Chapitre 3 Grammaire des signes iconiques 3.1 Introduction Le mot
Transcription
Chapitre 3 Grammaire des signes iconiques 3.1 Introduction Le mot
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`abbac`d de f`egfh`aigd ' 1'+%, /# ,+ /:/#5! 4 -",<1 '&#(*,1'#("+ j 1 / J%,& / k/ %! +#/ !(+(!',A j .6"+5! / .",& 1'/(%+1'+%,/ k/ "&'1 3 %&'.65! /-.",&/ +/l31' 1'+%, 2*&(#/ /D???l: '///D:!<1'// +#!<1.",&+# .",& 7"&! & / %! +#/ ."&# ,&/ # 1 / /(%+ 7"&! & - / # A# /? Z",& ,+ A."/2 .1,/ *"!.1 # /,& 1 / ,+(#2/ 2! &% '+# - 1D'+'1:/ 3 mn 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / *7? *6'.(#& ? ' &+ -"+*G .&1 / /*&(# - /(%+ / j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l3 # /1 /,& ,+ /.'*G3 *"!."/'+# (+#1DGG &+GEG- Fk*1' 1,(J%,& /D ' // -(I2& +#3 GE ?8 ## -(/#(+*#("+ +",/ ' . &!(/ !"+#& & 0, 1 1( , 1' / *"+'&#(*,1'#("+ . ,#3 *"!!: -'+/ 1J%,&*'/ l- !'(/ 1' 1'+%, 3.>#&,# 2%'1 1D /.'*! +#3A#2&(.",&,&* k1D&#'(+, +(#2/ -!"-'1(#2/ / *"+- /2!("#(0, '&#(*,1'#("+ /# 1' 0,D ( 1 '1"&/ 1 *'&'*#5& l? /3 >#& 1D /.'* (+#2&( ,& k1D, +(#2 - / *"+- '&#(*,1'#("+ /# K"#& -2J+(#("+ 1' 7&"+#(5& +#& ""%&'.6 # %&'!!'(& 3 %2+2&'1(/2 ',A /:/#5! / /2!("#(0, / +"+B1(+%,(/#(0, /3 -2. +<( + 2C(!! +# * 1( , / B *"+'&#(*,1'#("+? '+// $1 .,&/ / /:/#5! / #",# " #",#/ %! J%,& /# -2L4/#,+-2L4/(%+,+ /k*'/%! -+#/ 1'+%'% / (-2"%&'.6(0, )3 " +# !(+(!'1 /(%+(J'+#l3 #",#3 *# 1D0,(" "%&'.6 & 15C - *"+* 1' -(/."/(#("+ -!/ +#212!1D +#'A +#/ /,&k-(/."/(#("+ 1D /.'* A#2&( ,& /#&'*#5&%&'!!'(& &+ ,+(0, / *'B / /,& 1D /.'* (+#2&( ,&l j *D /# * 0, !"+#& 1' J%,& ? ? ' ? '+/ 1 *'/ / /:/#5! / /2!("#(0, /31D"*"!! 1' 1'+%,# 1' 3%&'!!'(& " 1 1( , -"+#1',+/ *"+-/,<-(C(/("+ '&#(*,1'#("+ /# 1D 11/B .'* A#2&( ,&3 '1"&/ "%&'.6 7"+*#("++ -, !>! /.'* kJ%? ? ?< l? 8D /# <( + +# +-, -'+/ 1 / *"+*'/ 0, 1' -2# &!(+'#("+ 1' 7&"+#(5& . ,# >#&-(/#(+%,.&"<12!'#(0, ? + 1/'(#/ &&*"!<( +2*&(#,& 1D2*"1( 3&3& 15C# .'&7"(/ 1 !'-D#&""%&'.6 3 "+# -, !'1# *4 & * 0,(3 .'&!( ,&/ -D 1' 7',# 0,($ G & G15C -) .1',#7',#>#& *"+/(-2&2 - %&'!!'(&*"!!? '+/,+ ,+7',#-(*#2-D" "%&'.6 3 ,+ $ G Gk!',C'(/ ) ', 1(*"++'(/B , -D, + /'+* / # &!(+'(/"+/ 2*&(# / -, *"+-(#("++ 1l3 ", *"!! ,+ 7',# %&'!!'(& k!',C'(/ *"+*"&-'+* - / -"+* # !./3- !.1"( -,/'7,#,& - +1D(7"+*#("+ +-(*'#(7 ',-, 1(<'&5! , -, .&2/ +# -,*&2-(# *"+-(#("++ 1l 4 1D 2 15C .1'(& *',/ 3 # -, -"+# (1 L",(# ',.&5/ - /"+ .&"7 // ,&? ? GE G EG F G G F G E F syntaxe syntaxe figures figures / signes GRAMMAIRE entaxe signes entaxe ORTHOGRAPHE ORTHOGRAPHE caractères caractères a. Double articulation sur l’espace intérieur (ex. langue des signes) GRAMMAIRE b. Double articulation sur l’espace extérieur (ex. langue parlée) ? j 1 / -(I2& +# / /,<-(C(/("+/ ."//(<1 / ""%&'.6 %&'!!'(& [\]\] a`ecaecf fce e`d f d '+/1 /D1'%(#*'/(*(3- .&2*(/"+/B1 1D(!'% 3 * 3 -D/"+#'..1(0, 1 / /2!("1"%, / 0,(',/"+## A#.1"+%2/ -'+/6"!"%5+ 1' *"+7,Bj /("+? & * / +"#("+/ (*"+(0, 4%&'!! 1D(!'%/? JA& .",& + - ,A&2/",-& -(! +/("+/3 .'/ ',A /20, +* / .(*#"%&'!! / ", -D ( -2"B 1' 0, &/#("+ - 1'/ *"+/ *"+-'&#(*,1'#("+ '&#(*,1'#("+A(/#- 31D(!'% 3 (1 7',-&'(# + .& !( & 1( , -2# &!(+ /( * ## # /( ",(3 + /"+#? / / ,+(#2/? 8D /# -'+/ * ## 0,># 0, /D +1(/ +# /",C +# 1 / # +#'B #(C0, 11/ -D/ '+'1:/ *" n + .'&#(*,1( &3 # +#'+# - /D' ..,: & /,& 1' /2!("1"%( - Z&( #" .",& *"!.& +-& 1 7"+*#("++ ! +# -, /(%+ (*"+(0, 3.&"."/ #",# -D ' <"&*"+/(-2& & */(%+1,(B*(/l3 *"!! & 1/ C'+# -D'&#(*,1'#("+ , + *"- 0,(k/(%+ +D' 0,/ +1'J%,&.& !(5& '&#(*,1'#("+ k/5! / + # .'/ *"+/l? (+/( 1 / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / /"+#B(1/ + 7'(# ??? G G G EF G G G F GF G E GE G GF .?F l ? G GF FG G GF GF E G k *"3 n 3 *" + *&(/#'11(/2 .& +- -"+*-'+/.'/1 /*1'(&,1 '-C! +#&< ."/(#("+ /,& 1 .&"<15! - 1' -",<1 '&#(B *,1'#("+3 $ -( ! *(1 ! +# )? + ",#& 3 /' *"+* .#("+ -+ / /,/. $ /(%++/ /1'.&2*(/ )3 # 11 0,D 11 #&'+/.'&' # -'+/ 1 / A !.1 / 0,D ( 1 -"++ 3 1'(// 0,- 1'/#("+/(%+(J*'#("+3 -, .'1( & -(+72&(/ .'&#(,& -/ -1D'#+'1:/ j 1 /,//(%+/ - / //"+#+/ -/"(#?/ ,+(#2/ (+#0,D &!2-('(& / A# ."&# " '(/ * 0,(/#B*/#0,(+B-1 / #-2/(%+ ' -, /(%+*"!!3 *D /#$ '&#(*,1'#("+ +*"& -, /(%+)3/( * 0,( /# ',B- 14 -, /(%+ *"!! @"+ //"+ k n n 3 .? n l *&(#(0, /2C5& ! +# * $ ", -'+/ 1 / -2J+(#("+/? % + &'())*+,-. /0* 123 45 6(-. +( 7*89:-,+,;:* <=8:7=* )(8 >?, 6* @8:*7,5 6=.:;-* A 0- .:;-* )(87:B ?0+:*8 6,-7 +* .:;-:C= ?,88*.),-6 -,- D 0- .:;-*5 9(:. D 0- =-,-?= 6* +( +(-;0* E FG>?,5 HIJKL5 )M HNOP Q (078*9*-7 6:75 D ?* /0* -,0. ())*+,-. 0- R4SR4 F?TM ?<()M UPM 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / A'!- + -(I2& '## +#(7+* --2J+(#"(& 1' - /*&(.#("+ -DJ%,&*"3/ +"## /(%+B#B(13/3&2C51 0,D#(1 /5!+ &/?/# J+'1 ! -+# .'/ +#& /(%+ / .&"."/ 1DA#l3 +/("+ * / +"#("+/ (1 &'(11- !>! j 4 1D'&#(*,1'#("+ *(+2!'#"%&'.6(0, k *"3 n 3 ..? n /3 1 / !"#/-,# 1'+%'% 1 / .6&'/C &<'1 / + /???&'( +#B# (1/.",&0,"( .'/??? '1"&/#1 /.",&0,"( 1#&'(#/ / #&"(/.6"+"1"%(0, +(C1 / .6"+5! ',A -D'/&#(*,1'#("+ +D " I&(&'( +#B(1/ .'/ ', 1'+%'% C &<'1 /"+ 0,'#&(5!3 # 1+(C1(C&', -D???'&#(*,1'#("+ # 1 .'&'%&'.6 3 # 1' / *#("+3 # k @"+ //"+3 n n 3 .? n l? 1 *6'.(#& + &2'1(#23 1' +"#("+ -Dml3'&#(*,1'#("+ # 11 4 0,DZ&( 11#" '# 42#2 *"-2J+( .'& k0,( A !.1*&(#(0,.'& " '&#(+ # k nn 3 ..? +D + -2.1'(/ 1,( B !>! *"3 n 3 ..? B l3 +D' -D( +#2&># 0, 1.'&*$ !:#6 -'-L1'*#(7-",<1$ -",<1'&#(*,1'#("+ ) '..1(0,2 0, 1D ) 1,( /# kC"(& ',//( 1' -(/*,//("+ *(B- //",/ /,&1' -2J+(#("+ 1' 0, /#("+- /-J%,&1D(/"!"&.6(/! +#& A.& //("+ # *"+# +,3 ? ? l? # 1D2 *6 * k*7? 4 * /,L- # 1D*6'.? - #",# .&"%&'!! - / %&'!!'(& (!'% ?3 .? ml *"+-,(# 7"&*2! +# 4 1D'<'+-"+ (+/( *" 1,(B !>! & +"+* .1,/ #'&- 4 1' +"#("+ -D( !'% *"!! *"- ."//2-'+# / #,1- !1D(+/#(#,#("+ +# 1' .& !(5&- *"-'&#(*,1'#("+3 k*7? *6'.? #l31"&/0,D (1 2*&(#(1 j7"&!,1 /' #62"&( -, (+/(3 'C3 *-"+#1 / (!'% 4 7'(& /4/"+#- / <1"*/ - / 1 / 212!/3+",/+#/ 'C"+/ '&#(*,1'#"(& (+-(/*!'*&"/*".(0, &+'<1 /? /3 + -2J+(#(C 3 4 * ."(+#3 +",/ /"!! / "<1(%2/ - *"+/(-2& & 1 / /"(B -(/'+# /(%+ / (*"+(0, /D *"!! k'l - / 3 0,( k<l + /"+# .'