Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat Marquis de Condorcet - No

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Biography of Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat
Hébert Marquis de Condorcet
Name and Name Modifications:
His real name was Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, he took the title
of the Marquis from the city of Condorcet in Dauphiné
Dates of Birth and Death:
(∗) 17 September 1743 in Ribemont, Picardie, France
(†) 29 March 1794 in Bourg-la-Reine, nearby Paris, France
Family Data:
Condorcet’s father originated from a family from Dauphiné and was in the
military, he died soon after the birth of his son, so that Marie-Jean grew up
with his mother’s family in the Picardie.
On 23 December 1787, Condorcet married Marie Louise Sophie de Grouchy
(1764-1822), the niece of the president of the Parliament in Bordeaux.
Education:
Condorcet received his education at the College of the Jesuits in Reims and
at the Collège de Navarre in Paris, where he dedicated his life to Pure Mathematics. Then he studied at the Collège Mazarin in Paris.
Condorcet’s first articles were praised and reproached by Fontaine and Jean
le Rond D’Alembert (1717-1783), because his writing style was often very
confusing.
Professional Career:
After the publication of his paper on the integral calculus Essai sur le calcul
intégral of 1765, versatile Condorcet was admitted to the Académie des Sciences in 1769. During his times there he published several important articles,
one about the integral calculus of 1772.
In 1772, Condorcet met the French Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781), who became Controller General of Finance in 1774 under
Louis XVI, appointed Condorcet Inspector General of the Mint. During this
time Condorcet published several articles about commerce. 1774 appeared
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Condorcet’s anonymous article “Lettres d’un théologien” against the ecclesiastical doctrine, and Concorcet often dealt with the liberty of religion. In
1776 Turgot was suspended and Condorcet wanted to resign, but his resignation was refused and he had his office till 1791. In 1777 Condorcet was
appointed as Secretary of the Académie des Sciences. Voltaire (1694-1778)
and D’Alembert advised him to write obituaries instead of mathematical articles to improve his chances to get the job. It was a good advice, but took
much of his time.
Condorcet, at first follower of a constitutional Monarchy, joined the liberals
after the French Revolution and became the representative in the legislative
assembly of Paris and a secretary there. He made successful plans for the
French schooling system. In 1792 Condorcet became one of the leaders of
the republicans and joined the moderate Girondists and fought against the
death penalty for Louis XVI. When the Jakobines came to power Condorcet
argued against the new constitution and should be imprisoned. He hide and
wrote Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit human (1795).
In March 1794 he fled from his hiding-place in Paris, but was captured and
imprisoned. Two days later he was found dead in his prison in Bourg-Egalité
(Bourg-la-Reine). It is unknown if he committed suicide or died of a stroke.
During his lifetime Condorcet was much admired, but till the middle of the
20th century he was considered as an average mathematician. Then his work
was rediscovered and he was considered as mathematician-philosopher. His
mathematical opus was rediscovered only in 1980.
Condorcet published important writings about probability and Philosophy of
Mathematics. He became famous for the “Condorcet Paradoxon”. He used
Mathematics for humanistic and social problems. Before Laplace, Condorcet
found the principle of likelihood, tracing back from the result to the origin
within the bounds of probability.
From the last great encyclopedists, as D’Alembert, Turgot, and Voltaire
(1694-1778) Condorcet was the only one to live during the French Revolution. He wrote several papers on philosophical, religious, political and social
questions, projected a concept for education, fought for women’s rights and
against slavery, but had little influence in France. His political ideas quite
probably influenced the American presidents Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
and James Madison (1751-1836), whereas his philosophical ideas influenced
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831).
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Important Publications:
• Œuvres, 10 vols. (Paris 1847-1849), Facsimile (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt
1968).
• Charles Henry (ed.), Correspondance inédite de Condorcet et de Turgot:
1770-1779 (Paris 1883; repr. Genève 1970).
• Elisabeth Badinter (ed.), Correspondance inédite de Condorcet et Mme
Suard, M. Suard et Garat (1771-1791) (Paris 1988).
• B. Bru, P. Crépel (eds.), Condorcet. Arithmétique politique. Textes
rares ou inédits (1767-1789) (Paris 1994).
• Éloges des Académiciens de l’Académie Royale des Sciences morts depuis
1666, jusqu’en 1699 (Paris 1773; Paris 1968).
• Essai sur l’application de l’analyse à la probabilité des décisions (Paris
1785), repr. (Chelsea, New York 1972) (became important for the
development of probability theory).
