possible immigration policies

Transcription

Integration and Social Cohesion
Gianni D’Amato
EUI, Firenze, 19 giugno 2013
Gianni D’Amato
Gianni D’Amato
Forum suisse pour l‘étude des migrations et de la population (FSM)
Forum suisse pour l’étude des migrations et de la population (FSM)
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Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Historical Legacies
Possible Immigration Policies
Rhetoric Shifts
Economic Performance and Social Cohesion
Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
 Increasing numbers of migration in recent years
 Diversification of Migration (range of countries)
 Technological advancement in transport and communication
  Globalization, Creation of a single market
  Migration a challenge across the globe
  The issue: how to manage migration?
 Threat to social order (welfare, economy) ?
 Necessity to demand “integration”, assuring social cohesion
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INTRODUCTION
 Economic integration is central pillar with regard to migrants
 Economic recession  participation of migrants to irregular forms of
employment  Increased demand for more irregular labor
 Informal economy undermines social cohesion (counter to collective
efforts of solidarity: social insurances, agreed terms of work, collective
wages)
 Marginalization, xenophobia as a possible reaction?
 Difficult to leave precarious states of employment
 Non rejectable immigration through:
 Asylum
 Family reunification
 Irregular/illegal migration
 Management of Migration through coordination of immigration at
European scale. Integration at national level important
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DEFINITIONS
Social Cohesion: “Capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of all its
members, minimizing disparities and avoiding polarization. It is a mutually
supportive community of free individuals pursuing this common goal by
democratic means.” (European Committee for Social Cohesion 2004)
In EU-Jargon: Measures to be taken to reverse processes of partial
desintegration and the social exclusion of certain groups. Meant to
counterbalance societal fragmentation, in particular when confronted with
social disparities and ethnic and cultural diversity.
Wish list: human rights standards, equal treatment policies, elimination of
legal barriers for full participation
See MIPEX Indicator (www.mipex.eu)
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DEFINITIONS
Social Cohesion
(see Tönnies: Gemeinschaft (community) & Gesellschaft
(association)
Community: Feeling of togetherness, close ties, intense social interaction,
shared identity, working through informal institutions.
Association: Superficial interactions, individualization, division of labour,
formal institutions play important role in organizing society
Social Capital:
Shaping social cohesion. Facilitated by generalized trust, shared norms,
networks of individuals.
Different forms, in order to establish Social Capital:
Community: mutual social interchange
Association: shared norms & adherence to laws
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DEFINITIONS
Immigration System:
Coordinated policies and practices aiming at controlling and
managing migration. They may be strict or liberal.
Integration: Convergence of different groups of society at the
• Social level
• Cultural level
• Structural level
• Symbolic level
Integration can be understood as a key aspect of social cohesion. It can last
multiple generations, depending on context and individuals involved. It may
take longer, if migrants live separated (segmented assimilation), or if
mainstream society reluctant to accept immigrants as full members of society
(racism).
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HISTORICAL LEGACIES
Different historical legacies shape current practices:
• Political
• Economic (size and nature of economy)
• Welfare System
• Citizenship Regime
• Institutional Differences
Political Context (see Political Opportunity Structures)
• Direct Democracy (threat of Referendum, impact on management and
implementation of policies)
• Representative political system with strong coalitions (risk of sudden and
large changes limited)
• Immigration systems are distinct in Europe despite convergences
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HISTORICAL LEGACIES
European Countries with Old Migration / Colonial Past
Mainly economic boom after WWII
Guestworker-Programmes (recruiting without settlement)  no integration
foreseen, no access to citizenship. Mainly coming from other European
countries (today: Mobility within Europe).
Labor shortages met through recruitment from Colonies.
Immigration choisie ? Not in French case, but demographic needs stronger
than political concerns
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HISTORICAL LEGACIES
European Countries with New Migration
Former sending countries in the South (Italy, Spain, Portugal)
• Return migration after 1973
• Emigration from catholic countries first to Italy (Philippines, Latin America),
then open to all
• Never stopped to emigrate (see now in the economic recession)
Central and Eastern European Countries
• Recruitement programmes with Mozambique, Vietnam, Cuba (labor shortage
in the East)
• Avoiding contacts, prevention of long term settlement.
• Formalized European Policies after ascension to EU.
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POSSIBLE IMMIGRATION POLICIES
Managing Flows or Managing Integration
Managing Flows:
Mainly forgotten that many European countries were sending countries until the
1950s (Eastern European until 1990s).
All countries experience situation of being sending, receiving and transit
countries.
Reasons for accepting migration:
Political (Colonial and from the East (Cold War))
Economic (Reconstruction of Europe after WWII)
Liberal Dilemma in the 1980s/90s:
Political asylum as entry gate to Europe. Debates on “Fortress Europe”.
Distinction between Mobility and Migration:
European migration (wanted) vs TCN migration (unwanted if not highly skilled)
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Managing Integration:
Immigrants were going to stay
Shift from assimilation policies to multiculturalism (and back):
Necessity to switch quickly to mainstream society
Migrant as anyone else and not recognizable
Why to change this policy?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5JdJangO60
See: How the Irish Became White by Noel Ignatiev
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Managing Integration:
Lack of integration, persistent difference and segregation seen as a problem
