docMap 22 Moesia Inferior - Princeton University Press
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Map 22 Moesia Inferior - Princeton University Press
Map 22 Moesia Inferior Compiled by A.G. Poulter, 1996 Introduction Reconstructing ancient topography and land-use in this region is exceedingly difficult. Although the courses of the Danube and its major left- and right-bank tributaries have changed little since antiquity, land reclamation and dredging to improve navigation along the Danube have substantially narrowed the river’s flow. They have also eliminated much of the marshland which existed between its channels and especially, but not exclusively, along its left bank. Here, the series of 1:200,000 maps produced by the Militärgeographische Institut (Vienna, 1940) has been used in preference to later cartography, since they provide a more reliable, if still tentative, guide to the landscape within the Danubian plain. Eastern Dacia and Scythia Minor are covered by TIR Romula (1969), which takes an optimistic view of the identification of ancient sites and roads. The western limit of Moesia Inferior is included in TIR Naissus (1976). Except for Poulter (1995), no recent detailed maps exist for settlement in the north Danubian plain, and none for northern Thrace. Two publications (Hoddinott 1975; Velkov 1977) remain the best authorities for Bulgaria from the classical to Late Roman periods. For Dacia (present day Romania), there is a useful and notably reliable source for military sites (Cătăniciu 1981), and another for civilian settlements (Tudor 1968). The Directory cites further bibliography for sites of exceptional importance where recent excavations have been carried out. It also registers uncertainty about the function of some sites (fort or settlement, for example). With notable exceptions (cf. Maddjarov 1990), the exact alignment of roads cannot be confidently determined. Even the Danube road, though its general course is assured, frequently deviates south to avoid low-lying ground. It is by no means certain that this important highway ran directly from one fort to another, or whether side-roads provided access to military installations and cities located on the Danube bank. Few villas have been fully excavated; all those that have been published are marked, except where interpretation is in doubt (Nikolov 1976, 67-71). Variation in the distribution of settlement shown generally reflects regional differences in the intensity of survey and excavation. Only a limited number of major sites have been investigated along the Bulgarian section of the Danube, for example; by contrast, field-survey and excavation, supplemented by aerial reconnaissance, have added substantially to the total of sites in the Romanian Dobrogea (Scythia Minor) and along the valley of the R. Olt (ancient Alutus). Conspicuous is the thinly spread line of Roman forts known for the eastern frontier of Dacia, where field-work has been limited. No doubt there are more military bases to be found here, probably interspersed with watch-towers, as intensive survey has found along the western frontier (Map 21). Only in northeastern Bulgaria, between the R. Athrys and the Black Sea, is the scant evidence for Roman occupation likely to reflect a comparatively low density of settlement in antiquity; as late as the nineteenth century, this largely waterless landscape was forested and thinly populated. Even so, it is remarkable that the region has produced evidence for important sites of the Hellenistic period (Abritus, Sveshtari). More generally, only the well-published Late Roman “refuge settlements” have been included (Sadovets, Tsaravets). Where regional survey has been carried out (as between the R. Asamus and Abritus), numerous hill-top fortifications dating to the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. have been discovered; these were certainly common along the length of the Haemus range, especially in its northern foothills (Poulter 1983 II, 97-100). Military occupation of the plain between the Carpathian foothills and the Danube may already have occurred by the end of Trajan’s first Dacian War (101/102). The majority of forts here, however, were established after the final conquest of the Dacian kingdom in 106. The abandonment of Moldova and the creation of the so-called Limes Transalutanus fortification-line can both be tentatively dated to the reign of Hadrian. Despite claims to the contrary, the Roman abandonment of Dacia probably occurred during the reign of Gallienus (260-68), before the traditional date of around 275 when Aurelian established the new province of Dacia south of the Danube (Cătăniciu 1981, 53-55). In the Late Roman period, the extent of control and military occupation over territory north of the Danube 334 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR remains controversial. One fort (Pietroasa de Jos), well beyond the Danubian Limes, would seem to have been occupied in the fourth century A.D., as were bridge-head forts (Sucidava, Barboşi, and the unlocated Constantiniana Daphne) along the left bank of the river. But the earth bank and ditch, known as the Brazda lui Novac de Nord, though later than the Limes Transalutanus and often regarded as being of Late Roman date, remains problematic. Similarly, although considered first-century and believed to predate the Limes Transalutanus, the function and origins of a shorter section of bank and ditch known as the Brazda lui Novac de Sud remain uncertain. The absence of any evidence for Late Roman forts or settlements along its course and south of it rather suggests a later, probably medieval, date (see also the Czorsz-arok, Map 21 B2). In the list of Unlocated Toponyms, where possible, a general location is provided, either with reference to a nearby site, or to the Late Roman province to which it was probably assigned (Maps 101, 102). In the case of sites mentioned by Procopius, there is particular reason for scepticism. Although he credits Justinian (527-565) with major reconstruction and the building of new fortifications, the only corroborative evidence is confined to Mesembria. Along the Danube, notably in Scythia Minor, tile-stamps and inscriptions suggest that Anastasius (491-518) was responsible for the reconstruction of frontier installations. Procopius is confused, especially in his descriptions of Moesia II and Scythia; many names are clearly corrupt, and similar names in separate lists may be the same site included twice by error, not two different places with the same name. Directory All place names are in Romania unless otherwise noted Abbreviations TIB Thrakien TIR Aquincum TIR Naissus TIR Romula P. Soustal, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 6, Thrakien, DenkWien 221, Vienna, 1991 Tabula Imperii Romani L 34, Aquincum-Sarmizegetusa-Sirmium, Amsterdam, 1968 Tabula Imperii Romani K 34, Naissus, Dyrrhachion-Scupi-Serdica-Thessalonike, Ljubljana, 1976 Tabula Imperii Romani L 35, Romula-Durostorum-Tomis, Bucharest, 1969 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E5 D5 E4 Abrit Abritus Abrud Acidava = (S)Acidava Acidava Ad Putea Ad Radices Aegyssus Agathopolis = Aulaiouteichos Albeşti Albota Aliobrix Altimir Altinum Alutus fl. Anchialus Angustia? Apahida Apoldu de Sus L HRL RL? BUL Razgrad BUL Velkov 1977, 109 (n. 423) Hoddinott 1975, 156-65; Ivanov 1980 TIR Romula 21 R RL RL RL Enoşeşti Riben BUL Popina Leka BUL Tulcea Cătăniciu 1981, 26 Hoddinott 1975, 126 Maddjarov 1990, 24 TIR Romula 21-22 MOL fort, settlement BUL Oltina Olt Pomorie BUL Breţu TIR Romula 22 TIR Romula 22 TIR Romula 22 TIR Naissus 14 TIR Romula 22 TIR Romula 22-23 Hoddinott 1975, 221-23 TIR Romula 23 See Map 21 See Map 21 B4 B5 B6 F3 B3 B4 F3 A5 E4 B4 E6 D2 A2 A3 R R R RL RL CHRL R MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 335 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E6 Apollonia Pontica/ Sozopolis Appiaria § Appiarienses Apulum Aquae Calidae CHRL/ L RL R Sozopol BUL Hoddinott 1975, 33-41; Velkov 1977, 117 Ryahovo BUL RE; Velkov 1977, 99 HRL Argamum Aristaeum Arubium Arutela § Alutela Arzus Asamus Asamus fl. Athrys/ Iatros/ Ieterus fl. Augusta fl. Augustae Augusta Traiana = Beroe Aulaiouteichos/ Agathopolis Axiopolis RL R RL R Burgaski Mineralni Bani BUL Sarichioi? Emona BUL Măcin Bivolărie TIR Romula 24 Hoddinott 1975, 223 TIR Romula 24 Cătăniciu 1981, 27-28 RL RL RL RL Kalugerovo BUL Mussalievo BUL Osum BUL Iskur BUL Hoddinott 1975, 206 Velkov 1977, 102 RE RE Ieterus RL BUL Hârlets BUL See Map 21 TIR Naissus 19; Maschov 1994 CHRL? Achtapol BUL RL Hinog Arrian, PPE 24.6; Anon., PPE 15v28; RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1037 TIR Romula 24-25 MOL / UKR BUL Piatra Frecăţei Stara Zagora BUL TIR Romula 25 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 35-36 TIR Romula 25 RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1013 See Map 51 TIR Romula 26-27 Hoddinott 1975, 199-202 D5 A2 E6 F4 E6 F3 B3 C6 B5 B5 C5 A5 A5 E6 F4 F4 A2 C5 F3 F3 B7 F4 C6 B6 B6 F5 B2 F3 A2 E4 B3 A5 F5 B2 E4 F4 B3 C6 F3 E2 E4 D7 B3 E6 F3 B3 C6 Babadag Baciu Băneasa Barboşi Bastarnae Batak Beroe Beroe/ Augusta Traiana Bessapara Bessi Bizone Brazda lui Novac de Nord Brazda lui Novac de Sud Brîncoveneşti Britolagai Brucla Bugeac Buridava § *Buridavenses Căciulăteşti Callatis