HISTORY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION David RIEFF
Transcription
HISTORY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION David RIEFF
Academic Year 2014/2015 Paris School of International Affairs Fall Semester HISTORY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION David RIEFF This course will examine the development, transformation, current state of, and future prospects for the doctrine and practice of Humanitarian Intervention from the “atrocitarians” of 19th century Britain to the responsibility to protect today. In the course of doing this, it will also analyze the moral and political case for (and the philosophical roots of that case) and against humanitarian intervention both as a system and as a practice, and its inherent contradictions. The course will end with an examination of where the doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention fits in the current system of global governance (to the extent that system exists), and what its prospects are likely to be in various scenarios for the transformation of that system over the course of the next several decades. Session 1: Course Introduction Session 2: Origins – The Philosophical Justifications and the Initial Historical Phases of Humanitarian Intervention John Stuart Mill, A few words on non-intervention (1859), in: The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XXI - Essays on Equality, Law, and Education, ed. John M. Robson, Introduction by Stefan Collini (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984). http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=255&search= %22A+Few+Words+On+Non-intervention%22&chapter=21666&layout=html#a_809352 Definition of Humanitarian intervention, Wikipedia. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention Alex de Waal, No Such Thing as Humanitarian Intervention – Why We Need to Rethink How to Realize the “Responsibility to Protect” in Wartime, Harvard International Review, March 21, 2007. http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/154/26062.html Tonny Brems Knudsen, The History of Humanitarian Intervention: The Rule or the Exception?, Paper for the 50th ISA Annual Convention, New York, February 15-18 2009. http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/7/0/8/0/pages370801/p370801 -1.php Session 3: Humanitarian Intervention as a Justification for European Imperialism IN THIS SESSION, WE WILL EXAMINE IN DEPTH THE USE OF THE IDEA OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR, INDEED, AS (FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE COLONIZERS) A DESCRIPTION OF THE EUROPEAN IMPERIAL ENTERPRISE. N.B. IN THE CASE OF THE MATERIALS ON FRANCE’S “MISSION CIVILISATRICE”, THE FRENCH SOURCES ARE FAR PREFERABLE (FOR OBVIOUS REASONS). BUT I HAVE PROVIDED ENGLISH ONES FOR THOSE IN THE LECTURE WHO DO NOT READ FRENCH. THAT SAID, THOSE WHO ARE READING THE FRENCH MATERIALS SHOULD STILL READ THE ALICE CONKLIN EXCERPT (1B) AND THE KELLER (1C). Mission Civilisatrice (English) Definition of “Civilizing mission” from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizing_mission Alice L. Conklin, A mission to civilize: the republican idea of empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930, Stanford University Press, 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=v6T78YHsTq8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Roland Paris, “International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice,’”Review of International Studies (2002), 28, 637–656. http://www.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Paris_ROLAND- International_peacebuilding_and_the_Mission_Civilisatrice.pdf Martin Deming Lewis, “One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The "Assimilation" Theory in French Colonial Policy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Jan., 1962), pp. 129153 Published by: Cambridge University Press http://hia.squarespace.com/storage/Lewis%20-%20Assimilation%20Theory.pdf *For those with access to Jstor Mission Civilisatrice (French) Dino Costantini, Chapter II. Les stratégies de légimisation du «nouveau discours colonial» français - “Une mission tutélaire” in: Le rôle de l'histoire coloniale dans la construction de l'identité politique française, Ed. La Découverte, 2008. http://lmsi.net/La-mission-civilisatrice-Cinquieme Speech of de Jules Ferry, July 28th 1885 and the response of Georges Clémenceau, July 30th 1885 – debate on the colonial policy in France at Chambre des Députés (III Republic) http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article177 More of the debate (Débats sur la politique coloniale en France) http://icp.ge.ch/po/cliotexte/xixe-et-xxe-siecle-colonisation-etimperialisme/colonisation.colonies.4.html “Tintin au Congo” ou la mission civilisatrice de la colonisation. 