• Des conventions nationales (Paris 1791; Paris 1991).
• “Tableau général de la science qui a pour objet l’application du calcul
aux sciences politiques et morales”, Journal d’instruction sociale (Juin,
Juillet 1793) pp. 105-128; 166-184), repr. in: Condorcet, Elémens du
calcul... (Paris 1805).
• Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit human (Paris
1795, Paris 1998, 2001), Nachdr. (Hildesheim 1981), German: Entwurf einer historischen Darstellung der Fortschritte des menschlichen
Geistes (Frankfurt 1976).
• Elémens du caldul des probabilités, et son application aux jeux de hasard,
a la loterie, et aux jugemens des hommes. Avec un discours sur les
avantages des mathematiques sociales et une notice sur M. de Condorcet (Paris 1805; 1986).
• Bericht und Entwurf einer Verordnung über die allgemeine Organisation des öffentlichen Unterrichtswesens (Weinheim 1966).
• Condorcet: Almanach anti-superstitieux et autres textes (Saint-Étienne
1992).
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• Mémoires er discours sur les monnaies et les finances 1790-1792 (Paris
1994).
• Condorcet: foundations of social choise and political theory (Aldershot
1994; Cheltenham 2007).
• Cinq mémoires sur l’instruction publique (Paris 1996).
• Réflexions sur l’esclavage de nègres: et autres textes abolitionnistes
(Paris 2003).
• Condorcet also wrote biographies of Jacques Turgot: Vie de Monsieur
Turgot (Paris 1786), and of Voltaire Vie de Voltaire (Kehl 1789, Paris
1994).
Scientific Honors:
A lunar crater has his name. In Paris there is the Cité Condorcet and the
Rue Condorcet (9. Arrondissement).
In 1782 he was elected into the Académie Française gewählt.
References and Literature:
• Charles Coulston Gillespie (ed.), Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. III
(New York 1971) pp. 383-388.
• Franck Alengry, Condorcet guide de la Révolution Française: théoricien du
droit constitutionnel et précurseur de la science sociale (Genève 1971).
• John MIlton Allison, Condorcet: a fogotten historian (New Haven 1943).
• Robert Alt, Erziehungsprogramme der Französischen Reovlution: Mirabeau,
Condorcet, Lepeletier (Berlin 1949).
• Henri Archambault de Montfort, Les idées de Condorcet sur le suffrage
(Genève 1970).
• Oleg Arkhipoff, “La fin du paradoxe de Condorcet: quelles conséquences
pour la compatibilité nationale?”, Journal de la Société de Statistique de
Paris 129 (1988) pp. 244-268.
• Oleg Arkhipoff, “Une révolution dans la Révolution: Condorcet, Lavoisier
et Peuchet”, Économies et sociétés 24 (1990) pp. 363-370.
• Matthias Arning, Die Idee des Fortschritts: der sozialphilosophische Entwurf des Marquis de Condorcet als alternative Synthesis-Vorstellung zum
Konzept der politischen Tugend (Frankfurt 1998).
• Madeleine Arnold-Tétard, Sophie de Grouchy, marquise de Condorcet (Paris
2003).
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• John Avery, Progress, poverty and population: re-reading Condorcet, Godwin and Malthus (London 1997).
• Elisabeth Badinter, Condorcet: (1743-1794), un intellectuel en politique
(Paris 1988; 1989).
• Eyal Baharad, “The asymptotic strategyproofness of scoring and Condorcet
consistent rules”, Review of Economic Design 7 (2002) pp. 331-340.
• Eyal Baharad, “The Boda rule, Condorcet consistency and Condorcet stability”, Economic Theory 22 (2003) pp. 685-688.
• K.M. Baker, Condorcet - from Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics
(Chicago 1975).
• Keith Michael Baker, Condorcet: raison et politique (Paris 1988).
• Yves Balasko, The probability of Condorcet cycles and super majority rules
(Genève 1995).
• Yves Balasko, “The probability of Condorcet cycles and super majority
rules”, Journal of the economic theory 75 (1997) pp. 237-270.
• Yves Balasko, “Condorcet cycles in bipartite populations”, Economic theory 12 (1998) pp. 313-334.
• Dorothee Baxmann, Wissen, Kunst und Gesellschaft in der Theorie Condorcets (Stuttgart 1999).
• Ernst Behler, Unendliche Perfektibilität: europäische Romantik und Französische
Revolution (Paderborn 1989).