/ 3 +( + /(%+ /3 +( + J%,& / k *"3 nm 3 ..? l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k$0,(.'&7"+#A ,+!.1.(0,3 ,+B * ,A ,+ / J11 +, +(0, ) *"3 nm 3 .? mnl? ,D /#B* 0,( & +* / ,+(#2/ / *"+'&#(*,1'#("+ /( (+/'(/(//'<1 /3 '1"&/ 0,D " + -(/."/ '.&5/ #",#0, -D/#("+ , + "<L0, #."/-D2#,-(+- +#(5& ! +# - /*&(.#(<1 4 1D'(- -D" ,#(1/ '-B 20,'#/ 8D /# 1' 9 +/ nm 30,(/ & 7,/ ', -27'(#(/! j/( "+ /#+,,!'&&(C2/"+"&4 -2*",. & ,+ +/ !<1 J+( -D , +(#2/ / *"+'&#(*,1'#("+ -'+/ 1 *"+#(B k ## *1D'+'1:/ -5/ 1' 7"&!'#("+ - A(/#'( 1D'1.6'<+# #.'/l3 %& *3'1"&/ *D /#B4B-(& 4 ,++D: 2."0, " 1'"+ .6"+2#(0, -, /(%+'1 +D .",&0,"( '&&(C &'(#B .'/ ',L",&-D 6,( -'+/ 1 *"+#(+,,! -3 .&(+*(.'1 1D(!'% 3 !+ +#.'&#'+# -D, ++#/$.- &*/*&(.#("+ A6',/#(C .6:/(*"B".#(0, # *6(!(0, / 212! .#, 1/3 C(/(<1 / * / #:. / -D ( !'% / ) k (+- 9 +/3 nm 3 .? l ' # *6 /# C'/# 3 !'(/ 1D$'#&'(# ,# ,&.. &#(++/ +#'C"(&- &2,//( 4 !'&#(*,1'#("+ ##& + 2C(-) +*k1D20,(C'1 3 -'+/ /'+#3#65/-"+*3(+9#&'(#+/3 .6"+"1"B nm 3 ,+ / *"+-D , + %(0, .8D&#(+/# -"+* +#l j0,1 *'&'*#5& $ +,'+*2*"!.15# *"+#&'/#2 ) - / .6"#"%&'.6( / + +"(& # <1'+*? 1' *'&'*#2&(/'#("+ / ,+(#2/ / *"+'&#(*,1'#("+3 0,D(1 +"!! F G 3 /# -(! *(1 !'(/ +D /# .'/ (!."//(<1 ? !>! @'(+#B " '&#(+ .&2/ +# B#B 11 *"!! (+-(/*,#'<1 1D A(/# +* -D, +(#2/ !(+(!'1 / -- 1D1''..'&# A#,&(1 . &*- .#(71D(!'%- 1'3 C(/("+ 1 / 6,!'(+G 3 ?#",#11 /(!.1 ! +#* ##4 *',/ -/ .&".&(2#2/ + -"++ -2J+(#("+ 0, 10, . , 2/"#2&(0, j % + *"1"&5! / -2J+(# -"+* *"!! 1' "+ -, *6'!. C(/, 1 1(+%,(/B #(0, 3*"&&21'#(C 4 ,+ * +#&'#("+ # *"+/#(#,2 .'& ,+ !'// !'#(5& 2+k@'(+#B &%2#(0," '&#(+3& %&",.'+# n m 3 .? l? ,+ +/ !<1 - C'&('<1 / C(/, 11 / 1 / !<1 &'(/"++'<1 3 *"!! 1 / ,A &+( &/ ',# ,&/ *(#2/3 -D ' ! &! & 0, 1 / /(%+ /+2*- 1D//'(& (!'%? + '../"+#1"+/.'/0,-2*"!."/'<1 / 4 1D(+J+(3 -D#'0,+'1:/1D A(/#/2!("#(0, +* - J%,& / /# -"+* -'+/ 1' # &!(+"1"%( 0, +",/ .&"."/"+/ k*7? *6'.? l3 1' E G /# 1 G GF F -, # A# 3 -'+/ /' -(! +/("+ /:+#'%!'#(0, #.",&C, 0, * ## - -2J+(#("+3 0,( + .'/ ."/#,1',A &(0,+ /#("+/ -D,/,&+(#2/1 7'(# 0, 1'/ J%,& /"(# ", +"+ / +/3 +D ' *6".. !(+(!'1 +"+ /(%+(J'+# / /,& 1 /0, 11 / <,# *" n ? + & C'+*6 3 +",/ *&":"+/ 0, ",* 0,(#',#"1"%(0, *"+-,(# &'.(! +# ', *",&#B*(&*,(# 0, *"+/#(#, 1' -2J+(#("+ #&". C'%, k + *'&(*'#,&'+# j $ 1 / ,+(#2/ !(+(!'1 / /"+# 1 / .1,/ . #(# / ,+(#2/ ."//(<1 / )l3 # *"+-'!+ 1D +#& .&(/ /2!("B 1"%(0,- 4 &G/#&G ', /#'- G - /GF.&"12%"!5+ / /'+/ +#& & -'+/ 1' - /*&(.#("+3 *D /# 1 7'(# F G G FG F EG G E E GE G G FG EG 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / [\]\[ d h `d f e cd a d e bd bcfec d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j *D+#&/#B4B-(& +# -, 1' .6"+2#(0, /# 1' # *6 .&(/ .'& A !.1 .'& 1 &",. k nn 3 ..? B l3 0,( -2*&(# 1 / *'#2%"&( / .# &**",1.#(C,&/?/ +#&'+# + L , -'+/ 1' & *"++'(//'+* - 7"&! / j 1(%+ /3J%,& /3# A#,& / ,'+# 4 1' *'&'*#2&(/'#("+ -D , + /:/#5! *1"/ J%,& /3 11 /# ."//(<1 1"*'B 10,! 10,+#3 / AF !.1G /? F G G FG E G ? K",/ + -"++"+/ *(B- //",/ ? 1 /2-,(/"+/ 1' /.6"#"%&'.6( 4 1' .6"#"%&'.6( + +"(& # <1'+*3 #&'!2 3 'C * # *6+(0, *"+ # , / .",& 1' & .&"-,*#("+ -'+/ 1 / L",&+',A j 1' .6"#" .&- *// /:/#5! ? K",/ 'C"+/ 14 +#,+ /,&/:/#5! /2!("#(0, C(/, 1 <(4 +- *"-(J2? +/("+/3 / # A# /# /D 2 # +,+ /.'* /:+#'%!'#(0, ,A -(! "<2(// +# 4 * &#'(+ / *"+C +#("+/ k.'& A !.1 3 1' *"+C +#("+ .&2/ +#'#("+ -'+/ &0,(*#'+%,1'(& ",/"( +*"& 1'&.&2#2/ *"+C +#("+ 0,(1 *#+#&,& /,&+ L1',<'/1"&/ -,1."/#,1'# ,& 1,+*#,&*'-& 3 # C ,# 0,D ( 1/ +# (+# .'& 1 / 1"+ 1 0, 1 1D ( !'% 0,D ( 1/ .&2/ +# +# ' < 1 # <( +34 ,+ (+/#'+# -"++23 *"&& /."+-, ."(+# .'& ."(+# 4 1' &2'1(#2 l? (1 +, 0,+"(&/* //,&# A#7"+-/ /"+#<1'+*3*"!."/2/ -D212!C'&('<1+#/ '#"!(0, / 0,(1(!(#+ ./"+#,#<( -2*-+ -2J+( / 1. &#(#/4 31D-(/."/2/ ."(+#/ &':"+ -'+/ ,+ /,& ,+ #&'! &2%,1(5& k + 0,(+*"+* l? 8 / ."(+#/ *"+/#(#, +# 1 / J%,& / - * /:/#5! - /(%+ .&2*(/ k*7? J%? ? l? C'1 $+#3/:/#5! (*"+"1"%(0, ) k.",& -"++ & ,+ +2"1"%(/! & .&2/ +#'+# 1D 2 0,(B -'+/ *+/##!<1!"-'1(#23 - / * /#0,D(*( #&5/ /# 1 /(!.1 /:/#5!3 .,(/0,D .6"+"1"%(0, .",&4 ,+1' 1'+%, l 1D / J%,& ( 1 /# &2-,(# ,1 .'&'-(%! -2J+( .'&+,+*"+/#(#, / ,1 #&'(#.'/. &#(+,+ +#".."/(#("+ j 1 -('!5#&<(+'(&-,3 ."(+# k*7? J%?/*'#2%"&( ? l? ,B'(&* =3.'&'-(%! !'(/ ,+ +D ' + /"( &( + *6"0,'+# j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j A !.1 - .6"#" - .& // k '*0, / 86(&'* ' -(//",/ 1D // !<12 K'B #("+'1 1 'C&(1 3 .'&, -'+/ (<2&'#("+ 1 !'( , 4 #&"(/ 2*6 11 / nnml? -(I2& +# / j '? #'(11 - <'/ <? '%&'+-( 7"(/ *? '%&'+-( 7"(/ -D-D''C'+# -, 7&'+ # '(/3 3 # k 3 G3 l3 0,( / -(/#(+%, +# .'& 1 - %&2 . &#,& ? ? j 1 / J%,& / -, /:/#5! /2!("#(0, $ .6"#" #&'!2 ) ? <'+@"+ //"+- //(+2 n n *"+/'*& ,+ *6'.(#& 4 A."/ & 1' /#&,*#,& + J%,& / - 1' $ Z '+,#/ )3 @*6,1 ? @ 1"+ 1,(3 # -D ' ,#& / 2#,/ &2'1(/2 / .&2*2!! +# 3* / //(+/ ', #&'(# /#:1(/2/ /"+# ,+ <"+ A !.1 /:/#5! /(%+ -(/*& /#/?0,(3 #",# + 2#'+# (*"+(0, /3 / *"!."/ +# -D, + +/ !<1 J+( - /(%+ / +'&*/.- ,#* :&*1! ##&???l3 +0,(2C(-/ 1"++* 1 - *"+# / . #(#A# / .,+(#2/ ."1:C'1 +# / k."(+#/3 #&'(#/3 ,C +# '*0,2&(& ,+ /(%+(J2 ", ,+ ',#& j G G ", FG 3 .'& A !.1 k*7? J%? ? l? % + .'&#( - / J%,& / /# 2%'1 ! +# "&%'+(/2 + .'&'-(%! /3 + *'#2%"&( / 4 C'1"&%'+(/2 ,&/ !,1#(.1 /? (+/( 1 .'&'-(%! - 1D" ,C &#,& - 1' <",*6 k*7? J%? ? l3 .'& *"!<(+'(/"+ ,A #&'(#/ . &#(+ +#/ j 1 G G E G # 1' E E G G G kC &/ 1 6',#3 C &/ 1 <'/3 6"&( "+#'1 l? ? < ,*"(/- %&2'.. A#&>! /#:1(/'#("+3 "+ . ,# *(# & 1 / $ G ) k0, 1 / ,2B E .",& )l3 * !'&0, / /(%+ /& #:."%&'.6(0, / *"!.1 A / ,#(1(/2/1' -'+/ 1 *",&&(11 +#& 21$ *#&"+(0, 1D(&"+( 3 1D6 (1'&(#23 1' *"!.1(*(#23 0 1 2 3 4 7 8.0+( ,9*- A ,87 Q 6 :+6 Q (?<8:?<7 .*9:,7:.?<* .)* 7* 6*. 5 ,9:? 78:) @*(-07. E5 " )-' "1R " ')* " *& R " 5 - J5 HIO < ))M U E OG U IM 0 8 (07<:*8 A *. @*(-07. 0- ;8()<:.9* :6:,9(7:/0* E5 / 33 ') " 0& R " /) 15 - U E 5 HIOJ < ))M H K G HNIM ',+T +,*)T*8 A ,9)+*9*-7(8:7 7 ,- )8(?<* 0-6 6 :+6 Q (9 6 *:.):*+ ,- 5 ,9:?5 (8: (708 0-6 '* +(9* E5 ))M HUI G HE 5 : 4 " 0 4 )( %/ 411415 ,0 8M 6:8:;= )(8 ',+(-6 @,.