Chapitre 8 :Le potentiel chimique
Transcription
Chapitre 8 :Le potentiel chimique
T his work is licensed under a Creative Commons “Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International” license. = − ∂ ∂ µ = µ + ! ! " = # + =− − + ∂ ∂ ! ! $% µ = µ + & ' ( $ ) ! * + , , α β $ ! α .=/ α − α β = + β α β α = .! = α !α α + µ !α + + / µ !α − µ ! β !β !α ! =. !α ! β α + = β β α β + µ !β =.! ! !α µ !α = µ ! β 0' $ - ! µ /1 / = µ /1 / Ismaël Bouya http://melusine.eu.org/syracuse/immae/ !β " β α # # * $ α = β = α + µ !α > µ ! β - 2 - ! α + µ !α !α β + µ !β !β $( 3 # =. β + α + !α β !α .= =. >. β >. + / µ !α − µ ! β !α >. <. $ β α $ 4 ( 5 $ ! /( ! 6 α β µ !α 4 ( / $ / µ 3 3 /" 8 3 =− µ !β - ! µ !α ( β $ β ( $ 77 ! 5 ! µ ! µ ! ( + +µ " ∂µ ∂ =− ∂ ∂ ∂µ ∂ ! = × / ! ! / / ! ' ( ! =− / ! 3 =− $ + + µ ∂µ ∂ =− ∂ ∂ =− ! ! /6 8 ( 3 ∂µ ∂ = ! ∂ ∂ ! ∂µ ∂ = = / ! ∂ ∂ ! ! / ! 3 ∂µ ∂ = ! = $ 9 : $0 - ; • ) ! !λ !λ / ! !λ !λ / ! ! ! # / ! !λ !λ /, ( ) " • / λ! ' ( $ ) < ) $0 ∂ / ! !λ ! ∂λ × = / ! ! ! ∂λ ∂λ ∂ / ! !λ ! ∂λ ! = =µ ∂λ ∂λ = / λ" =λ / ! ! ! µ $ ) $0 = $ =! 6 9 µ= = µ! ! 3 µ 3 3 ! - ) = " " " 9 ∂ ∂ =" /λ = λ" / ) / /") / 8 ? -- = • =− + µ + µ =− µ = ! = µ µ + + • ' # " µ = µ@/ ! * + µ@ / % $ ! ' µ + " ! ( µ" µ" = . + + , µ" = . " µ" = . / " µ" = − + = $% µ" = " " " + / ! = " " + µ @" / ! ?A ?A • µ 0' µ= = # = . − + ! = . . + − . . > " µ= . − . + − + . $% µ / ! = µ/ ! . . + . . • = .B = µ/ ! . = µ . / . ! µ/ ! • = µ./ + . C ( $ # A µ = µ./ A $ ( ∂µ = / ∂ # / = + . ( = " ?A → .! →. A /µ − *D = µ./ . A / A A µ = µ./ + . = µ./ + . A + 2 →. = + µ/ ! = µ/ ! " , . + . ∂µ ∂ = µ./ + . # = µ/ ! = µ./ + / − . B F A F A $ ∀ ! µ = µ./ A + . + " , µ = µ./ = ! # # + . ! A ( = ! µ = µ./ + . + F ' ∀ ! µ = µ@/ ! $ + " µ = µ@/ ! . + µ. / ∂µ @ . ∂ + , G ' ) 0 ! # > ! =" / ' ( ) / ( • µ = µ@/ ! + • µ = µ∞/ ! + ! "!< . * . E " = µ@/ ! µ./ # ! µ = µ./ . # # + − = µ / ! µ = µ∞/ ! 1 ∂µ @ . ∂ =µ/ ! . . + . = ! + . . = µ./ + ∂µ ∞ . ∂ + . ) 3 3 3 # , ( ) $ ≈ ' • µ = µ./ + • µ = µ./ + • µ =µ / ∂µ @ + . ∂ + 0' / . . ∂µ @ ∂ A ' + / ≈. . / ( ≈. ≈. ∂µ @ + . ∂ µ = µ./ + + . / ≈. • µ = µ./ + / . I ≈. ! µ = µ./ I + . = $ ( A ' ( I % I ! . H * ( µ! ! ) * ( ) + 0 • - ! µ /"B° • !* = "B° . . =. . - ! $ 1+ ( ! µ . /"B° =. • µ./ = µ./ . µ. + µ ! =− ! - /$ . - µ./ J - • ( : µ./ - ; - # - ( - $ / A $ ∂µ ∂ = = →. . µ− µ = µ./ # µ = µ./ / − = + µ= + + / . = µ./ + + . . . + ! / = µ./ = - µ = µ./ + % . = ' A ' µ . A /" + # − = + L − + = , 8 " + = " + . " / ! ) "/ # $ = " ×/ +ε = # − = − + − / " ×/ +ε # + − = ε / = + − = ( = A + M # ' / −ε - $ D " µ ' M + α # 2 µ !α * µ !β = µ @/ ! . = µ./ µ !α = µ @ / ! . + β ' 2 2" µ !β < ! µ !α < µ ! β K # $ ! $ # # * $ µ !α = µ ! β µ@ / ! , # , + µ@/ ! . ∂µ @ = ∂ ! / − ! + π =/ − # = / − π= " α π= $' , π= . = µ@/ ! . =. =. / $ ≈− " " / " << " = " +/ ! " " " ≈ " - . = ! µ !α - / + ! . . - = µ@/ ! ∂µ @ + . + ∂ # ! ( ! . × !6 > × 6.. = "B .6 α −6 $ - = /α ( = "B° • P , - - = # $ # . . - - ! ρα = "!" µα / . ! 3*3 ∂µ = ∂ ! ' − → ! $ % $' −6 * ! M = - ! ) "B° µα@ = . ! µ β@ = "!KNO ! * "B° / • /β - ! ρ β = 6!B ' −6 !α > !β - = µβ / . ! ∂"µ ∂ = ∂ " ∂ <. . $ µ ( µ − "!K NO # µα / . ! 0 µβ / . ! # = µβ / . ! − / = . . + . . + = µ β. / µ β. / ρα . . + ∂µα ∂ ∂ !β / = .+ = µ β. / − = !> . K . − . ∂µ β + ≈ ) α 0 = µα / . ! ρβ . . . + !α . !β