Grave: está desenipleâ`do:3.0% de Ia población.activa ñiündIa1

II
II I I
ARGENTINA
III I I I I II II
44754
EL AMBITO FINANCIERO
26 de noviembre de 1996
GIn,b,a(EFERcu:er.17e
'n(Ln. tojo ii
'màji(d.'hdrIODO mliinnsj
O?trt6,IJ JO,or a.nto
- r,wJgbpraisiobai.
lq!Qbqlo a CS
k)kèdcs, rowsid
Grave: está desenipleâ'do: 3.0%
de Ia población.activa ñiündIa1
,,s.'iinfowiia O'a
aque Ia cursildndc! filosoflo do quo nodes sepue.
.iiçió, 7ftrnic1onci dci codas lot des1valdodes is, do Asia eIfeanicsso dcl de- rrsgnats
de hacer poa riducir ci on.desenipica sea vLuu cornomasa
.sèmpkoydclsubcnsplcocsid
loi
Ingrao
'
subroyasido.
. Jo (OTh;:cus c.!(Jlcd
ampliwsicflfrcxtendido. ann- "cOnsocuencia nomnral e Ins. pieoydaqueelllasuwdo ":rf).
"SQMbI'ItS" Its ps,sp,c.
dci MIPCGdO lobaral.
loM1Ze( mdt rico:.
iltamaM.pnEncconc 10
curnento, quc res-ela quo en.
ire fly IS pot dense do ioi,qe Ia envidad reconure quo vlzabledctas/ucsiasdchuaos.
cado"
trobafadepes di las do: no ' disponc depocs deszo.c. .
clones m.ssdi per drboJo del
umbra! d. Iapobreso.
La 017)' ,w diaecsorSemzeira!, Miclici Jiansawmc. nose
Jfun,en:,ccal?fica do perniclosa "y "despiadoda" la
cinmicino sin eniplco "(pot ci
queaunien:avIProdwcioBns.
to Inierno iM Incremesmiar ci
eunpIc) is' to am.or quc so
puede dos car en ums c'onti?.ric'
.4. crecicsvte ceinpetenclo.
EL NL)EVO MAPA DE LA DESOCUPACION
Par ello, Ia 017 aboa
porquc:'rlconcspto dcpleno emplia, co,,venicnle.
mimiC actualisado. s/go
sludo un objcslvv central
a :s,nUfllnIorme diii Organlzicidflinlema
clOnáiØei Trubajo (OtT), cast un tercio di Ia
1uetzaibomI del mundo estâ dssaprovethado:
IOOD miliones de peronas no 11mm tribajo a
di lospoifticas econônmlco:
p tolaJes".
estn.iubempleades,
y Grin Bretafla si pressnien
; opmoca;os etsiados di majors di los fndIcs
ds:empIeoEn ii prImer cuD, Ia desOcupaclón
ciento y in el segundo. haiti
.4'
,'t.
iftflPl!TIflfl
El :nfos'nmc- rave/u gut' "no
hay psuebas empiPicas quo
carte horen quo Jo desrepiladen sea la niofore Ia Ca/ca
saIlda a la crl:ls do! dessa,.
jtieo.
.
Pero bubo un fueits deisrioro in AmArtca latl
,
a
iajnei promedlo do Is UnIón Eufopsa yin
:8u1j$,l primer c*so se dsstua 10 OCurCi
do sniaArgmntlni y Colombia.
la!Jsln Europea, ii dessmpteo subió has.
ia.1t5 par clenlo y commnz6 a atoctar graves
menteafuertss potmnciss Industrials: como
Aismania, Francis, haiti y Suecli.
rac16.y siDesarrollo Eco- I
miácmieotOCDE), eImninero
di l.s qwe no Ilium stahajo
c!eoiucciôsl!lonesdepez.
EIIu(orr.me EicmjiIeoen ci
mundo duzoó quo Jo taco
ds dwmJIno.en to Un16n
Zn caoi,ios lax pals's.
Call eceaom1ncdes,a,,slcMs
dc Eva'opa ceniroly cries..
to!, ii d,un,pleo serei.Io
en bern. spwdercia, aim.
quo se aSaniuvO in nlvilis
sup.narss a IO,narcientáy
en 4lIwI.S Mesolmu, conic
Zoropci .Icwud .1 i8c en Rush, parcistid Ia Un.
pgsndo ia.,niedlo do I1j dencu, ci ousnenie.
p., dub. cars mncrcnci,.
sax notob? if dcl muu,mero de
L.tInoamrIc.
disoaupados en paius/ucr.
IemCIUe Iivd'usirlaIi:ados
En ZaMrsoan:lrkayclCowinoAImaFroncio,ue- ribE.
ci .desempieo au.n.nid
claEi'to!Io..
Esta tnd,nc1a nofuc vnl. .enjorrnogentralttode. sabre
Calera bla,dondepasô
Jblnmv.yoque,R G,anlre;o. tadoen
di 8 a suds de lOpos-elcato.
a Ia axo * deseosplee so
r,dq/a cors1dvoblcn,entc Jiasto Spot cknlo do la pa.
bIaIôim activc..al '°1 que
en Estodax Unidos. donde so
:lveôpordeboJodcSporcIei.
SYII .rnbaigo. en
:
ml'o:
pals's it kidisan sid: more
Laszonas sirbuag dcl.
1m?dnthua, ,loIIi4.. icuc.
dor$emgIc./&.rko, Uru-
su#yy P.negcd.0 iIvon
e.c1.imut, 4)10511's
1Contradictoria OIT
Elrec,en:e injormesobre
"El empk'o en ci naunda
pioduciulo pa, in Organi:a.
don Insernacianal del Tra.
co,,t,adictIdn iluportanuc'
Ins politicos cce,,,d,,m,cum
baja (QIT) ransiIa nue'a-
clones c,, deans, oil, c-nip,,iou en m,,,a/.',o: ciuc, c i/u'
so re/lejd em de.weu,sa
nzesie po, lox car lies ciási.
cos J,abi:uaIes a an /)cnsa.
iniento iradicionai, 4jukio
dc/a OIT, IaJle.vibilizaciOn
laboral nada aporta a/a soIución dc'Iosgrave.sp,oble,,,as de deswnpleo que owIan tanso u/n,u,}do Iaxar,vliathi coma a ks paisex e,m
miux Sc /esu,,vi/o. Deact,,U) mcViIflic,no (Jut (CS) /0 1t'C
iwlogia /0 causa de mph-
dida de enapleos. aunque
acepta quo esas imuwvacio-
nespermilen uiilizar,nenos
,nano de obra.
Sobrei'ue/a e/in(o,'numuna
/))CVWS a /05 (IJt1.IU
(mlm)j?-
ladospor cati sodas kt'; no-
mm
lenmáIicos c/c In puvduccuummm
u
Ia producu:m':dad. quo a
sumediasuopla:o/,aciau lucastenible In ,,,anie,,c'w,m dc-/os
(Is' el?t/JkO (pu' lw
s<' ,deul,:an.
ijlm't'Ic'
Ineludibk
Essa realiSed clu,anueum-
:eaten:a:oriade/ enipieo em
Ia quo ha debis/o .50)' en/lU,:-
(ada en ci marco lue/,uIi/mI'
do Ia g/o/mIi:aciOn u Ia mu-
corporaciOn do sec,wIa'iu
C'Ofl Sn ,recuela -SO estuna
transitoria- Sm' descqn,,i'u,
En ,'c'/adiOn cot
finn, c'vde dc-s:acau'q,uc' I,,,to lox /Ilulcun,uu'ios dci ga-
hic',no cuanmo los exp'c,alustas. Ito,, oci)tado quo Ia
jlexthth:acion laItoruI n'
COflStltUI'' In), UIiU(If)fl SI-
zegralal dust, p,obk'ma del
poPlopdr.'Ida depuestosis
tlese,umimleo, /)OI'(l ('5
sr.b4)c. dijo Jo OLT.
En 4fi*c y mucho, zosmos
(ICIlulIL'.V Ii/itiinwimic',,tedu
C/sIms?
(JIlL' sail lax r,,,'ulux ,w,,,,as
C,L'olxe in c/mini, projncw
palo mnm'e,'ui,.
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z
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Argentina
Paginal2
17.1 1.96
4
Basándose en Ia
en esta bdsqueda yen evIlS debases sari
en casi iodm los pal ccc Its csndiealos
Orgaisizacion insensacional dcl Trabajo
y visisd recierstrmente Buenos Aires pa, diciar. baja ci auspicio del Conicet y
expeencia europea, el
asesor de Ia Ofl'
-Peru eras micros (gintias do aortal:acion, parapoderc'tmtrelursedrbi'ti
iien elrar en i-i nn,tsdit tnt macui, rib.
del lADE, cc coma sabre 'Evolucidn
desaconseja Ia
flexibilizaciOn. Senala que
et rumbo pam combatir Ia
desocupación pasa por a
cobra In cuestiiin tIt'l titian wmienrti
-El conccpro cenrr.ii e quo deli, saber na instsruciilo quo ci.' snipe do Ian'distnbucióu do Ia flqus'z.t nartunal. ci
(Por Marcelo Matelines) Georges Spympoulos esasesordc Is
seclenic ste Ian ielaciones dcl Inralsajo en
EurOpa'. En mae reporrajc. Spyropoulos se cspinya sabre los cnca.cos Isgios
en maicsia ste emplen derpusts de vein.
is silos do flesibilizacidn, sobre los pa.
sicionamiensot de Ion adores sociales
involucrados. sabre latecno-bumczscia
labors! y el desarrollo de
nuevas formas de trabajo
citirsdolo. aunque bajo nneras nsodlida'
desyotetivas. Porejenrplo, aun curt Ion
relsssccnos quo isa suiridis el Eatado di.Bscnentar eumpeo en maicria do color'
sum social del descniplcs. Its cantos sit'
dubs do vu ftnanciumientt,soncnonnen.
y mocha genie comienra a docitie qns-
-En rc,nsinos may generales, cOmo
il'. sit (a elactual esiodode lax rebacia-
medios ste calilicacidn son basianse
sceplablea.compuxadosconlosdeosras
n5sdi' trabajoen Ia Units Ewvpea?
ragoncsecorsOmicas. Poratra patie. no
en nez do seguir haciond' cit. delicn.i
einpicarseesamauado rccurnospiihlrci"
cccl Iinanciamieniodr ,,stai. nueras as
iinidadesvinculada.salscri,trsoctalOin
-Pa.'.an porun nsomento may dulicil.
do lisnsiciiln enter algo que ys no esis-
debcmosolvidarque Ileg.doel caso,si
europea y sabre Iosobstdculos a Ia cons-
truccuiln de a siguha vol Ilainada 'Bu-
mps Social'. Sun consejos en maSons
do Ilesibilizaciiln pars Argentina, pais ci Mercosw en general son pot do-
reducciôn de lajomada
aids elcsentes.
osros iimiinos, esitin en piena crisir. El
cnnecptn ammo de usbajo mid en Insis esirucsursl yes boy enidersre quc nit
hay trahajopara lodos. El desernpleo. Is
precarizaditisy lamanginalinacidn seestdn gesieralinando. Entre sus causas. pa.
densos sehalar coma pnncipaler. a plobalizactoti ste Ia economia Ian recorivcssisuiccindustnaiescansu fenomenal
hay incompalibilidad. so puede lnmsar
calilicar a Ia mans ste obra en 11cmpos rclaiiramcnte conan. Finalmense.
delia sobalar que Ian relocaJizaciones
no son Santa sntsaeumpeas como entre
Ebi spay las ornas regiones. V yo diria
quo sun en eaton casos canon Ion sire.
len saluniales Inc quo priman a Ia hors
en que las cmprevan decides ddnde es'
tahlecerse.
-Fertile a air doce par cirnnti dr dv
aurirciside laproductisidad Osno pau.
lo en el asnienro do a califlcacidn itqucnda pr Ian nuevas Iccnoiogias, Ii
setti/ile, prom rdi, y diecini'lni ado.
ties tie personhls sin trobajss. ctno
piensan en earn, cite problenu?
to nth sIgn qne debe ncr crcado. En
C-
l:sirntpa tine ha sido Ir.nli nalisis-nic ci
inside Ion listados-Nacri,n V .egnir,in lii.
sepia es Ia ieduccidn dcl sietsspo de suti'
bajo. Mschcis erludios. c,utelnsen quest
so redujcr Ia cantidad ss-n,aori ste hours
snshajadas dc cuarensa a uremia y dos, a
iascmprvsas(netaninccnttc.sbanalacisi'-
Utacids tie nucras trjbajadiurec. Ia -.it
luciOn dcl desempleo no ss'ndna prohicman de financiansienro
Castles han sidt, Itt (tnt pits
h
tunis
sort dv fir oIttliut oat rn
-Dosde hace quince alum hobo suit
una sene de re(ornsas lay nntayiir oLin
ticidad en las lortisas do contr,ttaciiiri a
bond; las horas de trahajs no han as
menlado,perosehais flcoilcil,zado.alui.
Georges Spyropoulos, de a Organización
Internacional del Trabajo
is so pucdc srabajan Ins donuunginv. it
parse Ian cuarcnsa horns scoiatuals-s list
suma. nose ha desmanss-luibi,rl suurs'iui.,
de proiccduiln laborsil. pet so It ta lie
x,bulizaslo
l'rudles lia,s stilt, It vi ulisuia.i ui.