-*8 *7 (-.B@*7*8 '*:-*? * < :*. (6*- 7<*-(:,-5 HIOOM ,0. ?:7=. )(8 ,-*..,- GHIKILM 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / ? j J%,& / - 1' J%,& - 86'&1( &" + k@"+ //"+3 n n 3 .? l ? j .'&'-(%! - 1' <",*6 - 86'&1( &" + k@"+ //"+3 n n 3 .? l -2* .#("+ ",/1'-,/,&.&(/ kJ%? ? l -'+/ 1 *'-& %&'.6(0, #&5/ 1(!(#2 "I &# .'& 1#&"(// *'&'*#5& *" @8 ? ,& /#&,*#,& - <'/ /# ,+ *"!<(+'(/"+ / - ."+*#,'#("+ /(!.1*",&'+# / k1 - l3,AB."(+#/3 1 6'<(#,2 #(& # #7'(#1' ,+.'& 1+#65/ 7(*"+(0, &!'+#/(%+33 *-'+/ 1' C &/("+ 1' .1,/ -"+# 1D (1 *#,& 11 -D , + C(/'% 6,!'(+ k'C * 1 /"!! # 1' #># #",&+2 C &/ 1 *H#2 %',*6 - 1' 1(%+ -D2*&(#,& l " /"+# J%,&2/ 1 / : ,A3 1 + # 1' <",*6 ? :-) :-D ;-) :-( :-0 ? j 0, 10, / A !.1 / - /!(1 :/ 8 ## 7'!(11 - +",C /(%+ /',A?/# 8+*"&&#'(+/& ///"+#+#( -D*"!! (*"+(0, 37'(#.,(/0,D (1 /D + *&2/ # *6'0, L",& ' (11 ,&/ #",# 4 7'+#'(/(/# 11 ,&1 *#(+#,&&.&2#'#("+ /'+/ *12 1 *#,& /# <( + +# +-, ,+ L , +#& 1D ' ,# ,& # k"+/'&*'/#(0, *&2 - /'.&5/G'C"(&-, <,#:.< $',*",. &"*9 & -D.,+9 !",/#'*6, 7'(/'+# ,+/# &- !'&0, ' 1*""1 ) = -"+# 1 <,# #(& & .'&#( -, .1,/ /(%+ / #:."%&'.6(0, / ."//(<1 l ? 8 ## .&"-,*#(C(#2 #2!"(%+ -, 7'(#(*"+"%&'.6(0, 0, * / /(%+ / 3+D0,(" +#7 .'/&'(# .'// +*"& & '*6-2J+(#(C C2 1 ,&! .6'/ -.&"-,*#("+ J% ! +#+2'+!"(+/ -- 1 *"+C +#("+ +# 1' ,&/ "**,&& +* / -, ', ? (* 1,(+ -0,D1D(1/(-2"%&'!! 7'// +#3 -"+*3J%23 1+*"&/ .'&#( -, !"+1D ( *H+ # .'/ +*"& /"+# 21'<"&2/ <'/ JA-D,&+ ,+&2. 1(!(# &#"(& - J%,& / '// !<12 / .'& #&"(/G k+",/ 2*&(C"+/ /,& 1'.",& a. sourire b. rire c. clin d’œil d. moue e. bouche bée * +*?7*08 /0: *07 . *- T(:8* 0-* :6=* )*07 +(-?*8 0-* 8*?<*8?<* ( *? +* 9,7B?+*T A .9:+* 8 E .08 0- 9,7*08 6* 8*?<*8?<* /0*+?,-/0* 6* +( ,:+* M * ,?( 0+(:8*5 *9)80-7= D >?, GHIO 5 HIKKL F %& R " / . &0 " ,"1 . %& R " / * " 0 " , "1P ,0 6= *+,))= :?:5 *.7 :-78,60:7 6(-. +* ?<()M HM ? GE G EG F G G F G E F m #62"&(0, ,& 3 .1,/ 1' %'!! - *'&'*#5& / #:."%&'.6(0, / ,#(1(/2 *",&'!B !- +#/:/#5! 2#'+#/,.2&( <- ',*",. & /#& (+# l? 1/ *"+/#(#, +# -"+* ,+ A !.1 A#&>! /(%+ / (*"+(0, 7"+-2 /,& ,+ $ /:/#5! (*"+"1"%(0, ) *1"/ # .'&7'(# ! +# -2J+(? ? +J+3 1 / #&'C',A - 8'/#'(+% # '&L" '&L" 8'/#'(+%3 nn 3 8'/#'(+% '&L"3 nn "+# !"+#&2 0, 1D" + .",C'(# *"+* C"(& - / (*H+ / &k *"++'(//'<1 / 4 .'&#(& -D , + +"!<& &2-,(# -D 2 12! +#/ %2"!2#&(0, / <'/ + : 'L",#'+# 2C +#, 1/11 *",&'+#/l ! +#3 / 1"+ ? 1 ,&/ *"+#!2#6"A# /3 1- ,&/ 1"%"/3 (-2"%&'!! /,+", /:!<"1 / *"+C +#("++ ' . &!(/ -D " <# +(& C'1(-'#("+ +#'1 --D,.1,/( ,&/ -(-"++2 '(+ /'C-D(**H+1 !'A(!,! / .&"#"#:.(0,- /(!.1(*(#2 /3 0,( '/B /,&%&'.6(0, +# 1' &? A.2&(! *"++'(//'+* + /(%+(J2 ! +#.&(+*(. 1' !2#6"C'1(-'#("+ 8'/#'(+% # '&L" /# .&2*(/2B -D& "',AI&(& /,L,+ #/*6"(A-D A.2&( 1(!(#2+*-D -$ 212! +#/ &%&'.6(0, / )+#'#("+ - <'/(*"+(0, # - - +B !'+*"!."/ ,+ & .&2/ ,#(1(/'+# 212!8'/#'(+%3 +#/? % + *"+-(#("+ $ - //(+ 1(<& )3 -'+/ * &#'(+ / A.2B &(1 /+*212!/ +#/*'&L"/ %&'.6(0, 3 . &! # - *1"& 1 /:/#5! + : (!."&#'+# nn / /."+#'+2! +# //(+2/ .'& 1 / /,L #/? D +/ !<1 /# ', J+'1/(%+(J'+#/ .'&7'(# -"+# ! +# 1'*"62& ! # + 2C(-'//,&+* 1'1 &/ 7"&! / - <'/- /# (*H+ 1 / -2B/? #'(1/ .&2/ +#3+* #*"+L"(+# *"++'(//'+* (+/( ."/2 3 1 .&(+*(. -",<1 '&#(*,1'#("+ &2%(# 2C(!! +# &(%",B & ,/ ! +# 1 /:/#5! -D(*H+ / "<# +, j -(I2& /+#/",#(1/j (*"+(0, / . ,C +# / /(#, & 4 - / +(C ',A /2!'+#(0, / 1/0, .! ,C+# +#.'&>#&1 ,&-2+,2/ #",# /(%+(J*'#("+3 # / -2J+(& ,+(B 0,'1(#2 %&'.6(0, # -%2"!2#&(0, k *A /j ,+ *'&&23 ,+ #&('+%1 l? 8D /# 1' *"!<(+'(/"+ .1,/( ,&/ GF EG 0,( /# %2+2&'#&(* -D, + /(%+(J*'#("+ # -D, + (*H+ k A? ,++#l?*'&&2 ',B- //",/ -D, + #&('+%1 2C"0, 1D" <L # !'(/"+J+'1+ "**(."//2-1 1D,& #(1(/'# ,+ /(%+(J*'#("+3 *D /#B4B-(& & .&2/ +#GF& ,+1/ F."<L,CEG#3+#k ',0, ,& . ,# '//"*( & ,+ ',#& FG Gl ", .1,/( ,&/ .",& *&2 & ,+ (*H+ J+'1 k A?1D " <L # !'(/"+ '//"*(2 4 1D 2 12! +# -&'. ', <1 ,3<1'+*3 &",% 2C"0, 1D" <L # !'(&( l? k '&L" 8'/#'(+%3 nn 3 .? ml? % + A !.1 -"++2 .'& 1 / ',# ,&/ /# & .&"-,(# J%? ?m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j (*H+ / -"+# 1' & *"++'(//'<(1(#2 ' 2#2 # /#2 ', *"115% 86 +( & " '+# /B m 1'B<'/ "1(k8'/#'(+% k C 1(+ /l? '&L"3 / - ,Ann(*H+ / /"+# 7"&!2 / / !>! / 212! +#/ %&'.6(0, / 3 .? l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j nm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k(+1!/1 C9 +/3'.. nm11 /2!("#(0, j +#& 1 / 7"&! / / ,A 3 .? n l? DF GFE(*"+(*(#2 &2/(&'(# -"+* / 1"+ 1,( + ,+ G GF G G G F G G -, # A# C(/, 1? a. lion b. pain ? G F G GG EF G GF G G G F G F GFE n '(//"+/ .&"C(/"(& ! -,+# /(%+ - *H#2(*"+(0, 1' 0, 4/#("+.'&#(&- -1D"7"&! "%&'.6 3 11*D/3/#B4B-(& - 1' &* *"++'(//'+* .& !(5& / C(/, # A'!(+"+/ ', +(C ',? - 1' .& !(5& '&#(*,1'#("+3 * 11 - /0,/(%+. /,#+#&/(%+(J,A& j*',# (/"!"&.6(/! +(C ', - 1' %&'!!'(& ' 0, /#("+ 1' %&'!!'(& -, # A# (*"+(0, / ."/ 1"&/0, 1D " + . ,# (+#(J & -'+/ * # A# / .'&#( / 11 /B!>! / /(%+(J'+# /? 1 /D ' %(# '1"&/ -2*&(& *"!! +# 1'1 ,&/-(/."/(#("+ /:+#'%!'#(0, -1D(/"!"&.6(/! * / .'&#( / .."/&! #'1"&/-D A.&(! & 1/#("+ / & 1'#("+/ +#& /(%+(J2/? ' 0, /#("+ ,+ 0, #:."1"%( - / & 1'#("+/ /2!'+#(0, / +#& /(%+(J2/? Z",& (+9 +/3 ,+ 7"(/ ."/2 1 .&(+*(. 1D ( /"!"&.6(/! 3 1' -(/."/(#("+ / /(%+ /2!("#(0,',B- -,14 -,!"++'#,& 1 jl #&'+/.'& + -2J+(#(C+# 33 1D#(!'%$ /-&(*"+(0, /#// &4 1D,+(+C/ */+#'(& &#'(+&'!5+-- %&2/ 4,+(#2/ k*D,+/#B4B-(& .'1( & -, /(%+ '+'1"%(0, / ??? &/ C(-'+/+-&'(# 41 -&C(/,// 1BC(/(<1 & 1D(+C +B) #'(& / /(#,'#("+/3 *"!."&# ! +#/ # '*#("+/ ."//(<1 1 &2 k(+- 9 +/3 nm 3 .? l? [\[\^ a `di` d eaecf d `d aecf iaeca d Z&2*(/"+/,+,+ +/. !<1 , 1 / -*6"/!":/ j +/1D(!'% 3 *"!! / #",# /:/#5! /2!("#(0, 3/:+#'%B ' 4 /' -(/."/(#("+ *"!<(+'#"(& 1(!(#2/ /,& /' -(! +/("+ !'#(0, 3 -2J+(/ .'& 1' !"-'1(#2 /2!("#(0, k*7? *6'.? l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n '.. 11 $ /.'#("B/ +/(#(C(#2 ) k*7?*6'.? 3 .? l? ' 1'+%, . ,# 2%'1 ! & * / & 1'#("+/3!'(/ -(/."/ -D , + ",#(11'% .1,/ &,-(! +#'(& .",& 1 7'(& 3 .,(/0, 11 ' ,+ /:+#'%!'#(0, 4 ,+ / ,1 -(! +/("+ k*7? J%? ? l? C'+*6&2-,(# 3 -5/ 0,D4 #&",C " + /"&#& -- // *"-& 1'#("+/ /.'#('1 / <(-(! +/("++ 11 /3 1D(!'% + /# +11 & ',//( / - #&'+/*&(.