Călugăreni Candidiana = Nigrinianis Canlia Capidava Caput Stenarum Carassura Carcaliu Carpi Carsium Castra Iarba Castra Traiana ‘Cazalet’? Căşla Cedonia Celaletae Maiores RL R RL R RL HRL/ R RL CHR CHR near Pazardjik BUL BUL Kavarna BUL R R MOL / UKR RL R Stolniceni CHRL R RL RL R RL L R RL R R?L RL R R Mangalia Topalu Boiţa Rupkite BUL Hîrşova BUL Sîmbotin? Panitsovo BUL Sibiu? BUL See Map 21 Hoddinott 1975, 221 Hoddinott 1975, 67 RE Bessoi Hoddinott 1975, 333 See Earthworks See Earthworks Cătăniciu 1981, 22-23 Ptol. 3.10.7 See Map 21 TIR Romula 29 Cătăniciu 1981, 26-27 TIR Romula 80 See Map 21 RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, cols. 1079-81 Cătăniciu 1981, 23 TIR Romula 29 TIR Romula 29-30 Cătăniciu 1981, 29-30 Böttger 1983 TIR Romula 30 RE 1 TIR Romula 30 See Map 51 Cătăniciu 1981, 27 ItMiller 588 TIR Romula 31 TIR Romula 32 RE Thrake 3 336 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B7 A2 F4 C6 A2 E6 B2 C6 A2 A2 F4 B3 D3 F4 A2 C3 Celaletae Minores Cetea Cernavoda Chatalka Cheia Chersonesos Cheţani Cillis? Ciugud Ciunga Cius Cincşor Cîrlomăneşti Cochirleni Cojocna Comidava § Cumidava Copăceni Corpadea Costoboci Cristeşti Crîmpoaia/ Ghioca R BUL R RL BUL HRL? Maslen Nos BUL RL Cherna Gora RL R H RL Gîrliciu R Rîşnov RE Thrake 3 See Map 21 TIR Romula 32 Nikolov 1976 See Map 21 PPE 24.5; Anon., PPE 137 See Map 21 ItAnt 136.5 See Map 21 See Map 21 TIR Romula 33 Cătăniciu 1981, 25 Babeş 1975 TIR Romula 34 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 8-9 B3 A2 E1 B2 B4 A2 F4 A2 A5 F4 E4 E6 A2 C5 F3 B6 F5 B5 B6 D3 F4 E4 E4 Dacia Dăeni Daia Română Danuvius/ Istros/ Hister fl. Deleni Dervent Deultum Dezmir Dimum § Dimenses Dinogetia Diocletianopolis Dionysopolis/ Krounoi Diospolis = Kabyle Doriones Douvanli Drajna de Sus Dunărea Dunăreni Durostorum R R R R MOL See Map 21 TIR Romula 37 See Map 21 See Map 23 RL RL? RL RL RL R RL RL CHRL/ C RL C R RL RL RL A6 C5 C5 F4 E5 *Egerica Emporium Discoduraterae Emporium Piretensium Enisala Erite/ Ereta A2 B3 B4 E4 C5 Făgeti Ierii Feldioara Fîlfani Flaviana Flămînda R R RL R E5 F5 Galata Gerania HR RL? RL R RL RL Cătăniciu 1981, 28 See Map 21 RE Kostoboken Cătăniciu 1981, 24 TIR Romula 43; Cătăniciu 1981, 31 Belene BUL TIR Romula 38 TIR Romula 38 Hoddinott 1975, 221 See Map 21 RE; Mitova-Džonova 1994 Garvăn Hisar BUL Balchik BUL TIR Romula 38 Hoddinott 1975, 300-12; Madjarov 1993 Hoddinott 1975, 49 Slatina BUL BUL Maddjarov 1990, 22 Hoddinott 1975, 58-69 Cătăniciu 1981, 5 TIR Romula 40 TIR Romula 40 Hoddinott 1975, 138-42; Donevski 1991 Debelt BUL Silistra BUL BUL Gostilitsa BUL Gorsko Kosovo BUL Dolni Bliznyak? BUL Rasova? BUL Kranevo BUL See Map 49 Poulter 1995, 14 Poulter 1995, 8 TIR Romula 40 Hoddinott 1975, 334 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 25 TIR Romula 42 TIR Romula 42 Cătăniciu 1981, 33 Hoddinott 1975, 233 IGBulg 1, 49-50 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Grid C4 A2 A1 F4 B5 B5 B6 A5 A6 B4 F4 C6 E6 C7 C7 C7 A6 A6 D2 F4 C3 C3 F3 A2 Name Gerasus fl. = Hierasos fl. Getae Gheorgheni Gherla Ghioca = Crîmpoaia Ghindăreşti Giridava Glava Panega Golyamo Belovo Gorna Bešovitsa Gorna Malina Gresia Gura Dobrogei Haemus M. Haemi Pr. Harmanli Haskovo Haskovo bani Hebros fl. Helice Hierasos/ Gerasus/ Tiarantos? fl. Hister fl. = Danuvius fl. Histria § (H)Istropolis § Istros Hoghiz Homorod Horia B5 Iara Iatros fl. = Athrys fl. Iatrus Ibida = (L)Ibida Ieterus fl.= Athrys fl. Ighiu Ilişua Inlăceni Ismail Istros fl. = Danuvius fl. Izlaz C3 F3 D6 C5 A2 B1 C2 F3 F5 A3/C1 C6 C6 E6 E5 A5 F4 A5 E5 Period Modern Name / Location CHRL RL RL R L R RL R R RL RL RL RL/ L/ C CHRL 337 Reference RE; KlPauly Getai See Map 21 See Map 21 Pelishet BUL BUL BUL BUL fort, settlement BUL Stara Planina BUL E end of Haemus BUL BUL BUL TIR Romula 43 RE IGBulg 2, 37-59 Hoddinott 1975, 298-300 AE 1969/70.572 TIR Naissus 57 Cătăniciu 1981, 33 TIR Romula 44 BUL Siret ROM / UKR RE Haimos 5 RE Haimos 5 See Map 51 TIB Thrakien 281-82 See Map 51 See Map 51 See Map 49 RE Τιαραντός; TIR Romula 45 Istria TIR Romula 45-46 Cătăniciu 1981, 25 Cătăniciu 1981, 50 Poulter 1983 II, 89-90 R R R See Map 21 RL R R Krivina BUL Hoddinott 1975, 133-35; Bülow 1995 UKR See Map 21 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 95 (n. 372) TIR Romula 47 R Cătăniciu 1981, 26 Jidava Jijila R RL Cătăniciu 1981, 34 TIR Romula 48 Kabyle/ Diospolis § Cabyleti Karon Limen? Karpates Oros Kasnakovo Kazanluk Koralloi Krobyzoi Krounoi = Dionysopolis Krushovitsa HRL/ L R H Shabla BUL R H R R BUL BUL BUL BUL Pliny, NH 4.40 RE Καρῶν λιµήν See Map 1 Hoddinott 1975, 216-17 Hoddinott 1975, 98-103 RE RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, col. 