L`accentuation

L ’a c c e n t u a t io n
Langue Orale
1/
I. TRANSPARENT AND OPAQUE DERIVATION:
a) Transparente: le mot de depart est reconnaissable, sans aucun changement, sauf ceux
autorisés par l’orthographe: illude, illusory ; intimate, incitimacy: changements normaux de
l’ortho. Le doublement de la consonne n’altère pas la dérivation transparente. Mais qd le
redoublement ne se produit pas alors qu’il devrait, la dérivation est opaque: prefer, preferable
(et pas preferrable) --> opaque; deter, deterrent: transparent.
b) Opaque: quand le mot de départ n’est pas entièrement récuperable, + qd le suffixe
ajouté est fort.
II. GENERAL RULES:
- 2-syllable words:
•
•
•
•
Rule re’late, ‘senate: 1-syllable words in –ate: vbs 01, other categories: 10.
Rule ‘follow: 1-syllable words with no prefix: 10
Rule ‘proverb, be’gin: 2-syllable words: nouns 10, others: 01.
Rule: la’ment: 2-syllable verbs in –ment (or –ent) 01.
- More than 2 syllables: Adjectives and substantives:
•
•
‘Origin rule: mots qui ont 1 C après la voyelle de l’avant-dernière syllabe -->
100
o Subrule tri’bunal: mots terminés par –al mais issus d’un mot en
VC(r)e --> 10: ‘hormone hor’monal, ‘tribune tri’bunal.
o Subrule of Italian words: mots terminés par t, d, s, z, n + une voyelle
non-muette (autre que <y>) --> 10 (mar’tini, po’tato, ba’nana)
Me’mento rule: mots qui ont 2 C après la voyelle de l’avant-dernière syll.
•
o Subrule ‘energy: les mots qui ont un C cluster avant la dernière voyelle
<y> ont 100 (‘industry, ‘calumny…)
‘Relative rule: words of 3 syllables in –ative have 100.
- More than 2 syllables: Verbs:
•
•
•
•
‘Generalize rule: transparent derivations in –ise, -ize keep the initial stress.
‘Mechanize rule: opaque derivations in –ise, -ize have a 100 pattern.
Repre’sent, de’termine rule: prefixed verbs are stressed on the first syllable
of the stem.
Verbs in –ment rule: verbs in –ment of more than 2 syllables are 100.
o ‘Origin rule: mots qui ont 1 C après la voyelle de l’avant-dernière
syllabe --> 100
- More than 2 syllables: words in –ary, -ory:
•
‘Victory rule: words of 3 syllables in –ary/-ory have 100.
•
•
‘Predatory rule: verbs of 2 syllables in –ate have 1000 when –ory is added.
Contra’dictory rule: -ary/-ory suffixes are neutral in transparent derivations:
the stress is the same as the original word.
•
‘Territory rule: opaque derivations of more than 3 syllables with one C before
the suffix have 1000.
Satis’factory rule: opaque derivations of more than 3 syll with more than one
C before the suffix are 100.
•
III. MIXED SUFFIXES:
-able, -age, -al, -an, -ance, -ant, -ar, -ary, -ate (nom), -ate (adj), -ence, -ile, -ine, -ism, -ist, ite, -ive, -or, -ory, -ous, -ure, -y.
- ous: systematically non-neutral: words must be considered opaque in every case: ex:
‘moment > mo’mentous = the origin/memento must be applied.
-al: il faut différencier les cas où il est neutre ou pas:
• Neutral when added to a prefixed verb, or to a word added with –ion (re’fuse >
re’fusal, de’ny > de’nial, tra’dition > tra’ditional BUT ‘maniac > ma’niacal).
• Non-neutral in other cases.
• In words originally in VC(r)e : l’ajout de –al donne 10. De meme, -oid + al donne
10 (el’lipsoid > ellip’soidal).
• But when the final is Vre (generally –ure) the origin rule applies.
