× 1954 K ¯ р F1 E F2 E (L`histoire se fait avec des documents) ª З м ª

Transcription

× 1954 K ¯ р F1 E F2 E (L`histoire se fait avec des documents) ª З м ª
1954 ;% /, C
; ( /
#( 81J
' & / ..C
" .=
3
.%
%$ " #
. %!*5*mM\ ‫א‬%(&3a%<‫א‬W2<‫[א‬%,D‫‡א;א‬qL'
K%/8;‫א‬%H8Z;‫א‬5;‫=א‬A2A1954]+Wv$
= ،#! ،%!&;‫ א‬%B(v‫ א‬%(t‫ א‬5;‫ א‬4/ y‫= א‬75O =D;‫א‬
B‫†א‬ag2#3‫א‬IL‹،2<‫@אא‬+_!%B;!›$w‫‰ˆא‬%!&;‫א‬%B(v‫א‬
%B(v‫=א‬+C+ E1F@!`Cq‫א‬C}0‫א‬V7¨*،lJv‫"א‬,/?@$‫א‬%!*=+
E2FlJv‫ א‬43 #5 ‫= א‬+ ¬ `&‫ א‬،%([ %*7[ t‫› א` א‬#… „‫ א‬L
lJv‫(^א‬F4&،L%[‫א‬qL (L’histoire se fait avec des documents)
‫؟‬À;‫‹א`א‬3L1‫אא‬%;‫א‬vs‫א‬
%77‫ א‬Wp‫ א‬3 w ‫א‬L * %!&;‫ א‬lJv‫† א‬a S‫ א‬%!S q$ 13+
N7x‫‡א‬qL`p3،2#3`2#‫א‬%<‫א‬W2<!qD‫ —א‬%,( 43l،%7J‫א‬:9‫א‬
+ Wp‫ א‬$ %!& =5 4q, W7• 43 7p*+ %<‫ א‬W2<‫ א‬3 `3‫› א‬5
Ke‫א;א‬L;‫^א‬M8,Ž!_,\<;‫א‬
_2;‫א‬Y$%B(@%31954]+Wvy‫"א‬Ye ‫אא‬qL",/
lJv‫=א‬+g&‚،2/•r`3<‫א‬1;.‫Œא‬/aŽ3g2#&)0X/=3‫א‬13+_ ‫אא‬
%23(B$—7D‫א‬L:$2,+2Y!(•‫א‬3%( ]7]$=a"[،W7]3XF
%(]‫&=א‬$=+4&)0%7J‫א‬:9‫א‬%77‫א‬Wp‫א‬4/%(t‫א‬%!&‫!]¡=א‬،y[‫א‬
43 @ Ž! B3 Ž(,/ g&O %7J‫א‬:9‫ א‬Wp‫ א‬$ I& =+ 3a ،Ž(,/ ،%(/•3
‡#0XD‫א‬73‫אא‬qL،%3UM‫א‬lJv‫א‬7]$"[MS+I&0+3a،%(,‫א‬%(B‫א‬y([
K‡q£0
%2?@‫א‬3،C7J‫א‬:9‫א‬I<‫א‬08!`(}$،%677‫א‬Wp‫אא‬6[+4$=a
Ž‫ ] א‬،›,3 I,83 1954 ] + Wv S ŒR+ (,Š ،™H‫ א‬77‫(~ א‬
mMB ‫ א‬7J‫א‬:9‫= א א‬+ q#3 4H‫א א‬qm =5,Z;‫(= א‬#H‫= א‬Bp;‫= א‬L‫א‬
=43،J@`};‫(}א‬$‫א‬o 0‫א‬I,8;‫אא‬qL:<‫ ?א‬¹4&،1962%(,
$‫}א‬%v' J!‫†א‬a%2-%7J‫א‬:9‫א‬Wp‫א‬$43WXp*B,[`x ”A
‫<א‬/4ª4L‫א‬43(["B$43‫א‬2A4$“˜43:‫א‬f3 J7J‫א‬:9‫א‬
8@2J@4!`\<;‫ א‬1954]+Wv$%!&C5;‫א‬1:,‫א‬qL ،w‫א‬
2007 – /
171
"
" 4q‫א‬43‫=א[א‬+B/+0،Ž#/"#F0E3F +73%(+W*W7*‫א‬q‫†א‬aW‫א‬
K4L},%<‫אא‬2<‫‡א‬2$%7J‫א‬:9‫א‬%77‫א‬Wp‫א‬f•;‫@א‬78$