1019 RL BUL TIR Naissus 76 L Slava Rusă RL RL BUL NE Bulgaria TIR Romula 67 See Walls TIR Naissus 80 ItMiller 593 (L)Ibida Limes Transalutanus Ljutibrod ‘Locidae Regi’ Yambol BUL Poulter 1983 I, 233-38 338 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Grid Name Period E5 C3 Madara Mălăieşti Malva = Romula Mănărade Marcianopolis Maris(os) fl. Melta Mercurea Mesembria Mezdra Miceşti Alba Miceşti Turda Moesi Moesia Inferior Mogilets ‘Monte Haemo’ RL R A2 E5 A2 B5 A3 E6 A5 A2 A2 A5 B6 D5 B6 E4 A2 E6 RL Hoddinott 1975, 167-68 Cătăniciu 1981, 9 See Map 21 Hoddinott 1975, 267-68 See Map 21 Velkov 1977, 105 See Map 21 Hoddinott 1975, 317-23 TIR Naissus 86 See Map 21 See Map 21 See Map 21 RE Moesia Poulter 1983 II, 86-90 Maddjarov 1990, 24 RL CHRL RL Nesebur BUL fort, settlement BUL RL R RL BUL / YUG BUL / ROM BUL Kartsoviya Bouk BUL C Ialomiţa HR/ L Obzor BUL Hdt. 4.48 See Map 21 ItMiller 513; Hoddinott 1975, 334-36 RL RL R/ L Nikiup BUL Maluk Preslavets BUL TIR Romula 53 Hoddinott 1975, 143-49; Poulter 1995 Velkov 1977, 105 L RL RL BUL Svishtov BUL Isaccea See Map 21 TIR Romula 53 Hoddinott 1975, 128-33; Press 1990 TIR Romula 53-54 A2 D4 C5 F3 A2 A1 E5 C2 D6 B5 B5 B5 C2 B1 E4 F4 Obreja Ocna Dejului Odessus Odorheiu Secuiesc Odrysae Oescus Oescus fl. Oitensioi? Olteni Orheiu Bistriţei Ostrov Ovidiu CHRL RL? HR RL RL R R R RL RL A2 E5 B6 E5 Palatca Palmatis Panagyurishte Pannissus RL H RL E5 C6 A2 C5 F3 B5 A4 B6 B6 Panysos fl. Parambole Păuca Pavlikeni Peceneaga Pedonianis Pelendava Peroushtitsa Philippopolis/ Trimontium Piatra Roşie Pietroasa de Jos Pintic F3 D3 A1 Reference Reka Devniya BUL HUN / ROM Lovech BUL Naparis? fl. Napoca Naulochos/ Templum Iovis? § Tetranaulochus Nicoliţel Nicopolis ad Istrum Nigrinianis/ Candidiana Noşlac Nova Černa Novae Noviodunum F3 C5 D4 Modern Name / Location RL R?L Varna BUL BUL Gigen BUL Iskur BUL BUL Kochular? BUL BUL Dubravino / Kalimah BUL Kamchiya BUL Belozem? BUL R RL L BUL L HRL/ R R R?L BUL Plovdiv BUL Vadin BUL See Map 21 See Map 21 Hoddinott 1975, 223-33 TIR Romula 54 RE Odrysai Hoddinott 1975, 116-26 RE Moesia, col. 2361 RE Οἰτήνσιοι Cătăniciu 1981, 30 Cătăniciu 1981, 39 TIR Romula 55 TIR Romula 56 See Map 21 RE Hoddinott 1975, 85-91 RE Panysos RE ItMiller 537 See Map 21 Poulter 1983 II, 89-90 TIR Romula 57 ItMiller 503 See Map 21 Hoddinott 1975, 293-97 Hoddinott 1975, 187-95 TIR Romula 58 TIR Romula 58; Cătăniciu 1981, 9 See Map 21 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 339 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B6 E2 D4 E4 C6 A2 B4 B5 B3 F6 D4 A2 B3 C5 B4 C5 F2 C6 Pirdop Piroboridava Piscul Crăsanilor Piua Pietrei Pizus Podeni Pons Aluti Pons Constantini Pons Vetus Pontus Euxinus Popeşti Potaissa Praetorium Prisovo Purcăreni Putineiu Pyretos fl. Pyrogeri L R H RL RL BUL Poiana-Tecuci? R L R Ioneştii Govorii near Sucidava Cîineni Hoddinott 1975, 280-85 TIR Romula 58 Vulpe 1976, 124, 133-34 TIR Romula 58 Hoddinott 1975, 206 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 26 Tudor 1974, 135-66 Cătăniciu 1981, 29 See Map 1 Vulpe 1976, 124, 133-34 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 28 Poulter 1983 II, 86-90 Cătăniciu 1981, 31 Cătăniciu 1981, 34-35 TIR Romula 60 RE C3 F3 B3 A2 A3 A5 A4 A1 B4 Răcar Rachelu Rădăcineşti Războieni Reciu Regianum Rhabo fl. Rogna Romula/ Malva Roşiorii de Vede Rousalka Roxolani Rusidava B4 F5 C3 B4 A3 E4 B5 A2 A1 A1 B4 C2 A2 A2 E6 E2 F4 A3 B5 F4 B6 C6 C5 D5 E5 E6 A2 B4 A6 B6 A6 (S)Acidava Sacidava Sadovets Salinae Samum Samus fl. Săpata de Jos Sărăţeni Şard Sava Scatrae Scythia Scythia Minor Sebeş Securisca Seimeni Sernota Seuthopolis Sexaginta Prista Shoumen Shkorpilovtsi Sialetae Sic Slăveni Soneio Sostra Sozopolis = Apollonia Pontica Sparata Dimitrievo BUL H R R R R CR R Copăceni BUL Prut BUL R RL RL Kozloduj? BUL RL? Reşca R L HRL R RL L BUL Momoteşti? Cătăniciu 1981, 31 Kitov 1971 RE Suppl. 7 TIR Romula 51 BUL Lomets BUL See Map 21 TIR Romula 63 Hoddinott 1975, 256-58; Uenze 1992 See Map 21 See Map 21 See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 36-37 Cătăniciu 1981, 23 See Map 21 See Map 21 Velkov 1977, 105 See Map 1 TIR Romula 65 See Map 21 Velkov 1977, 103 TIR Romula 65 ItMiller 537 Poulter 1983 I, 289-303 RE Sexagintaprisca Hoddinott 1975, 262 Hoddinott 1975, 50 RE Sialetai See Map 21 Cătăniciu 1981, 51-52 See Map 49 Velkov 1977, 105 BUL See Map 49 Dunăreni? BUL HUN / ROM R R RL crest of Haemus RL Dobrogea RL RL R?L H RL L L R Cherkovitsa BUL BUL Rusé BUL BUL BUL BUL R RL Cătăniciu 1981, 52 TIR Romula 60 Cătăniciu 1981, 29 See Map 21 See Map 21 TIR Naissus 108 See Map 21 See Map 21 Tudor 1968, 342-61; TIR Romula 62 340 