• Ruth C. Ben-Yashar, “A nonsymptotic Condorcet jury theorem”, Social
choice and welfare 17 (2000) pp. 189-199.
• Ruth C. Ben-Yashar, “Information is important to Condorcet jurors”, Public choice 127 (2006) pp. 313-327.
• Daniel Berend, “When is Condorcet’s jury theorem valid?”, Social choice
and welfare 15 (1998) pp. 481-488.
• Daniel Berend, “Monotonicity in Condorcet jury theorem”, Social choice
and welfare 24 (2005) pp. 83-92.
• Daniel Berend, “Monotonicity in Condorcet’s jury theorem with dependent
voters”, Social choice and welfare 28 (2007) pp. 505-528.
• Sven Berg, “Condorcet’s jury theorem, dependency among jurors”, Social
choice and welfare 10 (1993) pp. 87-95.
• Sven Berg, “Condorcet’s jury theorem revisited”, European journal of political economy 9 (1993) pp. 437-446.
• Jean-Godefroy Bidima, “The dialectic of French enlightenment for Africans:
thinking alterity in Abbé Grégoire, Condorcet, Ch. de Brosses and Olympe
de Gouges”, in: Frieder Ludwig, Afe Adogame (eds.), European traditions in
the study of religion in Africa (Wiesbaden 2004) pp. 97-108.
• Bertrand Binoche, Nouvelles sciences: modèles techniques et pensée politique de Bacon à Condorcet (Seyssel 1998).
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• Henning Bohn, Voting and nonlinear taxes in a stylized representative
democracy (München 2003).
• Thierry Boissel, Sophie de Condorcet: femme des Lumières (1764-1822)
(Paris 1988).
• Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, Trois études sur Bossuet, Voltaire et
Condorcet (Étampes 1998)
• Janine Bouissounouse, Condorcet: le philosophe dans la révolution (Paris
1962).
• Éric Brian, Staatsvermessungen: Condorcet, Laplace, Turgot und das Denken
der Verwaltung. Politische Philosophie und Ökonomie (Wien 2001).
• L. Cahen, Condorcet et la Révolution française (Paris 1904, repr. Geneve
1970).
• Eugène Caillaud, Les idées économiques de Condorcet (1908; New York
1970).
• Donald Edward Campbell, “Incompatibility of strategy-proofness and the
Condorcet principle”, Social choice and welfare 15 (1998) pp. 583-592.
• Donald Edward Campbell, “Are serial Condorcet rules strategy-proof?”,
Review of Economic Design 7 (2002) pp. 385-410.
• Daniel Castellanos, Arrow’s impossibility theorem is not so impossible and
Condorcet’s paradox is not so paradoxical: the adequate definition of a social
choice problem (Bogotá 2005).
• Victor D. Chepoi, Condorcet points simple rectilinear polygons (Duisburg
1994).
• Davide P. Cervone, “Which scoring rule maximizes Condorcet efficiency
under IAC?”, Theory and decision 58 (2005) 145-185.
• Anne-Marie Couillet, Condorcet: homme des Lumières et de la Révolution
(Fontenay-aux-Roses 1997).
• Elart von Collani (ed.), Defining the Science of Stochastics (Lemgo 2004).
• Charles Coutel, République et instruction publique chez Condorcet: genèse
et unité d’une problématique (Paris 1992, Microfiche).
• Charles Coutel, À l’école de Condorcet contre orléanisme des esprits (Paris
1996).
• Charles Coutel, “La Troisième République lit Condorcet”, Revue du Nord
78 (1996) pp. 967-974.
• Charles Coutel, Condorcet instituer le citoyen (Paris 1999).
• Michèle Crampe-Casnabet, Condorcet, lecteur des Lumières (Paris 1985).
• P. Crépel, “Le premier manuscrit de Condorcet sur le calcul des probabilités (1772)”, Historia Mathematica 14 (1987) pp. 282-283.
• Pierre Crépel, “Condorcet et l’éstimation statistique”, Journal de la Société
de Statistique de Paris 129 (1988) pp. 46-67.
• P. Crépel, “Condorcet, la théorie des probabilités et les calculs financiers”,
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in: Roshdi Rashed (ed.), Sciences à l’époque de la Révolution Française.
Recherches historiques (Paris 1988) pp. 267-325.
• Pierre Crépel (ed.), Condorcet: mathémaicien, économiste, philosophe,
homme politique. Colloque international (Paris 1989).