#("+? [\[\] d id` id ec d ",# -D ' <"&-3 1"&/0, 1D " + .'// -'+/ 1' #&"(/(5! -(! +/("+ 1D /.'* 3 1D ( !'% .1'+ (+C- +##&'+/*&(& & - / G * /G & 1'#("+/ G 3*D /#B4B-(& .&2*(/2! +# - / &5%1 / - %&'!!'(& .1D A.& &! -"(# ##'+# /(%+(J2 / /,& ,+ /:+#'%!'#(0, -, .1'+ //("+ 0,( + *"!."&# 0, - ,A -(! +/("+/? 11 1 7'(# 'C * - / *"+C +#("+/ & ,0. 8*- , 8 ,-. *-?,8* 0-* T,:. D G>?,5 HIO L5 ))M U J G UO 5 ),08 0- *-.*9 +* 6 (8;09*-7. 6(-. ?* .*-.M n 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / A « A est au-dessus de B » B ex. 1 : deux points A « B est à gauche de C » « A est au-dessus du milieu de B et de C » « A, B et C sont des points équidistants » B C ? j .",& A.&(! & 1 / & 1'#("+/ /.'#('1 /3 1' 1'+%, +D /# 4 2%'1(#2 'C * 1D ( !'% 0,! +/("+/3 #'+# 0,D1 (+"!<& 1 /D'%(# -D-D2,+"+*2/ + & 1'#("+ 1(+2'(& k A? l? 5/ 0, 1D " + .'// 4 ,A -(B -,+ 1'#&'-,*#("+ 1'+%, 0,D((+#1 7',#&!"-'1 .&"-,(&l ',%!.",&+#$ -2*&(& ) k,+A? *"+J%,&'#("+ /.'#('1 k(? ? 7'(& #&5/ C(# l ex. 2 : trois points 0,(-&"(#//D(+/.(& +# .62+"!5+ / . &* .#("+ k L ,A -D " !<& # 1,!(5& 3 '+%1 / #&'+/7"&!2/ + '+%1/ .'&/ "<1(0, / 1"&/0,D (C'+#3 1/ + -(!(+,#("+ /"+# .'/ -'+/- 1D,+'+%1.1'+- 7&"+#'13 /,&7'* / -D ' &&(5& *'*62 1 / /,&7'* / -D ' C(/("+ 'C>#& * -(#1' .&"7"+,& 1D " <L # ???l !'(/ 0,( + . ,C +# .'/ &2 11 ! +# + 11 /B!>! / 11 / +#j1 ,+/ . &/..'&#*#(C- *,1#,&'1(#2 / /"+# <( + kC"(& - / *"-4 * / /,L- #&'+/*&(.#("+3 # + #'+# 0, l?# 111 //3+D+'#,& *"!."&# # "1:3 nn 3 ..? '(11 ,&/. .'/,# >#&- .&"%&5/ -'+/ 1D6 (/#"(& -2."0,1D',1#2&(# 1' ,&. &/.k*"!! *#(C (+C1D /#+#21' . 4&/.:,+'*#(C-D2."0, & !(/ + *',/ 4 ,+ %2"!2#&(0, -'+/ 1 / ,C& / *,<(/# /l? ' J%,& ? -"++ / A !.1 / #&'+/*&(.#("+3 & /. *#(C ! +# -'+/ 1D ( !'% n .1'+ # + 1'+%, 3 - & 1'#("+/ -'+/ 1' -(! +/("+ /.'#('1 - 1' F GE ? . A+#!.1/3 /,&- 1 &/ .&2/*'&# +#'#("+ / " 1D"-+ C1',##&"(/(5! 7'(& J%,&-(!& +/("+? 1D(!.& 1//("+ &1,(1(D',//( 73" !<&'% /#- ,+*"+C',#&- /+#("+/ &2/,1# -"+# 1 / 1 *# ,&/ /"+# 1 .1,/ /",C +# (+*"+/*( +#/? (+/( * 11 -/ / 1D"+C(&"+/ &( +#'#("+" 1D-" !<&'% 1D" !<& -? / .&#(++# k/ n/# m& 3 .&2/ .? +#2 l .&2/+ # +#+'+#,+*"!.# *'&# -D- ,Z'&(/ #+ 2*1'(&'% /,.."/2 (+C &/. &/(/#'+# 0,( /# 6'<(#, ,#(1(/2 ?C +'+# 1 *# -,,&34<'/1D -A'!1' .'% + - *j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n « la face A est la face avant du cube, la face B est la face arrière » B A ex. 1 : perspective cavalière « la maison A est plus proche de moi que la maison B » B A ?n j 1 / . -(! &/. *#(C+/("+/ /"+# - / *"+C +#("+/ $ %&'!!'#(*'1 / ) - #&'+/*&(.#("+ -1' #&"(/(5! /"+## 1 $"(+C"+#B&/2/'12&() k*D+ /"+#/#B4B-(& 0, 1' @ (+ *",1 /,& ,+ .1'# ',3 0, " "+#!'&#& -A /-D*,C, + ##C(/("+ / ???l3(+6'<(#, # * ##11 (!.& //("+ 'C+ */ 1 -(//(. 0,D6',#+ &- #",&+'+# 1 1(C& k', .&( Z'&(/3 @,+ 1' .'% l? &#(+ +"# 4 *H#2 j $ + (!'%(+ /"(# ,+ 1,!(5& C +'+# -D + 6',# 4 %',*6 /3 0,(-D2*1'(&'% +",/ /#0,(7'!(1(5& 3 C&'(/ !<1'<1 ! +# -,C 7'(#+'+#-D-,>#&6',#-&"(#(- 1D&(!'%# -? )/ 6'<(#,+ &2/,1# +#3 /"(# ,+ 1,!(5& k(<(-?l ? [\[\[ d h`aigc d +/,(# 3 -5/ 0,D ( 1 /D ' %(# & 1'#("+/ +"+B/.'#('1 /3 1D ( !'% / & #&",C 4 2%'1(#2 'C * 1' 1'+%, j 0,(11 -"(# 2#'<1(&+#,+* / & 1'#("+/ G3/,&*D /#B4B-(& ,+ .1'++/ !<1- 1D-A.&/*62!'/ /.'#("B/ +/(#(7/ #&'+/*&(C /"+ .&".& //("+? 11(!'%- C(j 11+# '1"&/ + * 1'3 -'+/ 1 / # &! / . (&*2 +/3 ,+ -('%&'!! # +"+ .1,/ ,+ &/(%+(J'+# .&2/ +# #- -,/ "<L&272&#/ +#.'&/"(,++#(/"!"&.6(/! - /#&,*#,& 3 /'+/ 0, 1 / 1 / 6:."(*H+ / 0,( && 1'#("+/ -, !>! +'#,& k$ +# /+#-D1, +/ & *6"/ 1'#("+/3.'&.&(+*(.'1 ! +#'+'1"%, -:'-(0,/ -'+/ / ", 1*"+/(-2&2 / /*"!! # /"+# 11 /3 -- .&2/ // .'&#( / & 1'#("+/ ,&/ .&".& .'&#( /3 G ? ) Z (&* 3 nm 3 .? nl? /"!"&.6(/! -"+*3 + I #3 !'(/ (/"!"&.6(/! +#(5& ! +# *"+C +#("++ 1? *" nm .&"."/ -D' (11 ,&/ - <( + /2.'& & * # (/"!"&.6(/! - /#&,*#,& - 1' +"#("+ -DC&'( (*"+(*(#2? Z& +'+# .",& A !.1 1 / %&'.6 / A(/# +#( 1/ Z (&* 3 0,( $ (1 /# ??? A6(< +# - / & 1'#("+/ /.'#('1 /3 !'(/ * / & 1'#("+/ /.'#('1 / + #( ++ +# .'/ 1( , -D',#& / & 1'#("+/ /.'#('1 / ) k *"3 nm 3 .? l3 (1 !"+#& 1 *'&'*#5& ex. 2 : perspective géométrique & @(8?* /0* 0.7*9*-7 @*:8?* +0:B9 9* +*. 7:*-7 ),08 A =8:7( +*9*-7 :?,-:/0*. EM n 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / *"+C /(%+(J2 +#("++ 1/3.&2/ - * / +#-('%&'!! / 0,(3 &2%(/ .'& /.'#('1 ,+ ',#&*"!.15# 7'#"+ -! .+# +/".."/2 & 1 / ?& 1'B/ #("+/ &'( +# ,+ *"+J%,&'#("+ $ %&'.6 / A(/#.'&+#( -1// )& .&"."/ +##"."1"%(0, + I # - / &-D.&2/ +# & C(/, 11 ! +# 1 / & 1'#("+/ /,L/'(+# # '##&(<,# 1'#("+/ ( +*1,/("+? (+/( 1 .&2-(*'# $ #",# /# ,+ 6"!! ) : /# & .&2/ +#2 .'& - ,A * &*1 / *"+* +#&(0, / j S H * %&'.6 + #&'+/*&(# .'/ 1' +"#("+ *1'//(0, -D( +62& +* -, .&2-(*'# & $ ',*"+C/,L+#("+ #3 !'(/',&'(#1' +"#("+ !"&+ -D ' ..'&# +'+* 4 ,+ *1'// ) k(<(-? l ? % + ',#& -"+* ., .&2/ +# & * / * &*1 / (!<&(0,2/ -'+/ 1D"&-& (+C &/ ? ' #&'+/."/(#("+3/",/ 7"&! & 1'#("+/ /.'#('1 / -'+/ ,+ .1'+3& 1'#("+/ -D , + ',#& "&-&/ & /#1 C'+# ',L",&-D 6,( ,#(1(/2/ 1'&% !! +#+#-'+/ -(C &//?#:.D, /'%/ - -& .&2/ +#'#("+/ %&'.6(0, /2!("#(0, +#(5& *"+/#&,(# * / & .&2/ +B #'#("+/ 2#2 #62"&(/2#"#'1# !(11,/#&2 .'& j&#(+1 %&'.6(0, n m3 nmm ? ' 0, /#("+ - 1D( *"+(*(#2 : /#/D(+7"&! .'& '-2J+(#("+ +# 2C'*,2 / C ,# '+'1:#(0, 3 /"+ 1 *# ,& + "</ &C'+# 1 / &'.."&#/ +#& / / .'&#( /? D $ (!'% ) /# -D ' (11 ,&/3 -'+/ - ,+ &#(+3 1' $ 7"&! C(/, /#11 1D,/(%+(J*'#(C .11 &#-, .-'+/&* .#("+ ,+ (+/#'+# -J*'#(C . &*1 )%1"//'(& .#("+ k-'+/ / ,1 *",. -D (1l?8D +(#2 # !."& /(%+( B k +&#(+3#'+# n0, m 3.?!"-'1(#2 l ',#& ! +# -(#31D( *H+ (+# &C( +# -'+/ 1 %&'.6(0, ,+(0, ! +# (!<&(0,2 k/,& * ## +"#("+3 *7? *6'.? 3 .? ? ? l3 # /",/ - / 7"&! / /(!.1(J2 / .,(/0,D 11 /# . &#, $ -'+/ ,+ / ,1 *",. -D (1 ) ? Z",& -"++ & ,+ A !.1 /(!.1 -, #:. -('%&'!! k', / +/ Z (&* l 0, &#(+ '.. & 111'#("++ $ &2/ ',11 )3: +",/ .",C"+//",/*(# 7"&! & 1D"&%'+(%&'!! -D*"!."/'+# , + +#& .&(/4 ?& D.&2B(+B 7"&!'#("+ /# -"++2 #&'(#/ 1' /.&2/+# &+#'#("+ ' 2#2 *"+C +'<1 ! +# "&-"++2 7' # "+ 4 * 0, 1D, + - / -(! +/("+/ . &!l ## +J+#&5/ 1/(!.1 !#/ +#/"+#- (-C(/,'1(/ & .'&1' & -1'#("+ -D"/ &-&-D, +,#(1!"