2 http://blogs.mondomix.com/samarra.php/2009/11/28/tintin-au-congo-ou-la-mission-civilisatr British imperialism The poem of Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man's Burden” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5478 For the background to the poem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden Jerome Kohn (Director of Hannah Arendt Center, New School University), “Totalitarianism: The Inversion of Politics”, text available on the Website of Library of Congress/American memory http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/essayb2.html Joseph Chamberlain, "The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and the White Man’s Burden." Sources of the Western Tradition, Second Edition: Volume Two From the Renaissance to the Present (1991): 213-215. http://www.pascack.k12.nj.us/cms/lib5/NJ01000238/Centricity/Domain/111/AP SD PS.pdf Session 4: The Red Cross Movement WITH ITS TRADITION (SOME WOULD SAY ITS FETISHIZATION) OF STRICT NEUTRALITY AND IMPARTIALITY, THE RED CROSS MOVEMENT IS CONVENTIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANITARIAN ACTION (i.e., ICRC and IHL) IN THE CARITATIVE SENSE, BUT NOT WITH HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION. NONETHELESS, THE REALITY IS A BIT MORE COMPLICATED. FOR WHILE IT IS TRUE THAT THE RED CROSS MOVEMENT IS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF NEUTRALITY AND IMPARTIALITY, IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR, THE VARIOUS NATIONAL RED CROSS MOVEMENTS BECOME DE FACTO MEDICAL ARMS OF THE ARMIES OF THEIR COUNTRIES. IT WAS IN RECOGNITION OF THE WAY IN WHICH THIS BEHAVIOR DID NOT CONFORM TO THE IDEALS OF THE MOVEMENT AS HENRY DUNANT HAD IMAGINED THEM AND THE JURIST GUSTAVE MOYNIER HAD TRIED TO REALIZE THEM, THAT CAUSED THE STRENGTHENING AFTER THE WAR ENDED OF THE ICRC, ALSO KNOWN AS THE GENEVA COMMITTEE, WHICH TO THE EXTENT IT HAD A NATIONALITY WAS THAT OF NEUTRAL SWITZERLAND AND THUS WAS THOUGHT TO BE ABLE TO INCARNATE NEUTRALITY IN A WAY THE NATIONAL SOCIETIES HAD PROVED THAT THEY COULD OR WOULD NOT. The Red Cross André Durand, «Gustave Moynier and the peace societies», International Review of the Red Cross, No. 314: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jnaw.htm List of NGOs at the Website of «Obesrvatoire humanitaire» http://www.observatoire-humanitaire.org/fr/index.php?page=ong.php&tri=all David P. Forsythe, Review of the book Champions of charity: War and the rise of the Red Cross by John F. Hutchinson (Westview Press, Boulder, 1996, 448 pp.), International Review of the Red Cross, No. 315: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jnd4.htm Relief Aid 3 Russian Famine Relief Act (Wikipedia): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act Bertrand M. Patenaude, «Food as a Weapon», Hoover digest, 2007 no. 1: http://www.hoover.org/research/food-weapon Benjamin M. Weissman, Herbert Hoover and famine relief to Soviet Russia, 1921-1923, Hoover Institution publication, Volume 134, No. 134, Issue 134, Hoover Press, 1974, 247p. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_Es-_Jh2qUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Radosh, Ronald, The Politics of Food, HOW AMERICA KEPT RUSSIA FROM STARVING, HUMANITIES, March/April 2011, Volume 32, Number 2 http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/marchapril/feature/the-politics-food Question to consider: Is relief a continuation of war by other means? Marshall Plan Albrecht Ritschl, «The Marshall Plan, 1948-1951», EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. February 10, 2008. http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-marshall-plan-1948-1951/ Session 5: The legacies of WWI and WWII THE DOCTRINE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, BY FORCE IF NECESSARY, OWES MUCH OF ITS MORAL FORCE IN POST-1945 EUROPE TO THE FAILURE TO PREVENT THE SHOAH - A MORE ACCURATE AND APPROPRIATE HEBREW TERM FOR THE NAZIS’ NEAR TOTAL EXTERMINATION OF EUROPEAN JEWRY BETWEEN 1941 AND 1945. BERNARD KOUCHNER IN PARTICULAR HAS BEEN BOTH EXPLICIT AND ELOQUENT ON THE MATTER. IN SOME SENSE - WHETHER IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY - THE SENSE OF THE WORLD HAVING FAILED TO SAVE EUROPEAN JEWRY (WHETHER THERE WAS ANYTHING THAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE IS A SEPARATE QUESTION, BUT ONE THAT BEARS CONSIDERATION) GAVE RISE TO THE DOCTRINE SUMMED UP IN THE “MOT D’ORDRE” “NEVER AGAIN”. INDEED, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION CAN BE SAID TO OPERATE UNDER THE “SIGN” OF “NEVER AGAIN”. AND THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT HUMANITARIANISM FAILED IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR. THAT THIS WAS