Iv vnijilr.
ello en :inn:ntsu deer's
ode compe:irwidad. jar it-len srr lot
dosgrandesju.s:ificau'imnu'tuI.'sdi'u-ini
'!LA ILEXIBILIZAGIUN IL/U
j
AL/LI/U
-- N
EL DEotivintil"
coal enpolsa a margins a mucisa masso
deobra
-Usted aeiliila quo las empr050s so
reuhicun buscondo soianos ads bajos.
pt'ro pie alto baJa scuba La tendcarla
a! aumeti iii en Ins coiifkaciones laboroles. , Cultist, pueden compaiibtlisarse
,smhoa prttceuuo'
-AnSi, Indo dde tenon-c en cncnta
quo en Europa en promedio, y sun en
los p3mm means desarnillados cams
Ponugal a el mis. Grecta. los circles
-E.csamoc en Ia biluqueuia do nuevac
lemmas tic acsivtdad tsumana que nonecesariainente asumirdn is (arms dci ssahad,. stcalasiado. Par ejesnplo. acsividados ste cardcter social, coma Ia screens
mInd. Ia educaciiln. a oulud, etc. En Sums. nuevas fortnas ste socialization que
no enisien aclualmenic. a son tie cauSetern s,luntanm. (nero dcl nsundo mcleanIII. Ouoejemploescltinibajoda Iasajs,ac
decasa. Todoeso hay quo empezara romuncranlo. Las quo ilevan Ia dclanler.s
uliberolismo?
-Tado onto aumentil c'siniderahlc
nsentc las tasasde ganrtuis'ia. posit ito il.
rIO en nada el probloma del desotsiplct
Mv> par ol ccr5-.snt,
yla flexibilizacidncstiinuunscntandi,ntmulsdneannentin SI ha hahidoial nez put'
qseiiasganassciasdoconnpctiimvudad.pa
mat precit doun cninmie cuuSus social
Poraina parse, picnso quect attic mien.
to flenibilizadoren Europa so sernn,no
No habs-d mis, Las cociedades eur,ipc.
as ya nose compian ci sen-ode que con
evuose resuelve ci dcse,nplccu; yporotr,i
parse, put su tradiciOn social, no acop
isrdss Ia jungla a Ia maner.s cssadoos,
dense,
-Mi coma lax acuerdio tie Mauiin dust arupan dv lit lii ,'t s-rn tots.
I r,trrnnii,,,tisu. en on tttttttut'nttt /is'stt,.
hi, ci, it: agi'ndu di' Ia (ins: Ft nyu a
e( rensa tie in Europa Sit iii. I:. sisal it.
olive Ins rebaciunes dvi tuba/ut, sitty
ci ci eszndnde cuts.: itt ,'sni'i-titulis to
tualmente?
-finsti muy asrasada Pen ante tiuul,t
dehemus rccsurslar quo ,Icsds' cii luislti.
clOts. eI MercadoConsd,n era ust proas's.
to oconOmico que nose prcsucupaba en
nbualuscsporlaeuessitin cuoaal Mdc larste. baja Ia UniOn Europea, Is quo pre.
domina es ci aspects ecttniuisu.co'ftnan'
cieromonetanio, Fur ci Aria L'nica Eu'
rapea do 1986. bsujo Ia ,rtuuducciiin tic
Jacques Delors, a qnc agrega cI capisu
lo social. pero sioinprr cos,so usia pnio.
ridadsocundasia. Unsenotuhurlculopa
ut eI avatsce en Ia social en que ccliii Ic-
man tequieren el nasa pin ,nianimskid.
y los gobiernas no tienon Ia ,bligaciiin
cit lo social que ni nenen en masons tic
canvengencla macroccoutilnsica EsI
nenponde. evidenromenni,, a una falls di.
volunsad polltica. Pite vu panIc. Ia purist.
nal suprassacinnal noquiesesecrearanu.
nd regional Io qne so empenti tans s-n
ilsusolor a nisel nact,tnal,
-l'uuusu t,utdlu,r. jqtu' I,', tunis pit.
de doria ea pe r,enc,a earitpu-u eu mitt,
ba she ficriltiff:ai-/uhu hOts it. ults-i'usut
it!
-Argcntutia y las palsos dcl Morcttsur
delicti cellar ante todo ttos-.snits entire'
Putrojcu,pliu.tsOahlccor>ti ,uirtC.ina So
cs'il_ rosa quo linrutpa to lii ltcds, in'
sar Jo Ins srrtdict.tues de sits lst.tdttscn
esra ittateria Es uths ut upt: I_i sCttdci..i,t
gc:is'tul do l.ts(itlttcnt.. a I .tti.tttatcs a'
t'sI.tsttilstluis.,,tiit.'ic.
ii.
It'ii.uisiit , metttvn,',lq:i, I-.tltI,uOtttt,.
Its St¼1_ili,S tlt'iis'tr lit. list 'Iii.ittili'-tI
Argentina
JUEVES
Claim X 28
NO Vt SWINE
1,56
FRASE DEL DIA
Creo que les van a
preguntar a mis vecinos Si
soy borracho, si me drogo,
Si salgo de noche 0 Si vivo
con ml famHia, del ex
rninisrro Cavallo, en pagina 4.
DE LA CRONICA D ARIA CON DICIO N
EM EL MUNbO AL 411L MILLO/4E6 -
Par DOBAL
bSOCLil'At)O, '' L.A OtT NO CEE
LJE. AL ?RQ&\4 La SOJ-LJCtON
IA FL.EXløljZ4CiJ .-:'--
II lflhifl
fl_Il
I
T7
!CIoflnX
03.12.96
PROPUESTA DEL BAP4CO MUNDIAL
Aconsejap bajar los salarios
El Banco Mundial dice que solo se podrá
crear empleo si se achican sueldos y costos laborales
rigidez laboral asegura un experto, la
"Por su
Argentina deberá esperar 3 afios para
que el empleo se recupere"
i ajando zalanos .y costos laborales,
En otros palses, conio Inglaterra, esa
asf, por Ia rigidez de an mercado relación es más alta porque tienen meia.
dos
laborales flexibles. Sin embargo relaboral, la generacion de nuevos empleos
demorará tres aAos en Ia Argentina. El conouO... muchos de los empleos creados
pronOstico fue de Luis Guasch, consejero porlos ingieses son con tiempo parcial y
principal del Banco Mundialy autor de un con salanios iniciaies bajos.
Entonc, ia flexibilidad Iaboral ileva a
trabajo que inspira los cambios laborales
tins raids dci salario?
en Ia Argentina yen Arn&ica latins.
Depende de is prodUCtjvjClad, Es p0*1.
Guasch dijo desconocer ci infornie so.
bre enipleo deJa OIT (ver pagina 24) pero ble que en las nuevas contrataclones yen
ante ci anticipo de Clanin pudo adelantar los nuevos convenios se artictije un salanfo
flexible para is gente entrante,
que las condusjoneg de Ia OIT no son mas
"Para los trabajadores que esthi en acti.
coincidentes con las del Bunco Mundial,
El consejero del Banco Mundial bizo tin vidad -.agregO Guasch todo dependera de
cálculo znuy especlfico sobre ci inercado las negociaciones que entablen los sindi.
laboral argentino: Cuando ci PBI crece catos. tin sindicato podria dean negocie.
4% anual, ci empleo solo sube 1%, muy
por debajo del 3% que crece todos los años
is fuezza laborar,
aunientar el empleo. Pero aun
nios dnte dos afios una estrucura sala-
que aceptar tin
rial ikib1 que la recuperaremos ms panHabrfa
que aez el einpleo? menor iab
adelante en base ala producuvjdaa.
La re
forms del regimen de convenios apunta a
dane esa opciOn a los sindicatos, Todo de.
pendera de is pnionidad que acuerde el sin.
dicato. Si es ci mante in3iento del salaijo,
obviament, ci costo sara menorempleo,
Si el salarlo
Cs
aito, subir ci dese
pleo. En todos los casos, Ia masa salan
total sara menor. Sucede que antes, con
inflaciOn, se podIa bajar ci salario. Per
ahora, Ia convertibifidad no lo pernuite.
'TICIPO DEL INFORME LABORAL 1996/1997
OIT dice que Ia flexibilidad
-o soluciona el desempleo
análisis de la OIT se opone rotundamente a iniciativas como las del gobierno argentino y del Banco
undial Dice que para fomentar el pleno empleo es necesario aplicar politicas activas desde el Estado
ISMAEI. BERMUDEZ
salariales son modestos. Los salarios mini-
znos son bajos. En muy pocos existen
aflexlbilidadiaboralnoeslasolu. regfmenes do subsidios de desempieo.
don al desempleo. La rigidez del
cado laboral noes Ia causa de la desoaciOn. En los pafses en desarrollo los
os laborales son más bien rnodestos.
'51 EL DESEMPLEO EN EL MLJNDO
En % de Is poblaclán activa
'en las normas internacionales y hay
El documento de Is OIT auirma, en tin
tono claramentc critico, que "tainpoco abe culpar de Ia pCrdida de empleos ala
tecnologfa". Los horarios de trabajo, agrega, aumentaron en Canada, IapOn y los
Estados Unidos, a pesar del elevado nivel
2 proteccidn a los trabajador
o desempleados.2
de innovadOn tecnologica de esos paSses.
La OIT induso vs nals ella: results sen-
1996
salarios mlnimos distan de lo que
dali.
stas afirmaciones corresponden elm. cub ver innovaciones técnicas que, desde
El Empleo en ci Mundo 1996/97 de lo estatico, permiten utilizar menos msno
IT, Ia OrganzadOn Internadonal del de obra, pero desde lo diralmico aparecen
'jo, el organisnto espedalizado en te- otros efectos positivos corno el desarrollo
laborales do las Naciones Unidas, que
e *174 paSses. El informe, al que aco claim, será dado a conocer en Ia Arfl2 pasado fl12fi2fl2
1 contenido del texto se contrapone
las opiniones y recomendaciones que
n predominando dice en los cfrcucadéznicos y politicos do todo el munEn Is Argentina, las voces que apoyan
exibilidad laboral no son solo opinlo-
ya que es ci propio Gobierno el que
ulsa varios proyectos de icy en esa
-, como instrumento pars disminuir Is
upadón.
cau*as d.l d.s.mpl.o
Ofl' disiente de Ia idea de que las zi-ces del ruercado de trabajo han sido
causa importante del desempleo.Yija
cid6n en que:
's tasas de desempleo han subido a
de nuevos productos y nuevas industrias.
ESPAA;
1996
Falta d. cr.clml.nto
COLOMIM
El inforrne atrlbuye ci desempleo a que
e1 crecimiento economico fue considers.
1994
blemente ms lento a partir de 1973. Y
1995
nunca hs recuperado su ritino de progresión previo.
1996
das pars hacer frente a las crisis han per.
snitido contener la inflaci6n, pero no han
ogrado sostener Ia demanda", interpreta.
1995
1996
intolerable. Está generando
patologIas sociales con
costos insoportables.
r'
1996:
econOmico son boy muy similares a las do
jar y criticô Is explotsdOn vergon.
iv
de los obreros, entrc dos mu-
-res y niltos. El Papa (ver informsOn en pIgina 30) pidiO compasión
los empresarios que tcngsn trabadores cuyos empicos estin axnenados por los cambios tecnolOgicos.
reorganizadon del proceso de
roducciOn tieile graves consecuen-
negativas pars ci emp1eo, dijo
,n Pablo II al referirse a Ia globali-
grlfico do Ia fuerza laboral
7.8
1996
1995
de desempleo, e incluso en algunos los altos anteriores. Pero como ci crecislos salarios mlnimos
zniento econOmico fue menor, ci exnpleo
los Estados Unidos, con tin desem- no pudo absorber ci incremento demo.
8,4
1995
clara oposiciOn al Banco Mundial y al
'n determinads.
FMI. ci informe de is OIT dice que las
n muchos paSses se ban reducido 1* proporciones dcl ernpleo en ci proceso
leoy Is contratadOn temporal, con du-
lUND UNIDO
1994
1994
'ndamental do toda persona a tra.
10,0
10,2
:
El ait.. :desempleo es
Contra muchas opinionçs de moday en
Juan Pablo Ii defendiO ci derecho
F!Wi
Las politicas macroeconOmicas adopta-
Y las secuelas do los altos do recesiOn ban
'ergo nzoso
18,4
1995
sido más profundas y duraderas que lo
previsto.
inferior al prornedio de los paSses de'llados, Ia desigualdad de los ingresos
umentado considerabiemente. En los
'U. existe ci peligro de que crezca Ia
- do trabajo con ingresos inferiores al
ide pobreza. Esa polarizacion salarial
ién se advierte en el Reino Unido.
- los paSses en desarrollo los costos no
10,7:
1994
del avance de Ia flexibilidad laboral.
'curia de los sindicatos ylas prestacic-
22,7
1995
I mercado de trabajo es boy mfs corn.
tivo que hace 20 aflos. Ahora es m4.s
ente Ia ocupación sin seguridad de
24,3
1994
6.6
ESTADOSUNIDOS
1994
1995
1996
5,4
5,2
4.9
Adv.rt.ncla
La OFF atribuye ci desempleo a que en
los sucesivos perlodos de bajo progreso
econOmico, los paSses, en vex de estimular
el'credmiento futuro, reducen la cantidad
yla calidad de Is fuerza de trabajo, disminuyendo las inversiones y fomentando Ia
F,,.nt.: O,prnzac,6n Intam.clon.I d.I Tribijo. CIT.
C LAO IN
acumulaciOn de capital.
La (MT denuncia que las actuales (y dc-
vadas) tasas de desempleo no son tolerables. Y advierte que est4n generando pa.
tologlas sodales, con costos insoportables
tanto en lo humano como en lo econOinico. En ese sentido,jtconseja que ci Estado
desempelte un o"
livo, fomentando
determinados sect ':ts de actividad y controlando ci ritmo, Ia oportunidad y ci orden de las reformas econOmicas.