• P. Crépel, “Condorcet, un mathématicien du social”, La Recherche 207
(1989) pp. 248-249.
• P. Crépel, “De Condorcet à Arago: l’enseignement des probabilités en
France de 1786 à 1830”, Bulletin de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de
l’École Polytechnique (1989) pp. 29-55.
• Pierre Crépel, “Les calculs économiques et financiers de Condorcet pendant
la Révolution”, Économies et sociétés 24 (1990) pp. 339-350.
• P. Crépel, “Le dernier mot de Condorcet sur les élections”, Mathématiques
et Sciences Humaines 111 (1990) pp. 7-43.
• P. Crépel, “Marquis de Condorcet”, in: C.C. Heyde, E. Seneta (eds.),
Statisticians of the Centuries (New York 2001) pp. 90-92.
• Pierre Crépel, “Condorcet’s social mathematic, a few tables”, Social choice
and welfare 25 (2005) pp. 243-285.
• Jean Dagen, L’histoire de l’esprit humain dans la pensée française de
Fontenelle à Condorcet (Lille 1980).
• Ajit Kumar Dasgupta, Is New Zealand slipping up? Some Borda.Condorcet
measures of relative performance (Dunedin, NZ 1993).
• Lorraine Daston, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment (Princeton
1988).
• Dhammika Dharmapala, “The Condorcet jury theorem and the expression
function of law: a theory of information law”, American law and economics
review 5 (2003) pp. 1-31.
• Claudio De Boni, Condorcet: l’“esprit général” nella rivoluzione francese
(Roma 1989).
• Régis Deloche (ed.), Turgot et Condorcet économistes: post hunc ergo
propter hanc. Colloque “Condorcet”, Paris, mercredi 8-samedi 11 juin 1988
(Besançon 1988).
• Horst Dippel, Individuum und Gesellschaft: soziales Denken zwischen Tradition und Revolution: Smith - Condorcet - Franklin (Göttingen 1981).
• Erich Donnert, “Friedrich der Große und die Berliner Académie Royale des
Sciences et Belles-Lettres: die Geschäftsführung Eulers und die auswärtigen
Präsidentschaften d’Alemberts und Condorcets”, in: Erich Donnert (ed.),
Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit. Festschrift für Günter Mühlpfordt (1999) pp.
255-284.
• Joffre Dumazedier, La leçon de Condorcet: une conception oubliée de
l’instruction pour tous nécessaire à une république (Paris 1994).
• Bhaskar Dutta, “Covering sets and a new Condorcet choice correspon-
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dence”, Journal of economic theory 1 (1988) 63-80.
• Bhaskar Dutta, “Implementing generalized Condorcet social choice functions via backward induction”, Social choice and welfare 10 (1993) pp. 149160.
• David M. Estlund, “Opinion leaders, independence, and Condorcet’s jury
theorem”, Theory and decision 36 (1994) pp. 131-162.
• Raul V. Fabella, The legality of the estrada removal: the Condorcet jury
perspective (Quezon 2001).
• Raul V. Fabella, Multiple juries and two-party representative democracy in
the Condorcet jury framework (Quezon 2001).
• Joseph Fabre, Les pères de la Révolution: (de Bayle à Condorcet) (Paris
1910; Genève 1970).
• Gilbert Faccarello, “Le legs de Turgot: aspects de l’économie politique
sensualiste de Condorcet à Roederer”, Économies et sociétés 24 (1990) pp.
67-107.
• Mark Fey, “A note on the Condorcet Jury theorem with supermajority
voting rules”, Social choice and welfare 20 (2003) pp. 27-32.
• Evelyn L. Forget, “Cultivating sympathy: Sophie Condorcet’s letters on
sympathy”, Journal of the history of economic thought 23 (2001) pp. 319-337.
• “France et Italie au miroir des lumières: Condorcet 1794-1994; des académies
aux instituts: “modèle” français et expériences italiennes (1796-1799)”, Mélanges
de l’École Française de Rome (Rome 1997) pp. 444-798.
• Lydie Garreau, L’école, la religion et la politique: de Condorcet à Ferry
(Paris 2006).
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet’s paradox and anonymous preference profiles”, Public choice 25 (1976) pp. 1-18.