A PART OF A GENERAL FAILURE OF THE EMBRYONIC WORLD ORDER INCARNATED IN THE UNITED NATIONS’ PREDECESSOR, THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, IS CLEAR. BUT THE FAILURE WAS SPECIFICALLY THAT OF THE ICRC, WHICH IN THE EYES OF MANY DISGRACED ITSELF DURING WORLD WAR II, IN EFFECT COLLUDING WITH THE NAZIS TO COVER UP THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS. The ICRC in WWII Le CICR, 1939-45: Face à l’Holocauste http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/history-holocaust-020205.htm Entre histoire et mémoire, le CICR et les camps de concentration et d’extermination nazis http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/68xejs.htm Visite au Commandant du camp d’Auschwitz d'un délégué du CICR (septembre 1944) http://www.vho.org/F/b/CICR/3.html 4 League of Nations and the International Order Excerpt from The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction by Jussi M. Hanhimäki. http://blog.oup.com/2011/10/league-of-nations/ Speech by Woodrow Wilson, “The League of Nations”, to Third Plenary Session of Commission on the League of Nations, February 14th, 1919. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww38.htm The failure of the League of Nations Causes Of Failure Of League of Nations http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-f/international-relations/15799-causesfailure-league-nations.html The “Failure” of the League of Nations and the Beginnings of the UN http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/1408237660.pdf E.H Carr and The Failure of the League of Nations. http://www.e-ir.info/?p=4915 Session 6: The Geneva Conventions Conventions 1949 et Protocoles Additionnels Convention (I) de Genève pour l’amélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les forces armées en campagne, 12 août 1949. Convention (II) de Genève pour l’amélioration du sort des blessés, des malades et des naufragés des forces armées sur mer, 12 août 1949. Convention (III) de Genève relative au traitement des prisonniers de guerre, 12 août 1949. Convention (IV) de Genève relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre, 12 août 1949. Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à la protection des victimes des conflits armés internationaux (Protocole I), 8 juin 1977. Annexe I (Protocole I) : Règlement relatif à l'identification (tel qu’amendé le 30 novembre 1993). Annexe I (Protocole I) : Règlement relatif à l'identification (version du 8 juin 1977). Annexe II (Protocole I). Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à la protection des victimes des conflits armés non internationaux (Protocole II), 8 juin 1977. Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à l’adoption d’un signe distinctif additionnel (Protocole III), 8 décembre 2005. 1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols 5 Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. Annex I (to the Protocol I): Regulations concerning identification (as amended on 30 November 1993) Annex I (to the Protocol I): Regulations concerning identification (as of 6 June 1977) Annex II (to the Protocol I) Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977. Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005 Session 7: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights Michael Ignatieff, I. Human Rights as Politics and II. Human Rights as Idolatry, The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, delivered at Princeton University April 4–7, 2000. http://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/i/Ignatieff_01.pdf Session 8: Case Study – The War in Biafra MODERN HUMANITARIANISM, OUT OF WHICH PRACTICAL IDEAS FOR HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION WOULD EVOLVE, IS BORN IN NIGERIA, IN THE BIAFRAN WAR OF SECESSION OF 1967-1970 THIS IS WHERE BERNARD KOUCHNER, THE ANIMATING SPIRIT BEHIND THE SO-CALLED ‘DROIT D’INGÉRENCE’ (THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION IS INEXACT AND NEITHER THE RIGHT OF INTERFERENCE NOR THE RIGHT OF INTERVENTION ENTIRELY CORRESPOND TO THE FRENCH COINAGE), GOT HIS START AS THE ORGANIZER OF A GROUP OF FRENCH DOCTORS WORKING ON THE BIAFRAN SIDE. THE FRENCH DOCTORS WOULD BECOME THE NUCLEUS OF WHAT LATER BECAME MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES/DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS. THE KEY POINT ABOUT THE ENGAGEMENT OF THE FRENCH DOCTORS AND OTHERS IN BIAFRA IS THAT IT WAS THERE THAT THE ICRC’S IDEAL AND PRACTICE OF NEUTRALITY WAS CALLED INTO QUESTION. THE FRENCH DOCTORS WERE 6 CLEARLY SYMPATHETIC TO THE BIAFRAN CAUSE (IF ANYTHING, THIS IS AN UNDERSTATEMENT). BUT OF COURSE, ONCE NEUTRALITY HAS BEEN ABANDONED, THERE COMES TO BE A LINK, AT LEAST IN SOME EXTREME CASES, BETWEEN HUMANITARIAN ACTION AND AT LEAST THE