2En.el marco de las polIticas econOmicas y sodaies clasicas, sin adoptar programautopico alguno, todavia es posible analizar las causas del elevado nivel de desempleo y los posibles remedios. Cones-
REVISARAN LOS NUMEROS DEL TERCER TRIMESTRE
ta conclusiOn, is OIT invita a que los
Raichman se rcuniO con ci secrctario de
Hacienda, Pablo Guidotti.
paSses iinplcmentcn politicas activas pars
flIi2lIifliáitfl eIflflI fl
ZTL
Uegaron los del FMI
LlegO la misiOn del Fondo Monetario
Internacional (FMI) que supervisarl las
metas fiscales dcl tercer trimestre y, en Ca-
so de aprobar su cunipliniiento, dara luz
verde pars que Is Argentina obtenga este
mes tin desembolso de ISO millones de
dOlares. Ayer. luego de su arribo, Ia mi-
siOn que encahera ci chileno Tomás
do que Is niisiOn aprobará las metas fijadas pars ci tercer trixneslre y que 2durante
este me? Is Argentina redbira los 150 niibones corrcspondientes al tranio dcl préstamo "stand.by vigente. Integran is misiOn, ademls de Rsichman, los economistas Bob Traa, Louis Catao y Paul Grenwaid. El grupo permanecerl en Buenos
Aires unos 15 dfas, y sc entrevistarl con
los ministros de Economfa y Trabajo, y los
Pâgina 12
26.11.96
Argentina
DESOCUPA C'ION MUNDIAL
MIL MILLONES
Segün ci áizimo informe de Ia OIT. Ia desocupación
mundial alcanza cii Ircinla par ciento de Ia población
activa.
4
Los trabajadores del mundo viven una situación que Ia Organización
Internacional del Trabajo OIT descnbió como "sombria. El dato que
más ennegrece el panorama del mercado laboral en el planeta son los mil
millones de trabajadores sin empleo o subeinpleados que registró un estudio
publicado ayer por Ia OJT, lo que significa que ci 30 por ciento de Ia fuerza de
trabajo mundial no recibe salario o lo consigue esporádicamente y en sumas
infimas. El director de Ia organización que depende de Naciones Unidas, Michel
Hansenne, calificó de "perniciosa" y "despiadada" Ia concepción en boga de
que el desempieo es inevitable para ci crecimiento económico y criticó
duramente Ia desregulación laboral, que en Ia Argentina intenta imponer ci
Gobierno.
A Ia cabeza en La tendencia mundial. Ia Argentina se encuentra entre las zonas
urbanas con situaciones que empeoran. Lo mismo ocurre con los trabajadores de las
ciudades de Venezuela. Bolivia. Ecuador. Jamaica y Mexico. La mano de obra más
perjudicada en el Caribe es. lejos. Colombia. donde aumentó el desempleo del 8 a! 10
por ciento.
Entre las conciusiones que se desprenden del estudio realizado por especialistas de
todo el mundo. La OlT alerta sobre "los costos humanos de maxima gravedad" que
puede generar el desempleo entre sus afectados directos: "Fomenta ci crimen y otras
patologias sociales que hacen sufrir a Ia sociedad entera", precisa. Los investigadores
advirtieron también sobre ci riesgo de que crezca cada vez mãs Ia brecha entre los
salarios de Los que más tienen y los pobres, ci extremo inferior de Ia pirdmide social.
Como un ejemplo de que ci desempleo no es patrimonio exciusivo del tercer mundo,
donde en paises como Ia Argentina crece Ia desocupación. que asciende al 17,1 por
ciento segün las ditimas cifras oficiales del mes de mayo. La OIT pubiicd ci mndice
global de desempleo en Ia Comunidad Económica Europea: el aflo pasado La tasa
media de parados ilegó al 11. 3 por ciento. con incrementos notables del nümero de
sin trabajo en paises tan fuertes coma Alemania. Francia, Suecia e Italia. Más de 34
miliones de ciudadanos del primer mundo padecen de faita de fuentes laborales.
Dc los paises centrales, los ünicos que se anotaron un satisfactorio en sus indices de
empico son los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretafla. donde se rompe la tendencia
europea. El desempico de los británicos estd por debajo del cinco por ciento. No
obstante. la OIT advierte que en ambos paises crecieron las desigualdades en los
ingresos. segün subraya ci documento. donde además se da a conocer que entre ci 12
y ci 15 por ciento de los norteamericanos y los ingleses estãn por debajo del indice
de pobreza.
Para las naciones con economias de transición de Europa central y oriental hubo un
respiro moderado. Si bien se redujo ci desempleo. se mantuvo en niveles superiores
al diez por ciento. y en paises como Ia Federación Rusa crecid. Sobre Africa y
muchas zonas de Asia ci desempleo ensombrece en forma generalizada a los
trabajadores. pero Ia OIT reconoce que no dispone de datos suficientes.
No solo de nümeros está hecho eL informe de La OIT. Su director sostuvo que los
paises afectados no se pueden resignar a que ci desempleo es. coma sostienen los
economistas liberales. 'una consecuencia inevitable v natural de las fuerzas del
inercado". Tambidn los especialistas de Ia ONU se despacharon en contra de la
creencia de que Ia globalización ileva un su interior ia necesidad del desempleo para
mantener los niveies de crecimiento del Producto Bruto Interno. Los niveles de
parados que pubLica ci estudio "carecen de sentido económico y no son sustentabLes
ni politica no sociaLmente". dijo Hansenne. titular de Ia OIl, para quien es prioritario
aumentar las tasas de crecimiento económico. pero sin olvidarse de que es
imprescindible que los trabajadores trabajen. Para Ia OIT "existe una vigorosa
justificación económica y moral para restaurar ci pieno empleo como un principio
objetivo de Ia estrategia económica y social". concluye ci informe. ci más
desalentador de Los que ha elaborado Ia organización desde que fue creada.
Argentina
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ARGENTINA
PAGINA 12
I
Pan oraxrza/
E C 0 N 0 MI C 0
4
(Par Marcelo Zlo:ogwia,4a)
La encuesta dcl mdcc
dcniostró nuevamcnte que Ia
politics oficiai no ha contribuido en
nada a atenuar Ia dramática
situación iaboral; por ci conuarlo.
Ia dcsocupacdn niguid en asccnso,
las condiciones de trabajo son cada
yea más precarias y ci podcr
adquiaitivo está estancado. en ci
rnejor de ion casos. Igualmente
negativo en ci balance sobre ci pain
quc trazd Ia,Or2anizoción
internacionai dci Tratjij9_cn ci
inlormc anus! que acaba de
di(undur, En su Panorama Labo rat
/996 para America Larina, iaOlT
Ic atnbuyc a Argentina algunas
caracteristicas muy poco
envidiabies. For ejernpio. par
primera yes en a histona,
cncabeza ci ranking de desempico
en Is regiOn. tras dcsplazar do ese
lugar a Barbados. Con algo mOs de
perspecuvu. Ia OIT incluye a
Argentina en e'ipo de cinco
paises (sabre un total de diecjnis)
quo retriscedieron laboralmente en
ci periodo 1990-1996. Jun10 COfl
Barbados, M6xtco. Uruguuy y
Ventzucla. Y, coma consocuencta
decsa nsoiucidn. Argentina (Ut
deseendida de catenoria. pasanco
dci nivel reistivo "alto" de
progreso lahoral que tcn(a en 1990
COMO MULIL EMPACADA
ai nivel relativo "mcdio-alto" en is
actuaiidad. El inforiric .ambidn
desnuda una de las tantas falacias
quc ci fanatismo del libremercado
quiso imponer como verdad
absoiuta y quo ci oficialismo
crintaiizA en Ia Icy que ala Ia
varjaciOn aaiarial a Ion cambion en
Ia productividad: lejos do
conntatarse ci vinculo positivo
ene productividad y salarios, lo
qua ocurriO desdo 1990 hasta shorn
Cs quo Argentina regissrO ci record
de aumentode productividad (4,1
par ciento anuai), pero los nalartos
apenas Si SC mancuvieron
constantes, y para coimo en un
nivel que representa un doicrioro
del 25 par clento respecto a 198(1
OBSThLACION
El gobierno rcsponde Guano una
mula cmpacadn, tnststiendo con Ia
misma reeds quo hunta hora
(racanci. For Ia sia tie dccrelun. cnt,i
sentuna Mcnom prrpolto .i Li CGT
ulexibiiitindo Ian psutas tie
negoclaciOn CCIICCLIVS y ndcmjs
Sábado 21 de diciembre de 1996
dejO flotando ci garrote
ainenazantc do otros don decretos
para desreguiar obras socisles y
sustituir ci regimen de
indemnizaciOn par ci aistema do
london de capitalizaciOn individual
pars denpidos. L.a obstinada
estrategia oficial Se apoya en una
creencia quo se rcpite coma Un
latigulilo pero quo no an verifies
en los hechos, y que panda
resumirse en que "a menorca
salarios, mOs empico". Sin
embargo, mediciones rcaiizadaa
por la
muostran quc en
algunos puises Ia relsciOn entre
toss don variables en positins (hay
nitis crabujo cuancjt, subcn ion
saiarios) y que. en los canon cit quo
so verifies una reiaciOn enema,
rasuita lnsignilicantc: puma
Argentina, un caida nalariai dcl 0
por cionlo provocaria Un
Ilicrennento en ci empico que ni
siquiera ilega al pcnr ciontu. La
conclusiOn dtl organismo en quo
I
,ui'il,,rc.s scilaru,.s flO 505
slilonlnlu de ,,tus i'aijileo... Man
bucn. In creatiOn tic tinpico
Pagina/ 10
depende do factorca cxternos ul
mercado de trabajo y en particular
ai nivci de actividad ccondmica".
Si Ia demanda da trabajo par parte
de los empreaarion no rcacciona
ante cambios en ci salarlo, cs
lOgico que tambidn sea indifercnte
a variacionea en ci conto Iaboral
agrcgado (saiarios mtis impuestos
aI trabajo), Una comprobaciOn
domCstiea de Ia anterior en ci
entrepitoso fracaso en tdrminos de
creaciOn dc empico do Ia rcbaja de
aportea patronaics, que si sirviO
fue puma mejorar Ion ntimeroa de
rentabilidad patronal. Las
derivacioncs del dosconcicrto
oI'icial no no Iimjtan a su inofiescia
pars generar trabajo, sino quo
pueden inciuso Ilegar a rcsuliar
negativas, potenciando io quo ya
es grave: la,2iladvieric que
"cuando ci marco labornl liende a
flesibilizamse, coma uSLci
ocurrjcitdti en In ntayttriit cit los
j55ises do In regiOn. Is reduccuOn do
cntpIeu %t aecicma cii Ins
reccsioncs', ,Nci en. tICUSO dsc el
objotivo tic ion que nipuisan ci
abaratantuenno dcl denpido?
POCO QUE AGREGAR
Al analizar las consecuencias
econOmicas dc Ia transformaciOn
Iabor,ti, no son pocos los que
aubrayan quo Ia reducciOn dcl costa
laboral ayudO a noutraiizar los
inconvcniontcs dci atmaso cambiamia
Scgtin csc abordaje, Is ganancias de
producuvidad perinitieron quc
muchas empresas Sc Inantuvicran en
posigiOn competicivs para exportar
pcac a Ia desvcntaju de Ia
sobrevaivaciOn del peso. La
aprecisciOn Cs vtiuida, aunque hay
dos salvcdadcn. do niucho peso La
primers en quo cI salto do
productividud lot logrado con
incorporaciOn do maquinarla, pero
en usa buena medtda par Is via do In
racutinnitoacicin tie personal La otra
salvedad en cspecilica dcl ncail emit
oi niorcado labariti y is pemsmsxtisd
que Ucnc ci pain. en lilt tiifllesiil dt
actieruds gittbulii..teiu'un Li
recouuverniiOn priuducuisu y hi ,uiiJ,i
dcl Gusto laboral itu cottirihuvoron
Argentina
Pleno empleo
En su Ultimo informe anual, El empleo en el mundo
1996/97. Las poilticas nacionales en la era de la inundializaciôn, editado recientemente, Ia Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) critica "el cuestionamiento
generalizado de la utilidad del concepto de pleno empieo", insiste en que "no hay pruebas de que exista o
pueda existir pronto una penuria de trabajo ütil de tal
magnitud que el pleno empleo deje de ser una meta factible" y afirma que el incremento del desempleo "obedece más a una merma de las tasas de crecimiento ceonómico que a un repentino aumento de Ia falta de empleo".
En cuanto a que la flexibihzaciôn del mercado laboral
pueda ser la soluciôn para el problema del desempieo, la
OIT explica que las rigideces del mercado de trabajo no
han empeorado durante el periodo de aumento del desempleo que solo puede explicarse en funciôn de factores
relativos al mercado del trabajo. Segtln este informe, el
menor progreso económico registrado en los paises industrializados desde 1975 ha sido "Ia principal causa de
fondo del incremento de la desocupación".
Se mdica asimismo que por "pleno empieo" no se entiende una tasa de desempleo igual a cero, sino que se
trata de tm nivel en el que la gran mayoria de las personas en edad de trabaja capaces y dispuestas a hacerlo,
pueden encontrar puesto productivo, remunerado y iibremente escogido. Desde este punto de vista, "la definicion de pleno empleo como la inexistencia de desempleo
involuntario o como la disponibilidad de puestos de trabajo para todas las personas que busquen activamente
una ocupación sigue teniendo Ia validez de siempre".
Sobre la base del análisis de la situación, Ia OIT con-
cluye que "no hay motivos convincentes para descartar toda idea del pleno empieo basándose en que se
han registrado cambios radicales en la demanda de
mano de obra, Ia naturaleza del trabajo o las actitudes
personales ante ci empleo". También se destaca que
existe una norma internacional dei.trabajo -el convenio sobre politica del empleo, 1964 (nümero 122)- que
"con ci objeto de estimular ci crecimiento y el desarrolb econômicos, de elevar el nivel de vida, de satisfacer
las necesidades de mano de obra y de resolver el problema del desempleo y del subempleo" invita a los Estados miembro de la organizaciOn a "formular y concretar, como un objetivo de mayor importancia, una
politica activa destinada a fomentar el pleno empleo,
productivo y libremente escogido".