‡qL =+ 0a ،%p‫ א‬g2$([ $ %!* †a =/:# g2+ =L‫= *= א‬a
%!*=+B/0‫א‬8j‫א‬43 Ž+*_D3W7Y! J(– Jg2#3`œ0%!&‫א‬
،g2!g2t$%!*Œ0L",/+،g2+4L‫א‬k5D‫א‬43%7J‫א‬:9‫א‬Wp‫א‬$
43‫Œא‬A3%!*l,8;‫א‬lw‫א‬gm،gm,‰„‫א‬%B78!g2$‫א‬7*q3=L‫א‬I&(,]
l[g2$‫א‬2A4L‫*!א‬B`&‫א‬،%77‫א‬Wp‫!=א‬aL</„‫א[אא‬
‫א‬q2]m3%,&,l(@‫א‬,‫"א‬#;!*‡*3(–qD=+4&،7B‫א‬
JB3XF73+gL[Wp‫א‬$%!&!4L‫א‬MB ‫ א‬J’B#,`!@73+
=¡]،%HY3/‫@א‬b +",/:&$7Ž(]y‫©א‬2#3،,/‫;*=א‬
%(,/%B7H1/`p JWp‫א‬$y[‫א‬13+–Ž®78Cq‫&א‬A.‫א‬
W;‫א« א‬7Z ‫ א‬،Lp ‫ א‬%((* %<‫ א‬W2<‫ א‬3 `3‫ א‬L/‫ א‬4&) %(,
$va B#‫(` א‬,‫" א‬,/ 2•7/ C+ W2<, %(,‫ א‬%9;‫” א‬q! 5B ،2#3 %(t‫א‬
K2“5
M\ ‫ א‬%()*+ %(,/ %(}2#3 ‫א‬7@a [ ! $  Œ‫א‬s‫ א‬T* =a
0 %<‫ א‬W2<‫= א‬+ ",/ (#• =B _2;‫_ א‬p[‫= ! א‬+ 0a ،%<‫א א‬2<‫א‬
2[78„‫א@(`א‬7‫!א‬5‫א‬3I #$%(,/%(J@/‫@א‬i7A7]!0a2(@$
W2#3،1954]+Wv$y‫א‬
••
Yt =* ،CJB‫ א‬7v‫ א‬4/ ،:(‫ א‬،Œ‫א‬L‫ א‬4/ L<‫א! א‬
KŽ$/:،‡7&]،Ž+7Ž$2A
••
،2Y! 3 2B!83 ،w‫ א‬b#! l,$ W[‫ א‬W2A 43 7p*+ –
†a2(]”<‫א‬W7J‫א‬43«7j‫א!א‬qL،2(]c5‫`א‬O„!qD‫א‬،2#(!(]:((‫א‬
ª2(#$+—7D+‫א‬2A$‫א‬2A0w‫א‬43Xp*B#a%SD،_B(‫א‬W7J‫א‬
©2#3 =¡] X*q,F KL‫[א‬a ›(7$ I5‫א‬43 ›5 ! ،W2<‫‡ א‬q2! #B0 #,¬
KEI&B3`&!g(,‫א‬0،%Bp‫א‬1/B#‫א<”א‬LÀ;‫א‬
••
gpLq،[‫א‬ZA2!7‫אא„א‬2<‫א‬43<‫א‬qw‫א‬
،%@S T* 23 J[s‫ א‬%‫ –א‬W7;‫ א‬W2<‫ = א‬،L$ —7D+ ‫א‬2A ",/ p‫א‬
`Cq‫א‬2[S†a%!#323‫א‬Z ‫א‬%(&3a3،%(J2%B(B[L0+À;!4O
KŽ!q*+Ž@S%(3‡[
2007 – /
172
"
" ",SG#‫א‬g7&‫|=א‬7B‫[א‬B]،Ž!fq3%(3M .‫א‬%7<‫א‬53#
@43Tp‫"^א‬,/S‫א‬yw‫Œא‬,/1M .‫א‬%J+[*،g, Ž(,/‫א‬
p3+43E47D3_3B3!7/F=D3”q!A+‡*y[‫אא‬7‫אŒא‬
K=,D4!4‘7‫א‬/
¡#!l ]g*Œ=a‫א‬#3|4q‫א‬2+A†$Ž@g7&‫|=א‬7B‫א‬43”‹#
C‹ ‫א‬2A+A †$ Ž@ E4F@_3 g,] 3 ",/ ‫א‬5] %2€ 3@ ‫(א‬5$ =+ ‫א‬#(]
—7y‚™/“[43AŽ@1M‫א‬WM5‫(Žא‬,/'G#‫א‬4/@E5F@g&#3/
 3 g&vO e+ „3+ 7D| =&( A Y+ Ž@ ،@_!‹&‫[ א‬+ 2] ^q* Ž!
