Quelle(s) mémoire(s) de la Résistance à Lyon

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Je souhaiterais remercier tous ceux qui m’ont aidé lors de mes recherches et particulièrement
Laurent Douzou pour ses encouragements et ses conseils précieux, Chantal Jorro du Centre de
Documentation du CHRD pour sa disponibilité et sa gentillesse, Séverine Ceddia et Brigitte
Demanche de la Mairie de Lyon pour leur accueil. Merci également à mes parents, ma soeur et
mes amis de Grenoble et de Lyon pour leur soutien et à Pierre pour la relecture et le réconfort
apporté quotidiennement.
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Le complexe français réside ainsi autant dans la difficulté d’assumer Vichy que
dans celle d’admettre que la Résistance, le mythe national, fut non seulement
l’œuvre d’une minorité mais plus encore d’individus remarquables […]. En 1940,
aucun corps constitué, aucun parti, aucune structure collective n’a appelé à
résister. Le refus premier s’est exprimé par des appels personnels, spontanés
[…]. D’où la difficulté encore aujourd’hui pour la plupart des partis, l’Eglise,
l’Université, les corps professionnels, d’exprimer, en tant que groupes, la
mémoire de cette période. Aucun n’étant sorti indemne de l’épreuve, aucun ne
peut échapper au sentiment de culpabilité, sinon en célébrant le souvenir de
quelques hommes et de quelques femmes exceptionnels, dont les noms ornent
les plaques commémoratives des lieux publics, mais qui, au bout du compte, ne
représentaient à l’époque qu’eux-mêmes » 21 .
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Il s’agit là d’une grande dame de la Résistance qui a été fondatrice du réseau
Alliance […]. Je voudrais à cette occasion non seulement souligner ce geste très
positif, mais en même temps me réjouir que dans les rues de Lyon, soient
maintenant célébrées les femmes de la Résistance qui ont occupé une place
particulièrement importante […]. Le rôle de ces femmes dans la Résistance ne
s’est pas réduit à une action subalterne, mais elles ont été presque toutes très
actives dans les réseaux, les organisations, les mouvements, à de nombreux
postes, à divers niveaux de responsabilité. Combattant souvent à mains nues,
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& elles ont payé un lourd tribut à la défense de la liberté et il est juste que leur place
soit reconnue par Lyon 37 .
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D’abord, parce que leur statut juridique, politique et social en faisait des
marginales de la vie publique. Ensuite, parce que la majorité d’entre elles ne
disposaient pas comme les hommes – sauf celles qui appartenaient à un
mouvement de jeunesse – de réseaux susceptibles de les préparer à
l’aguerrissement physique que donne la pratique des sports, a fortiori le service
militaire. Enfin, parce que l’image traditionnelle de « la » femme, épouse et mère,
véhiculée par l’éducation et les médias, les liait davantage à la famille,
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& développant, par voie de conséquence, un plus grand besoin de sécurité et un
sens souvent profond de culpabilité chez celles que leur action de résistance
obligeait à s’éloigner des leurs pour les protéger de la répression ou privait […]
d’être ou de devenir mères 39 .
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Leur place dans la Résistance reflète leur place dans la société. Même si, compte
tenu des contraintes de l’improvisation et de l’urgence des besoins, des femmes
se sont vu confier, ou bien ont assumé d’elles-mêmes, des responsabilités qui ne
leur seraient jamais échues autrement, dans la majorité des cas elles ont eu à
accomplir des tâches d’exécution, considérées comme subalternes, dans le
prolongement de leurs fonctions habituelles : fonctions dites féminines, telles
que secrétariat, services sociaux, liaisons, etc. 41
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La reconnaissance du droit des femmes à intervenir sur l’espace public s’est
concrètement traduite par leur entrée dans les diverses instances politiques de la
Libération et de l’après-guerre, depuis les comités locaux de la Libération jusqu’à
l’Assemblée nationale […]. Néanmoins, les femmes ont occupé à l’époque une
position marginale dans les lieux de pouvoir, très minoritaires (entre moins de
cinq pour cent et dix pour cent du corps politique), elles étaient peu associées à
la prise de décision […]. Surtout, très vite elles disparurent durablement de la
scène politique officielle 45 .
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La première tient à la reconstruction identitaire de la France sur des fondements
essentiellement nationaux. Une « nationalisation » de la Résistance s’imposait
pour donner aux Français comme aux puissances alliées l’image d’un peuple
communiant dans le combat pour la liberté ou dans les souffrances subies du fait
de l’occupant […]. La deuxième raison de l’« oubli » de la participation des
étrangers à la Libération tient à la Guerre froide qui bientôt sépara le monde en
deux blocs. D’une part, le gouvernement français prit sa part de la lutte
anticommuniste à la fin des années 1940 en traquant et expulsant les militants
étrangers (souvent, de fait, des anciens résistants) ; d’autre part, bien des noms
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de responsables communistes immigrés de la Résistance française disparurent
un temps de la mémoire communiste officielle […]. La troisième raison de cet
oubli de la Résistance des étrangers tient à la volonté farouche de ces hommes et
de ces femmes de se fondre dans la communauté nationale, de s’intégrer alors
même que des années durant ils avaient été stigmatisés, mis au ban de la
société. La priorité, alors, n’était pas à la différence 52 .