Argentina
Los Andes
05.12.96
Peclido de los obispos sobre
la flexibilizacjón laboral
Mientras en ci Congreso sejuegan posiciones extremas sobre
el tema de laflexibillzación laboral. los obispospidjeron aipresidente que en esa materia
no se lieve
más angustia alpueblo argentino.
tema de las leyes laborales hace ya
'tiempo que viene ocupando Ia atención
de polIticos, gremialistas, empresarios y
trabajadores. Se trata de Un agobiante
Fl
Jcapftulo de Ia reforina emprendida por
las actuales autorjdades cuando, hace ya
más de 6 aflos, decidjeron renovar is estructura del
Estado, privatizar las empresas oficiales e imponer
flexibilizacicin laboral han fracasado en los palses que
los han aplicado. En su informe, ci organismo de las,
Naciones Unidas sefiala que el crecimiento del desempleo Se hace intolerable, y que crea patoIoglas sociales
de difidil resolucicin.
precedentes, por lo menos en is cercana historia ar-
En ci caso de laAigentina, is cuestidn as de duffel resolución. Por un Isdo, so enduentra legisiacicin laborai
que bane poco menos quo imposible enfrentar ci mantenimiento do empleados en epocas de crisis, ya que regis en exceso las ventajas acordadas a los trabajadores.
Por otro, Ia desproteccicin total so erige como una perspecliva que produce inquietud general.
livos perseguidos se logró, o se está en vIas de hacerlo. pero en otros aspectos ada se esperan resultados
positivos o, directamerite, se ha renunciado a obtener-
cuyos prelados entrevistaron at presidente Carlos
nuevos parámelros en materia de econoinfa. No existen
gentina, de que un gobierno haya decidido propiciar un
cainbio tan contuiidente de reglas para lograr el equillbrio fiscal, Ia estahilidad, Ia deflación yin conflanza del
pdblico en Ia moneda nacionaj. Una parte de los obje-
ins.
i.Jno de los propósitos del prograina era obtener
mayor competitivjdad para nuestra economj,y por ello
so abrieron las fronteras a las importaciones, cesando
im extenso perIodo de aislamiento por medidas proteccionistas, que solamente consiguieron el atraso tecnológico del pals y Ia imposibilidad de enfrentar en
igualdad de condiciones a los productos foráneos. Si
bien se ha avanzado en ese sentido, ya que nuestras cxportaciones manufactureras han crecido considersblemente, el cambio se ha realizado a expensas de
otros factores de consideraciOn social, como ci empleo. Por Un lado, al mejorarse Ia tecnoiogla fabril, so
hace innecesario eLempleo de tanta mano de obra. Por
otro, so harenunciado a is competencia. y Ia sustitucidn
de productos nacionales por importados ha ocasionado ci cierre de numerosos establecimientos en el
pals. La recesión, ci desempleo y ci subempleo -eufemismo que remplaza al czillismo °changa"- son re-
sultados indeseadosel progrania econdmjco.
Desde alunos sectores, so indica que una mayor flexibiijzacin lahoral podrIa despejar los temores do empresarios, quienes, supuesta,mente, ocuparlan mayor
ndmero de personas ante Ia disminucida de abultados
costos iaborales. Sin embargo, los efectos de las medidas haste ahora adoptadas, hacen notar otros grupos
de interds, no ban redundado en una mayor.demanda
de inano deóbra, sino, por ci conirarlo, en Ia pdrdida do
puestos de trahajo. Las cifras combinadas de desempleo
y subempleo en la Argentina signiflcan, hoy en dIa.
que por lo menos un 30 por ciento de is poblaciön ac-
Este factor ha sido asumido per Ia Iglesia argentina,
Menem procurando que Ia flexibilizackln Iaboral no sig-
nifique is renuncia a básicos derechos de quienes frabajan. Los obispos dijeron a! jefe del Estado que Is
implantacida do medidas excesivamente lazes podrfan
aportar más anguslia a nuest-o pueblo. La posicicin de
los prelados as consistente con Ia expresada hasta per
settores empresariajes, quo observan que detrás de Ia
lucha sectoriai quo so refleja en las fratativas parismentarias dcl proyecto de flexibifizacicin, so juega en
buenaparteconlapazso
El dilema as grave: as ci erto que sectores produclivos
no pueden asumir costos laborales demasiado altos:
Peru tainpoco lo son menos las reflexiones de muchos
sobre los ejemplos do econoinjas emergentes, que disponen de mano do obra barata a costas deuna excesiva
desproteccicin laboraL No so puede, indicaron, nivelar
per lo bajo a una nacicin potencialmente rica como Ia
nuestra, uyo pueblo so encuentra acostumbrado aim
nivel do vida superior, per ejemplo, a! del tailandés,
puesto como modelo tras una visita presidencial.
La cueslicin, segdn otros, so encuentra airapada enfre posiciones extremas; lade quienes quieren defender
conquistas laborales que condicionan Ia efectividad yet
rendinriento, y do ofros que pretenden dejar Iibrada a Ia
necesidad del mercado is disponibifidado creacidn do
puestos de frabajo. Olvidan unos y ofros queen las naclones desarrolladas, los gremios tuvieron que 'ceder
ventajas para permitir planes de cainbio, peru que antes de ello so crearon programas sociales pars resolver
Ia cuesticin del elevado desempleo en los perIodos de
transicicin, algo que en nuestro pals no so ha ilevado a
caho. Debe despolftizarse ci temay emprenderse wi astudio sector per sector de las necesidades do una y ofra
tiva no tiene trabajo, o silo tiene, no alcanza para
subvenir las mmnimas netesidades de subsistencia..
brine ile
parte, como un medlo pars encontrar una soiucidn
'por su Parte,'ifidkaue los o'rainas d que aporte dignas soluciones
para todos.
Argentina
La Gaceta
01.12.96
El drama social del desempleo
informe de Ia Mundo, particularmente en Alema-el "paraIso" sueco.La Argentina,
Organización
Internacional
dellrabajosobre el desem-
Un
pleo en el mundo ha consigna-
do Ia existencia
de casi mu millones de desocupados o subempleados, lo que representa algo menos de un tercio de Ia
fuerza laboral. La comunicación recoge datos oficiales aportados 'r
los paIses miembros de ?4:f
como una serie de consideraciones
acerca de causas y eventuales remeUios que, más bien, son expresiones de deseos sobre principios
humanistas que difIcilmente dejen
de compartirse.
La organizacidn aboraI de las.
Naciones Unidas establece una ra-
zonable coincidencia entre esa
gran depresit5n en el mercado de
trabajo y el gran impulso de la eco-
nia -Ia llamada 'locomotora euro- por derecho propio, tuvo su propia
pea"-, con tasas de desocupación crisis, con la secuela de tasas histddesconocidas desde la época del ricas de desempleo, disiinulado durante ddcadas merced a subsidios
"milagro".
Porafladidura, los gobiernos en- püblicos que provocaron nuestra
ropeos realizan ahora fuertes ajus- gran quiebra econOmicaC
Seflala blen el informe de la OIT
tes para poder superar las famosas
la
conveniencia de volver al "conreglas de Maastrich, tras las cuales
de concrelará el sueflo de la mone- cepto del pleno empleo para que,
convenientemente actualizado, siga
da comiin.
Otro factor no suficientemente siendo un objetivo central".
Pero no es menos cierto que, silas
advertido en ese informe, o en Las
frecuentes consideraciones que se condiciones económicas se han moformulan en tomb del grave proble- dificado en La generalidad del plama, tiene matices fuertemente poll- neta, es muy difIcil aceptar el congelamienticos: la crisis terminal A/go que podrIa enfrentarse to de las
relaciones
del socialismejor descargandolo de
laborales
mo marxisque, a fin
ta-leninista
intereses po/Iticos..
de cuenprodujo La
tas, son
desapariparte de
del
cidn
aquéllas.
gran corn-
Esa adepetidor de
nomfa global, caracterizada por las economlas lthres, dejando a és- cuación responde a una realidad
una considerable ape rtura con ta's sin otras lhnitaôiones que sus 'objetiva, por más que no sólo ella
fuerte competencia y un creciente propios principios.
desarrollo tecnoldglco. Deberfa
pensarse que, en tales condiciones,
las "vfctimas de La plaga" tendrian
que ser los palses emergentes o de
economIas en desarrollo, sometidos
a las fuer.tes presiones del cambio,
El auge del neoliberalismo bajo el
pontificado del mercado ha sido la
etapa consecuente. Claro está que a
La cafda del Muro de Berlin siguid Ia
crisis del estado de bienestar, consistente muchas veces en una pana-
sea La condicidn para enfrentar efi-
cazmente el drama social del de'sernpleo.
El tema, por cierto, no serfa el
trámite tan conflictivo, silas partes
comprometidas en di lo descargaran de intereses politicos que oscuy sin condiciones para soportar cea abusiva que termthó causando recen su debate, obstaculizando a
adecuadamente el impacto social. fuertes desequilibrios en numero- la vez el aluinbramiento de fórmuSin embargo. la depresión laboral sas economlas, y una deuda social 'las jüstas y tcnIcamente adecuaestá haciendo también estragos en insoportable por naciones tan po- das ala realidad econdmica y solas naciones comunitarias del Viejo derosas como la propia A1emania o cial.
Argentina
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AUSTRALIA
FINANCIAL REVIEW
FINANCIAL REVIEW
26.11.96
PAGE:
ILO calls for commitment
to global full employment
TI,, 11.0 cays ft Is
st.pnng
hisitlesato accept so.called jobless gvautb. PJlCU1
and investment flowg,' the 11.0's
Almost a billion people around
the world - isbout 30 per cent of
the 1lobal tubour force - aac
uneniplujed or underemployed.
according to a new report by the
Iniernaunnal Labour Office.
dfrectoT-gcncral, Dr Michel Han.
SCIIUC, warned.
"It at not just hraiilcas but
economic ills caused b bib
uuuuipluyincni, the [LO warns in
World ipkvment 1996/97. to be
Tr4eased in Genevi today.
But the report ieJect the notion
that itobabsation. new tedmol.
ngy and a.uporate downsiain are
ushering in an eta vi loblesa
growih or ibe end 01 work".
it colli for a renewed interna-
tional commknicut to full
aestlon.
Boosting non-inflationary cco
nOmiG gtowth to revere the trend
pernicious to assume that nuthitig
can be dune to remedy unelnpioy-
decline in growth during the past
two decades in industrialised
countries is foremost swung the
obkes growth' is the best that can
measures needed to create IUU
employment, the repost argues.
meat. to aatume that so-rufled
Risjg WC lnuathy and be hoped for au
growing .Dumbers of "working
poor" IT. IiTaCerbatfl social and
rates of econontic growth and Job
,mpendve economy"
The 11.0 schaovlc4gca there is
The report says that in the no easy mechanism lot stopping
wealthiest nations the luug4eim
jubleu we being evkted' from
the labour markes, nanoforming
Thejob!e5S1re
transformed Into u
excluded cIasL
latgc numbcza into a
permna.
WZg inflanon dunng economic
growth but argues that wage
inflation can beheld in check with
appropriate industrial pzaces
and Iahtuxr market regulations.
Targeted training Initonves
and labour market policies to
insist the long-term jobisse are
also nccdcd, it says.
Hut the report rejects further
labour market d.r.gulation an the
remedy for uncuapluyrncnL
employment
Arrording to tht report, uaeaploymcnt levels:
O exized 34 million people cc the
OECD countries
O Average 11.3 per cent in the
European Uuiun.
o Declined sIIfJitIy in Eastern
and (eneral !4nrope. but remain
at double.digii leveLs.
"Abandoning the goal 0! full
neatly excluded class'
lhjs contributes to Wup infleton by eroding the cumpcddve
function of the labour market.
social expectat onset time when
the world ccouowy U becoming
more Integrated lhrougti wade
DCC causing the world's jobs 'noes,
'lower growth rites in indusulalbad cuwitrics since 1973, and the
failure ot most developing onun-
the ILO rgucs.
tries in recover from the economic
employment means lowenn&
Because the long tm jobk
lOse aldUs and are no lonpr.mcn as
ciindidaies (or work, they ccaseto
exert any pressure on wag. argon-
ations and real wages'.
Cuutr&ry to popular misconception. bade liberalisanon *nd
Tapid rerhnolugicat progrsas are
Rather. they are vinil for higher
"There is tin hash For a blanket
presumption that tisbour inarketi
regulations arc Invariably a
sow'ec of rigidity and that deregulation it automatically an opdmal
solution."' the report says.
ILLYS report links today';
global
erisis of joblessness to
orates of the early t9eOs.
AUSTRALI
FINANCIAL REVIEW
IS OPINION..
I
Iii. .isa1itJ(
FINANCIM RE'iTEW
key
to job growth
r
K. term "full e
Flexibility
o3nm'nt' is. to some. almoSt an
Thc LW takes issue with such percepñons. saying the
somcching that went out in available empirical evidence "suggests that both of this.
Autrill along with H Holdens and lrigiduitvs.
But in a report rcicucd yesterday, WorI4 En$,jenen
199o/5r/. the International Labuw Organization hsw
mode tbd to jct the concept bvele on the wider agenda,
saving that helping wwbciSLatc3. deliv.rob to
popular anxieties arc greatly exaggerated". Thtic with
low-wage economies is only a miner explanatory f.,dnr
behind thç rise in the uiteinpluyuicnt of low-skilled
workers end wage inequality ,*n the industrialised
,.ouotries. it suggests. The cxpericncc of the dynamic
everyine seeking work is part at the mandate handed tu Asian economies, which implemented sound domestic
it by the 1995 Unitcd Notions Strm.mit for Social policies while welcoming global trade and invesunent
flevdnpmenL
flows, is held up as evidence that Intcgraiiun in the world
rot surprisingly ft.,ca UN.ntfzljuted body. particularly economy is beneficiaL By contract. thi economic
oar that d sr'hi ir.celf as the inccrnathnil advocate (ss staguaduuutuiwh of ub-Sabann Arlea has coincided
full cuiployment end social ju5tine", the hO's twalycic is
cnuchcd in terms of ensuring "full, productive and (testy
chosen employment" at least portly to prevent negative
with growing mrirgiiulin*tiun (rain that global economy.