POTENTIAL FOR OUTSIDE MILITARY INTERVENTION, AND HUMANITARIAN RELIEF WORKERS COME TO BE ADVOCATES FOR SUCH INTERVENTION - A ROLE KOUCHNER PLAYED THROUGHOUT ALL THE PERIODS OF HIS CAREER WHEN HE WAS NOT IN GOVERNMENT (AND ARGUABLY, THOUGH MORE MUTEDLY, EVEN WHEN HE WAS). Short account of the conflict: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/biafra.htm Major Abubakar A. Atofarati, The Nigerian Civil War, Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt, US Marine Command & Staff College(Academic Year 1991/92) http://www.africamasterweb.com/BiafranWarCauses.html Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, « Humanitarian Aid and the Biafra War: Lessons not Learned », Africa Development, Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, 2009, pp. 69–82--scrambled http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/viewFile/57357/45737 Denis Maillard , «1968-2008 : le Biafra ou le sens de l’humanitaire», Humanitaire, 18, Printemps 2008, mis en ligne le 06 octobre 2009, Consulté le 20 novembre 2011. http://humanitaire.revues.org/index182.html Conor Foley, Humanitarian errors, The Guardian, September 20th, 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/sep/20/humanitarianerrors Caroline Moorehead, Crisis of confidence, Financial Times, June 18, 2005. http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/6dzk8m.htm Bernard Kouchner: The man behind MSF, BBC News, Friday, October 15, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/406362.stm Rony Brauman on Kouchner: Kouchner a transformé en une épopée fondatrice cet événement dramatique, réécrivant ainsi l’Histoire. Tout le problème est là. Lui-même ne résiste jamais à la tentation de se placer en héros. Se voir en chevalier blanc, en guerrier pacifique est son image préférée. Cette mégalomanie semble lui interdire tout examen critique qui ramènerait son rôle à quelque chose de plus humain, d’imparfait et de tâtonnant. Session 9: Case Study – Indian Intervention in East Pakistan (1971) THIS CLASS WILL ADDRESS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, USING, AS WELL, A FEW CASE, INCLUDING THE RARELY CONSIDERED ONE OF THE INDIAN INTERVENTION IN EAST PAKISTAN IN THE CONFLICT THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH. Thomas G. Weiss, “The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era”, Security Dialogue vol. 35, no. 2, June 2004, p. 135-153. http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/pmt/exhibits/1898/weiss.pdf 7 Lyal Sunga, “Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal?”, International Relations (Website), October 13, 2008; http://www.e-ir.info/?p=573 Craig Baxter, “Bangladesh/East Pakistan”. In: Dinah L. Shelton (ed.), Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Vol. 1, Gale Cengage, 2005 p.115-119: https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20Of%20Genocide %20And%20Crimes%20Against%20Humanity%20-%20Vol%201%20%5BA-H%5D.pdf Katherine Iliopoulos, “Bangladesh: A Free and Fair War Crimes Tribunal?”, Crimes of War (Website): http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimestribunal Marc Weisburd, “Humanitarian intervention”, American diplomacy (Website): http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2001_0709/hum_intervention/hum_04_weisburd.html Session 10: Le Droit d’ingérence UNTIL THE ADVENT OF R2P (2005), THE SO-CALLED “DROIT D’INGÉRENCE” (IN ENGLISH, THE TERM IS VARIOUSLY TRANSLATED AS ‘RIGHT OF INTERFERENCE’ AND ‘RIGHT OF INTERVENTION,’ NEITHER OF WHICH QUITE CATCHES ALL OF THE FRENCH MEANING) WAS THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL UNDERPINNING OF HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION. IN THIS CLASS, WE WILL LOOK AT IT IN SOME DETAIL. Yves Sandoz, “Droit ou devoir d'ingérence, droit à l'assistance : de quoi parle-t-on?”, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, 795, 1992. http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5fzgl5.htm Chris Abbot, “Rights and Responsibilities: The Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention”, Global Dialogue, Volume 7, Number 1–2, Winter/Spring 2005: http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=326 Caroline Fleuriot, “Droit d’ingérence, où en est-on?”, Le Monde diplomatique, septembre 2008: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2008/09/FLEURIOT/16264 Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer, “La mythologie française du droit d’ingérence,” LIBERATION, 11 mai 2010 http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2010/05/11/la-mythologie-francaise-du-droit-dingerence_625335 Bernard Kouchner, “Libya: the morality of intervention”, The Guardian, March 24th 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/24/libya-morality-intervention-united-europe