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B5 A2 A2 B6 B5 E4 A2 D5 A6 Storgosia Straja Stremţ Sub Radices Sucidava Sucidava Surduc Sveshtari Succorum Angustiae RL Pleven BUL RL RL RL Hristo Danovo BUL Celei Izvoarele? H BUL Suki Pass BUL Maddjarov 1990, 21 See Map 21 See Map 21 Maddjarov 1986; 1990, 25 Tudor 1968, 323-41 TIR Romula 69 See Map 21 Fol 1986 Velkov 1977, 93 E7 D5 TKY Martensko Kale BUL See Map 52 Velkov 1977, 105 RL R Vetren BUL Velkov 1977, 105 Poulter 1983 II, 89 RL Nufărul? TKY TKY TIR Romula 71 See Map 52 See Map 52 Cătăniciu 1981, 25 F3 F3 E4 C5 B3 C6 ‘Tarpodizo’ Tegris § Tegra Tegulitium Teliţa Templum Iovis? = Naulochos Thalamonium Thynias Thynias Pr. Tia Mare Tiarantos? fl. = Hierasos fl. Tîrgşor Tirizis Tirizis Pr. Titeşti Tomis Tonzos fl. Topalu Topraichioi Traian Transmarisca Triballi Trimammium Trimontium = Philippopolis Troesmis Trog(l)odytae Tropaeum Traiani Tsaravets Turnu Roşu Tylis RL HR RL L R H B4 B5 B5 Urluieni Utus Utus fl. R RL RL C5 C5 B5 A5 B6 A5 F4 F4 F4 F4 B5 F4 F4 F4 F4 Valea Totişii Valea Urluii Valeriana Variana Viamata Vicus ‘Bapeni’ Vicus Buteridavensis Vicus Celeris Vicus Clement(...) Vicus Hi(...) Vicus Longinopara Vicus Novus Vicus Petrus Vicus Quintionis Vicus *Ramidava R R RL RL L L R R R R R R R R R E4 F3 F3 F7 F7 B5 C4 F5 F5 B3 F4 D6 F4 F4 F3 D4 B5 C5 RL R R HRL HRL R CHRL RL L RL RL RL Kaliakra BUL Kaliakra BUL Constanţa BUL / TKY Tutrukan BUL BUL / YUG Mechka BUL Igliţa Cătăniciu 1981, 10 Hoddinott 1975, 333-34 Hoddinott 1975, 333-34 Cătăniciu 1981, 29 RE Suppl. 9 Pontos Euxeinos, cols. 1080-81 See Map 51 TIR Romula 73 Opaiţ 1980 TIR Romula 73 TIR Romula 73 See Map 21 Velkov 1977, 104-105 Tulovsko Pole? BUL TIR Romula 73-74 RE VIIA, cols. 2497-2500 Troglodytai Barnea 1979; Sâmpetru 1984 Hoddinott 1975, 249-50 TIR Romula 75 RE Utum BUL Vit BUL Cătăniciu 1981, 36 Velkov 1977, 92 RE Moesia, col. 2361 Dolni Vadin BUL Leskovo BUL Mihiltsi BUL E Augustae BUL Sariurt? Vadul? Mihail Kogălniceanu? Dorobanţul? near Glava Panega BUL Babadag Camena? near Istria near Hîrşova Cătăniciu 1981, 31 Cătăniciu 1981, 31 Velkov 1977, 91 Velkov 1977, 91 Maddjarov 1990, 26 Poulter 1980, 738 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Adamclisi BUL MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR 341 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F4 F4 B5 B5 F4 F4 F4 F4 A2 E4 E5 Vicus *Scaptia Vicus Scenopesis Vicus Siamus Vicus Trullensium Vicus Turris *Mucaporis Vicus *Ulmetensium Vicus Urb(...) Vicus ‘Ver(gob)rittiani’ Vidolm Vlahii Voivoda R R R R R RL R R Palazul Mare? near Capidava near Ostrov BUL Kounino? BUL Anadolchioi? Pantelimon de Sus Rîmnicul de Jos? near Cius RL L BUL Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 740 TIR Romula 76; Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 740 See Map 21 TIR Romula 78 Velkov 1977, 106; Milchev 1984 F5 A4 Yaila Zăvalu L BUL A.G. Poulter See Map 21 Aqueducts Grid Location Period Reference B6 C5 Philippopolis (2) Nicopolis ad Istrum (2) RL RL Kesyakova 1983 Poulter 1995, 6 Bridges Grid Location Period Reference A1 B5 Samum Valeriana R See Map 21 Tudor 1974, 19-29 Earthworks Grid Name / Location Period Reference B4 C5 Brazda lui Novac de Nord Brazda lui Novac de Sud L See Map 21 Tudor 1968a, 256-58; TIR Romula 28 Quarries Grid Location Material Reference A2 A2 Baciu Cheia M M See Map 21 Baciu See Map 21 Cheia 342 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Roads Itinerary Period Reference Napoca → Gherla → Brîncoveneşti → Salinae Napoca → Apulum → Arutela → Romula → Sucidava → Oescus Map 21 → Apulum Caput Stenarum → Hoghiz → Angustia? → Piroboridava Homorod → Odorheiu Secuiesc Angustia? → Comidava → Albota → Gresia → Flamînda Comidava → S Pons Vetus → Titeşti → Copaceni → Radacineşti → Arutela Map 21 → Pelendava → Cacîulateşti → S Pelendava → Romula → Slaveni → Izlaz → Sucidava Augustae → SW Augustae → Oescus → Novae → Durostorum → Carsium → Troesmis → Noviodunum → Aegyssus → Thalamonium Oescus → Vicus Trullensium → SW Oescus → Ad Putea → Melta → Viamata → Philippopolis Map 21 → Vicus Trullensium → Melta → Nicopolis ad Istrum → Marcianopolis → Odessus Sparata → Philippopolis → Beroe → Kabyle → Deultum → Apollonia Pontica → Thynias Map 21 → Golyamo Belovo area → S (2 routes) Dimum → Emporium Discoduraterae → Seuthopolis Doriones → Giridava → Novae Novae → SSE → Emporium Discoduraterae Novae → Nicopolis ad Istrum → Kabyle → S Iatrus → Nicopolis ad Istrum → Emporium Discoduraterae Sub Radices → Seuthopolis → Beroe → Arzus → SE Viamata → Diocletianopolis → Douvanli Cillis? → Pizus → Arzus Sexaginta Prista → Abritus → Shoumen Durostorum → Marcianopolis → Scatrae → Anchialus → Deultum → ‘Tarpodizo’ Deultum → Anchialus → Odessus → Dionysopolis → Tirizis → Callatis → Tomis → Histria → Argamum →E Altinum → Tropaeum Traiani → Tomis Tropaeum Traiani → Vicus Ulmet(ensi)um → (L)Ibida → Noviodunum Carsium → Vicus Ulmet(ensi)um → Vicus Clement(...) (L)Ibida → Aegyssus Enisala → Topraichioi → NW Jijila → Dinogetia R RL TIR Aquincum; TIR Romula TIR Aquincum; TIR Romula; Cătăniciu 1981, fig. 41 R R TIR Aquincum TIR Romula R R TIR Romula TIR Romula R R A.G. Poulter TIR Romula R RL RL RL TIR Aquincum; TIR Naissus TIR Aquincum; TIR Romula TIR Naissus TIR Romula; Poulter 1995, 5, 9 RL RL Poulter 1995, 9 Maddjarov 1990, 18-29 RL Poulter 1995, 5,9 RL Poulter 1995, 9 RL RL RL RL RL RL Hoddinott 1975, Map 2; Poulter 1995, 9 Poulter 1995, 9 Poulter 1995, 5, 9 Poulter 1995, 5 Poulter 1995, 9 Poulter 1995, 5 RL RL RL RL RL Poulter 1995, 9 Maddjarov 1990, 18-29 Poulter 1995, 9 Poulter 1995, 9 Poulter 1995, 9 RL TIR Romula; Poulter 1995, 9 RL RL TIR Romula TIR Romula RL RL RL RL TIR Romula TIR Romula TIR Romula TIR Romula Wall Grid Name / Location Period Reference B4 Limes Transalutanus, Flămînda to Albota R Cătăniciu 1981, 31-37 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Unlocated Toponyms Name Period Probable Location Reference Acrae Ad Salices L RL Velkov 1977, 111 TIR Romula 21 Adina Aedabe Ag. Kyrillos Albokensioi Alincum Amlaidina Anagonkli Anartoi Ankyriana *Ansamenses Antoninon Aodi Aphrodisias Arina Artanes fl. Arzos fl. *Asbolodina Asgarzos Asgizous Asilba Ausdecenses Authiparou L L L R L R L R L Scythia Minor between Histria and Vallis Domitiana near Palmatis between Augustae and Variana? Scythia Minor L R R L C R R L L L R L Baika Balentiniana Bargus fl. Basibounon Baskon Bassidina Basternas Bekis Bekouli Belaidipara Belastyras Beledina Bepara Bereiaros Bergison Beripara Beripara Beros Bia Bidigis Biephoi Birginaso Bisdina Bismapha Bodas Bona Mansio Bospara Bredas Buaticum Burdipta/ Burdenis L L R L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L R L L L L RL L L RL RL Calabaeus fl. Capora ‘Castris Novis’ R L RL between Tyras and Porolissum Scythia Minor Haemimontus Scythia Minor or Moesia II Haemimontus tribe between Haemus and Danube Scythia Minor Moesia II Thrace near Callatis Haemimontus Haemimontus Moesia II tribe near Tropaeum Traiani Haemimontus Haemimontus Scythia Minor or Moesia II tributary of Hebros fl. Haemimontus Thrace Moesia II Moesia II Moesia II Haemimontus Thrace Haemimontus Moesia II Thrace Thrace Thrace Thrace Moesia II, or same as above Haemimontus Haemimontus Moesia II Moesia II or Scythia Minor Moesia II Scythia Minor or Moesia II Moesia II = Lissas? Thrace Haemimontus between Thera and Thynias between Subzupara and Hadrianoupolis near Histria between Tyras and Porolissum between Pelendava and Romula Beševliev 1970, 126 Velkov 1977, 92 TIR Romula 63 TIR Romula 80 TIR Romula 22 TIR Romula 23 Beševliev 1970, 135 TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 146 TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 134 Pliny, NH 4.41 Pliny, NH 4.44 Beševliev 1970, 141 Hdt. 4.49 RE TIR Romula 24 Beševliev 1970, 137 Beševliev 1970, 138 Beševliev 1970, 142 TIR Romula 24 Beševliev 1970, 136 Beševliev 1970, 136 Beševliev 1970, 146 RE 1 Beševliev 1970, 139 Beševliev 1970, 133 Beševliev 1970, 144 Beševliev 1970, 141 Beševliev 1970, 145 Beševliev 1970, 139 Beševliev 1970, 132 Beševliev 1970, 135 Beševliev 1970, 144 Beševliev 1970, 132 Beševliev 1970, 129 Beševliev 1970, 131 Beševliev 1970, 71 Beševliev 1970, 71 Beševliev 1970, 135 Beševliev 1970, 135 Beševliev 1970, 140-41 TIR Romula 80 TIR Romula 78; Beševliev 1970, 146 Beševliev 1970, 142-43 Beševliev 1970, 146 Beševliev 1970, 141 ItMiller 536 Beševliev 1970, 128 Beševliev 1970, 135 ItMiller 514 ItMiller 538 TIR Romula 29 TIR Romula 30 Tudor 1968, 357 343 344 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Name Period Probable Location Reference Castris Rubris Cheroinon Chrysanthos Cimbrianae Clariae Constantiana Daphne RL L L L R L between Burdipta and ‘Rhamis’ Haemimontus Haemimontus between Durostorum and Altinum tribe between Haemus and Danube left bank of Danube, opposite Transmarisca ItMiller 537 Beševliev 1970, 134 Beševliev 1970, 136 TIR Romula 32 Pliny, NH 4.41 TIR Romula 37 Cumidavenses R Dagis Dalatarba Daousdaua Debre Deixas Deoniana Dertallos Diggion Dimo Diniskarta Dordas Drasdea R L R L L L L L L L L L near Histria Haemimontus between Danube and Haemus Haemimontus Haemimontus Moesia II Thrace Thrace Moesia II, or = Dimum? Moesia II Haemimontus Thrace TIR Romula 37 Beševliev 1970, 128 Ptol. 3.10.6 Beševliev 1970, 138 Beševliev 1970, 138 Beševliev 1970, 140 Beševliev 