Sbnhlarhy the kica that thci&uwlughad ae,ulutieu
and changes in sodl attitudes to work have made the
out ames. such as puvc*t .and,dcprcaion. for he ucular job obsolete is ant supportcd by the evidence, the
unemployed and, fci,hctseinWórk.the adverse hnpnit
of sbcial ieuiou and crmc. .Mdr..uniivu*lIy, kenck!ntt
ernlrnmc growth as the inEjemost pu utJctor in.
I
t.
achieving its goaL
The report argilec thai almbst a.bilIiynpcopk aruwid
w1d -or 34Y per ccnx àfth. iàbaliabourfoece.ire :unemployed or underemployed largely bccaáco(
the
lower growth rates in tti. indusmaliced Countries since
1913 and the (allure of itiovi developing cowitries to
recover (rout the econoinir. crises o the early 1980s. it
then pruecutia to debunk the Incest theories used to
explain this persistcntly high and wldetcprcod wiemploy-
-went
glollinofthcwoddecononiyand"jobless.
growth due to rapid technutugical change......
In Australia, thec iioriens arc icriing to take over the
mlin(siipcgoar oncc reserved for migrub and working
mothers. Today most thinking people athcpt that 1Ue
report ssys. Rather, much ot the end of work" Ikereture
is said to be hosed on "uwarruntcd extrapolations from
dramatic episodes of corporate duwnsinng, igiiutiii
compcnmtoty job 'creation 4sewhere in the tconnmY".
This analysis is ccrlainlV meaningla1 in the Australian
context, where new jobs are being created but not fact
enough to significantly lower die uncuuphuyiuciIL raze or
prevent the sidelining.of' whnl twaihet of workers. The
pimleawcnt of these long.u.rm uàcmploycd prompt3 the
1U) to make an unusual appeil to the enlightened
acIf.intcresi of employers, arguing such workers should
be kept Job-ready If only to act as a brake on waije
diwveivd5 by those pimuanendy engageti in dir economy.
The report's recipe for restoring full employment In
industrialised counirlisi is a combination of higher
growth, mechanisms for mixletating wage iuflaiioa and
better labour marker policies. While arguing that
balance of evidence shows wigi.stion ha, net benefits for
Auetraliun employment kvelc, and that forcing women
out f thc wurkfutcc would not he mor&Uy acceptabin,
even if it wre economically wise or even feasible. But ii
dcrcgulatiun isno panacea, it concedes tbai"thcre may
wdlhe aspects of labour-tnaltct regulations that arc in
ha.c become nhnut the common wisdom that cheap
labour in other countries, vii von hand, and computsil,
on the other,' are robbing local workz.iS of jobs.
at 86 per cent, uncinploymcnc is thankfully below the
F.urnpean average of 113 per cent but disappoi1tingly
high& compared with 5.4 per c.nL in the US.
aced of rcform in particular countri.c'.
This is unquestionably the ease with Australia where.
In a rapidly changing world. itis impossible to predict
just whccc new jobs will emerge. Given economic growth,
they will emerge. but job seekers will best he able to rake
them up if they ore not faced with an obstacle courn of
unnecessary restrictions and red tape. The Oovcrnuieiit'
role iii to build flexibility into the labour market so that
bla_her growth genciatet due maximum number o1
productive jobs.
BANGLADESH
tar
ii1
ti
DHAKA SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 1996
"I
a'iui' world. ap-
jrocimateiy 30 per cent of the
entire global vorkforce. are unemployed or under-employed in
Industrialised and developing
countries alike, says a new report by the InternatIonal
Labour Office (World Employment 1906/97 - National policies In a global context),
In
T'Ir,u,u.t-
i'g ua:ioi
41,..$
its report. World Em-
social and economiC ilis caused
by hIgh jobless rates,
In the world's wealthiest na(ions, members of the Organiza-
for these countries of choosing'
economlc policies and labour-
riomic and labour market out-
ployment.
The report concludes that
while there Is no single Ideal
inflationary Growth
market policies are still the
dominant influence on ceocomes in any country.
.
..
market institutions that are
most likely to reduce uneip:
DevelopingEcflflOmies
The' maJority f workers In,.'
developing' countries' "are en-
gaged in row-productivity work"
Foremost among the
physiCallY onerouS
rift away from full employ-" "hut is often
yields only meagre earnmcnt is "to reverse the trend de- but yetAlthough
the ILO report
dine in growth rates over (he ..' ifl"S.
e'n0wLage5 that full-em-
prescription for developing in-
ciulrements for reversIng The'
quirement for reversing the
prolonged deterioration in employrnent conditions is the
restoration of high and sustained rates of economie
past two decades" ih industrial- . ployrneflt Is a Ion-term objeeized COUntrieS. While much aca- lIve for most developing coun-'
demic literature maintains that' tries, it nonetheless "provides a
expansionary efforts to boost'
for the for-
million people are unemployed.
In the European Union, unemployment increased last year. ,
to an average of 11.3 per cent of
the workforce, with France,
Germany, Italy and Sweden registertn signihCaflt increases.
In tie United States, on the
other hand, job creation has in-
tensified and unemployment
has dipped below five per cent.
Unemployment rates have also
declined In the United Kingclom. In both countries, however, income disparities have
tended to widen.
In the transition economics
unemployment rates declined
of Eastern and General Europe,
slightly but remained at doublcdi 'it levels. In Russia and some
oter countries of the former
useful framework
rowth rates will inevitably
growth."
(Ion of Economic Coocration
and Development, at cas(
pa
---'-"lon
lTlU" of employment
poiic) ma1
rounder on the rocks of -inflation or supply-side constraints.
the 1W report insists that a dflcicncy in demand could well
. h ,',',nnnsIh1a far th.nroloned'
Full Employment:
Feasible and Iflghly
icy.' The targets
'a rate of
shoUld aim for include moderfl''growth of produCuve.
exceeds
the rate
sector jobs that
the',labOUr,f0ceiof .gr-..--.f --------------,,
of
rløgwtilflhe
in a dir:ct challenge to much
-
xtcflt
arguments which world economy and that wage and a redtiCUOfl In the
hi the rural
orceast an era of '1oblcss inflation can be held in check If. - '.iidcremplOYmcflt
jublieisecl
sectorS'
qf'
urban informal
growth" the ILO emp iasizes industrial practices and labour- "
that there is little empirical ba- 'market rcgulaUons are desic' the econOmy."
The report
aitribuies condi'
sis for the notion that global- ito do so. employment
ization. technological change ' [.,,j(countries are to bgineo4,erioraUflg
of the dolions in many parts
or corporate downslzin are ating jobs' and reversing wage'
than In
velpttg wor(d (otheronomlcSl
ushering in an era of Jo less inequality. It is necessary to incthe dynamic Asian
growth or bringing about the crease economic rowtfi rates
recover fully
' most people have while strengthenlfl Institu-. ,to 'the failure 10 crisIs of the
end of work -is
frcim the eCOflOfltC
known it
nnd In
lional mechanisms :or'moder- i.early'19308.
Slower,tiegati'
The rcport attributes much ating waC Inflation and impopular theorizing about the proving t a design and Impie- 'many cases, even
tgnatiofl in
end-of-work' and joblcss mcntatlori of labour market ' - growth has meant
of rnodcrfl.SCctOt
the creationconsequent
growth'. 'tO "unwarranted
policies, paying particular to
overjobs .and
trapolatlons from dramatic the long-term uncmpioyed. says
crowdIng in low.proditICttPlIY
'episodes of corporate ciownsiz- the 11.0 report.
ipg. ignoring compensatory job
The report says that 'higher ' activities. - source: :L.O News
creation elsewhere in the
growth is possible provided' a
amy.' These anxicUes, the re- ' sustained period of expansionport notes. are understandable ary policies is supported by
'given the almost worldwide de- credible policies to prevent a
tertoration of emplo1ment resurgence of inflationa.1Y wage
conditions.' the size of ayoffs increases and to overcome the
and ". . , the concentration of
kili shortage that will be genJob losses In particular ceo- crated.'
nomic sectors and communiMechanisms for moderatifl
ties.'
wage inflation are the seooJ
The 11.0 maintains that tlie prerequisite if the expansIOnconcept of full employment, ary impulse is to avoid being
suitably updated. s ould re- choked off bthc reaction of ft.
main as a principal objective of 'nanctal mar ets.
economic and soci" policy."
The third requirement for"
I
Soviet Union. employment continued to increase.'
Among. Latin American
countries. Colombia posted a
rise in unemploYmCfl'. from 8 to
over 10 per cent, Unemployment increased in urban areas
in Argentina. Solivia, Ecuador
Jaiaica,- Mexico. Uruguay and
Venezuela.
Jn sub-Saharan Africa and
many parts of Asia. data on direct unemployment hardly exists. but problems of massive
unclercmploymcnt and poverty
persist in thcsc low-Income re-
gions.
The ILO bclicvcs that nothing short of a renewed International commitment to full employtuent is required to reverse
the Ovcrty, unemployment and
underemployment now. prevail-
Trade, Technology
Globalization
reversing the risc in unem-
d.
ployment is "to improve the de-
sign and, Implementation of
Ia our-market policies.'
The 1W argues that, contrary to popu or misconcep-
Trjti0fl Economies,.,
tions, the world's job woes are
not being drIven by rapid tech-
The unemployment problem..
results
in transition economies labour
from 'the legacy of
In state-owned enterprises carried over from the
nological progress and trade
ing In so many'. parts of the lli,.'rslt,.ntton, both of which
globe,
____ to stimulating
: -"''"
are necessary
1L0 Direetor.Oeneral Michel 'economic growth and produc-
""b
.
ansenne says. "Cunent Levels
of unemployment make no ceo-
noniic sense and are neither
poltticall nor socially suS-
tainable.
The ILO report identifies the
underlying cause of deteriorat-
ing labour market conditions
as being:
Lower growth rates in in-
dustrialized countries since
1973 and the failure of most developing economies to recover
fully from the economic crisis
of the early 1980s,
GIven the high .atid potentjaliy' intolerabre; social ten-,
.Inns this is likely to generate..
.ITiirsTeores the iniportance
and that 'national macroeconomic. structural and Labour-
dustrialized and transition
economics, the 'priority re-
ing poor" risk pggravatirig the
l
flation, which lasted until the
mld-1980s,
The progressive eviction
from the world of work of the
long-term unemployed and the
increasing casualization of
millions of workers in Informal sector activities.
ployment 1996/97. the lLO calls
(he Iobal employment situation 'grin" The ILO warns that
the growing numbers of "work-
nawrful the forces
of
jit ihiiôpoint,s
,,..*
ft
rin "in nvr-
Slow adiustment of wages
to decliniiu! labour productivity
and the eriiergence'of wage in"
nna billion
ie
full employment needed
-
..,'nnflnitC system. Al-
ough enterprises in Central,
and Eastern Europe and the
former Soviet Union have atready undertaken substantial
restructuring, often t the post
, of increased unemployment.
equality in the industrialized and poverty, the report says'
countries,
that a formidable challenge'
tivity. Trade between industrialized and developing CCOflO
mica "is only a minor cx
planatory factor behind the rise
in the unemployment of lowskilled workers and in wage In'
.
The report notes that the cx- still remains in terms of reperiencc of dynamic Asian . structuring uncomjetittve eneconomies pro\'idcs evidence . ti--ie and of a justing the.
-ucte of enterprises in order'
that 'sound domestic policies,
expand in' global trade and in tto raise labour pTqCj,ltYt...
vestment 1hows provide rich opportunities for higher rates of
economic growth and job crest ion."
Bangladesh
12 TEE BANÔLADE$H OBSERVER
SATURDAY JANUARY 18
19
ILO's Bundle Of. Contradictions.
Dr Bharat Jhunjhunwala
...
I HE trO bcLxrILo aSa
-
.
1Ic
onin; zib0in fo aeainbtg full" about advtin; inc inth
rem-
employment bu( na oth
.aTt
ly eanadk-.
hny. It seems that the ILO b driwtm
by an invisible hand to ppou fore-
gn inVeamcttt and inbai;.t
- its advetic impact .00
ouldtwweMitha1
undue preoccupation Mth
The that woc aadc .in .itr.
repart World Employment 199697.
in that purely maxket xthrms often
need to be sunolczteated he
cprtun1ties opentd up by globa.
lienitun. It pointi out that Korea had
purucd emetly sutht a inedel of an
ac1ie role of the state In de%elop.
meat '4th outstandIng. riIce.
Ob.iousiy. this wduld require an
incretoe n pubuc Csd1tur and
dritat financiae, whleb ti bet intibi of scearina cb eapebdiand w,3d be jasitI.. Then
8.0 tnrai axoczzdj and
adlcc
;teir by yin ti reso
.r
macrcanomic S.tTIzy ahonid eel
be ptpincd and tat
WhU oflan
mvolva reth&dicni z pebEcezad.
lwus. the itehienlon i
faulty and dcvehcztloe.
Tiw fact is that ccvoint reforms
have had a lopeided emphasis on
maacwconomie mbflltv and pgblic
$eiu'iiiIua lu thu.
4,d
1tpohasoutthpotnt aorta
thtOW the baby of baportau1thution
aiztltb the bath aiintezan1 for
be
meat and employment and
leatead it advot the
iun manacconomic stability thatin
Itaclihy saying that aDwriin
rngible (or uth curtailment.
The second ragçeszion mdc by
11.0 is that atnfl and cottage izith*.