-'1(#2 k1 +(B C(!<&(0,2 ', 6(2&'&*6(0, / /,L +#(J2/ / # A# k1 ,&/A(/#+"!/l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n a `di` d eaecf d `d aecf edbif`d d f a id edd % + ',#& #:. - & 1'#("+/ /,/* .#(<1 -D> #& #&'+/*&(# /,& ,+ - //(+ + - ,A -(! +/("+/%&2*"B1'#(+ /# * 1,(=3- /1D&2*",1 1'#("+/! +## !."& 11 /? 81'//(0, !" + +#-"(#= 1-'+/& .&2/1 / +#.':/& -AB *,1#,& -, # !./3 1"&/0, 1D .1(*(# ! +# /,& ,+ /,.."&# %&'.6(0, 3 /# J%,&2 %',*6 4 -&"(# ? ' J%,& ? + !"+#& ,+ A !.1 7'!(1( &? ? j 1' *215<& .1'+*6 & .&2/ +#'+# 1D2 C"1,#("+ - 1D6 "!! / 1"+ '& (+3 /",B C',A +# 6"!! & .&"-,(#/ 1 / .1,/ # *'&(*'#,&2 ? %',*6 4 -&"(# 31 / '+#6&".".(#650, / *"+-,(/ +# 2C"1,2/?)8-D##, + ",C&'% (11,/#&'#("+- @#/# .6!.&,+#2 4 ,+ k*6'.(#& (+#(#,12 $ G *"+"%&'.6( -D , + .&2L,%2 + ': ",1 G G G G E G G E F? Z'&(/ j @ ,(1 k*"11? $ @*( +* ,C &# )l3 nn l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n 11D2/*&(#,& ',#& / "&-"++ /:/#5! //-/ 1/(%+##& //?j1'@ 1"+<'+-" *,6'+ - //(+2 k"&-"++ / / *'/ / /,& 1' .'% *"!! n m l3 *D /# -D' (11 ,&/ - 1D( +C +#("+ -(!.&(!2 1D(!.&(!0,( &(1D' /,(C( k' 3(<10,D(-1 7',#,#-'#+< &&%1' -'#C2&(#'<1- &2C"1,#("+ l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j 1' $) !(/-, # !./? + "&-&' )+2*- //(#2 1D /.'*-D, +0,."(+#* 11 -DB*(" </(!.1(0, C'*"+/#'+# - .'(& .'C,#* &C'#("+ +'..?#& 1"&/0,l? /"+# '*0,(/ / 1 / +"#("+/ -D" &-& *6&"+"1"%(0, # - *"+#(+,(#2 k(- !3 Z'&/ -'(111' ,&/. (+#,& * . +-'+#3 "&(/++ ,/.", -+/9(1D'&#nm<: '+#(+3 ' !(/ 1D'+C 2C(+* 0,#&'-(#("++ -'+/ 1 1/B (*H+ &,// '+*( +(& 2#'(# 1."(+# ! +#- & C,.&2/-D+#2, + "</4 %',*6 .'//2,&4 )-&"(#', #'<13 * ',?0,( & $ 5# + 0, 10, /"&# 1 &C'# ,&# $1 (+#2&( % + (11,/#&'#("+ -, *'&'*#5& -D' *0,(/ *,1#,& 13 4 1' 7"(/ - 1' . &/. *#(C %2"B !2#&(0, 3 # 1' & .&2/ +#'#("+ 1(+2'(& -, # !./3 +",/ /# 7",&+( .'& ,+ +7'+# -/# - +,A#&'(+'+/3-0,(#",&+ !'&0,& 1 ,+/ .'%2#"++/? %!+ +#*6"//",-'(+1' *6"0, - C'+#j ,+(1 :1(C&' /,&-D(*!'%## /.'%-"+# GE11 .'+#65& / '%6 &'3 ,+ %&'+# ,+ . #(# + 2.&",C < ',*",. - !'1 4 1' .& +#/&/,'--D'&3,#&-D,.' + .',D(0,D1 +D('1 .'/ /D'%(#&2#&2*(3 -, !>!!'(/ 0,D'%6(1 /D &'3/# 21"(%+2 . (+# 4 -# -"+* ,A (+/#'+#/ -(I2B 0,D " + 1 C"(# $ .1,/ . #(# )? ,A #&'C',A &2* +#/3 -'+/&,*B1" '&#(+(3 -"!'(+ nn- 3 1''##(/# -(-'*#(0, - "C3/ 1'+%,nnm/l k/D'(%"..1(0,+"!<& '# +# 4"*93 38'/#'(+% 11( ' nn & .&2/ +# & / +"#("+/ +'#,& # !."& 11 *"!! 1 # !./ C &<'1 ",.'&!(1D'/.1 /*#*6"/.'& /- 1/ /& !"(+/ .&2/ +#'#("+/ (*"+(0,/ .'&/? 1 /# 1'+%, !./ #/31D1'/.<,#*# 2#'+# /'+/ -",# <( + .'&#'%2 /# J%,& & * / +"#("+/ .'&'..&- +-&/ /*62!'/ 0,( / ?&'( +#/ +//."+#'+2! +#+#*"!.&(/ .'& -J%,&2 / 2#&'+% &/ *6 &B4 *6'+# 4 ,+ 1'+%, -D 2 *",1 ! -, # !./3 %',*6 -&"(# 3 +D /# 0, 1 .&(+*(. -D " &%'+(/'#("+ /.'#('1 * / & .&2/ +#'#("+/3 0,( 7"+# 2%'1 ."(+#/ # - #&'(#/3 - 1(%+ / *"+#(+, / # - ."(+#(112/3 -D(+# !&C'11+# %&'+/ ",C &#/,/'%", 7- &!2/? [\[\ def ` c d 81// +",/ <&5C "+#/ *"+/(-2&'#("+/ /,&A(/#'(#1 / %&'.6(0, / # 1 /.C(/,'1(/'#("+/ - .&2/.&"*5/+# &# -!B/ ."& !"+#&2 0,D ( 1 / *"+C +#("+/ &! ##'+# & & /#1'#("+/ +"+B/.'#('1 / /,& ,+ .1'+ 1D A.& //("+ %&'.6(0, 4 ,A -(! +/("+/? 1 * &#'(+ #",# 7"(/ 0, * / .&"*2-2/ + /"+# .'/ + ,/'% -'+/ 1' . (+#,& ", 1 - /B *7 .*. (8:(-7*.P5 )(8 ,)),.:7:,- (0 =?8:708*. (+)<( =7:/0*. .=9:7:/0*.5 /0: . =?8: *-7 6* 68,:7* D ;(0?<* F<= 8*05 (8( *PM ? G F G GG EF G GF G G G F G F GFE n /(+-"+*3*1'//(0, /3 (*"+(0, 0,( /,.."/212!+# +#'(& ,+ ,+(#2 - # !./11 )3# 0,(,+ /*"+#(+,(#2 - 1(1D ,?// +#(+ &2'1(#2 1D ( !'% 3 $ "&(%(+ 1(!(# .",& 1 4 1' &1 .&2/ /.'#('1.&2-(*'#(7/ /3 -"(# & +C": 4 ,+ +'#,& ',#& /:/#5! &H1 -+#'#("+ & .&2/- +#/ & & 1'#("+/ - / /(%+(J2/ -D, + & ',#& ? /2!("#(0, 8& (!'/# ',#&# 8",/ /:/#5! nmn/2!("#(0, . ,# >#& 1' EG E F G F E G -"+# 3 # +'+# .",& +2%1(% '<1 1' /2!("#(0, (*"+(0, + 11 B !>! k4 * -'+/ /,L #31' *7?/2!("1"%( *6'. 3 -.? 1D(!'% l3 . ?+/ +# 0,D 11 *"+/#(#, 1 / ,1 .62+"!5+ (+#2& //'+# + 1 /'(# .,(/ //(+% n 3 1' . (+#,& F G 1 / '*#("+/ # 1 / 2!"#("+/ + +/"+#!"+#&'+# / (+-(* / (+/#'+#'+2/? Z",& //(+%3 1 / "<L #/ .&".& / 1' . (+#,& / .&2/k0,(+# +#/ .&2/+ *"+J%,&'#("+/l3 '1"&/ 0, &1 ???/ "<L #/ .&".& / 1' ."2/(1 / *"&./ /"+# 1k0,(/ '*#("+/ +# +# + /,** //("+/l? ??? 1 / *"&./ +D A(/# +# .'/ / ,1 ! +# -'+/ 1D /.'* 3 !'(/ ',//( -'+/ 1.'&'# !./? 1/ -,& +#3 # . ,C +# 4 ,+ ',#& !"! +# 1 ,& A(/# +* #&- *-(I2& +#/3+*# /.&2/# &+#1'#("+/ & +#&(+/#'+#'+2 ,A - / &/ 1'#("+/ -(I2& +#-D/?, +86'B *,+ / '..'& /# 1 &2/,1#'# 2#'# ,&3/"&## .1 ,#* >#&+#& 4-D1D,"+&(%(+'*#("+?-D, + 1 2#'#/D +/,(# ,1#2&(0,,&31' #.>#&(+#,&'(+/(. ,#+ 0,'+#2&( 10, 111 ! ',//( & .&2/ +# & kF GFl / '*#("+/3 !'(/ / ,1 ! +# (+-(*( 1B +# k F GE EF G Gl3 .'& 1D(+# &!2-('(& - / *"&./ k //(+%3 n 3 ..? l? (+/(3/( ,+ (!'% -"(# . (+-& 1 /",1'% ! +# 2.,(/23*"!! -'+/ G GF F G G Z",//(+3 11 1 7'(# + & .&2/ +#'+# / . &/"++'% / '11"+%2/ 1' <",*6 -1 ,&/!(B<&'/ ",C &#k 3 'CE *F ,+G 3 A.& G //("+FF - /",I&'+* k EG 3 l3 !'(/ ",C&'+# F G l + & %'&-'+# + -(& *#("+ - 1' /",&* ? 8 &##(!'/3 /2!("#(0, $ +'#,& 11 ) 1' % /#,'1(#2 6,!'(+ 3 0,( ' 2#2 .&2/ +#2 .'& / 0,-, +",/ C'/# 7'(/"+/ $ &2/ ',- /6# &!2+ ,#(0,+",/) nm '0,(3 /#%,(-1D, + 1 /- (+#/ *"!."/'+# (+#& * &/2!("#(0, &.&2#'#("+/ A# / 0, C"+/3(*(3# *6'.? 0,( *"+-(#("++ '##(#,- / $ /."+#'+2 / ) k(1 : /# ',//( 7'(# '11,/("+ 3 .? 3 # !>! *6'.? +"/ 3 .? l? ' # *6+(0, 1' .6"#"%&'.6( 3 0,( (+#2& // (+9 +/3 /,.."/ 11 ',//( * ## ,+(#2 # !./ # * ## *"+#(+,(#2 1( , 1' . (+#,& *1'//(0, 3 # *D /# /'+/ -",# '(+/( +,0,D(k*7?1 7',#.1,/*"!.& *"+# 6',#l?+-& /' *"+* .#("+ - 1D(/"!"&.6(/! - 1D A.& //("+ # -, 8 . +-'+#3 1' & !(/ + *',/ 3 -'+/ / % +& / .(*#,&',A .1,/ &2* +#/ k + .'&#( B *,1( & -'+/ 1 /,&&2'1(/! # 1' <'+//(+2 l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n #(..?- &",. 3 nn k#&"(/(5! .'&#( 3 EG G EF F EGG3 l? ' J%,& ? 3 & .&"-,(# -'+/ 1D" ,C&'% *(#23 + /# ,+ A !.1 ? ? j 8 ## *'/ ? ? 1' /2&( (+#(+ k G G E F G 3 .'& - &%2l G(11,/#&F EG/ 1"+ 1 &",. k nn 3 .1'+*6 6"&/B# A# ..? l 1 .&"*2-2 8"!! "+ 1 C &&' k*7? *6'.? l3 1 / 1'+%'% / (-2"%&'.6(0, / -D FG k', / +/ !"&+ .'/l3 0,(- /"+# .1,/ .'