Today immigrants of second and third generation only identifiable by name, but
similar forms of exclusion experienced by emigrants from Muslim background.
Question of perception of difference or question of real differences?
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„The thesis is that our identity is partly shaped by recognition or
its absence, often my the misrecognition of others, and so a
person or group of people or society around them mirror back to
them a confining or demeaning or contemptible picture of
themselves. Nonrecognition or misrecognition can inflict harm,
can be a form of oppression, imprisoning someone in a false,
distorted, and reduced mode of being.“
(Source: Taylor, Charles, Amy Gutmann und Jürgen Habermas
(1994). Multiculturalism. Princeton)
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Different kind of Multiculturalism:
Segregation into autonomous areas to cosmopolitan form of being
NL: Pillarized segregation
S: Affirmative action for migrants
Where cosmopolitan multiculturalism?
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Rhetoric existent, but focus remained integration into mainstream society.
Differences are more idealtypical. Lack of clearly formulated visions in realizing
multicultural society.
• Fear for parallel society prevailed
• Multiculturalism as a concept has fallen out of fashion
• failed programme
• Word has entirely disappeared from public use or is used
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• Backlash?
– UK: Race Relations > Ethnicity (‘70) > Culture (‘80) >
Religion (‘90) > social cohesion (00-10)
• Coexistence of different programs: From diversity to
restriction of parallel lives
– NL: From multiculturalism to “new realism”.
• Fears of population have to be taken into consideration as
much as “facts” > Immigrants have to accept “Dutch
values of a plural society”.
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• Backlash?:
– F: Republican nation
• How to deal with discrimination? Disruptive actions in
order to go beyond official “Color Blindness”.
– D: “Kein Einwanderungsland”
• Integration policies are a recent invention.
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Individual immigrant expected to change behavior
State is pushing harder for quicker integration
 But what is meant as integration?
Language Courses / Language tests
Civic integration / Citizenship tests
Implemented because of their feasibility and recent trend to formalize integration
criteria for immigrants.
The way of formalization in the hands of single European nation states,
implementation varies from country to country (and within the subnational states
in federal countries)
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What is importance of language tests:
Social interaction in a country
But what is it compared to:
Adherence to law
Shared norms
What about the mainstream society that is required to accept new groups (cannot
be captured at looking only at migrants)
Integration of modern societies happened through access to participation:
Participation to paid work
Participation to the sphere of politics
Indicators to measure this would be: intermarriages, political participation
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RHETORIC SHIFTS
Changes in public rhetoric since beginning of 21st century
• How is immigration talked about
• Policies considered useful
Politicization of the issue varies:
• Germany, Austria, UK and Switzerland heavily politicized
• Spain and Ireland question of immigration far less prominent.
Politicization of
• Presence of TCN, formalization of their immigration through skills
• Stricter implementation of family reunification (integration capacity)
• Limitation of welfare provisions to asylum seekers.
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RHETORIC SHIFTS
New Topics:
Islam
Unwanted immigration and religion mentioned in one breath.
Allegedly fundamental difference
Inability to integrate into mainstream
 Essentializing Muslims to one homogenous group
 But: only issue of perception or of real problems (lack of qualifications in a
service society)
 Whereas before, economic integration was essential, now issues of cultural
integration are boosted. In NL, new cleavage in respecting existing pluralism is
politicizing Islam (gay rights vs migrant rights).
 Rejection of immigrants regarded as illiberal
 What meaning should we give to liberalism?
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ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIAL COHESION
Common agreement: economic reconstruction can be threat to social cohesion:
• Decline of manufacturing leads to relocation of capital and jobs
• Decline of Fordist stability to more flexibility and informality in work
• General argument:
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ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIAL COHESION
Is xenophobia a possible challenge to social cohesion, affected by unsuccessful
integration of immigrants switching to informal economy?
Only lack of integration a threat to mainstream Society?
“it can be expected that poor economic performance leads to a lower level of
economic integration of immigrants. This in turn affects social cohesion in the
sense that the social fabric is challenged. Because the very basic of living together
in a society is challenged, one possible reaction is an increase in hostility to
immigrants who are portrayed as the root behind problems. Hostility against
immigrants in most cases means xenophobia.”  What do you think
Populist moment is to combat abuses and threats by non-nationals. Only
addressed to low-skilled?
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CONCLUSION
Increasing rhetoric of native population against immigrants, whereas general
attitudes are becoming more liberal and welcoming. Hostile reactions linked to
lack of contact, lock of positive experience?
Not only the case that certain strata affected by hostilities where others were not.
Visible immigrants exploitable as a political issue. Different groups are mixed up:
Distinctions between asylum seekers, refugees, regular migrants, irregular/illegal
migrants often blurred if not completely lost.
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MERCI POUR VOTRE ATTENTION !
Forum suisse pour l’étude des migrations et de la population (SFM)
Faubourg de l’Hôpital 106
CH-2000 Neuchâtel
www.migrations-population.ch
Gianni D’Amato
Professeur et Directeur
+41 (0)32 718 3930
[email protected]
Gianni D‘Amato
Gianni D’Amato
date
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possible immigration policies

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