• William V. Gehrlein, “The expected probability of Condorcet’s paradox”,
Economic Letters 7 (1981) pp. 33-37.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet efficiency of constant scoring rules for
large electorates”, Economic letters 19 (1985) pp. 13-15
• William V. Gehrlein, “The Condorcet criterion and committee selection”,
Mathematical social sciences 10 (1985) pp. 188-209.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet efficiency of simple voting rules for large
electorates”, Economic letters 40 (1992) pp. 61-66.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet’s paradox under the maximal culture
condition”, Economic letters 55 (1997) pp. 85-89.
• William V. Gehrlein, “The sensitive wieght selection on the Condorcet efficiency of weighted scoring rules”, Social choice and welfare 15 (1998) pp.
351-358.
• William V. Gehrlein, “The Condorcet efficiency of approval voting and the
probability of electing the Condorcet loser”, Journal of mathematical eco-
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nomics 29 (1998) pp. 271-283.
• William V. Gehrlein, “The probability of a Condorcet winner with a small
number of voters”, Economic letters 59 (1998) pp. 317-321.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet efficiencies under the maximal culture
condition”, Social choice and welfare 16 (1999) pp. 471-490.
• William V. Gehrlein, Condorcet efficiency: a preference for indifference
(Namur 2000).
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet efficiency: a preference for indifference”,
Social choice and welfare 18 (2001) pp. 193-205.
• William V. Gehrlein, “The Condorcet efficiency of Borda Rule with anonymous voters”, Mathematical Social Sciences 41 (2001) pp. 39-50.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet winners on four candidates with anonymous voters”, Economic letters 71 (2001) pp. 335-340.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Condorcet’s paradox and the likelihood of its occurrence: different perspectives on balanced preferences”, Theory and decision
52 (2002) pp. 171-199.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Which scoring rule maximizes Condorcet efficiency
under IAC?”, Theory and decision 58 (2005) pp. 145-184.
• William V. Gehrlein, “Probabilities of election outcomes with two parameters: the relative impact of unifying and polarizing candidates”, Review of
economic design 9 (2005) pp. 317-336.
• William V. Gehrlein, “The sensivity of weight selection for scoring rules to
profile proximity to single-peaked preferences”, Social choice and welfare 26
(2006) pp. 191-208.
• William V. Gehrlein, Condorcet’s paradox (Berlin, Heidelberg 2006, online).
• C. Gilain, “Condorcet et le calcul intégral”, in: Roshdi Rashed (ed.), Sciences à l’époque de la Revolution Française. Recherches historiques (Paris
1988) pp. 87-147.
• Lucien Gillard, “Condorcet, deux autres paradoxes?”, Annales 51 (1996)
pp. 201-214.
• Philippe Gilles, “Economie, histoire et genèse de l’économie politique:
Quesnay, Turgot et Condorcet, Say, Sismondi”, Revue économique 42 (1991)
pp. 367-393.
• Edward Goodell, The noble philosopher: Condorcet and the Enlightenment
(Buffalo 1994).
• Gilles Gaston Granger, La mathématique sociale du marquis de Condorcet
(Paris 1956).
• Christina L. Griffiths, Condorcets Fortschrittsidee. B. Constants “Über die
Perfektibilität des Menschengeschlechts” und die Idee eines Fortschritts der
Religion (Frankfurt/Oder 1998).
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• Domenico Grimaldi, Scienza, morale e politica in Condorcet (L’Aquila
1991).
• Henryk Grossmann, “The evolutionist revolt against classical economics”,
Journal of political economy 51 (1943) pp. 381-396.
• Antoine Guillois, La marquise de Condorcet: sa famille, son salon, ses
amis: 1764-1822 (Paris 1897).
• Anders Hald, A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930 (New
York 1998) pp. 67-68, 160, 187, 567-569.
• Pierre Hansen, Weber, Condorcet and plurality solutions to network location problems (Brussels 1981).
• Pierre Hansen, “Outcomes of voting and planning: Condorcet, Weber and
Rawls locations”, Journal of public economics 16 (1981) pp. 1-15.
• Glenn W. Harrison, An experimental test of the incentive compatibility of
a Condorcet-consistent voting rule (Amsterdam 1996).
• Andreas Heyer, “Condorcet und das schwere Erbe der Aufklärung”, in:
Andreas Heyer (ed.), Studien zur politischen Utopie (2005) pp. 95-124.
• Jean P. Joubert, “Turgot et Condorcet: droits de l’homme, droit de vote
en propriété”, Économies et sociétés 24 (1990) pp. 197-199.
• Pierre Kahn, Condorcet et l’école de la raison (Paris 2001).