T,4- rnnd tn b
nconra,nd __
oxi.izibemue-dustth1ça1b ithespiad
twa. edIt ii.d Izlsnann £iuic tc.
entail farms and sitzall nzcrptises.
Thir would enable them to gr
the
vCOPI
riamic stabflkv hurts public iniz.
de. it
picy.
mere.
nwnt
p dim,
inLanX.in4toI7 in
ttiea bends ptoteetioe.
tarkct reforTos. Thea ft
adhc in coTonwn rulea of the 3azn
øotulc poliU To2InI5TUUt open
dcs ithich noi applies to doineade
cozzipeti.
which aff
policy ,ar
meeting the espirazione (lot beater
jnhe) in a high rate of employment
crea;uai in the modem
oribazi
it zko. a more ambiguous nd
by stating that imlanead' gav.nh
between these enots ncedtd to be
prmorci So ead ithar i to yair
liking.
The fact othat given a shttanoa of
eapitala srardzy. one esanot have
11.0 report points out that develop-
dndt Ia t. rat. of vnsrloymeot
A dispidonate 'iciutiny of the
ing countries like India should foUnt'
°
the blowing act of polius (I)
Th fourth suggeslion is that developing countries oui cmiriate
(2) promotion of SSI.s. If necessary at
public idvenmenin n1ranrucuire
ui0baiOes0fcurdards'
Ultimately, the need for
n4ar
:-- bcentoe the wages are law.
21 developing ennt. thea r
a
hlvc relatinahip Ltv
low
and hit at employment. However.
11.0 would like to impose labour
2DGsZ0S even If that lads to job
min dioiee 8.0 would sachet
not enafeontan It ani
promote SSIs and promote the aid-. desomndon.
-...
inoreesed front 3.1
tion. ft ahatild have mid that open
CconondC polieles men be
-Indushy nddczadp
Where in
wages and high employment oppor.
naldes. Thus. hziposino,f of labour
itandarda would lead to high wages
..4.,, tfr.T
Singapore ft b
Kong. baa ibe)im been apezeineni
policy azn.
even m dom
'ere SedOtiS 5b0tId) TOI
ozing small industries. If fl.0 w
sctious about job
on. it should
have taken an unambipoueeaad
to.thc need of prem tinSSlscv fl
r
in Philippines front &4 to 335%
between IP7S and 1993. Even in
policies Tottst be main-
UOTPJ
lT
TLQiseehfrcuogeftesthavjnl3 outof
cumnmlc c1i'c to be oa
euuploymctit.Suange is It may seem.
1L0s own data does not lead to such
a zasy picture. The data say that the
rate of tinemployment has incceascd
in MaIay bin 0.78 to 3.13%. and
Thes hating athventvl to 3.21% between 19S and 1993
iii!ant.indiny pruemithdt bits tight ahcr having deemed from 3.% in
bark it it saytng that the open 1975. Only in Korea and Hong
cvctythin.Thccnortoore
than pec-emptjs posübfllzles of pros-
that ha'e led theta
'solidly .on the path towards full
tivea
intandty ne.d m h pmmbred. Bay-
ing ,aid rc. It enntradcts itself by,
layin; that the tcv cqi.icentent for
econepolid
of
Za
1L
iw.
the coes of monamic effidcney (3)
ptatemlon to domestic impor.ubsdrudon indastslas; and (4) nongzncm a! labour standards to
imnd
cyxiteas. This is w'hat we
kien ham the 11.0 repon. It
opposes *2nL1LO has been barred to
enumadlesitselfos each of the above
tailieles. no so say, by the 'lnidible
hszidandhas.lnthe aid. conduded
ingeacilythooppotite. Let at
take the 10a5 of ins analysis from the
mad pond of it
The Author is a politzcl ceonolk.
istbmedlaDclhL
tion de l'éconohue, les mutations
technologiques et
leur impact sur la
te, lea rnéthodea de financement de Ia protection sociale,
notamment des pensions, vont
changer. C'est un problème de
transition. Pour l'assurance
matadie Ia question do Ia maltrise des coUts et des deman-
des se poserait, quand bien
méme tout irait bien. De grace,
no mélangeons pas los deux
croissance en Europe.
choses.
Faut-1I néanmolns accepter un
accrolss,m.ntdes InCgalltCs?
11 Chaque societe dolt decider
ce qu'elIe veut. L'Europe a fait
En affimant que ie pleln-empiol
est non seulement desirable,
Ia choix, depuis de nombreu-
mais possible, le BIT n. pèche-t.)l
pas par races d'optlmlsm.?
ses années, d'un encadrement
des négociations sociales, gui
conduit a un resserrement de
U Les chiffres montrent claire-
mont gu'on ne peut attribuer
l'éventail des salaires. Je ne
nos probièmes a Ia rnondialisa-
tion de léconomie et a I'irruption des pays du tiers monde,
gui ninterviennent encore que
sur un volume réduit des
échanges. Certes, les risques
vois pas en guoi ceci serait dra-
matique et dommageable. Le
probleme eat de savoir - c'est
I'une des grandes questions
Dlrect.ur gCnCral du Bureau bnt.rnatf anal du Travail,
présIdent du 12' congrCs des Cconomlst.s b.Ig.s d. angus françalse
posées au congrès des économistes - si cela eat encore ac-
ne sont pas identiques pour
toutes les categories de travail-
cepté et toléré par Ia popula-
nous adapter par le bas: dimi- tion. Ou bien s'il y a des modifinuer es salaires, réduire Ia pro- cations en profondeur de l'apson d'adopter une attitude apotection sociale, accentuer les pareil de production qui
calyplique face a a mondialisamnégauites et Ia précarisation.
lion. Laquelle. ii faut Ic rappe- tions a Ia Belgique. Cest au Au yeux de certains, ce serait rendent ce modèle hors de
icr. nest pas Un jeu a sornme gouverriement et aux parlenal- Ia seule manière de retrouver portée. Je pense qu'il n'y as
pas de réponse strictement
nuile. lien va de méme avec les res sociaux de tirer leurs proIa maitrise de léconomie. Trés économique. Mais lea mutamutations technologiques. II pres conclusions.
objectivement, nous ne parta- tions structurelles obligent le
ny a pas de raison dirnaginer
geons pas cette analyse. Au monde politigue et social a se
queues feront perdre des emSur quoi repose Ia réusslte du
fond, on a un peu fe sentiment, réinterroger sur lea arbitrages
plots. ii est quant mème signilu- .'modèle hollandais'?
gui ont éte faits il y a quarante
calif de remarguer quil nous a Cest le résultat dune straté- en Europe, que nous avons
cinquante ans et a inventer
taut, aujourdhui, moms de gte nationale acceptée. Voilà commis tellement de péchés de nouvelies formules.
croissance quil y a encore ce gut est, a mes yeux, deter. gue nous devrions maintenant
Propos r.cu.IIlb. par
viiigt ans pour créer des em- minant. Les pays européens lea expier par un excés de verDOMINIQUE BERNS
plots. DoCi lea conclusions du gui reussissent le mieux sont tu. C'est un peu excessif.
recent rapport du Bureau inter. sans doute ceux oU lea inter.
national du travail (BIT): Ia mise locuteurs sociaux et Ia populaen muvre de politiques de tion en general ont accepte un
plein-emploi a encore un sens. certain projet, un certain modéle. Cest le
Notre dis-
ours. Mais ii ny a aucune rai-
sissent-ils mieux que nous? II
taut avoir to courage de se poser Ia question. Cependant ie
no ferat pas de recommanda-
cours nest
Le inodele Ii ollandais est
Ic récu!rat d' une strategie
L'irruptlon
dens l'Ccono- nationale ac -ep:ée. Voilà
que.
rnondiale
de
C b.c
salaires et C
-
cas des Hol-
pas idéotogi-
mb
re qui (-SI.
flu's i-eu.':.
(Ic'le?l? iinant.
capacftC technologlque, t&s
l'lnde Cu ii
Chine, n'indlque-t-etle pas cependent que lea dMIs de Ii mondiallcation soot encore a venlr?
U A mesure que des pays atteignent des niveaux technologiques satisfaisants au travers
desquels us rCussisent leur
processus de croissance, les
salaires et Ia protection sociale
s'adaptent a a hausse. II n'y a
pas de raison de croire que ce
gui sest passe chez nous ne
se passera pas chez eux. Mais
nous avons Un intérét a avoir
une maitrise suiffisante de Ia
landais, par
rapport a des
pays oü Ia si-
tuation est
beaucoup
plus conflictuelle, corn-
me lea modetea allemand,
Le Soir
29.11.96
francais ou
beIge.
U Au contraire du Fonda monaaIr, International. le BIT n'Inslst,
p.s au premier ch.f curia li.xlbiIlsatlon du marchC du travail.
-
Pourquol?
Li En Europe, Ia flexibilisation
accrue du marche du travail n'a
pas entrainé damélioration significative sur le front de lem-
pioi. Expliguer le chOmage par
le rnanque de Ilexibilité nous
parait donc un peu nalf. Cela
dit, nous ne prétendons pas
que ce nest pas un element im-
portant. Mais le probléme eat
dabord de retrouver une cerrer que les pays gui en tirent tame croissance. La flexibilité
aujourd'hui un avantage soient dana Un processus de croisaussi vertueux stir le plan so- sance est assez radicalement
niondialisation pour nous assu-
cial.
Vous relancea alnab Ia dCbat cur
différente dune situation oü on
voudrait faire porter le poids
principal sur Ia flexibilité.
Ia clause soclale..
U La clause sociale eat un mo
déle extrément rigoriste et un
peu négatif. II suftit dun consensus sur Un modéle vertueux
de croissance économique au
niveau mondial.
Queues coat vos recettes pour
relancer Ia croicanc. en Europe?
II ny a pas de recette. Pour
une part. le problème est a por
ter au niveau européen. puis-
que le developpement et Ia
bien-être dun pays comme le
nôtre dependent du développement et du bien-être de ses voisins Mais, 1 faut egaiement ré-
flOchir en termes nationaux.
Pourquoi nos voisins hollandais. gui ne sont pas fondarni'nlalr'rnerit différents, réus-
Belgique
Face a une croissance plus len-
Michel
Hansenne
Sur Ia mondialisa-
Nous disons donc: essayons
de bien fixer i'angle d'attaque
principal, sans bien entendu negliger lea mesures d'accompa-
gnement qui doivent ètre prises. Nous ne nions pas les modifications gui se sont produi-
tes dans los processus de
production et dans es modéles
économiques, oCi une flexibilité
plus grande est requise.
U La solution passe.t-eile néces-
salrement par Ia reduction des
salaires et de I. protection sodale?
Li Cest ce que nous appelons,
au BIT. Ia voie basse., cello
qui consiste a dire que Ia mondialisation et lea changements
technologiques nous obligent a
-
Belgique
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Belgique
Knack
04.12.96
Econornie
WERKGELEGENHEID
ALLENk
1
SLAG
De jitemafiona1e Arbeidsorganisatie roept op tot volledige tewerkstelling. De wereld moet meer economische groei scheppen. Een
gesprek over dit appèl met directeur-generaal Michel Hansenne.
Internationale Arbeidsorganisa-
$DE
tie (lAO), een instelling van de ver-
enigde Naties, zend met haar rapport
,,Werkgelegenheid in de wereld 1996/
1997" een tegendraadse boodschap uit:
noch de globalisering van de economie,
noch de technologische revolutie, noch
de inflatie zijn hinderpalen voor volledige tewerkstelling. Omdat de economie
niet genoeg groeit, is de werkloosheid in
de wereld zo dreigend hoog. Eén miljard
mensen of een derde van de beroepsbevolking vindt namelijk geen job.
Directeur-generaal Michel Hansenne
van de lAO, voormalig Belgisch minister
van Tewerkstelling en Arbeid, kant zich
tegen het fatalistisch aanvaarden van hoge werkloosheid. ,,Er is een nieuw engagement voor volledige tewerkstelling nodig. De politieke overheden moeten zich
niet achter de nieuwe, globale economic
verschuilen. Het zijn de landen zeif die
het economisch beleid en de arbeids-
markt uittekenen. De lAO biedt geen
kant-en-kiare politieke oplossingen, wij
openen het debat."
Wat is volledige tewerkstelling ?
MICHEL HANSENNE: De economische
leer heeft volledige tewerkstelling nooit
beschreven als de toestand waarbij iedereen ann het werk is. Er bestaat altijd een
frictiewerkloosheid. Onder andere ten
gevolge van het veranderen van job, het
sluiten van bedrijven en het openen van
nieuwe. Door belangrijke economische
wijzigingen en gevarieerdere vormen van
arbeid ligt die frictiewerkloosheid flu wat
hoger dan vroeger. Volledige tewerkstelling, betekent maximum vijf tot zes procent werklozen.
U De Belgische werkloosheidsgraad
schommel: om de negen procent, he: Europees gemiddelde klitnt over de elf en
grote delen van de wereld zIjn er nog
50 Economie
veel slechter aan toe. Is volledige tewerkstelling realistisch ?
den met uw zwakke economische groei.
onderzoek waarom u de taart niet grotcr
kan bakken. Andere landen halen wel hoge economische groeicijfers. 1k hoor de
Zijn de staatshoofden en de
regeringsleiders, die zich op hun Sociale
Top in 1995 in Kopenhagen voor volledi- jongste maanden meer gelijkgestemde
ge tewerkstelling uitspraken dan geen re- oproepen. Van de voormalige Duitse
alisten? Ons rapport heeft niets ideolo- kanselier Helmut Schmidt bijvoorbecld
gisch. Dc economisten van het Interna- en van de Organisatie voor Economische
tionaal Arbeidsbureau hebben de cijfers Samenwerking en Ontwikkelin (Oe'oi.
gewogen en de analyses verfijnd en kwa- de club van de industrielanden.
HANSENNE:
men tot de conslusie dat volledige tewerkstelling mogelijk is. De globalise-
herbezetten.
ring van de economic is dramatisch voor
HANSENNE:
de werkgelegenheid, heet het populair.
