Richard E. Byrd - Admiral Byrd Diary

Transcription

Richard E. Byrd - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Richard E. Byrd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd,
Jr., USN (25 October 1888 – 11 March
1957) was a naval officer who
specialized in feats of exploration. He
was a pioneering American aviator,
polar explorer, and organizer of polar
logistics. Aircraft flights, in which he
served as a navigator and expedition
leader, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a
segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a
segment of the Antarctic Plateau. Byrd
claimed that his expeditions had been
the first to reach the North Pole and
the South Pole by air. His South Pole
claim is generally supported by a
consensus of those who have
examined the evidence. Byrd was a
recipient of the Medal of Honor, the
highest honor for heroism given by the
United States.
Contents
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1 Ancestry
2 Family
3 Education and U.S. Navy
4 1926 North Pole flight, and
controversy
5 Trans-Atlantic flight, 1927
6 First Antarctic expedition,
1928–1930
7 Byrd's later Antarctic
expeditions
8 Death
9 Awards, decorations, honors
10 Medal of Honor citation
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Richard Evelyn Byrd
Birth name
Richard Evelyn Byrd,
Jr.
Born
25 October 1888
Winchester, Virginia
Died
11 March 1957
(aged 68)
Boston,
Massachusetts
Place of burial
Arlington National
Cemetery
Allegiance
United States
Service/branch
United States
Navy
Years of
service
Rank
1912–1927
1940–1947
Rear Admiral
Battles/wars
World War I
World War II
Awards
Medal of Honor
Navy Cross
Navy Distinguished
Service Medal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd
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Ancestry
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Distinguished Flying
Cross
Legion of Merit
He was the son of Esther Bolling
(Flood) and Richard Evelyn Byrd, Sr.
He was a descendant of one of the First Families of Virginia. His ancestors
include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas, William Byrd II of Westover
Plantation, who established Richmond, and Robert "King" Carter, a colonial
governor. He was the brother of Virginia Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F.
Byrd, a dominant figure in Virginia Democratic Party between the 1920s and
1960s; their father served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates for a
time.
Family
Admiral Byrd was married (20 January 1915) to the former Marie Donaldson
Ames (he named a region of Antarctic land he discovered “Marie Byrd Land”)
and had four children:
■ Richard Evelyn Jr., (grandchildren Richard Byrd, Leverett S. Byrd, Ames
Byrd, and Harry Flood Byrd II)
■ Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke (grandchildren Evelyn Byrd Clarke, Marie Ames
Clarke, Eleanor Clarke, and Richard Byrd Clarke)
■ Catherine Agnes Byrd Breyer (grandchildren Robert Byrd Breyer and
Katherine Ames Breyer)
■ Helen Byrd Stabler (grandchildren David Stabler and Ann Blanchard
Stabler)
Education and U.S. Navy
Byrd attended the Virginia Military Institute before financial circumstances
inspired his transfer to the United States Naval Academy in 1912. He learned to
fly in World War I during his tour with the United States Navy. He developed a
passion for flight, and pioneered many techniques for navigating airplanes over
the open ocean including drift indicators and bubble sextants. His expertise in
this area resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path for the U.S. Navy's
1919 transatlantic crossing. Of the three flying boats that attempted it, only
Albert Read's NC-4 aircraft completed the trip, becoming the first ever
transatlantic flight.[1]
1926 North Pole flight, and controversy
On 9 May 1926, Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North
Pole in a Fokker F-VII Tri-motor called the Josephine Ford. This flight went from
Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and back to its take-off airfield. Byrd claimed to have
reached the Pole. This trip earned Byrd widespread acclaim, including being
awarded the Medal of Honor and enabled him to secure funding for subsequent
attempts to fly over the South Pole.