1970, 133 Beševliev 1970, 131 Beševliev 1970, 140 Beševliev 1970, 144 Beševliev 1970, 136 Velkov 1977, 131 Eisdikaia Emporion Taurokephalon Ergamia L L L Beševliev 1970, 131 Beševliev 1970, 132 Beševliev 1970, 149 Erkoulente Ermerium Eumenia L L R Thrace Thrace Scythia Minor or Moesia II, or = Argamum Moesia II between Tyras and Porolissum Scythia Minor Gemellomountes Genoukla Gesila Phossaton Getrinas Getristaous Grapso L R L L L L Moesia II Scythia Minor Haemimontus Haemimontus Haemimontus Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 142 TIR Romula 43 Beševliev 1970, 134 Beševliev 1970, 135 Beševliev 1970, 138 Beševliev 1970, 143 Hylasianai Hymauparoubri L L Haemimontus Thrace Beševliev 1970, 136 Beševliev 1970, 132 In Medio RL Velkov 1977, 196 Ioustinianoupolis Iscina Isgipera Itzes L L L L between ‘Orudizsa ad Burgum’ and Hadrianoupolis Moesia II between Tyras and Porolissum Thrace Scythia Minor or Moesia Inferior Kabotoumba Kapistouria ‘Karberos’ Karpoudaimon *Kasianon Kasibonon ‘Kastellonobo’ Katassou Kaukoensioi Keiagisoi Keriparon Kistidizos Kleisoura Konstantiana Kopoustoros *Koryolen kome L L L R R L L L R R L L L L L R TIR Romula 80 Haemimontus Thrace Haemimontus Thrace Scythia Minor Haemimontus Scythia Minor or Moesia II Scythia Minor or Moesia II Haemimontus Moesia II Haemimontus near Histria Scythia Minor or Moesia II near Odessus Beševliev 1970, 139 TIR Romula 41 TIR Romula 41 Beševliev 1970, 142 TIR Romula 47 Beševliev 1970, 129 Beševliev 1970, 146 Beševliev 1970, 137-38 Beševliev 1970, 129 Beševliev 1970, 138 Ptol. 3.11.7 TIR Romula 30 Beševliev 1970, 133-34 Beševliev 1970, 113 Beševliev 1970, 148 TIR Romula 80 TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 133 Beševliev 1970, 141 Beševliev 1970, 136 TIR Romula 34 Beševliev 1970, 145 Poulter 1980, 739 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Name Period Probable Location Reference Kotensioi Kouestris Koupron Kouskauri Kouskouli Koutzousoura Kreas Kyntodemon Kyridana R RL L L L L L L L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Scythia Minor Moesia II Moesia II Thrace Scythia Minor or Moesia II on Danube, E Securisa Haemimontus TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 126 TIR Romula 35 Beševliev 1970, 142 Beševliev 1970, 142 Beševliev 1970, 99 Beševliev 1970, 148 Beševliev 1970, 123 Beševliev 1970, 139 Laikos Pyrgos Lapidarias Larisa Libistus Lissas Loukernariabourgou Lyginos fl. R L HR R RL L HR near Histria E Oescus, Dacia Ripensis village in Naulochos area Scythia Minor NW Bessapara near Lapidarias? Moesia II; Kamtschik? TIR Romula 48 Velkov 1977, 92 Strabo 9.5.19 Pliny, NH 4.44 ItAnt 136.2 Velkov 1977, 92 RE Markerota Markerota Markerota Markianon *Maskiobrias Mauroballe *Maxentium Mediolanum L L Haemimontus Moesia II, or same as above L R L L L Metallos Monteregine L L Mourideba L Haemimontus near Abritus Moesia II between Tegris and *Quinto between Trimammium and Appiaria Moesia II Moesia II?, or confusion with ‘Locidae Regi’ Scythia Minor or Moesia II Beševliev 1970, 60 Beševliev 1970, 60 Bešelvliev 1970, 141 Beševliev 1970, 139 Poulter 1980, 739 Beševliev 1970, 145 Beševliev 1970, 124 Velkov 1977, 67 Nikomedeon Niskonis Nobeioustiniana Noes fl. Nono L L L C L Moesia II TIR Romula 53 Beševliev 1970, 148 Beševliev 1970, 148 Hdt. 4.49 Beševliev 1970, 143 Oboulensioi ‘Opisena’ ‘Orkelis’ ‘Orudisza ad Burgum’ Ostaphos Oualla Ounno Ourdaous Ozorme R R R RL R R L L L Moesia Inferior = Pizus? Thrace between Kabyle and In Medio Thrace Thrace on Danube near *Palatiolum Thrace Thrace, = Zyrmis? Ptol. 3.10.4 Ptol. 3.11.7 Ptol. 3.11.7 Velkov 1977, 196 Ptol. 3.11.7 Ptol. 3.11.7 Beševliev 1970, 121 Beševliev 1970, 132-33 Beševliev 1970, 129 Padisara *Palatiolum Parthenopolis Pauli Mandra Pedoniana Perburdava ‘Perontikon’ Peuke Oros Phossaton Picusculus fl. Piephigoi Plateypegiae Polis Kastellon Pons Ucasi Potamou Kastellon L L R L RL R R R L R R L L RL L Moesia II = Oescus? Scythia Minor Scythia Minor or Moesia II E Valeriana near Novae S Tonzos? E Carpathians? Moesia II near Histria Beševliev 1970, 146 Beševliev 1970, 121 TIR Romula 56 Beševliev 1970, 148 ItMiller 503 Poulter 1980, 739 Ptol. 3.11.3 Ptol. 3.5.5 Beševliev 1970, 142 TIR Romula 58 TIR Romula 80 TIR Romula 58 Beševliev 1970, 141 ItMiller 535 Beševliev 1970, 131 Scythia Minor Scythia Minor or Moesia II Scythia Minor or Moesia II Danube mouth Moesia II E Succorum Angustiae Thrace Beševliev 1970, 141 Beševliev 1970, 144-45 Beševliev 1970, 146 345 346 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Name Period Potoulatensioi Poulchra Theodora Pousinon Predauensioi Preidis Presidio ‘Probinou’ ‘Probinus’ Pteron Akron