W2#3f‫א‬+†a?#SŽ?7<‫א‬C#‫א‬yw‫@א‬gLag*¡]g*Œ!|0g+‫א‬$
f•;‫ א‬،^78Y;‫ א‬،`,;‫ א‬،‹<‫ א‬،b;‫ א‬،f8B;‫ א‬،#;‫ א‬،?(Y‫ א‬،4w‫ א‬،›(5‫א‬
D‫`א‬B43<‫א‬qw‫†א‬aW/43#(&3=,D4!‫](*Žא‬#E6F^,B‫א‬
KE7F`(,$0(…=
،%<‫א‬W2<‫`א‬BL7]$I‫אא‬i7<‫†א‬aA5D!7A+=+!
+Wvy[‫ (`א‬l($„‫!א‬5‫א‬4/4&3+3@?<&‫ א‬J=s‫ א‬J#
W2#31954]
‫א‬73 %- %3 %6(t‫ א‬W;‫ א‬6 1/ ،%!&;‫ א‬l6Jv‫ א‬B J1
KE8F%#(3
L‫א‬7 + =]7 4ª 77‫^ א‬7[ =!a Wp‫ א‬W@ 43 Xp&‫ א‬2< ‫ א‬J2
KLD
Wp w‫ א א‬43 ‫Œא‬: B 4#] ،gL/ @#$،4L‫א‬¢‫א‬7B‫ א‬J3
،Cp‫א‬w‫א‬#SV<3+،`•#3+،L-W(w‫א‬F,* 1954]+
KE77‫^א‬7[$43Œ:9/3l‚L-`&]F
g23B$I!g2$‫א‬2<!Œ0.‫א‬4/gL:}/+g2]Š4L‫!א‬7$ J4
T@‫=א‬+%}‚+،%+%(#L‹@/aI!+=(#‫`א‬3!g2$7*‫‹א‬7v$،4‫א‬
ŒD¡*F7/<;‫א‬Wva(,‫א‬2x ‫א‬43Nj‫א‬+،Wp‫אא‬7 +4/y,!4O
%,5,W/‫א‬73+،g2$MJ/kZA‫א‬%3‫א‬7*N7<!b…‫א‬7 +lJBw4L‫!א‬
?<&‫א‬1/"B‫א‬qL3،=([‫(!א‬#HM/=&@%B(Bw‫Œא‬Da=%(#H‫א‬
B†$‫א‬EŽ$(, Ž$(!¬aI&?:;‫א‬XFB(Bw‫א‬،,M(,Y$%B(Bw‫א‬4/
KE9F@Ž,@gv|Ž¡]2&43W2<‫&אא‬$0A
2007 – /
173
"
" %( (‫ א‬0(;‫א‬F %(.‫ א‬%(!:w‫א א‬Xv‫ א‬،%H‫ א‬%($‫א‬q‫\(= א‬H J5
W2<‫א‬cS",/7A3Xv$43m3Eg2L‹+%Z ‫א‬7‫א]&א‬،_!};‫א‬
،I‫› א‬7}‫† [ א‬a B[‫ א‬4J\Y‫` א‬D$ ”‹ †a NY ،%(,‫ א‬23+ ،2J]
YB$ 2,* `J3 ،g(x‫ א‬%\;‫ א‬b#! ^}/.‫ א‬،2x‫ א‬W72<‫ א‬I[ Y+
K:‫†@א‬aL<!