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From 1926 until 1996, there were doubts, defenses, and heated controversy
about whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole. In 1958 NorwegianAmerican aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd's claim on the
basis of his extensive personal knowledge of the airplane's speed. In 1971
Balchen speculated that Byrd had simply circled aimlessly while out of sight of
land.[2]
The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the 9 May 1926 flight revealed erased (but
still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ with Byrd's later 22 June
typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. Byrd took a
sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. His erased diary record shows the
apparent (observed) solar altitude to have been 19°25'30", while his later
official typescript reports the same 7:07:10 apparent solar altitude to have
been 18°18'18".[3] On the basis of this and other data in the diary, Dennis
Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and flew about 80% of the
distance to the Pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak, but later
[4]
falsified his official report to support his claim of reaching the pole. Others
disagree with Rawlins. In 1998, Colonel William Molett, an experienced
navigator published “Due north?” Molett maintained that Rawlins had put too
much significance in erased navigational calculations which can be explained by
any number of other reasons, including favorable windspeeds as well as simple
[5]
human error due to lack of sleep and stress.
Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed
report's flight times indeed require both
northward and southward groundspeeds greater
than the flight's 85 mph airspeed, a remaining
Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anticyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's
groundspeed on both outward and inward legs,
allowing the distance claimed to be covered in
the time claimed. (The theory is based on
The Fokker FVIIa/3M –
rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of
"Josephine Ford", on display
typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data.)[6] This
at The Henry Ford Museum
suggestion has been refuted by Dennis Rawlins
[7]
[8]
who adds that the sextant data in the long
unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1", a
precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the
sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half
or quarter of a minute of arc). Some sources claim that Floyd Bennett and Byrd
later revealed, in private conversations, that they did not reach the pole. One
source claims that Floyd Bennett later told a fellow pilot that they did not reach
the pole.[9] It is also claimed that Byrd confessed his failure to reach the North
Pole during a long walk with Dr. Isaiah Bowman in 1930.[10]
If Byrd and Bennett didn't reach the North Pole, it is extremely likely that the
first flight over the Pole occurred a few days later, on May 12th, 1926 with the
flight of the airship Norge and its crew of Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile,
Oscar Wisting, and others. This flight went from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to
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Alaska nonstop, so there is little doubt that they went over the North Pole.
Amundsen and Wisting had both been members of the first expedition to the
South Pole, December 1911.
Trans-Atlantic flight, 1927
In 1927 Byrd announced he had the
backing of the 'American Trans-Oceanic
Company, Inc.', which was established in
1914 by Rodman Wanamaker with the
purpose of building the aircraft to complete
the journey. Byrd was one of several
aviators who attempted to win the Orteig
Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop
flight between the United States and
France. His flight was sponsored by
department-store magnate Rodman
Wanamaker, an early visionary of TransAtlantic commercial flight.
Lt. Com. Byrd and aircraft
Once again Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with support from
Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and George Noville. During a practice takeoff with
Tony Fokker at the controls and Bennett in the co-pilots seat, the Fokker
Trimotor airplane, America, crashed, severely injuring Bennett and slightly
injuring Byrd. As the plane was being repaired, Charles Lindbergh won the
prize. But Byrd continued with his quest, naming Balchen to replace Bennett as
chief pilot. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field East
Garden City, New York on 29 June 1927. Arriving over France, cloud cover
prevented a landing in Paris; they returned to the coast of Normandy, crash[11]
landing near the beach at Ver-sur-Mer without fatalities on 1 July 1927.
After he returned to the US, Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition
of Popular Science Monthly in which he predicted that while specially modified
aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly the Atlantic non-stop, it would be
another 20 year before it would be realized on a commercial scale.[12]
First Antarctic expedition, 1928–1930
In 1928, Admiral Byrd began his first
expedition to the Antarctic involving two
ships, and three airplanes: Byrd's Flagship
was The City of New York (a Norwegian
sealing ship previously named Samson that
had come into fame as a ship in the vicinity
of Titanic when the latter was sinking); a
Ford Trimotor called the Floyd Bennett
(named after the recently deceased pilot of
Byrd's previous expeditions); a Fairchild FC
-2W2, NX8006, built 1928, named "Stars
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And Stripes" (now displayed at the Virginia
Aviation Museum, on loan from the National
Air and Space Museum); and a Fokker
Universal monoplane called the Virginia (Byrd's birth state). A base camp
named "Little America" was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf and scientific
expeditions by snowshoe, dog-sled, snowmobile, and airplane began.
Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the
duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained
with the outside world. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed,
and on 28 November 1929, the famous flight to the South Pole and back was
launched. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June,
and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Ford Trimotor to the South Pole
and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude,
and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, in
order to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau. However, the flight was
successful, and it entered Byrd into the history books. After a further summer
of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on 18 June 1930. A 19
year-old American Boy Scout, Paul Allman Siple, was chosen to accompany the
expedition. Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold
medal of the American Geographical Society. This was also seen in the film With
Byrd at the South Pole (1930) which covered his trip there.
Byrd's expedition
Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer
and aviator, served for a time as Honorary National President (1931–1935) of Pi
Gamma Mu, the international honor society in the social sciences. In 1928, he
carried the Society's flag during a historic expedition to the Antarctic to
dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the
natural and social sciences.[13][14]
Byrd's later Antarctic expeditions
Byrd undertook four more expeditions to
Antarctica from 1933–35, 1939–40, 1946–
47 and 1955–56.
As a senior officer in the United States
Navy, Byrd, performed national defense
service during World War II (1941–45),
mostly as a consultant to the U.S.N. high
commanders.
On his second expedition, in 1934, Byrd
spent five winter months alone operating a
meteorological station, Advance Base, from
Admiral Byrd (circa 1955)
which he narrowly escaped with his life
after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning
from a poorly ventilated stove. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally
began to alarm the men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to
Advance Base. The first two trips were failures due to darkness, snow, and
mechanical troubles. Finally, Thomas Poulter, E.J. Demas, and Amory Waite
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arrived at Advanced Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. The
men remained at Advanced Base until 12 October when an airplane from the
base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The rest of the men returned to
base camp with the tractor. This expedition is described by Byrd in his
autobiography Alone. It is also commemorated in a U.S. postage stamp issued
at the time, and a considerable amount of mail using it was sent from Byrd's
base at Little America, which was powered by a Jacobs Wind 2.5 kW. Later a
souvenir sheet was also issued.[15]
In late 1938, Byrd visited Hamburg and was invited
to participate in the 1938/1939 German
"Neuschwabenland" Antarctic Expedition, but
declined.
Byrd Antarctic expedition
Commemorative Issue of
1933
Byrd's third expedition was his first one on which he
had the official backing of the U.S. government. The
project included extensive studies of geology,
biology, meteorology and exploration. Within a few
months, in March 1940, Byrd was recalled to active
duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
The expedition continued in Antarctica without him.
From 1942 to 1945 he headed important missions to
the Pacific, including surveys of remote islands for
airfields. On one assignment he visited the fighting
front in Europe. He was repeatedly cited for
meritorious service and was present at the Japanese
surrender.
The fourth culminating
expedition, Operation Highjump, is the largest
Antarctic expedition to date. In 1946, US Navy
Secretary James Forrestal assembled a huge
amphibious naval force for an Antarctic Expedition
expected to last six to eight months. Besides the
flagship USS Mount Olympus and the aircraft
carrier USS Philippine Sea, there were thirteen US
Navy support ships, six helicopters, six flying
boats, two seaplane tenders and fifteen other
aircraft. The total number of personnel involved
was over 4,000. The armada arrived in the Ross
Sea on 31 December 1946, and made aerial
explorations of an area half the size of the United
States, recording ten new mountain ranges. The
major area covered was the eastern coastline of
Antarctica from 150 degrees east to the Greenwich
meridian.
Cover of Byrd's
Autobiography
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As part of the multinational collaboration for the International Geophysical Year
(IGY) 1957–58, Byrd commanded the U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze I in
1955–56, which established permanent Antarctic bases at McMurdo Sound, the
Bay of Whales, and the South Pole.
Death
Byrd died in his sleep on 11 March 1957 of a heart ailment at his Brimmer
[16][17]
[16]
Street home in Boston.