IV. ACTIVE SUFFIXES:
FFiinnaall ssyylllaabbllee rruullee ((FFSSRR)) XXXXXX11
-ELLE bagatelle gazelle
-ADE /e!d/ blockade lemonade
Exc:
centigrade
retrograde
motorcade
(compound) marmalade renegade accolade
comrade decade
-ADE /"#d/ facade promenade
-ESE Vietnamese Portuguese Veronese
Exc: diocese
-AIRE millionaire questionnaire
-ESQUE grotesque picturesque
-EE absentee refugee settee trainee
-ETTE usherette majorette (cigarette)
Exc: coffee toffee tepee spondee trochee Yankee
Exc: omelette palette etiquette
apogee pedigree Galilee jubilee committee
employee
-EER engineer career auctioneer
Exc: overseer (compound)
- Vsce acquiesce
- V(s)que: technique opaque picturesque
-OO shampoo hullabaloo kangoroo
Exc: cuckoo igloo voodoo
-OON cartoon raccoon typhoon
Exc: honeymoon (compound)
PPeennuullttiimmaattee ssyyl llaabbllee rruullee ((PPSSRR)) XX0011 ((aavvaanntt ddeerrnniièèrree))
-IC athletic democratic diplomatic economic -ICS
acoustics
mathematics
futuristic materialistic
physics
Exc: Arabic chivalric heretic lunatic arithmetic (N)
Exc: politics political (ly) (regular)
phonetics
Catholic rhetoric cadaveric Dominic arsenic (N)
(choleric)
NB: Catholicism rhetorical arithmetically, etc. (les
suffixes neutres régularisent les exceptions)
-ID splendid intrepid valid
Exc: invalid pyramid
-ISCENCE/ESCENCE reminiscence
adolescence recrudescence convalescence
NB: pyramidal (regular)
-ISH (V) abolish demolish distinguish -IT inhabit implicit inhibit
extinguish
Exc: impoverish
-ITIS appendicitis
laryngitis
arthritis
- IBLE/UBLE perceptible
BUT: -igible: incorrigible
- COMA glaucoma
bronchitis -OSIS diagnosis
tuberculosis
Exc: metamorphosis
-SIVE aggressive
cirrhosis
psychosis
EExxtteennddeedd ––IIOONN rruullee ((ssttrreessss oonn ssyyl llaabbllee bbeeffoorree ssuuffffiixx))
<i>
<u> + V + (V) + (C n ) + <e>
<e>
-ION constitution diction apprehension
+ neutral suffix constitutional dictionary
-IAL cordial jovial
+ neutral suffix cordially jovially
Exc: dandelion lion television
-IAN librarian vegetarian Australian
+ neutral suffix librarianship vegetarianism
-IO radio oratorio
-IAR familiar peculiar
+ neutral suffix peculiarness
-UAL habitual unusual intellectual
+ neutral suffix intellectualize
Exc: spiritual
-UOUS ambiguous contemptuous innocuous
+ neutral suffix innocuousness
-EOUS courageous nauseous simultaneous
+ neutral suffix simultaneously
-UATE perpetuate
-EO video cameo
Exc: Galileo
-EA nausea
-EAR nuclear
Exc: idea ideal
Exc: arrears
-EUM linoleum
-EAN Mediterranean
Exc: museum
Exc: Caribbean European Herculean Protean (/i:/)
AAnntteeppeennuullttiimmaattee ssyyl llaabbllee rruullee ((AASSRR)) XX110000 ((aavvaanntt aavvaanntt ddeerrnniièèrree))
-ATE* V /e!t/ demonstrate hesitate -ETY/ITY society notoriety propriety ability
negotiate
calamity
Exc: peregrinate tergiversate
-ATE adj /!t/ considerate degenerate -FY* indemnify qualify personify glorify
* stress on –fy in 2-syllable words
effeminate indiscriminate
Exc: alternate consummate immediate incarnate
-ITIVE competitive repetitive intuitive
-ATE N /!t/ doctorate syndicate
Exc: magistrate /e!t/ ou /!t/
-ITUDE similitude promptitude ingratitude -ISE/IZE* analyse improvise advertise
latitude
fraternize antagonize recognize (lorsque le
suffixe est rajouté (ideal >idealize) il est neutre).
* stress on –ize in 2-syllable words
-LOGY/LOGIST/LOGER/LOGISM
-GRAPHER/GRAPHY
photographer
sociology theology methodology criminologist choreographer geography radiography
archeologist astrologer neologism
-OUS autonomous
unanimous
numerous
fabulous
Exc: disastrous enormous desirous tremendous
momentous stupendous portentous
22--ssyyl llaabbllee wwoorrddss eennddiinngg iinn ––AATTEE oorr --FFYY
-ATE V /e!t/ create debate inflate dictate -FY (and similar versb) defy rely deny
frustrate inflate migrate relate translate
imply reply
-ATE N /!t/ /it/ climate magnate pirate -ISE/IZE advise surprise revise baptize
senate
capsize
Exc: debate
V. NEUTRAL SUFFIXES: (SELECTION)
-AGE orphan orphanage ; pilgrim pilgrimage -(E)D arrive arrived ; apologize apologized
-ER drive driver; interpret interpreter
-ING elevate elevating
Exc: oversee overseer; undertake undertaker (etc
compounds)
-ISE/IZE (suffix) character characterize
-ISH (adj) suffix yellow yellowish
Exc: canal canalize, democrat democratize,
immune immunize
-ISM Protestant Protestantism
-OR accelerate accelerator
Exc: execute executor, orate orator
-DOM king kingdom
-FUL wonder wonderful
-HOOD brother brotherhood
-LESS defence defenceless
Exc: nevertheless
LY individual individually
-MENT disagree disagreement
Exc: advertise advertisement
-NESS polite politeness
-WISE other otherwise
-SHIP chairman chairmanship
VI. PRINCIPES DE BASE DE L’ACCENTUATION
- 2-accents successifs sont exclus: sequences impossibles :11/ /12/ /21/
ou /22/ sauf dans le cas de composes ou de prefixes détachables accentués suivis d’un mot
commençant par une sll accentuée (,re-’marry)
- la sequence /00/ à l’initiale de mot est exclue.
- Si 2 syllabe apparaissent avt l’accent primaire, la 1ère portera
nécessairement un accent secondaire.
- Ds le cas de mots comportant plus de 2 syll avt l’accent primaire, il
faudra se referrer au mot de derivation le plus proche: to com’pare donne
‘comparable et ,com’parability a un accent 2 sur com parce qu’il est dérivé
de comparable et pas de compare.
- /00/ est tt à fait possible entre les 2 accents.
- Tt ce qui suit l’accent principal est affecté de /0/: ‘aggravatingly /10000/