Wallerstein, Immanuel, “Whose Right to Intervene?”, Tikkun 21(4): 23, July/August 2006. http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/Wallerstein-WhoseRighttoIntervene “The UN and humanitarian intervention. To protect sovereignty, or to protect lives?”, The Economist, May 15th 2008. http://www.economist.com/node/11376531 Session 11: Objections to the “droit d'ingérence” and Humanitarian Military Intervention 8 HAVING GONE OVER THE CASE FOR THE “DROIT D’INGÉRENCE” AND HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN MONDAY’S LECTURE, THIS THURSDAY’S CLASS WILL LOOK AT OBJECTIONS TO IT. THEREFORE, PLEASE GO OVER ONCE AGAIN, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION, THE READINGS FOR THE MONDAY CLASS ON THE HISTORICAL ‘TRAJECTORY’ OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION. I AM ALSO ADDING ONE READING ON A RELATED PROJECT, DEMOCRACY PROMOTION, AND ONE MORE THAT CLAIMS THE MOVEMENT TOWARD HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION HAS BEEN A GREAT SUCCESS - BOTH BY FORMER US GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS - THAT CAPTURE WELL THE CURRENT TRIUMPHALIST MOOD IN OFFICIAL AND ELITE CIRCLES IN NORTH AMERICA AND WESTERN EUROPE AT THE PRESENT TIME. ALL OF THESE IN ONE FORM OR ANOTHER DERIVE FROM FORMER PRIME MINISTER TONY BLAIR’S SPEECH TO CHICAGO COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS IN 1999. I HAVE ALSO ADDED A NUMBER OF CRITIQUES. Tony Blair speech: “Doctrine of the International community” at the Economic Club, Chicago, April 24th, 1999: http://keeptonyblairforpm.wordpress.com/blair-speech-transcripts-from-1997-2007/ Rosa Brooks, “Democracy Promotion: Done Right, A Progressive Cause”, Democracy Journal , Winter 2012 Issue. http://www.democracyjournal.org/23/democracy-promotion-done-right-a-progressive-cause.php Tom Perriello, “Humanitarian Intervention: Recognizing When, and Why, It Can Succeed”, Democracy Journal http://democracyjournal.org/, Winter 2012 Issue. http://www.democracyjournal.org/23/humanitarian-intervention-recognizing-when-and-why-it-cansucceed.php David Chandler, «Libya: The End of Intervention», e-International Relations Website, November 17th, 2011: http://www.e-ir.info/?p=15325 David Chandler, « Hollow Hegemony: Theorising the Shift from Interest-Based to Value-Based International Policy-Making », Journal of International Studies, 2007, Vol.35 No.3, pp. 703-723. http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Millennium%20%20Hollow%20Hegemony%20published.pdf Daniele Archibugi, David Chandler, « A Dialogue on international interventions: when are they a right or an obligation? », Citation: Ethics & Global Politics, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2009), p. 1-15. http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/ArchibugiChandler09.pdf David Chandler, Back to the future? The limits of neo-Wilsonian ideals of exporting democracy, Review of International Studies (2006), 32, 475–494. http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/RIS%20-%20Back%20to%20the%20Future.pdf Session 12: Responsibility to Protect (R2P) THIS CONCLUDING CLASS WILL CONTINUE THE DISCUSSION ON THE CRITIQUE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, BUT WITH A FOCUS ON R2P AND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIBYA AND TO THE RHETORIC SURROUNDING CURRENT EVENTS IN SYRIA. Gareth Evans, “THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: CONSOLIDATING THE NORM,” The 9 UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect: Policy, Process, and Practice: Policy Papers, March 01, 2011- Favorita Paper, Issue no. 1/2010 http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/favoritapaper/favoritaevans.pdf History and Timeline of R2P on the Website of R2P Coalition www.r2pcoalition.org: http://r2pcoalition.org/content/view/22/48/ Paragraphs 138-139 of the World Summit Outcome Document: http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=398 Jacob Heilbrunn, “Samantha and her Subjects,” The National Interest, April 19, 2011 http://nationalinterest.org/article/samantha-her-subjects-5161 Gareth Evans, Hypocrisy and War, Project Syndicate Website, April 27th, 2011: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/evans5/English Gareth Evans on R2P: Is Syria next?, Toby’s Random Musings Blog, October 15th, 2011: http://slightly-random-musings.blogspot.com/2011/10/gareth-evans-on-r2p-is-syria-next.html Michael Emerson, From Libya to Syria - the responsibility to protect, interventionism and regime change, Times.am – Armenian news, December 1st, 2011: http://times.am/?l=en&p=2161 Summary of the book by Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect - Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008. http://www.gevans.org/r2pbook.html 10