He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Awards, decorations, honors
By the time he died, he had amassed twenty-two
citations and special commendations, nine of which
were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism
in saving the lives of others. In addition, he
received the Medal of Honor, the Lifesaving Medal,
the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the
Distinguished Flying Cross, the Navy Cross, and
had three ticker-tape parades. He preferred to
dwell on the substance of his global adventures,
and the stories of those that had gone awry as
lessons learned.
In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Byrd an
Honorary Scout, a new category of Scout created
that same year. This distinction was given to
"American citizens whose achievements in outdoor
activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are
Bust of Richard E. Byrd by
of such an exceptional character as to capture the
Felix de Weldon at
imagination of boys...". The other eighteen who
McMurdo Station.
were awarded this distinction were: Roy Chapman
Andrews; Robert Bartlett; Frederick Russell
Burnham; George Kruck Cherrie; James L. Clark; Merian C. Cooper; Lincoln
Ellsworth; Louis Agassiz Fuertes; George Bird Grinnell; Charles A. Lindbergh;
Donald Baxter MacMillan; Clifford H. Pope; George P. Putnam; Kermit
Roosevelt; Carl Rungius; Stewart Edward White; Orville Wright.[18]
Also in 1927, the City of Richmond dedicated the Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying
Field, now Richmond International Airport, in Henrico County, Virginia. Byrd's
Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, "Stars And Stripes" is on display at the Virginia
Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the
National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
Lunar crater Byrd is named after him, as was the United States Navy dry cargo
ship USNS Richard E. Byrd (T-AKE-4) and the now decommissioned Charles F.
Adams-class guided missile destroyer USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23)
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In Glen Rock, New Jersey Richard E. Byrd School
was dedicated in 1931. The Polar Research Center
at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio was
named in honor of Admiral Byrd in 1984. In 1958
the Richard Byrd library, part of the Fairfax County
Public Library system opened in Springfield,
Virginia. Admiral Richard E. Byrd Middle School,
located in Frederick County, Virginia, was opened
in 2005, and is decorated with pictures and letters
from Byrd's life and career.
Memorials to Byrd can be found in two cities in
New Zealand (Wellington and Dunedin). Byrd used
New Zealand as his departure point for several of
his Antarctic flights.
Byrd Memorial on Mount
Victoria, Wellington, New
Zealand
The fiftieth anniversary of Byrd's first flight over
the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two
postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in
1979.
The long-range shortwave voice transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic expedition
[19]
in 1934 was named an IEEE Milestone in 2001.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Commander, United States Navy. Born: 25 October
1888, Winchester, Va. Appointed from: Virginia. Other Navy awards: Navy
Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with gold star, Distinguished
Flying Cross.
Citation:
For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at
the risk of his life, in demonstrating that it is possible for aircraft to
travel in continuous flight from a now inhabited portion of the earth
over the North Pole and return.
Partial List of Medals Awarded to Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, USN:
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Medal of Honor (1926) (Rare Tiffany Cross version)
Navy Cross
Navy Distinguished Service Medal with Gold Star
Legion of Merit with Gold Star
Distinguished Flying Cross (1926)
Navy Commendation Medal
Lifesaving Medal (1914)
Victory Medal (1918)
Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal, issued in gold (1928–1930)
2nd Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal (1933–1935)
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■
■
■
■
■
■
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United States Antarctic Expedition Medal (1939–1941)
American Campaign Medal (1943)
Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal (1942)
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
World War Two Victory Medal (1945)
Antarctica Service Medal, posthumously awarded (1960)
See also
■
■
■
■
List of Antarctic expeditions
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Laurence McKinley Gould
Mount Iphigene
Notes
1. ^ Century of Flight: The Atlantic Challenge (http://www.century-offlight.net/Aviation%20history/daredevils/Atlantic.htm)
2. ^ Montague, Richard (1971). Oceans, Poles, and Airmen. Random House
Publishing. pp. 48.
3. ^ Goerler, Raimund E. (1998). To the Pole: The Diary and Notebook of Richard E.