Maar dat is niet correct, wie dat voorhoudt maakt onnodig bang. Die wereldoverspannende economie ontstond zeer
recent en kan bijgevolg niet de oorzaak
zijn van de hoge werkloosheid. Evenmin
kan ernstig studiewerk de stelling beves-
spraken. Ze laten uitschijnen dat het ook
tigen dat de technologische revolutie
Ieidt naar een wereld zonder werk. En de
bewering dat alleen een geweldige eco-
nomische groei bijkomende werkgelegenheid kan scheppen, is ook fout. Het
tegendeel is waar. Om nieuwe jobs te
doen ontstaan, volstaat minder economi-
sche groei dan vroeger - bijna de heift
minder dan voorheen.
Bijgevolg roept de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie op cm te werken aan de
economische groei.
HANSENNE: Steeds meer mensen, vooral
in het erg door werkloosheid getroffen
Europa, geraken ervan overtuigd dat de
veranderde wereld evolueert naar stagna-
tie, soberheid en zelfs armoede. Dat er
een fataliteit van werkloosheid bestaat en
dat de enige hoop berust bij de herverdeling van de arbeid. 1k kan moeilijk gelo-
yen dat Europa veroordeeld is om met
een zeer zwakke economische groei te
blijven leven. Het rapport boodschapt
krachtig: stel u in godsnaam niet tevre-
Kortom, de politiek moe: he: terre,,,
1k ben bang van zulke uit-
in de politick volstaat te willen om te
kunnen. Dat is niet zo, de politick kan
weinig veranderen, ze kan alleen het
maximum proberen te halen nit een gege-
yen situatie. Toch beschikt ze vandaag
over een significante maneuvreerruimte.
Dat is belangrijk in een land als Belgie.
Dat met handen en voeten gebonden
ligt aan de Maastrichtnormen en de Europese Monetaire Unie (EMU).
HANSENNE:
Dc
mensen verwerpen
Maastricht niet, het
aantal
tegenstan-
ders is klein. Zelfs
de pleiters voor een
economische groeipolitick verwerpen
Maastricht
niet.
Maar er rijzen toch
een paar proble-
Eén
miljard
mensen
zIJn
werkloos.
men. Geen dag gaat voorbij zonder dat
de ene of andere autoriteit bedenkingen
bij de Muntunie maakt : de EMU uitstellen; de toegangsnormen verstrakken of
afzwakken; er wordt twijfel gezaaid
over de deelnemers... Dc economische
spelers geraken daardoor in de grootste
onzekerheid. Met het gevoig dat Europa
de voordelen die het nu al van de toe-
Belgique
Vif I'Express
29.11.96
MONDE
73
SOCIAL Le partage du temps de travail devrait ceder le pas a un objectif
prioritaire : privilégier Ia croissance pour revenir au plein-emploi.
Telle est la these décapante du BIT >Michel Gassée
L' anti mythes
Le Bureau international du travail
(BIT) vient de publier un rapport
demandé s'il ne s'agissait pas
d'un délire complet. Leur ana-
consacré a l'état de l'emploi dans le
monde (1). II s'agit d'un événement
lyse s'est focalisée sur quelques
d'autant plus important que les
auteurs de l'étude s'attaquent a une
série do postulats de Ia pensee unique. Le partage du temps de travail,
par exemple. Ou le role prétendument
néfaste du progrès technique sur le
monde du travail. Notre compatriote
Michel Hansenne, directeur general
du BIT, alimente le débat, fustige le
pessimisme ambiant et en appelle a
un veritable sursaut volontariste en
Europe. Entretien.
LE VIFIL'EXPRESS: Contrairement
aux idées genéralement developpées en Europe, vous plaidez pour
hypotheses très répandues.
Aucune ne s'est vérifiée ! us
montrent en effet, chiffres a l'ap-
pui, que Ia mondialisation de
l'économie n'est en rien la cause
de l'aggravation dramatique du
chomage. De même, peu de don-
nées confirment l'hypothèse
selon laquelle l'accélération de la
productivité et du progrès technique nous fabriquerait un monde sans emploi. L'étude indique
ensuite qu'il n'y a pas de corrélation significative entre la reglementation du marché du travail
(NDLR: Ia fameuse flexibilité
qu'un c plein-emploi adapté aux
réalités actuelles soit l'un des
objectifs prioritaires de toute politique économique et sociale. Est-il
réclamée a cor et a cri par les
réellement possible d'offrir un
qu'il faut moitié moms de croissarce économique pour créer un
emploi a tout le monde?
MICHEL HANSENNE:
La notion de
milieux patronaux) et le niveau
du chômage. Enfin, et c'est fon-
damental, l'analyse souligne
emp!oi qu'on ne Ic prétendait
jusqu'à present. Cela dit, 1'Eu-
plein-emploi n'implique pas qu'à rope affronte une question beautout moment, dans une société, chaque individu bénéficie d'un travail.
coup plus aiguë, a savoir
La théorie économique classique
croissance économique.
comment genérer davantage de
considère qu'il subsiste toujours un Est-ce une façon de dire que le
fond de chomage, qualifie de fric- monde politique européen dolt
tionnel , qui touche de 3 a 4 % de réoccuper le terrain pour doper
Ia population active. Au BIT, nous Ia croissance economique?
croyons qu'il est possible de le limi- J'ai un peu peur de ce genre
ter aux environs de S ou 6 %
(NDLR: pour près de 10 %, en Be!gique, a l'heure actuelle). En outre,
compte tenu de I'importance des
mutations en cours, Ia notion même
d'emploi se modifie. Elle ne concerne
plus exciusivement les fonctions
exercées a temps plein sous la protec-
tion d'un contrat a durée indéterminée, mais s'applique également a des
Pour Michel Hansenne, le chomage n'est pas une fatalité.
d'expression. Elle suppose que la
seule existence d'un volontarisme Même les partisans d'une politique
économique expansionniste, comme
!'était Jacques Delors avec ses grands
pouvoir. Ce n'est pas le cas! En travaux, défendent Ia cause de Maasrevanche, je suis convaincu qu'il tricht. Le problème vient plutôt des
existe des marges de manuvre remises en cause continuelles des criextrêmement significatives pour tères de convergence et de l'incerti-
politique permettrait de changer les
choses. Ii suffirait de vouloir pour
favoriser Ia mise en uvre d'une
action politique. C'est bien là l'ob-
tude que génèrent les critiques. Or
Les marges de manuvre existentelles dans une Union européenne
obsédée par le respect du traité de
Maastricht?
ment indispensable.
formes de travail de plus en plus courantes, comme le temps partiel ou les
contrats d'employés a durée déterminée.
I'incertitude inhibe Ia croissance. Le
jectif de ce document: affirmer que veritable défi pour les responsables
le chômage n'est pas une fatalité et politiques consiste a créer un large
qu'il y a une place pour autre chose consensus autour de cet objectif.
Pour cela, Ia confiance est un éléqu'un partage du temps de travail.
N'est-il pas irréaliste d'évoquer le
plein-emploi a l'heure actuelle?
Au moment de commencer leurs tra-
(1) L'emploi dans le monde 1996/
vaux, nos économistes se sont
1997.
LE V1FIL'EXPRESS 29111/96
Belgique
TE SOIR Bruxelles
26/1 1/96
Les recettes <<emploi>> de VOlT
Le chômage, fatalité de la mondialisation? Faux!
Un milliard d'individus, soit prês du tiers de Ia main-d'oeuvre mondiale, sont sans emploi ou
sous-employés, révèie le deuxième <<Rapport mondiai sur l'empion> publié aujourd'hui par
i'Organisation intemationale du Travail. L'OlTjuge 4xpernicieuses> les affirmations scion lesquelies
un chomage important est inevitable dans le cadre de Ia globalisation de i'économie et cue invite ies
gouvemements a agir pour rétablir le p1cm emploi.
Pour s'attaquer au problème dans les pays industrialisés, en développement et dans ies anciens pays
conununistes, ii convient d'abord de <<rétabiir un taux élevé et soutenu de croissance économique>>,
dit Ic rapport. <<Le taux élevé de chômage actuel dans les pays industrialisés a un coüt humain des
plus graves pour ceux qui sont directement concemés et ii engendre la criminalité et d'autres
pathologies sociales dont chacun souffre dans la société>>, souligne VOlT.
Michel Hansenne, directeur général de 1'OIT, a déclaré, en commentant le rapport, que <<les niveaux
actuels de chômage fltoflt aucun sens économique et ne sont supportabies ni politiquement ni
socialementx'. Les 25 Etats membres de l'Organisation de la cooperation et du développement en
Europe (OCDE), considérée comme ie <<club des riches>> des pays développés, comptent au moms 34
millions de chômeurs et le taux moyen de chomage au scm de I'Union européenne est de 11,3 %.
Bien que lechomage se soit réduit aux Etats-Unis et en Grande-Bretagne, les disparités de salaires
ont tendance a s'accentuer. Le chômage progresse en Russie et dans d'autres anciennes Républiques
soviétiques ainsi qu'en Amérique latine.
Le rapport préparé par des économistes et des statisticiens de l'OIT affirme que rien ne prouve que le
progrès technologique et ia libéralisation du commerce mondial soient responsabies des pertes
d'emplois, en particulier dams ies economies avancées. Le rapport estime que la lutte contre le
chomage passe par la stimulation de ia croissance, tombée dams les principales economies de cinq
pour cent dams les années 1960 a moms de trois pour cent.
Ii rejette i'argument scion iequei augmenter la croissance relancerait automatiquement l'inllation. La
diminution de Ia demande pourait étre responsabie de la faible croissance de l'économie mondiale
depuis les années 1970 et l'inflation des salaires pourrait être conlrôiée clans iecadre d'une
règlementation du marché du travail, dit le rapport.
Aucune preuve empirique ne vient confirmer ies allegations - répandues parmi les décideurs
occidentaux - scion lesquelies Ia dérèglementation du marché du travail est la meilleure solution au
chomage, poursuit ie rapport.
Contestant la these de ceux qui annoncent une ère de <<croissance sans emplois>>, le BIT affirme que
l'intensité d'empiois de ia croissance économique n'a globalement pas diminué. <Le travail
indépendant, ie travail a temps partiei et différentes autres formes atypiques d'emploi ont certes un
peu progressé, mais il serait faux d'en conclure que cela sonne le glas des formes classiques
d'emploi.>>
Quelle que soit ia force de la mondialisation, ceile-ci ne représente pas <<un processus supra-national>>
et <<la situation économique et sociale d'un pays continue de dépendre avant tout de la poiitique suivie
par cc pays - de sa politique macroéconomique, de sa politique structurelle, de sa politique du marché
du travail (...). Même a une époque qui penche en faveur d'une intervention minimale de l'Etat, les
politiques nationaies peuvent et doivent viser en priorité a atténuer les effets sociaux négatifs de la
mondialisatiom>, conclut ie BIT. Encourageant, non? (]Yaprès APP et Beiga.)
Belgique
Libre Belgique
La Libre Entreprise
30.11.96
1RAVAIL
Le plein emplol dans le collimateur
C'est l'objectif
assigné par le
Bureau international
du travail pour qui
le progrès tethnique
et Ia Iibéralisatjon ne
sont pas a I'origine
du chômage.
Le chomage nest pas dfl au
libdraljsme ni au progrbs tech-
nique l l'heure oü un milliard
de personnes, soit 30 pc des
actifs, eat sans travail dana le
monde, scion un rapport du
Bureau international du tra-
lariales inflationnistes
vail pubiié lundi a Genbve.
mique, c'eat surtout Ia mine en
place de mécanismea permet.-
La rapport sur iemploi dana
Ic monde 1996/97 du BIT affirme que le plein emploi est
Un objectif possible et souhaitable '. Salon iui, l'insuffi.
sance de Ia demands pourrait
tant de moddrer lea pressions
salariales inflationnistes qui
bien être a l'origine de La longue
période de marasme de l'écono-
La commerce avec lea pays en
développement - n'explique que
trés partiellemene La montee du
chômage parrni lea Ira vail/curs
mis mondjole '. Toutef'ojs une
politique expansionniste eventuelie ne doit pas favoriser de
recrudescence des tensions sa-
,
de-
clare Ic BIT.
Avec Ia croissance écono.
lee pays industrialisés, scIon
les auteurs dii rapport. La
réussite des economies dyna-
miques d'Asie prouue que l'expansion des Cchanges comrner-
ciaux at des flux dThvestisse.
pansionniate tie soit dtouffde
ments,... peut stimuler In croi,e.
sance économique at Ia creation
d'emplois sour reserve qu.e l'on
financiers, scion Ic BIT.
nationaies, écrivent lea au-
doit dviter que l'impuision ax-
par la reaction des marches
pru qualifies et l'agrauation
des irtegalitas de saiaire
dana
applique de bojrnes politiques
tours.
La détbrioration du marché
du travail eat essentiellement
attribuée par Ic BIT a trois
facteurs:
INDEPENDANT
-La travail indépendant, Ic
11 Ia faibiesse des taux de
croissance enregistrés depuis
1973 et Ic fait que les pays en
developpement n'ont pas réussi
se remettre totalement de Ia
crise économique du debut des
anndes 80.
a
O Ia ienteur de I'aju.tement
des sataires su ralentiaaemert
de Ia productivite at l'appari.
tion de presaions aaianalea in-
flationniatea, qui ont dure
juaque dana le milieu des anndes 80,
O l'éviction progressive des
chbmeurs de longue durée du
inarché du travail et la prCcari-
eation de millions de travailleura dana des activités du sacthur non structure,
Contestant Ia these de ceux
qui annoncent une ère de
croissonce sans ernplois , Ic
BIT affirme que i'idCe scion
iaquelle Ia mondialiaation, Ia
progrba technique sties rdductions d'effecti1 engendreront
une croissance sans emplois ou
In fin du travail - as résiste 05
a l'Cpreuue des fails . - En fail,
l'intensité d'emplois de Ia croisianer Cconomique n'a globalenwnt par diminm4.', einn I"
travail ô temps partiel at diffe.