،C9‫?א‬5B‫(א‬,/Œ#v+f(Y‫?א‬,‫א‬b8,lJv‫א‬43Xp&‫א‬¢7$ J6
2#]+lJv,4L‫א‬fM!‫†[א‬aM[0‫(~א‬9Ÿ;‫א(~א‬1@0‫א‬l8‫א‬+
KLDCq‫א‬r+%(8‫?!`א‬,,2•7ª^‫א‬o‫א‬
043WU‚=&$#([/4/2]M$alJv‫!א‬43,Z‫א‬%F7‫ א‬J7
1B0‫א‬l,j#œ،%#‫Œא‬B$‫א‬+،e#‫!_א‬m‫א‬$#3Ž243+،%(t‫א‬2(@g2
…‫`א‬D‫א‬4[8‫א‬f‫א‬75‫א‬
(,$ ،iY‫ א‬7B*F 7] †a lJv, M[0‫ א‬8, `‰ J8
%(7] L/! E 0! %,S m „‫ א‬/7<;‫? א‬,§ %‫א‬.‫` א‬J 7‫ א‬،‫אא‬U‫א‬
K%7J‫א‬:T(،(#B$
”, ©2#3 C] ،%(,‫ א‬%(t‫ א‬%!&! ›$ 0 B‫‡ א‬qL `p3 T* ‫‹א‬a
،MS+‫א‬XF73+%(t‫א‬%!&‫א‬%<‫א‬W2<‫א‬3`3,7&#‫=א‬a‫؟‬#$v% ‫א‬
T/7A،Mp3(8¡]،2t$%!&%<‫אא‬2<‫"א‬,/%3B3%(!+/‫@א‬
%3/%‫Œא‬B‫א‬76•'g(x#$E1969 J1960F•;‫=א‬7B‫א‬43(#(‫א‬B/
2#&3=‫א‬$،3،M(*—&‫®א;=א‬rA‫א‬2‫א‬MD(8a$[
( TR 2+ 0a 2(@ %3 XF %(5ZA ‫א‬X$ %A ‫א‬2A – 43
KE10F%d'"B$I*‫א‬2<‫‡א‬qLT@،(8a$43Œ:W !
%#9? "/$ (Henri Michel) ?<(3 C7#L? 2,&A %#9 Ž! T3@ `‫ א‬b
4(Le comité d'histoire de la 2émé guerre mondiale)?%(p‫א‬%(;‫^א‬7w‫א‬$
lJv‫"א‬,/5w‫א‬x‫אא‬qL،%(7‫א‬%3B;‫א‬i<،%(p‫א‬%(;‫^א‬7w‫[אא‬
g2! %(p‫ א‬%(;‫^ א‬7w‫ א‬lJv #S 43 =(7‫ א‬4&… `&<‫א א‬q2! ،%!&;‫א‬
(Affiches)%6B5,;‫א‬M/.‫"א‬,/”q*%<‫אא‬2<‫א‬43†‫א‬%!4(3
5‫`א‬J 7‫( א‬Brochures)‫אא‬S.‫( א‬Journaux personnels)%(5Z<‫ א‬J‫א‬79‫א‬
KE11F1M@‫א‬
2007 – /
174
"
" ,3% ‫(א‬Jacques ozeuf)?NU+V? JŽ#H‫א‬3 J2(,/ %8j‫א‬b
43 N0s‫ א‬YD+ y(‚ (Les instituteurs de la 3émé république) %pp‫ א‬%29‫א‬
KE12F%,53%B(@!‫ }א‬0W(w‫"@(א‬,/_@‫א‬kZA‫א‬
%7J‫א‬:9‫א‬Wp‫[אא‬+~/Cq‫א‬L،?=X+KK’?7S;‫א‬7‫א‬À;‫א‬
=7B 4q‫ א‬43 ‫ א[א‬،MB 0‫ א‬3 LF „‫ א‬7&3 %#3 zY!– Ip* 4/
”‫ א‬4&) 0A B y([ K7S;‫ א א‬%!* ‫א‬# 2 %<‫ א‬W2<!
%3L J‫[א‬¹ J47S;‫אא‬2A=¡]،L[2!Œ*0‫ א‬J%!&;‫ א‬Jk5#!
m%(%(/‫א‬%5@‫א‬%( ( `3‫!א‬7v$Ž@[",/‫א‬2<‫א‬T*=a،‫א‬
–%(#‫א‬%2‫א‬43L‹aL‫א‬:\3W2<,A=!XD‫ *א‬E13F@L<‫א‬%(5Z<!%,S
‫א‬q2!،g2!%SD‫א‬X$2#)g2$7*‹=((]،_!};‫א‬%(#WXp3–%(#B‫א‬
K@#$v$%!&3DW3`&<$%<‫אא‬2<‫"א‬B `&<‫א‬
7J‫א‬:9‫Œ א‬#!+ l[ 43 ،_7J‫א‬:9‫( א‬9 ”,3 1954 ] + Wv $ =+ r
+ 2A/ ،Lq %77‫^ א‬7w‫[א א‬+ #S Cq‫(` א‬9‫" א‬,/ ¢7 I‫ ]א‬،Ž]73
",/ —7D+ W73 I‫ אא‬¢7 * ،l[M‫(` א‬9‫† א‬a %3! LD+ `B# =+ 2</
،I( ‫`א`א‬Y]+¬.3=‫ א‬1954]+Wv!_2;‫א‬4L‫א‬
%(, %B78!%77‫א‬Wp‫א‬$#$2!g „‫– א‬%()*‫– א‬%(,‫א‬%(}2#;‫‰א‬
Kf(Y‫א‬NM$.‫א‬43Ž5$
:D#
1 - Henri-Irenée Marrou. De la connaissance historique, 5eme édition, Paris 1966, p 69.