Byrd, 1925–1927. Ohio State University Press. pp. 84–85, compare to p 154.
4. ^ New York Times,9 May 1996, page 1; Rawlins, Dennis (January 2000). "Byrd's
Heroic North Pole Failure". Polar Record (Scott Polar Research Institute, University
of Cambridge) 36: 25–50; see pages 33–34. Rawlins, Dennis (January 2000).
"Byrd’s Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last
Leg" (http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf) (PDF). DIO, the International Journal of
Scientific History 10: 2–106; see page 40. http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf.
Retrieved 13 July 2007.
5. ^ The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy, Ohio
State University (http://library.osu.edu/projects/conquering-theice/controversy.php)
6. ^ Portney, Joseph (2000). "The Polar Flap: Byrd's Flight
Confirmed" (http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm) . Litton
Systems, Inc.. http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm. See also
Portney, Joseph (1973). "The Polar Flap: Byrd's Flight Confirmed". J.Inst.Nav 20
(3): 208–218. and Portney, Joseph (1992). "History of Aerial Polar Navigation".
J.Inst.Nav 39 (2): 255–264.
7. ^ Rawlins, Dennis (January 2000). "Byrd’s Heroic 1926 Flight & Its Faked Last
Leg" (http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf) (PDF). DIO, the International Journal of
Scientific History 10: 2–106; see pages 69–76; also pages 54, 84–88, 99, 105.
http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
8. ^ Ibid pp.39–41
9. ^ Nash, Simon (2005). The Last Explorer. Hodder. pp. 149.
10. ^ Fairbanks (2002). Polar Extremism: the world of Lincoln Ellsworth. University of
Alaska Press. Chapter 4.
11. ^ Check-Six.com – The Ditching of the "America" (http://www.checksix.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm)
12. ^ "Why We May Wait 20 Years for Ocean
Airliners" (http://books.google.com/books?id=ICoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=1930+plane+%22Popular&hl=en&ei=GTuNTr-
30/06/2012
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
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hF4abtwfUopWLDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCQ#
Popular Science, August 1927, p. 9
^ "Richard E. Byrd 1888–1957" (http://www.south-pole.com/p0000107.htm) .
South-Pole.com. http://www.south-pole.com/p0000107.htm. Retrieved 8 May
2011.
^ "Byrd Antarctic Expedition III, 1939–41" (http://www.southpole.com/p0000109.htm) . South-Pole.com. http://www.southpole.com/p0000109.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ Paul Skowron, "A Philatelic Introduction to B.A.E. II: The
Stamps" (http://www.south-pole.com/p0000142.htm)
^ a b Admiral Richard E. Byrd-Arlington National Cemetery
(http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rebyrd.htm)
^ "Admiral Byrd Dies at 68. Made 5 Polar Expeditions. Admiral Flew Over Both
Poles and Helped Establish Antarctic as a Continent. Byrd Dies at 68. Polar
Explorer. 5 Arctic and Antarctic Trips Provided Groundwork for U.S. Defense
Concepts Frigid Testing Ground First Trip in 1928–1929. Born in Virginia. Polar
Flight Eclipsed Work Under Federal
Auspices." (http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=F60B14FC3D5D167B93C0A81788D85F438585F9&scp=7&sq=Richard+Evelyn+Byrd&
New York Times. 9 Oct 1988. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?
res=F60B14FC3D5D167B93C0A81788D85F438585F9&scp=7&sq=Richard+Evelyn+Byrd&
Retrieved 23 May 2008. "Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U.S.N., retired, the first
man to fly over the North and South Poles, died in his sleep tonight at his Brimmer
Street home. He was 68 years old."
^ "Around the
World" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html) .
Time (magazine). 29 August 1927.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723029,00.html. Retrieved 24
October 2007.