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morts, honorant ainsi avec émotion la mémoire du groupe des acteurs, mais
aussi « rassembler » la mémoire du reste de la communauté autour du message
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celui du « rassemblement », si bien réussie pour les combattants de la Grande
Guerre, fonctionne mal pour les résistants. Ceux-ci vivent une contradiction
fondamentale dont ils n’ont jamais réussi à sortir. Ou bien ils insistent sur ce qui
les « distingue », au risque de se retrouver marginalisés, comme ils l’étaient à
l’époque, ce qu’ils veulent précisément éviter ; ou bien ils jouent le jeu du
rassemblement autour d’un message unanimiste, au risque cette fois de perdre
leur âme, de masquer ce qui fit la spécificité de leur combat, de gommer les
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? @
AMORETTI Henri, Lyon capitale, 1940-1944, Paris, Editions France-Empire, 1964, 420
p.
AZEMA Jean-Pierre, De Munich à la Libération, 1938-1944, Nouvelle histoire de la
France contemporaine, t.14, Paris, Le Seuil, 1979, 412 p.
AZEMA Jean-Pierre, « Résister », L’Histoire, 1985, n°80, pp.9-24.
AZEMA Jean-Pierre, « Des résistances à la Résistance », in AZEMA Jean-Pierre et
BEDARIDA François, La France des années noires, t.2 De l’occupation à la
Libération, Paris, Le Seuil, 1993, pp.241-270.
AZEMA Jean-Pierre et BEDARIDA François, « L’historicisation de la Résistance »,
Esprit, 1994, n°198, pp.19-35.
BEDARIDA François, « L’histoire de la Résistance - Lectures d’hier, chantiers de
demain », Vingtième siècle, 1986, n°11, pp.75-89.
BEDARIDA Renée, « Lyon, capitale de la Résistance », L’Histoire, 1985, n°80,
pp.30-31.
8.
CAPDEVILA Luc et VIRGILI Fabrice, « Guerre, femmes et nation en France
(1939-1945) », 2000, Ressources en ligne du site Internet de l’Institut d’Histoire du
Temps Présent, http://www.ihtp.cnrs.fr/publications/guerres_femmes_FV_LC.html
COURTOIS Stéphane, PESCHANSKI Denis et RAYSKI Adam, Le sang de l’étranger –
Les immigrés de la M.O.I. dans la Résistance, Paris, Fayard, 1989, 470 p.
DOUZOU Laurent, « La Résistance, une affaire d’hommes ? », Cahiers de l’IHTP,
1995, n°31, pp.11-24.
GUILLON Jean-Marie, « La Résistance historisée », Vingtième siècle, 1996, n°52,
pp.132-135.
IHTP (Institut d’Histoire du Temps Présent), Cahiers de l’IHTP n°37, La Résistance et
les Français - Nouvelles approches, Paris, Editions du CNRS, 1997, 185 p.
LAZARE Lucien, La Résistance juive en France, Paris, Stock, 1987, 410 p.
PESCHANSKI Denis, Des étrangers dans la Résistance, Paris, Les Editions de l’Atelier,
2002, 126 p.
RAVINE Jacques, La Résistance organisée des juifs en France (1940-1944), Paris,
Julliard, 1973, 317 p.
ROUSSO Henry, « La Résistance entre la légende et l’oubli », L’Histoire, 1982, n°41,
pp.98-111.
RUBY Marcel, La Résistance à Lyon, Lyon, Editions L’Hermès, 1979, 2 tomes, 1054 p.
RUBY Marcel, Lyon et le département du Rhône dans la guerre, 1939-1945,
Saint-Etienne, Editions Horvath, 1990, 239 p.
THALMANN Rita, « L’oubli des femmes dans l’historiographie de la Résistance », Clio,
1995, n°1, http://clio.revues.org/document513.html
VEILLON Dominique et WIEVIORKA Olivier, « La Résistance », in AZEMA Jean-Pierre
et BEDARIDA François, La France des années noires, t.2 De l’occupation à la
Libération, Paris, Le Seuil, 1993, pp.65-90.
BEDARIDA François, « La mémoire contre l’histoire », Esprit, 1993, n°193, pp.7-13.
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http://www.sciences-sociales.ens.fr
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Ville d’Orléans : http://www.ville-orleans.fr
Fondation et Institut Charles de Gaulle : http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org
Institut Pierre Mendès France : http://www.pierremendesfrance.asso.fr
Association Jean Monnet : http://www.jean-monnet.net
Centre d’Etudes Edmond Michelet : http://www.centremichelet.org
Saint-Exupéry : http://www.saint-exupery.org
Barreau de Lyon : http://www.barreaulyon.com
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