K57k،1964،X!،=j‫א‬%(LI((<‫א‬%–7$،‫א‬%(@KeL?U62
K1997L11L03=‫א‬7L%3،‫א‬23،W7•'?‫א‬W7*‫א‬q‫?א‬K!7[63
K06%s‫א‬W‫א‬7}w‫א‬64
K02%s‫א‬WcM8‫א‬65
،03i،t6‫א‬y6‫©א‬2#63،=6p/46[W7x+،`$l(v$®7®@43”q!l,3،Ž‫א‬7$43،`B$43S%]7;6 6
K145 J140k،1970،%]7;‫אא‬،W7LB‫א‬
KE26 J08kk،‫א‬g,/`Y]%3B3F،1993X!،01i،%3B;‫א‬K4‘7‫א‬/=,D4!aW7x+،`(S‫א‬43:,67
،%66(*o‫א‬%6(;‫א‬،%(6 ‫א‬،%6(8.‫א‬،%6:(,˜.‫א‬%(67‫א‬6\,!W^6*500L6/­6,%6(#‫א‬%66\,!T6+„6‫א‬I6&‫א‬668
6L،W6p‫=א‬6!a6!7‫א‬4H6‫Œא‬6£+?,§T+!*15U}M]%(!7‫א‬%\,!S„‫א‬I&‫א‬3+K%(!(‫א‬%(]MF(‫א‬
،b!%(7‫א‬%(#H‫א‬%&;‫א‬73‫א‬5356I&‫‡א‬qLI&‫!_א‬43K%()*‫אא א‬%3‫œ!_אא א‬
:6*7;‫א‬W6;‫א‬6‫א‬7;‫א‬56;‫א‬g6L+63+،(Centre Pompidou)b!(Beaubourg)?!!?%&373‫א‬5318
%(!7/‫א‬73%ɗ$0%77‫א‬Wp‫[א‬%()*‫אא א‬%J@˜_[K!*28L]%(t‫א א‬,™H‫א‬
K%(39‫`א‬J 7‫א‬%J@4•L7*‹
gv20 J19Wkk،1995L},™H‫<אא;?א‬#3،7J‫א‬:9‫[א‬%(!+%(t$ ‫אא‬7•'،*7!%(+W‫ א‬J
%663،6‫א‬6623،1962 J183076J‫א‬:9‫א‬66%6(!7‫א‬6‫א‬7;‫א‬566;‫א‬،‫!א‬6\;‫"א‬66B,;‫א‬WY6+6‫א‬K43 J37kk
K27k،1992 29 J28K7J‫א‬:9‫א‬
J51kk،À6;‫=א‬6,D46!‫א‬F،1984^6&,%6(#H‫א‬%6 ;‫א‬،76J‫א‬:9‫א‬،03i،=6,D46!‫א‬6#/,‫א‬7&‫א‬K/4!X\5‫ א‬J
KE57
2007 – /
175
"
" K283%s‫א‬WW7B‫א‬69
10 - Jean-Paul Brunet, Alain plessis. Introduction à l’histoire contemporaine, Paris , 1972, p 47
W2]‫א‬2<‫א‬2(]T„‫א‬I&‫א‬3+
- «"Trent" anni distoria italiana (1915-1945), Turin. 1961 - Fascismo e antifascismo (1918-1948), 2 vol, milan
1962.- Lezioni sull antifascismo, bari, 1960»
11 - Jean Paul Brunet. Op, cit, p 47. 12 -Ibid, p 48.
K41 J40k،1987،%(39‫א‬/8;‫א=א‬،7J‫א‬:9‫א‬،DX3‫א‬،’‫@א‬d'613
2007 – /
176
"
" 

Documents pareils