&#(*,1(5& ! +# /1 )* .",& +#& -D*"!<(+ (+#2&># &-- */ /(%+!2!"(& 3 + // j .&(C +# .&"*2-2/ $ +"+B""-"A / /(!.1 -27"&!'#("+3/#:1(/'#("+3/:!<"1(/'#("+3(!."&#'#("+ /(%+ / -D ' ,#& / !"-'1(#2/ ??? 111: /B!>! ' -"+* -'+/ 1 *'/ - * / /:/#5! / - /(%+ / .'&#(*,1( &/3 4 1D(+#2&( ,& - / (*H+ / -"+* -'+/ * 0,( -, ."(+# - C, -, 1'+%'% -D( *H+ / /# ,+ %&'!!'(& / 0,(#&'+/."/(#("+ -, ."(+# - C,- -,& 1'#("+/ 1'+%'%/.'#('1 -D(*H+/?/ /"+# -E / GF FFG G 0,(- / C"+# ',B- 14/ (*"+(0, - 1' /(!.1 [\[\ a h`abbac`d d ch d d e ia `cea d c fbf` igc bd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nm (!'% .'&12 .&2/ +#3 <( *+ #0,(/"!"&.6(/! & 1'#("+/? ', !>! #(#& .'& A !.1+ * 0,/ +/31' 1D1'+%, - 7'#"+ .1,/- 21'<"&2 + & C'+*6 3 1D ( /"!"&.6(/! +#& A.& //("+ # *"+# +, ', +(C ', -D 2 C +#, 11 / ,+(#2/ - /+(*"+'&#(*,1'#("+ /#!'%,+ ? +"#("+ #",# 4/7'(#-D'..1(*'#("+ -(I2& +# 3 -0,(*+ .&(+*(. . ,# >#&4 '..1(0,2 4 1' 1'+%, +( 4 1D ( / # +#'#(C -/ /1'(//1'+%,.'// .,&/,<-(C(/ ! +# &'+'1:#(0, / k A? (19(+/l 7,& +# / 2*6 */ *'& 1 !"++ ,+(-(! +/("++ 1? + ,+ /:/#5! - *"!<(+'(/"+/ '1%2<&(0, / /,& ,+ /.'* D ( /"!"&.6(/! #"#'1 +#& 7"&! 1D A.& //("+ # 7"&! -, *"+# +, +D ' ..'&B #(1' +-&'(# + &2'1(#2 / 1"+ L 1!/1 C 0,D4 - / /:/#5! / 0,( + .",&&'( +# (+#2& // & /*( +* -, 1'+%'% # - / /(%+ /3 # 0,D(1 .&"."/ -D'.. 1 & G G G k L 1!/1 C3 n 3 *6'.? l? @( 1 / - ,A .1'+/ /"+# + I # .'&7'(# ! +# (/"!"&.6 /2.'&2 ? /3"+*1 ???.&(+*(. !2#6"-"1"%(0, - /(!.1(*(#2 & +- (+,#(1 1 ,& - /*&(.#("+ '+ 'C'+* *"+-(#("+1D6:."#65/ 0,( A(% -0,1 ,&1D"+2*+ ".5&//(#23'C"+* +- ,A.,(//.1'+/7'(& /#'..'&' 0, 3 1"&/B#& 0,D " 0,D+#&(1/ 1"+#/ 7"+*#(7/ 1' !>! -D/#&,*#,& #* .&2/,A -+# 1D+#',#&.'&#",# ,+kL & 1!/1 1'#("+C3 ,+(C"0, , + .1'+ # .1'+ n 3 .? l? D ( !'% + . ,# >#& &2-,(# 4 ,+ # 1 /:/#5! /:!<"1 / *'& "+ . ,# : (+#(J & -/(%+(J*'#("+/ / J%,& / +"++ ,+(C"0, /3-,/,/**"+#.#(<1 / #-D-"+* +#& &0,-'+/1 / 1'$ &2/7"&!'#("+ - -(I2&1/ +#- // 7"+*#("+ A# 3 ',A 7"+*#("++ -1 ,A/"+#.1'+/ )3 * 7'(# !>! 3 + /"+# .'/ $ (+#(0, / ) k(<(-?3 .? l *"!! (1/ .,& ) -'+/ k(<(-?31 .?*'/- l?/ $L ,A3 ", -D',#& / /:/#5! / - 0,'/(B/(%+ / # 1/ 0, 1D'1%5<& , <",# -, *"!.# 3 (1 /# 12%(#(! - -(& 0, 1D( !'% 3 -'+/ 1 / - ,A -(! +B /("+/ 11 -(/."/ 3 # k4'C -* ,A- /-(!*"+C+/("+/l +#("+/0,- +",/ *"&& /."+-'+* +#& 1 .1'+ -72& 1D+*A.&-"+# //("+ # ,+ .1'+ '.. 11 &"+/ 1 .1'+ &2B 3 & .&"-,(# 1 / & 1'#("+/ +#& ,+(#2/ &272& +* -'+/ / / ,+(#2/ /(%+(J'+# /? . ,#1'1 -7'(&/*&(.#("+ ',//(3--/ *"+J%,&'#("+/ 7'#"+ .1,/ &,-(!/.'#('1+#'(&/ kj 11//(+%3+D A*n11 3!'+(73 /# l3B !<(' +#+1'+%, .'/ -'+/ / .&"*2-2/ %&'!!'#(*',A -D,&/A.&7"+-//("+! -+#// *'/3-'+/7,//,+ +#B(1/ - +'#,&.&(!(#(C *',B /'1- 1D ",0,/.'*# /!."& 11 3 #&",C +# +*"& 1 (+#,(#("+ k8'//(& &3 nm 3 *6'.? 3 ..? m l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n *!'(/"+ 1' !5+)31&'(#/(%+(J2 4 - / '</,&-(#2/? ,'+- LD2+"+* 1' .6&'/ $ 1D'&<& /# 4 -&"(# - 1' '&<& D +D /# .'/ $ 4 -&"(# ) -, /(%+(J2 !'(/"+D3.'/ .1,/ 0, 1 /(%+(J2 .(*#,&'1 '&<& D3 -'+/ 1 - //(+ J%? ? 3 +D /# $ 4 -&"(# ) -, /(%+(J2 .(*#,&'1 !'(/"+D? / /(%+(J2/ '&<& D # !'(/"+D3 -'+/ 1 / - ,A *'/3 *"+#&'*# +# + & C'+*6 ,+1 A5!& 1'#("+ <(+'(& -'+/ ,+ /(%+(J2 .&2-(*'#(7 4 -&"(# D3 0,( /# A.&(!2 .'& ,+ k /Gl,1 #!,++#"&-& /:+#'%!'#(0, -'+/ /:+#'%!'#(0, 1 - //(+? -'+/ 1' .6&'/ 3 .'& ,+ -(/."/(#("+ ? j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f aecf d a `di` d eaecf bd ea d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l/# G G? .# k$ $+(0,< ,7k$)/(%+(J'+# /# 7"&*2!)l +# (-?8"!! +#(0, +#-'+/+ /!'&'(#B(1*"+/*(',#&+*! 4+#1D +/+/!<1!<1.6"B1 / -*(&*"+/#'+* ,A "+# 2#2 ?(!.&(!2/ -'+/ !"+ /.&(# +/ !<1 (1/ /D 2 C"0, +# + #",# 1 : ' +#& ,A /:!<("/ /( 2#&"(# 0, 1 *"+* .# $ < ,7 ) ? G GF G E FG F EG nn /# *"!! - 1D(.#/!'%(++"!!2/ '*",/#(0,k +C? +(/# D /.&(#3 n + 3*"+#( 7"&! / C(- /31D-! *"+* ..? +# .'/l? @( +",/ C("+/ A.1(0, & .'& ,+ '+'1"%( 1 / .&2/,.."/2/ ./:*6"1"%(0, / */ +#'#("+/ ## ."/(#("+3 +",/ -(&("+/ 0, 1' /,</#'+* -, *"+# +,3 *D /# 1' !'// / & .&2B 7"&!4 * ,+## C'/# &2/ ',3 *D -/# #(&J1/ & ,++#&2*61'*2/C ',j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k8'//(& &3 nm 3 3 l? D,+(!'%.'&#(3 .",&(+-(//"*('<1 /' .' /# -'//"*(2 - !'+(5&-, /*62!' +2* //'(&-D,4+ *"<L# 2*6#? C ',/(%+(J'+# *'& 11 /#.6"+(0, 1' 7"&!'#("+ 3 /1,(3-D, +/#"<L-",<1# /'+/! +#0,D*"+#(+% +# j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l *'&'*#2&(/'#("+ 1"%(0, /(!.1 k1 .&"7 - 7&'+ #'(/ /# 3 1' .("++ /# " '(/ * / *"+/(-2&'#("+/ /,& 1' !"#(C'#("+ -, /(%+ 3-, ."(+# - C, ./:*6"1"%(0, 3 +2%1(% +# 1' -(I2& +* +#& 1D ( !'% 1D " <L # 1,(B!>! 3 + *"+-(#("+/ &2 11 / C(/("+3 & .&2/- +#'#("+ (*"+(0,/2!("1"%(0, 0,( + /#? 7'(# /,& ,+ /,.."&# !'#2&( 13 0,( '.. 11 ,+# 1'."(+# C, -D'+'1:/ [\ \] fce d d bcf fhc d 8"!! +# 1' 7"&! -, .1'+ 1D A.& //("+ /D " &%'+(/ B#B 11 + *"+J%,&'#("+/ /(B %+(J'+# /3 # 0,D /#B* 0,( 4 * # 2%'&-(/#(+%, 1' /2!("/ 1D ( !'% 1' /2!("/ 1(+%,(/#(0, '+/ ,+ %*'/3+ C'&('#("+ * 1,( -, /(%+ 1(+%,(/#(0, 3 1 7"+*#("++ ! +# . /#,#*"!<(+'#"(& # -(/*"+#(+,? '#"!(0, /,& 1 .1'+ 1D A.& //("+ *"&& /."+-& 4 ,+4 C"(&C'&('#("+ '&<(#&'(& /,&1 1,&/.1'+/(%+(J2/3 -, *"+#<( +,?+ 0, (+/(1 ,&/$ *'%/(%+(J'+#/ ) # $ %'%+ -(I5& ) +D" +#+# &(0,+ .",& * 0,( /# -D, + C'1 ,& ".."/2 -D, + *'&'*#5& j ,+ .'&'!5#& .6"+"1"%(0, k E C/ l? '+/ 1 *'/ 1D ( !'% 3 1 7"+*#("++ ! +# /# & -"+-'+# # "I& 4 %&'+2*6 11 ,+!'1 '..'& +* C'&('#("+ - *"+#(+,(#2? % + C'&('#("+ '#"!(0, - 1D A.& //("+ .&"-,(# +"&B ! +# ,+ '#"!(0, -, *"+# +,? *6'+% ! +# -D , + -2#'(1 + *6'+% .'/ 1' J%,& +#(5& ? / +/ /# &2.'&#( /,& - / +/ !<1 / -D( +-(* / & -"+-'+#/ # -(! *(1 / 4 2+,!2& &? (+/( Z"&*6 & nm *"+/#'# B#B(1 0, 1D( !.& //("+ - 72!(+(#2 -"++2 .'& ,+ !'(+ . (+# /,& ,+ ' ! *6 3 '##&(<,2 .'& 1 / /,L #/ (+# &&"%2/ ',A "+%1 / C#'+#&+(/3* ##- !A.2&( ,& !>! /( 1D" +',7'(#.'//'% -(/.'&',+ #&.& *!( -2#'(1? @"+ //"+ n n 3 *"!! +B +* 3 -"++ & '. & # , #&5/ . &#(+ +# - * 0, .1(+%,(/#(0, ,# >#& 1' -(I2& +* 7"+-'! +#'1 +#& 1' /2!("% +5/ (*"+(0, # 1' /2!("% +5/ j Z"&*6 & /",#( +# 0,D( 1 /# *'&'*#2&(/#(0, - / (!'% / - *"+# +(& - / ".."