Forms/Guidelines
Leak report forms and guidelines are designed to help propane
employees collect and document details from the caller to determine:
• The seriousness of the leak.
• The source and location of the leak.
• Whether to dispatch a service technician.
• Appropriate instructions to give the customer.
34
Factors Related to Gas Leaks
When a gas leak occurs in a home, the gas is mixed with air infiltrating inside the home through
cracks, windows, and doors. Then this mixture is constantly diluted with fresh air. Therefore,
small leaks (such as a pilot being out) can exist for a long time without detection.
A gas leak may become more serious when there is an insufficient amount of air for dilution
or where the leak allows so much gas to escape that the mixture becomes combustible.
Responding to the Customer
If there is a possible gas leak, instruct the customer to:
1. Evacuate the structure and keep a safe distance from the building.
2. Eliminate all sources of ignition.
3. Conduct further communication with the propane representative
from a telephone outside the structure.
4. Once outside the structure and if the service valve for the propane
supply can be approached safely, turn off the propane supply.
Dispatch a service technician immediately to the scene.
NOTE: Remember to apply company policies and procedures when
receiving, responding to and documenting a gas odor or leak report.
Taking Safety Precautions
Since you have no way of knowing the nature of the leak, or how much gas has escaped,
you must always use the following basic precautions and rules:
• Treat all leak reports as propane gas until proven otherwise.
• Assume a detected odor of gas is a combustible mixture and treat it accordingly
• Take these precautions to prevent the ignition of the mixture: keep open flames and electric
sparks clear of the area; do not turn electrical switches on or off; and do not
turn on flashlights before entering an area where a gaseous mixture may exist. Although
some flashlights have been specially manufactured to not pose an ignition threat, most
flashlights should not be used any time while investigating a potential leak.
• Keep everyone, except gas service technicians and emergency responder personnel, clear of
the area. Despite safety precautions and training, some individuals choose not to heed
warnings and therefore, accidents occur.
Investigating Gas Odors
The presence of propane in buildings is usually detected first by its odor.
This suggests the presence of gas, but does not signify its concentration
in air. When conducting a leak and odor investigation, an initial
test should be done with a suitable leak detection method.
NFPA 54 describes a three-minute leak test using a manometer
or equivalent pressure gauge as an example of a suitable leak
detection method. Some companies also use electronic sniffers
when investigating gas odors. There are various ways to investigate
gas odors. Always apply your company’s policies and procedures
when selecting a suitable leak detection method.
35
Identifying Leak Sources
Exposed Piping
After determining the general area of the gas leak, apply a leak solution or
use a gas-sensing device at the specific location where a leak is suspected.
Buried Piping
Sometimes propane will leak from buried piping and enter a customer’s basement or crawl space.
Gas can enter into buildings with no propane service and create a hazardous situation. Many
factors affect the spread pattern of gas escaping into the soil. To avoid the potential for further
entry into buildings, a propane leak detection survey is suggested. Always apply your company’s
policies and procedures when identifying leak sources.
Gas Service Interruptions and Related Factors
Understanding the various reasons for gas service interruptions gas situation.
Routine gas service interruptions may occur when:
• Cylinders or containers undergo normal maintenance or
when they are exchanged or repaired.
• Any changes are made to the gas distribution lines.
Out-of-gas service interruptions may be caused by:
• A gas leak
• Increased gas consumption
• Incorrect delivery frequency
• A will-call account’s failure to schedule a delivery or pay the bill
• Customer equipment failure
Out-of-gas service interruptions must be considered
• Appliances may not have 100% safety shutoff controls
• A leak may have developed without the customer’s or gas supplier’s knowledge
• Defective appliances may be present or appliances may have been removed
without properly capping service lines.
• Appliance pilot lights may not be lit.
Service interruptions can be more than an inconvenience—they can lead to unsafe conditions if
not handled properly.
For gas out deliveries, schedule the deliveries for a time when you or another responsible person
can be there. The delivery person must be able to get to the appliances to test them and the gas
system. The service person is the one who should relight all appliance pilots
The delivery person should leave a no one at home notice tag on the tank or door if the
consumer is not at home and they are out of gas. The tag tells the consumer to call the propane
dealer to arrange for a time for a service person to return and relight the pilots on the appliances.
Ventilation
Because of the threat of carbon monoxide build up due to an improperly vented appliance, you
should inspect customers’ venting systems on a periodic basis.
An annual inspection
is recommended in the late summer or early fall before the cold days of the high
season begin
36
V. EXHIBITS
The following exhibits and informational material may be used to promote and better inform
propane safe usage at work and home. Also, the National or State Propane Gas Association and
the Propane Education and Research Council are excellent sources of safety information and
material to support the propane retailer’s consumer customer safety education initiatives.
Recommended brochures for consumer handout can be found and purchased on the PERC site
http://www.propanecouncil.org/ in their Propane Marketing and Research Catalogue (MaRC).
Look under Safety and Training. Log-in is required.
For consideration the following consumer safety brochures are available through MaRC:
Important Propane Safety Information for You and Your Family Brochure
This brochure features important information including steps to
take if you smell gas, odor fade, propane gas detectors, carbon
monoxide safety, lighting of pilot lights and general appliance
maintenance and safety tips. A scratch-and-sniff test is also
included. The eight-panel, 3 ¾ x 9 brochure fits in a standard
business size envelope and can be used as a self-mailer.
It is designed to assist marketers with duty-to-warn compliance.
It is also available in Spanish. (125/pack)
This brochure contains detailed information on important small cylinder
safety issues. Sections include steps to take if you smell gas, transportation
and storage of cylinders, tampering with cylinders or outdoor appliances,
testing for leaks, odor fade, refilling of cylinders, and disposal of old or
damaged cylinders. A scratch-and-sniff test is also included. The eightpanel, 3 ¾ x 9 brochure fits in a standard business size envelope and
can be used as a self-mailer. It is designed to assist marketers with
duty-to-warn compliance. (125/pack)
The PERC Web Site has a number of excellent employee safety tools and training programs
available.
37
Below depicts a warning poster or label:
38
Below is a template for a safety information sheet dealing with typical after accident procedures:
34
39
35
40
36
41
Below is a template for an information sheet explaining how to control LP – Gas Leaks and Fires:
How To Control LP-Gas Leaks and Fires
37
42
38
43
44
39
Leakage With Fire cont.
40
45
Below is a re-print of the NFPA 704 Hazardous Material Identification System for employee
information and training purposes:
Prepared by
BP
28100 Torch Parkway
Warrenville, Il. 60555
WWW.NGL.COM
Printed in U.S.A.
24
46
PROPANE
Red
Blue
1
4
25
47
Yellow
0
Below is a re-print of a technical information bulletin # 34.19-2 dealing with LP Gas Odorant
properties for employee information and training purposes:
26
48
27
49
28
50
29
51
30
52
31
53
32
54
55
33
Below are reprints of Odorized Propane and Propane without Odorant (English and Canadian)
Material Safety Data Sheets for employee information and training purposes
and to make available as needed to customers:
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