^ "Milestones:Long-Range Shortwave Voice Transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic
Expedition, 1934" (http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:LongRange_Shortwave_Voice_Transmissions_from_Byrd%
27s_Antarctic_Expedition,_1934) . IEEE Global History Network. IEEE.
http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:LongRange_Shortwave_Voice_Transmissions_from_Byrd%
27s_Antarctic_Expedition,_1934. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
References
■ Time (magazine); Monday, 8 November 1926. Born. To Mrs. Marie Ames
Byrd, of Winchester, Virginia, and Boston, a daughter. Mrs. Byrd is the
wife of Lieut. Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd, U.S.N., who flew to the
North Pole and back from Spitzbergen last spring. Lieutenant Byrd's
brother, Harry F. Byrd, is Governor of Virginia.
■ Rodgers, Eugene (March 1997). Beyond the Barrier: The Story of Byrd's
First Expedition to Antarctica. United States Naval Institute. ISBN 978-155750-713-6.
External links
■ "The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the
Controversy" (http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php)
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■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Page 11 of 12
Polar Archival Program, Ohio State University. 2007.
http://library.osu.edu/sites/archives/polar/flight/controversy.php.
Retrieved 14 July 2007.
"70South – information on Richard E.
Byrd" (http://www.70south.com/resources/history/explorers/byrd) . 25
October 2007. http://www.70south.com/resources/history/explorers/byrd.
"Richard E. Byrd's 1926 Flight Towards the North
Pole" (http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf) (PDF). 25 October 2007.
http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf.
"To the Pole: The Diary and Notebook of Richard E. Byrd, 1925–
1927" (http://www.ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?/books/book%
20pages/goerler%20to.htm) . 15 February 2008.
http://www.ohiostatepress.org/index.htm?/books/book%
20pages/goerler%20to.htm.
"The Flight of the 'America' – 1927" (http://www.checksix.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm) . 25 October 2007.
http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/America-NX206.htm.
"Richard E. Byrd 1888–1957" (http://www.southpole.com/p0000107.htm) . 25 October 2007. http://www.southpole.com/p0000107.htm.
"Did Richard Byrd get to the North Pole in
1926?" (http://home.acadia.net/userpages/kikut/BBMainText.htm) . 25
October 2007. http://home.acadia.net/userpages/kikut/BBMainText.htm.
"A navigation expert's look at how Byrd's claim is one possible
interpretation of his
diary." (http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm) . 25
October 2007. http://www.navworld.com/navcerebrations/polar_flap.htm.
"The History Of The Sailing Vessel City of New York, Admiral Byrd's
Exploration Ship, Skippered By Captain Charles J.
McGuinness" (http://sailoroffortune.com/city_of_new_york.htm) . Tim
McGuinness, PhD. 25 October 2007.
http://sailoroffortune.com/city_of_new_york.htm.
"The Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University" (http://wwwbprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/) . 25 October 2007. http://www-bprc.mps.ohiostate.edu/.
"Richard E. Byrd" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?
page=gr&GRid=156) . Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a
Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=156.
Retrieved 25 October 2007.
"At the bottom of the World", Popular Mechanics, August 1930, pp. 225241 (http://books.google.com/books?
id=iuIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA225&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%
22Popular+Mechanics%
22&hl=en&ei=F1pgTsXYNInUgQfhoo2PAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resn
The short film Longines Chronoscope with Richard E. Byrd
(http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95934) is available for
free download at the Internet Archive
30/06/2012
Page 12 of 12
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Richard_E._Byrd&oldid=496072389"
Categories: 1888 births 1957 deaths American aviators
American Episcopalians American people of English descent
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Explorers of Antarctica United States and the Antarctic
Byrd family of Virginia United States naval aviators
Recipients of the Navy Cross Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Oceanographers Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
University of Virginia Virginia Military Institute alumni
People from Winchester, Virginia Discovery and invention controversies
American polar explorers 20th-century explorers
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
University of Virginia alumni American Polar Society honorary members
Recipients of the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal
Naval Aviation Hall of Honor inductees
Recipients of the Gold Lifesaving Medal
■ This page was last modified on 5 June 2012 at 07:25.
■ Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.
30/06/2012

Richard E. Byrd - Admiral Byrd Diary

Transcription

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