• Satoshi Kanazawa, “A brief note on a further refinement of the Condorcet Jury theorem for heterogenous groups”, Mathematical social sciences
35 (1998) pp. 69-73.
• Bariş Kaymak, “Sets of alternatives as Condorcet winners”, Social choice
and welfare 20 (2003) pp. 477-494.
• Catherine Kintzler, Condorcet: l’Instruction publique et la naissance du
citoyen (Paris 1987).
• Minoru Kitahara, “Condorcet jury theorem or rational ignorance”, Journal
of public economic theory 10 (2008) pp. 281-300
• Christian Klamler, Borda and Condorcet: some distance results (Graz
2003).
• Christian Klamler, “The Copeland rule and Condorcet’s principle”, Economic theory 25 (2005) pp. 745-749.
• Christian Kleiber, “Borda and Condorcet: some distant results”, Theory
and decision 59 (2005) pp. 97-109.
• Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, “An empirical example of the Condorcet paradox
of voting in a large electorate”, Public choice 107 (2001) pp. 135-145.
• S.F. Lacroix, Notice historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de Condorcet (Paris
1813).
• Krishna L. Ladha, “Condorcet’s jury theorem in light of de Finetti’s theorem: majority-rule voting with correlated votes”, Social choice and welfare
10 (1993) pp. 69-85.
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• Krishna K. Ladha, “Information pooling through majority-rule voting:
Condorcet’s jury theorem with correlated votes“, Journal of economic behaviour & organization 26 (1995) pp. 353-372.
• Gilbert Laffond, “Condorcet choice correspondences: a set-theoretical comparison”, Mathematical social sciences 10 (1995) pp. 23-35.
• Jean-Paul Lagrave, Condorcet (1743-1794): Le condor des lumières (Montréal
1993).
• Bertold Langer, Die Entwicklung eines gesellschaftstheoretisch fundierten
Bildungsbegriffs bei Condorcet, Hegel und Marx (Diss., München 1976).
• Franz Leberecht, Der Fortschrittsgedanke bei Condorcet (Berlin 1934; Wiesbaden 1974).
• Joe̋l Lefebvre, “Friedrich Schlegel lecteur de Condorcet 1795“, in: Joe̋l
Lefebvre (ed.), Études allemandes. Littérature, idéologies (2000) pp. 259268.
• Claude-Jean Lenoir, La tolérance ou la liberté? Les leçons de Voltaire et
de Condorcet. Actes du colloque de Genève (21-30 octobre 1994) (Bruxelles
1997).
• Dominique Lepelley, “On the probability of electing the Condorcet loser”,
Mathematical social sciences 25 (1993) pp. 105-116.
• Dominique Lepelley, “Condorcet efficiency of positional voting rules with
single-peaked preferences”, Economic design 1 (1995) pp. 289-299.
• Dominique Lepelley, “Constant scoring rules, Condorcet criteria and singlepeaked preferences”, Economic theory 7 (1996) pp. 491-500.
• Dominique Lepelley, “Strong Condorcet efficiency of scoring rules”, Economic letters 68 (2000) pp. 157-164.
• Dominique Lepelley, “Scoring rules, Condorcet efficiency and social homogenity”, Theory and decision 49 (2000) pp. 175-196.
• Dominique Lepelley, “Condorcet’s paradox for weak preference orderings”,
European journal of political economy 17 (2001) pp. 163-177.
• Honoré-Gabriel de Riqueti de Mirabeau, Erziehungsprogramme der französischen
Revolution (Berlin, Leipzig 1949).
• Julie de Lespinasse, Lettres à Condorcet: suivi du portrait de Condorcet
rédigé par Julie de Lespinasse en 1774 (Paris 1990).
• Bernhardt Liebermann, “Resolving the Condorcet paradox”, The American Journal of Sociology 77 (1971) pp. 540-559.
• Ines Lindner, “A generalization of Condorcet’s jury theorem to weighted
voting games with many small voter”, Economic Theory 35 (2008) pp. 607611.
• Stephan Lüchinger, Das politische Denken von Condorcet (Bern 2002).
• Hans Maassen, “Generating random weak orders and the probability of
Condorcet winner”, Social choice and welfare 19 (2002) pp. 517-532.
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• Gabriele Magrin, Condorcet un costituzionalismo democratico (Milano 2001).
• Thomas Robert Malthus, Essai sur le principe de population (Paris 1980),
deutsch: Das Bevölkerungsgesetz (München 1977).
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Author(s) of this contribution:
Claudia von Collani
Version: 1.00