/(#("+/ 0,( + /"+# .'/ . &#(+ +# / = !'(/ 1D A.& //("+ /# + 11 B !>! *"+#&'-(*#"(& ? ",/ 1 / /(%+ / *"+#( ++ +# +"&!'1 ! +# / -(7B 72&'1"&/+** / ++"+B. &#(+ +#/ /3".."/(#("+/? *D /#B4B-(& 1-',&'(# / -(I2&2#2+*.1,// -*"&&/,</#'+* 3 !'(/ /"+# .'/ *# -(& 0, 1 / J%,& / - 1D(!'% k G E G l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j (1 -"(# : 'C"(& - / $ (+C'&('+#/ ) - 72!(+(#2 -(/B #&(<,2/ 7' # "+ & -"+-'+# /,& 1D +/ !<1 -, <&'/ -'+/ * ## ' ! *6 3 # 1.&"#"#:.(0, / "+%1 /3 * /1'0,2#'+#31 & ./# ,Ck@"+ +# >#&//"+3& //n +#(/n 3 .?.'& n1 l?/ /,L #/ *"!! .1,/ Z",&!'1%&2 *"!.&#",#+-&+ .",&0,"( "+ ' *-'+/ / - ,A,+#:.. &/./ - *#(C 7"+*#("++ ! +#3 #-D*"!! +# "+ .6L ,#1!/12C( & +-& *"!.# /2!("1"%(0, ( +/.(&'#("+ ++ 3(11 7',# & C/ -+(&/ 4+"+B/(%+ 1' -2J+(#("+ -* /1,(- 0,(,A .'1(/2.'&&/ -,1 //:/#5! /2!("#(0, j *(+C1,(+#'(& 0,( /2.'& / /(%+ /3 # (+C +#'(& / J+(/ / / +"+BJ+(/ kL 1!/1 C3 n 3 *6'.? l? D ( !'% + %2+2&'1 = (+/(/#"+/B: *'& *D /# . ,#B>#& L,/# ! +# 1D , + / &'& / *6"/ /3 4 +"#& 'C(/31 .&0, !(1D"&+.'1(.,(//&3L,/0,D -(& 4/,&* 1D0,(!'%*6'0,GF J%,&F .,(// = # +-+ *6'0, 4 7'(& -*"+#/* +-& #&5/ <'/ A# -"++2 - C +(& /(%+(J'+# ? .6"+5! 3 J%,& 1' 1'+%, .'&12 3 . ,# >#& + * &#'(+/ *"+# A# / ."&# ,& -D, +E /(%+ F?8"!! 1-(/#(+%, 7'(# & !'&0, &A!.1 L 1!/1-DC k En 3.?F 3 l31/# 1"*'1- 1'!7"&!+# ,+C &<'1 3 0,( 1' .'& /(%+ ."&# ,& - 1'!'(/!'&0,* #:. F- 7"+*#("++ FFG !GF +# .'&/# ".."/(#("+ 4 1 1'-'+/!'&0,1' 1'+%,F 3 " A* .#("++ -'+/ 1 *'/ %2+2&'1 1 / / %! +#/ &2/,1#'+# -, .& !( & .'1( & 1D ' +'1:/ 3 1D ' +'1:/ + /(%+ /3 + /"+# .'/ &2-,(#/ 4 ,+ / ,1 .6"+5! ? G F G G? / J%,& / - 1D( !'% 3 0, 1D" + . ,# (- +#(J & -'+/ -1 !/ %+#3F+&-'+/ / - 1& G#.&2/ +#'#("+/ !'#2&( 11 / -2J+( / k*7? *( B //,/3 ? ? l3 /"+# %2+2&'B A# C(/,"*2'+(13 ."&#++ ,/2#,-(2/ 11 /.'&',//(@"!!- / &7+/?1# '+/# A6(<2 1D(!'% .'&*"!! -'+/ 1D*"!!F ,+3 * ##A*1'+%, L 1!/1 C .#("+ k n 3 .? nl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n n 3 .",& >#& ."&# ,/ / -D, + ,+(#2 - / +/ 0,( /# .'&#( -, / +/ %1"<'1 # -2# &!(+2 .'& * / +/ %1"<'1? ? - (+/(1' #&'! -'+/ 1D/"(A !.1 - 1' .6"#" #&'!2 3 (1 /,>#&! # (-0,+#(J2/ 0,'#&1"&/",-D*(+0 ."(+#/ +# & +7"&*2/ kJ%? ? ? * l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j ,+ 7&,(#3 . ,# ,++#&C(/'% & -'+/3 ,+1' 7'J'+## '- 3 (*"+(0, ??? # -'+/3 $ &*6'*,+ - * /)3*'/- >#&1' & (+#.&2/&.&2#2 *"!! ,+ .'&#( /(%+( B // !<1'+# +#'#("+ j ,+ 7&'%! +# . ', - .>*6 3 1 & 1( 7 -D, + # !. 2*1'(&2 3 ,+ *&2.( (#'1( + ??? ? J%,&'+/ /1 212! / /:/#5!+#'(&/ /- <(/(%++ -2J+( / " /31D"*"!! + ' .'& **"+/#&,*#("+ ,+ &2. &#"(& *1"/ 1,( / (*H+ / *"+/#&,(# / .'& 1 / /,L0,D #/11 - /# '&L" # -'+/ 8'/#'(+%,+ *"+# nn 3 * .62+"!5+ /# .1,/ 2C(- +# +*"& ? 5/ .1'*2 A# /:+#'%!'#(0, 3 1' J%,& C( +# /(%+ j 11 '*0,( .&"* //,/ -D!,+&% /(%+(J*'#("+ +* -, / +/ (*"+(0, C(/, 1 -'+/? K",/1' J%?'C"+/? ?# +#2 - & .&2/ +# & * triangle triangle « toit » carré « maison » carré rond rectangle « murs » 1. première mise en contexte « œil de bœuf » « fenêtre » « porte » ? j 'C * ,+ &2. &#"(& 0, 10, / J%,& / <'/ 0,( /"+# / 7"&! / %2"!2B #&(0, / #&5/ /(!.1 /3 "+ *"+/#&,(# - / .&"*2-2/ /:+#'A(0, /? 86'0, ,+J%,&& .&2/.& +-+#'#("+ / +/ $+ (*"+(0, *"+# A# ) -D, + !'(/"+ .'& ? !>! .62+"!5+ /# +*"& 2#,-(2 .'& @"+ //"+ k n n 3 .? l3 0,( ! # +-D,2C(+* -'+/ 1' <'+//(+2 G FE k*7?J%? ? l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k(<(-?3 .? -2*&(# //,/ -2# nnl? .'& 1 #",#3 4 *"+-(#("+ - # +(& *"!.# - - ,A 1(!(# /3 - - ,A .'1( &/ -'+/ 1' 2. 3. 4. ? G GF G E FG F EG /:+#'A (!'%+ Cj ,#1 $.1,// ,(1&( (+72&( ,&k$-D1'(*"+(*(#2 )3 +B- # ' +-,0,. ,#1 1D.'/, +(#2".2&-, &.1'+)l3 -# 11D $A.&/ -,(1//("+1D/,.2&( + -(& & /2!'+#(*(/'#("+ ,& -D(.?*"+(*(#2ml? )3 ',B- 14 -,0, 1 1 *"+# A# + . ,# .1,/ *6'+% & 1 / +/ - 1D, +(#2 k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j 1D'!<(%,;#2 /#1' -D#'(11',#'+#-, .1,/ %&'+0,+# 3 1&2-,(# / %! +#+ . #(#3 1"&/0, # A# ',%! .&"."&#("+ -, & +7"&* ! +# - / (/"#".( /? 8 ## 7' # "+ - .&2/ +# & 1 / *6"/ / . &! # - -"++ & ,+ (+# &.&2#'#("+ - 1' +5/ -,G /(%+G EFG(*"+(0, *"!.'#(<1 'C * 1' /2!("1"%( - #&'-(#("+ 6L 1!/12B C(/2!("% ++ ? G G EG F G E EF G G GE GF F G F GF G G E EFG FG G F G F F G EG G ? ' /2!'+#(0, - 1D( !'% . ,# -"+* >#& ,+ /2!'+B #(0, (+# &.&2#'#(C 3 -'+/ 1 / +/ -"++2 4 * # &! .'& '/#( & n m ? ' *"+/#&,*#("+ -D ( +# &.&2#'#("+/ *"+# A#, 11 /3 .62+"!5+ 0,( (+# &C( +# -'+/ 1'",<1(/2!'+#(0, 1(+%,(/#(0,1 !"-51 !>! -D/(,1+ *"-'% .6"+"1"%(0, ' ., .'&#(*(. & 4 1 7'(& 3 /# (*(3 -'+/ & + /,%%2&'+# /:/#5! .,& ! +# '+'1:#(0, 1'/(%+/2!'+#(0, 1D ( !'% 3 '</"1,! +# 7"+-'! +#'1 ? 1 /# (!."//(<1 .'&1 & -,<( #+ A#/",C? +#, .1,#H# j4.,(/0,D + 3*"+# A#' 3.'/1 /(%+- $ !(+(!'1 / &2C51) /(-,./(%+#(#+B-0,DC(/,6"&/ (1 1/#212! &2-,(# 1' J%,& (1 +D : +":', /2!(0, +#'(& +#(? 11 / /,&+/ -D1 ,/+,+(#2/ # A# .1,/ C(/, .1 C(#(#+#/? -D'<"&- -, %1"<'13 # / &2.'&#(# - !'+(5& -(I2& % + ' ! &!'#("+ - * #:. . ,# .'&' #& .'&'-"A'1 3 .,(/0, 1 / +/ *"+# A#, 13 !>! -'+/ ,+ #62"&( /2!'+#(0, *"!! * 11 & (!'/ n 3 " (1 A(/# ,+ +(C ', /2!'+#(0, %1"<'1 ) 3-"+#+ 1'+%, 1 / ,+(#2/ k1 / 7 #B* -G 7'l #-2.'// +# 1 +(C3 -'+/', 11$ A2!'#(0, 3 /# #",# !>! 3 +&'*(+23 "+ -(/#&(<,2 ? 0,D/#(1 -"+* - 1D(!'%& .",&8D"<#/# C+(&&/ ,+1' ./:*6"1"%( -* ##1 1'A(0,0,7"&!/#("+? +",/ 1'7',#/",&*!'(+#-, /+'+#+/ %1"<'1 +",/ #",&+ &2."+/ 4 [\ \[ gf fhcd d a id` diecf d a f`bd / +/ %1"<'1 .&2*5# -2# &!(+ 1 / +/ 1"*'1 j 1D 2 #,1' . &* .#("+ / 7"&! / C(/, 11 / *"+J&! * ## #65/ # . &! # -D + *"!.& +-& 1 7"+*#("++ ! +# &22-(J21? .'&.& +"+/ ,+ .6&'/ -0,(1'&2/,! 4k 11G / ,1 #",# 1'Gl#62"&( -0, 1'/#("+ . &* $.#("+ 1' ./:*6"1"%( 7"&! j 4 1' G F G F G F )3 "I9'G &2."+- j $ EFE E FG G G GE )G & 0: ?,-60:7 D +( ?,-?*)7:,- (66:7: * 60 .*-.M 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / "I9'3 3 .? n l? + -D' ,#& / # &! /3 +",/ . &* C"+/ -D' <"&- ,+ *6'!.3 .'/ --Dk '/<"&/#(!,1(,+n 1"*',A 0,( /"+# &2'// !<12/ ,1#2&( ,& ! +#? K",/ & *"++'(//"+/ #",# 7"&!".."/(#("+? -'+/ /"+K",/+/ !<1 3 C"+/# +",/* ##1' -2#'*6"+/ + #'+#.1,/0,0,J%,&/' 7"&! -D, + 7"+-2J+( .'