R L L R L L L L R *Quinto L between *Maxentium and Transmarisca Beševliev 1970, 124 Rakoule Ranilum L RL Haemimontus between Philippopolis and Carassura Beševliev 1970, 135 ItMiller 537 Ratakensioi Residina ‘Rhamis’ R L RL Rhocobae Roubousta R L ‘Sadame’ Sakissos Saldensioi ‘Salmorude’ Saltoupyrgos Sanpeus fl. Sarmathon Scaugdae Scedeba Sebastopolis Sekepedon Skariotasaloukra Skatrina RL L R RL L R L R L L L L L Skemnas Skitakes Skythias ‘Sitioenta’ Solbanou Souras Spathizos Spibyros *Stratonis Turris Sturum Subzupara Syrmus fl. L L L R L L L L RL R RL R Tamasidaua Tamonbari Taurokomon Teesimonte ‘Terta’ Teuriskoi Theodoropolis Theodoroupolis Thera/ Tira Therma Thokyodis R L L L R R L L RL L L Probable Location Scythia Minor or Moesia II Thrace Scythia Minor or Moesia II Scythia Minor or Moesia II Haemimontus Haemimontus, or same as above between Danube mouth and Histria Moesia II between Castris Rubris and Burdenis Scythia Minor Moesia II between Deultum and ‘Tarpodizo’ Thrace = Halmyris? Danube bank, Moesia II near Histria Haemimontus tribe between Haemus and Danube Scythia Minor Thrace Scythia Minor Thrace Moesia II, perhaps same as Scatrae Thrace Thrace Moesia II E Noviodunum Thrace Haemimontus Moesia II Moesia II between Tomis and Callatis between Tyras and Porolissum between Arzus and Burdipta tributary of Hebros fl. close to Hierasos fl. Thrace Haemimontus Haemimontus Thrace between Securisca and Iatrus Haemimontus between Apollonia Pontica and Buaticum Moesia II Haemimontus Reference TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 148 Beševliev 1970, 132 TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 147 Beševliev 1970, 148-49 Beševliev 1970, 134 Beševliev 1970, 134 TIR Romula 59 TIR Romula 80 Beševliev 1970, 143 ItMiller 537 TIR Romula 61 Velkov 1977, 102 ItAnt 230.1 Beševliev 1970, 131 TIR Romula 80 TIR Romula 44 TIR Romula 63 TIR Romula 63 Beševliev 1970, 136 Pliny, NH 4.41 TIR Romula 64 Velkov 1977, 132 TIR Romula 65 Beševliev 1970, 132 Beševliev 1970, 139-40 Beševliev 1970, 129-30 Beševliev 1970, 132 Beševliev 1970, 9 Ptol. 3.10.5 Beševliev 1970, 133 Beševliev 1970, 135-36 Beševliev 1970, 141 Beševliev 1970, 141 TIR Romula 69 TIR Romula 69 ItAnt 137.1 RE Ptol. 3.10.8 Beševliev 1970, 129 Beševliev 1970, 137 Beševliev 1970, 138 Ptol. 3.11.7 Ptol. 3.8.3 Velkov 1977, 103-104 Beševliev 1970, 72 ItMiller 514 Beševliev 1970, 142 Beševliev 1970, 135 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Name Period Probable Location Reference Thrasarichou Tibiska ‘Tilikion’ ‘Tillito’ L R L L Beševliev 1970, 136 Ptol. 3.10.6 TIR Romula 71 TIR Romula 71 Timogritia/ Timum Tira= Thera Tirepsum To Oukou Tonzos Tou Agiou Ioulianou Tou Agiou Theodorou Tou Agiou Traianou Touleous Touroules Tres Protomae Trissa/ Tirissa Tzasklis Tzitaetous ‘Tzoides’ Tzonpolegon Tzyeidon RL Haemimontus between Danube and Haemus Scythia Minor?, or = Tegulitium Scythia Minor or Moesia II, or = Tegulitium between Callatis and Dionysopolis L L R L L L L L R RL between Tyras and Porolissum Haemimontus on Tonzos fl.? Haemimontus Haemimontus Thrace Thrace Moesia II Scythia Minor Scythia Minor GeogRav 4.5 Beševliev 1970, 134 Ptol. 3.11.7 Beševliev 1970, 135 Beševliev 1970, 134 Beševliev 1970, 133 Beševliev 1970, 130 Beševliev 1970, 141-42 TIR Romula 73 Velkov 1977, 113 L L L L L Scythia Minor or Moesia II Haemimontus Haemimontus Haemimontus Haemimontus Beševliev 1970, 148 Beševliev 1970, 135 Velkov 1977, 116 Beševliev 1970, 139 Beševliev 1970, 138-39 Urgum R between Tyras and Porolissum TIR Romula 76 Vallis Domitiana Vicus (...)diano Vicus Agatapara Vicus Carporum *Vicus Narcissiani Vicus Oual(...) Vicus Parsal(...) Vicus Pereprus Vicus Saprisara Vicus Secundini Vicus Tautiomosis RL R R L R R R R R R R between Halmyris and Ad Salices near Marcianopolis Thrace near Carsium near Tomis near Callatis near Histria near Melta near Nicopolis ad Istrum near Histria near Krivodol BUL TIR Romula 77 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 738 TIR Romula 77 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 739 Poulter 1980, 740 Poulter 1980, 740 Zaldapa Zargidaua Zdebren Zemarkou ‘Zetnoukortou’ Zigkyro Zisnoudeba Zositerson Zygere Zyrmis L R L L L L L L R RL Moesia II close to Hierasos fl. Haemimontus Haemimontus Dacia Ripensis Thrace Moesia II Thrace Scythia Minor between Bessapara and Philippopolis Velkov 1977, 109 Ptol. 3.10.8 Beševliev 1970, 136 Beševliev 1970, 133 Velkov 1977, 89 Beševliev 1970, 133 Beševliev 1970, 141 Beševliev 1970, 131 TIR Romula 79 ItMiller 535-36 Velkov 1977, 113 347 348 MAP 22 MOESIA INFERIOR Bibliography Babeş 1975 M. 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