& . &* J%,& -D ' ,#'+# /# <"++ 3 $ .&2%+'+# )? K",/ &'.. 1"+/ + 0, 10, / 1(%+ / 1 / 0, 10, / &5%1 / <( + *"++, /3 /(!.1 / !'(/ -2C(-." +* j ,+(C &/ 11 3 0, 1 / #&'C',A - 1' ./:*6"1"%( - 1' 7"&! "+# !(/ + ? -% +/ /#(!,1( 7"&! C(/,/# & 1/*"++, *"!! # -11 / ',#& + C &#,/ /"+#- '//j k'l!<12/ 1' 1"( #-(+#2%&2/ -'+/j .&"*6 / 1 / ,+/ ,+.&2/ 7"&! k<l 1' 1"( G G F G j - / /#(!,1( C(/, 1/3 !>! /.'*2/3 0,( +# +#&'// !<12/ ,A - /# ."(+#/ *"!!,+/ 1 /7"&! -(/#(+%,'+# -,1"(& -/# 1'-,$ *6'!. C(/, G13+#)/"+# (+#2%&2/ -'+/ ,+ k*l 1' FFG k",/(!.1- 1'k.'& AF !.1 F Gl j,+- /1(%+/#(!,1(-&"(#C(/,l3 ",1/ 7"&!'+# ,+ 3 /"+# *"+J%,&'#("+ &2%,1(5& 3 /:!2#&(0, & *"++,/ *"!! 7"&! ? ? C(% ++#7"&! /# -(/#(+%,2 *"!! E G -D,F+ k1 7"&! *"!.12! +#'(& 3 0,("+#',A- B 1 F 3 + C &#, - j k'l /"+ GF / 'A / C &#(*',A # 6"&( /"+# G k,+ 7"&! .1,/ . #(# /# .&(C(12%(2 l k*l FG/"+.&(C(12%(2/l FG k+"#("+ E k1Dk<l(C'%, +#2&(/' ,&0,(-DG., +,#G *",&< 7 &!2 /# .&(C(12%(2l k-l /' GF /D ' ..1(0, & 4 1' 0,'+#(#2 -2#'(1/ & .&2B /&2%,1'&(#23 +#2/l /(!.1(*(#23 # k l /' /:!2#&( F F G k-2J+( l? / 1"+ 1 / !>! / *&(#5& / 0, *(B- //,/ j ,+ .&2// - +#'#("+ - 1' 7"&! .1 *#,# ,&/ &0,(."&#/",6'(# & ',A ",C&'% &272& +*.1,/k -2#'(112 ,(11',! -3 n1'm./:*6"1"%( 3 61 &3 n l? / #62"&(*( +/ 1' $ /#'1# ) & *"++'(// +# +'#,& 11 ! +# ,+ /#'#,# .&2B %+'+* ',A 7"&! / 7'!(1(5& / '*0,(/ / .'& '..& +#(//'% k A? C(/'% 6,!'(+3 '&<& 3 C'*6 <( + 0, 0,(* 11*'&'*#2&(/ /B*( + .&2/+# 1'+# <"++ +# .'/7"&! (+#&(+/50, #'(& / 3-*12l3/(!.1(*(#2 ? ! +# 1 / 0,'1(#2/ 212! +B + . ,# +"# & -D ' (11 ,&/ 0, * ## *"+* //("+ + & ! # .'/ + 0, /#("+ ,+ (+B +2(/!61 & ???l - 7"+.'& 1 0, 1 1 / ./:*6"1"%, / 1' /#'1# k  (! &3 "I9'3 / /"+#) /D-2!'&0,2/ -*"+#&'(& 1' ./:*6"1"%( '//"*('#("++(/# ? %0,+ *",&'+# -(#/ $/(!.1 *"+/#&,*#(C(/# " .."/ ', 4 * # (++2(/! # ."/#,1 1 / 7"&! // /"+# .&2%+'+# / +"+/ -'+/.'&*1 !"+0,D 11 /"+# (+#&(+/50, ! +#11 /(!.1 /3'..&(/ !'(/ /?.'&* / 0,D 11 /"+# #&5/ .&2/ +# C(/(<1 # -"+* 0,D / /"+# -K",/,A *",&'+#/ /D ' **"&+# #",# 7' # "+ /,& - / *"+/20, +* / .&'#(0, / (- +#(0, /? & +C":"+/ .",& ,+ '.l3&#",, 4- @"+* -2<'#3 0,(n n+Dk..?/# .'/ - +"#& /.2*('1(#23 4 &+6 (!3 nm k..? m //"+3 l3 + +",/ *"+# +B #'+# k'l 1' ."/(#("+ 1D2*"+"!( , + ."/#,1'#3 !'(/ -0, +"#k<l& 0,- / '*0,(/ &2* +#/ $+*"+/#&,*#(C(/# + ,&"/*( +* / )k 7'(#,&+"-3 n n3 -D'+'9'3 nn l 0* , ( F,)M ?:7MP T,890+* (:-.: A +*. )(87:*. /0: ,-7 +* )+0. T,87 6*;8= 6 (87:?0+(7:,:-7*8-*5 04R4 % " (&% " 1' 15 6* :*--*-7 6*. C;08*. EM - 8*78,0 * ?<* = +0: ?,99* ?<* = <+*8 + * *9)+* 6*. ?(87*. 9(8:-*.5 , +( )+0. ;8(-6* /0(-7:7= 6* 6=7(:+. F?,08(-7.5 T,-6. M M M P *.7 ),87=* .08 +( .08T(?* 9(8:-*5 (0 ?,-78(:8* 6*. ?(87*. 7*88*.78*. <( :70*++*.M - ( + :9)8*..:,- =78(-;* 6 8 ,:8 +( =6:7*88(-=* A *- )+*:- E *7 +*. 7*88*. =9*8;=*. A *- ?8*0 EM ? G GF G E FG F EG *"+J&! +#/ .",& 1 7'(#.0,&* *C"(&&#'(+- // 7"&! /#&,*#,&/ .&272& / + ,&"1"%(0, /31A? "&(/ +#'#("+/ FFG G 3/"+# "&%'+(/2 +#( 11 / k C &#(*'1 /l? 1 /# (+#2&31 -2<'# //'+# *+D1'/#-(#.'/- *1"/*"+/#'# & 0, !>! #&'+/."/2 /,&I #3/1 # &&&'(++7"&*+ ,&".6:/("1"B %(0, j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j 1' /#'1#?/3 # 117",&+(# -2# &!(+11 B!>! 3 .'& ,+,+ .&"* //,/*"+J'+* - /* +-'+#3 1 (+#/ +/&.&2B(1H# 3 ,+ #'#("+ .1',/(<1 3 + #'+# 0,D , +(#2 -D , + 7"&! /,. &"&-"++2 ? K",/ & .&"-,(/"+/ J%? ? ,+ 1"%"'C*"!! ,+ !'&0, #212.6"+ 3 0,( (11,/#& <( + * .62+"!5+ * + 1D&*('1 " **,&&&2*+*+# 1'.",& /#'1# -, C(/'%- 6,!'(+? ? j .,<1(*(#2 .",& 1 / #212.6"+ / $ 1' )? / 212! +#/ -, 1"%"#:. k1 3 1 2C"0,# 1 1'l 7"&! /"+# (+/*&(#/ -'+/ ,+ "C'1 3 # -(/."/2/ # 11 !'+(5& 0, 1D +/ !<1 <(- +/ *"++, -D1 , + *"!! J%,& ,+6,!'(+ ? * 7'(#3 1 # 1 /"+# (+#-D, +&.&2#2/ *"!! : ,A3 # + ? % + *",&< & .&2/ +#'+# 1 #&'*2 1D(+# 1'&.&2#'#("+ /# ,+ <",*6 .&"*2-2/",&('+# .1,#H# .C(, +#/,&.&& +7"&*+'+#& -'+/ .,<1(*(#2lk # &'L",# & ,+ /",&(& 3* 0,( "&/0, 1D , +(#2 0,( 2#'(# /#'1# 4 ,+ +(C ', C( +# 11 B!>! ,+(#2 /,<"&-"++2 -D+#&, + 1 / /5! /#'1# /-0,D+(C11 ',' 7'(#/,.2&(2! ,&3&% &,+# 20,(1(<& /D 2 #'<1(# .'& & +7"&* ! +# !,#, 1 1 /!/5!+# :/ 'C"(& *"+# *"+A#,$ (#1/ j*D0,( /#1,('1"&/ /"+#',(!."/2 / .'& 1' /#'1# /,. &"&-"++2 ? 1 . ,# 2%'1 1 *# ,& -,1' ."//(<(1(#2 # A# (*"+(0,",C -&# #&'+*6 & * *"+ $ (#3.'/ ', /2!("1"%, 30,( + . ,# 0, *"+/#'# & *"!."/2 -D &*(!<"1-"- - ,Ann 1 3*#,&..? / nk*"!!l? 1 &",. 1"&/0,D(1 2#,-( ,+ #># ' /2!("% +5/ -D , + (!'% /# -"+* ,+ .'&*",&/ 6 &!2+ ,#(0, 3 + * / +/ 0, 18 / .'&*",&/ +/ 2! &%' /4 /1'*"&&21'#/ 7"(/ -D, +.6:/("1"%(0, . &* .#("+ 6"1(/#(0, #1 -D*#, +,& *"+/#&,*#("+ '+'1:#(0, ? / j 1D (1 -, -D , + # A# C(/, 13 /( 1D " + A'!(+ /"+ !",C ! +#3 .'// .'& / '1# &+'+* / .',/ / *"&& /."+-'+# 4 / C(/("+/ %1"<'1 /3 #3 "- .'&*",&/ &'.(3 *(&*,1'(& / /,&# .'&#'+# - 1'k(+&2%("+9 /,.2&( ,& 3 %',*6 1D ( !'% (1 *"11 *# / (+7"&!'#("+/ 1 / -2#'(1/ +/3 nm .? l? 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, / #, .",&&",.1' & *"++'(//'+* .&"."/ -D'-'.# & 4 1'/ /2!("#(0, C(/,&2 1111 ? 1K",/!"-51+ & -.&"-,(/"+/ Z'1! &3 *"+ 7"&! + . &* .#("+ 1 /*62!' B*( .&"."/ - 1' /?/#&,*#,& - 1' . &* .#("+ C(/, 11 *"!!J%? &2/? ?',8 -D1,(, +(#2/ /#&,*#,&,+11 !"-51 / 6(2&'&*6(/2 US1.1 Niveau n+1 P Rs Rs V Niveau n US 2.1 US 2.2 Rc P Rs P Rs Rs V US 3.1 Niveau n–1 Rs V US 3.2 Rc P P Rc US 3.3 P ? j /*62!' -D , + !"-51 6(2&'&*6(0, 1D ( +7"&!'#("+ . &* .#, 11 ? % @ j ,+(B #2/#2/ /#&,*#,& - /,<"&-(+'#("+ %1"<'1 / 11 / j C'1 3 ,& -j &/ 1'#("+/ Z k &",. 3 nn 3 .? # -l *""&-(+'#("+ Z j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j 11&*#&",C / 1"+11+",/3-D"/' 1/",&* -'+/ 1 #// 7"&!&2.'&#(# / k $G C &/ GFl1 6',# - 1') ./:*6"1"%( - 1') .-'+/ .#("+ C(/, / +/ L'(11(# # $ C &/ 1 <'/ 1 # A# (*"+(0, ? D(!'% /# 4 * # 2%'&- 4 /' 7'#"+ ',//( ,+ G G A(% '+# V V V ,+%&'!!'(& 1 *#,& -(+#/ #&.&2#'#(C ? 1 +",/ ' ,12%'1C2&(#2 ! +#%2+2&'1 2*1'(&2 /,&/# 0,D1 (7'(# 0,D' 0,+ !'#(5& A# / (*"+(0, /31' / 1 +D : / C2&(#2/ .'&#(*,1(5& # 0, #",# /2!("1"%(/ 2#,-(2/? - 1D(!'% ) -"(# 'C'+# #",# /D'..,: & /,& ,+ #:."1"%(/3 &(%",& ,/ - $/ /:/#5! m 86'.(#& = &'!!'(& - / /(%+ / (*"+(0, /