,entes autres formes atypiques
d'emploi ont certes on peu progrease, mais ii serait faux d'en
condors que cela sonne le glas
des former classiques d'emploi.
Las donnCes ne font apparaitre
aucune diminution généralisLe
de Z'anciennetC dana l'emploi,
qu'il s'agisse de l'anciennetC acquise ou de l'ancienneté prévue,
et riles as font pas non plus
apparaitre d'augmentation du
rythrae des changements d'emplois ,..
Queue que soit Is force de Ia
mondialisation, colic-cl tie reprdsente pas un processus sopro-national.. at La situation
économique et sociale d'un pays
continue Li dêpendrs avant tout
de La politique auivie par cc
pays -de sa politique macrodeonomique, de so politique struc-
turelle, de so politique du
marché du travail .
.'Mème Li une Cpoque qui
penche en faveur dune intervention minimale de I'Etat, les
politiques nationaiespeuvent et
doi vent uiser en prioritC a ownuer les effets sociaux négatifs
de La mondial isat ion , scion Ic
BIT. (AFP)
BIT.
La BIT met en garde contre
one recrudescence des
tensions solarlales
Inflotionnhstes,
II
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Belgique
Gazet van Antwerpen
26.1196
Lijard mensen
ieeft te weinig of
helernaal geen werk
GENEVE-Sjjna eèn miljarthnensen zijn Of werkloos
of hebben te weinig werk en de'erkge1egenheidssItuatie
in de wereld blijft weinig rooskleurig. Dat heeft de IntenialioiialeArbeidsorganisatie van.deVerenigdeNaties
(II) dinsdagbekendgemaDe O vejt de ge-
dustrialiseerde het streven naar vollge werkgelegenheidtehebbenlosgelaten. Bovendien weerreekt de or-
-,
ganisatie detheorledat technólogie en handel zullen leiden tot steeds meerwerk1oosheid
"De huidige werkloosheidniveaus zijn economisch niet.
zinvol ennoeh politik,nochmaatschappe1ijk houdbaaf',
aldus iLO-direteurgeneraal Michel Hansenne in bet..
rapport Wereldwerkgelegenheid 199697. De VN-arbeidsoianisatiemeentdataanhoudendegroeihetbeste
receptis omrnensenweeraanbsterktekrijgenenwst'
daarbij pdeYSals suceesverhaat
in deVSishet werklosheidscijferinoktoberjedaald
Nieuwe Gazet
Laatste Nieuws
26.11.96
naa49prOmLEenjaar:geledenlagdatcijfernogbij
52.procentenindezelfdeinaandin14wásbet5,4pro
cent.indeEopeseJnieis
stegen naar I1,3procent. In de jareti '60 was dat slechts
twee proceatin Frankñjk,Duitsland,T alië en Zweden
werd tie hoogste toena iie gemeten, terwiji Spanjemet.
223 procent. tie absolute koplopèris.
Centraál- en OostEumpa blijft:de werkloosheidin tie meeste.Iändeir
boven d 10 procentBijna eenderde van dewetidozeñ is .
onder tie 25 jaar, ldus ILC., in
nsnxlka1s:d
w&kiosheid:inveellandentoegenomeiieiialligweler
:Weiflig details waren overd
tie in
Tk
.iseteeaenoth1gebrekaanftailtinewerkinontwikke.'
1ings1anden .;.
.
:InhetaJgnjs ongeveei3Oproceñtvañ &wèrètdbeepsbevoilng,ofzoneenmiljardrnensenzonder
werkofheeftnietgenoeg weEk omiihunjevensonder-
regeringenopomineerprioiiteittegevenaänhetschep
pen van banen door cen ineer op groei genclit baleid te
voerenzoals bet verlagen van dérente.Een dergelijk be- ieidmoet gekope1d worden nan maatregelen omeen
:toenamevan de inflatie tegen te gaan: Bovendien is er
volgens de organisatie geen hard bewijs dat technologischeveranderingen Jeidentotmeerwerkloosheid.
"Er is geen algemene afname van werkgelegenbeid in
relatietoteconomische oei",alduslLQookis hetniet
redelijk om het*rliesvan oneschoolde banen n tie
:gbidustria1iseerde landen te wijtenaan deimportenuit
;
lagelonenlanden.
"Dc ervaringen van dedynaniisheAziatischeeconomieen bewijzendatolide bixmenlands beleid,uitbrei;dendeintenationáebaiide1eiiinvesteringsstroiueiigoetie rnogelijkheden bieden voor grotere economische
groeieniietscheppeavanbanen",aldus tie JLO, die in
1919 werd opgezetom arbeidsomstandlgheden in dehe-
Miljard
werkiozen
I GENEVE - Op wereldvlak
zijn ongeveer 6én miljard
mensen weñcloos. Dat is
4n derde van tie actieve
Dat
broepsbevolldng.
blijkt alt een nieuw rapport
van dc Wereld Arbeids Organisafie'1n de rijkste industrielanden zitten 34 mu-
joenmensen zonder job. In
de derde wereld worden de
problemen iniet te overzienwgenoemd.
Belgique
Standaard
26.11.96
Eén milfard mensen zonder werk
voomaamste oorzaak van de
GENEVE (dpa) - Onge- nen schept".
veer één mlljard mensen, Alleen al in de industrielan- slechte toestand op de ai-
zowat cen derde van de den, de Oeso-landen, zitten beidsmarkt. Vele ontwikkewereld-beroepsbevolking,
is werkloos of heeft te
weinig werk. Dat blijkt ult
het jongste rapport van de
Intemationale Arbeidsorganisatie (LAO). In bet
rapport pleit algemeen di-
recteur Michel Hansenne
van de lAO voor een verplichting tot volledige
werkverschaffing.
Hoewel het met eenvoudig
is het aantal mensen dat ge- heel of gedeeltelijk buiten het
arbeidsproces staat in te
schatten, komt de toestand
op de intemationale arbeidsmaria bijzonder somber over,
zegt bet rapport. ,,Econo-
misch gezien heeft die hoge
werkloosheidsgraad niet de
minste zin en is hij politiek
noch sociaal houdbaar",
schrijft Michel Hansenne, algemeen directeur van de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie.
er 34 miljoen mensen zonder
werk. In de Europese Unie is
de werkloosheidsgraad naar
11,3 procent gekiommen met
opvallende stijgingen in
Frankrijk, de Bondsrepubliek
Duitsland, ltalie en Zweden.
In de Verenigde Staten. en
Groot-Brittannië daalde de
werkloosheidsgraad beneden
respectievelijk 5 en 8 procent,
maar in beide landen zijn tegelijk de inkomensverschillen sterk toegenomen.
Dc werkloosheidsgraad is in
sommige Oost-Europese landen gedaald, maar de percen-
steld van de economische cii-
sis in het begin van de jaren
'80.
Sociale pacten
Heel dikwijls werden de lo-
nen ,,aangepast" aan de dalende arbeidsproductiviteit.
Langdurig werklozen werden
meer en meer nit het arbeidsproces gestoten en miljoenen
werknemers met een ,,vaste
baan" kwamen in onduidelijke ,,nep-sectoren" terecht.
tages worden er nog steeds Het lAO-rapport verzet zich
met twee cijfers geschreven. met kracht tegen de beweIn Rusland en de andere sta- ring dat de ,,globalisering
ten van de gewezen Sovjet- van de handel" tot nog meer
TJme weegt de werkloosheid ontslagen zal leiden. ,,Een
almaar zwaarder.
dergelijke globalisering kan
Over de toestand in Afrika hoogstens de werkloosheid
en in grote delen van Azië bij zeer Iaag geschoolde arbestaan geen betrouwbare beiders verhogen en loonongegevens, maar de proble- geijkheid veroorzaken in inmen rond het gebrek aan ar- dustrielanden", stelt het ver-
beid en rond de armoede zijn
met te overzien. Onder de Latijns-Amerikaanse landen zet
Dc Beig Hansenne was in de het Colombiaanse voorbeeld
jaren tachtig nog minister de negatieve trend.
van Arbeid. Hij pleit voor een De ,,officiële" werkloosheid
intemationale verplichting sprong er de jongste maantot vo]ledige werkverschaf- den van 8 naar 10 procent
fmg, om de opvatting ult de van de beroepsbevolking. De
Verplichting
lingslanden hebben zich bovendien onvoldoende her-
slag.
De TAO wijst er ook op dat
sociale pacren waarbij werk-
gevers, vakbonden en regeringen betrokken worden,
uitkomst kunnen bieden bij
de strijd tegen de werkloosheid. Tevens maken ze economische prognoses gemakwereld te helpen ,,dat we TAO duidt de te beperkte eco- kelijker, wat loononderhanmoeten leren leven met eco- nomische groei in de indus- delingen vlotter kan doen
nomische groei die geen ba- trielanden sinds 1973 aai als verlopen.
Belgique
.041
41
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BRAS!
CORREIO BRAZILIENSE
.26 de novembre de 1996
r,sjrcJc$jwprndn4 qi oLuopv ci Thvzpa.cii ):nj., pj ijj ui:wdu quizun.frin,. /PAosa I*R nuthilkiadeda W!
d' sududs, rlup:r3u. M(1 (nlqrnrl1ffurrrQjda mIncro nra sejampuIter:ztijp 110 nicrrado. IPAGJNA UznaVpfl
PACNIA Us (
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tmczzramang:wfmrn.gawlj
ECONOMIA.
12
& TRABALII0
UM BILHAO SBI MPRET
lid dois anos, cram 800 milhöcs. Segundo
a Organizaçao internacjonal do 7)aballw,
o problema afeta patses pobres e ricos
Zr
ApIoxi.ns.da.. L)ISPARIDM)E
nru'nue3O%dalc.rvu dii' Ird
Wairnnvnn
ck.t'ns.
Niis lllc(lcs rnsis ncns, buernue,
IciUrn I)1u51iJ 1511
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pr.gsucia mu aiI!tirmiin.'rula inch, alas
.us,,Go,' iiadu,i iltuada. cairn.. no.
pai..us urn dcincnvnlvimonrn, inmor
cnnvnlvirnrin rciu
irnpwa4a,, azinakn, n ntlu6rrn,
N. (Juiau itiaIisuii. a. alri.ruiqiir.,
aurnrntnhl no mo pasaQo pua a
moo a Ort.nirnçan Ituriiw.k,.u.iI do
'i.1Imnuiltu ((sm, Oslrgau%cdhaducinu
Geneiina, us. uta. do qual hiizirm
mMJa del l.3%da lusçiduIrbldh4p.
A França lIajiIl hil1ji
ciii uuidslrrruu surnrntospznucuhar.
pane lcpretiI.flhinlcs tins gnvonms,
aivadktcus ci cmpncadnres, diuoliii
o s1s.iOindc I 997chrp.oF'.nij.,a.
is Mivaulial. turn rnnsid. "warn.
U simudcn iohiil do.mprapc..
sswarqiithri.iwns
"Por outro ado. a .raçIo di
nlprrgos nun liug,dnn 1Enldii loj
lisa asncrnhr,,
ipnensjflcada c a
n i5r,at.fl cumin.
hum 'thI4t ciii
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abuu*u du nlvcl
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ucsdedeirm.
citnfQ" prosse
cub n p.iflhitii.
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Drcados. all
f;%.
..34
ancatipia.
di urn. Popola.
can connanIca.
moans Afiva C.
l.rnprsgo tam
bdm dcdftnaram
fl.i Oi.i.11ici.c.
nba, cnibunii em
rIA) ws.i tIe 70
niflboea dci pusseas. Emduzusm.
h.
ko. t4U ow.
mmii 41 rnflheec di psssr.a uctiu dii
arnbus Os piuse
ianhm hiivjdo
I..
bra dci 1994.- a
dcscmprp.cn mdtclop..1a, ;i;c;p .r.i
.(j.1'Ll. T1
).lithcl N.nnanna, dirutni
ala Ulf. adverw,mn nehn,nrin
rtd
Nu., .
iapcnaa croci, ma (wonirja,'c,, ofl.
l(llI ((uk 11.1(14 IlIli ans C...Imu pain !c
zzwclliru dcscmprp, qu a chutim.
sums tendêacla
dur amumosnun oils
durprislacu., d.
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la,Il,suiiva,diaauus
rnpnpa slumcmc,u nit
sanhu,dc 0% pita mid,' dii
ANALISE DA NOl tCIA
0
dcicuJl,usa,, awaimirpiltumi lsuiijbdrn uus
0 despertar para mudanças
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nwihar qur e pndm pspe,ai- tie own knde 'a r.oncp.Ito d ane a ernurctJu
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ua. aim qai nit aluiak iauii.t ri..air.nm.
cipal ohjetjvo dii puliticii ccoriPsniia
1'reu iniusliluern urn ncsuhadua ira. a social".
clu eresc.umcmo cii. Ilnsiw.lupaçArj
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hantcq si..q.0 ,nrnrrns' da Oaiiuii.
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liata,' aIr.s,iitiihiiuhI dci Uusesur a
eUta purqne ci virus c mono iss-
h tuultuna do inu,eii.iri. 14 se ior
cuar ci us buncos tim sanetie nau
1cm control,. Coma up nasilip. III.
tutu is c psipi rpinr,s iii,
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litnubra (, preajth'u,Ie do 011. a
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aucuuripaumlisso swat dcr.mpaanhn
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ashllduuaifljatu.
f,inmI., n5c, apsunoccu @teni..ias
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TORONTO SUN
TORONTO, ON, CN
DAILY
260,000
TUESDAY
NOV 26 1 996
Glob i
unemployed or underemployed in
lB underemployed; jobless
1995, up from about 820 million people in 1993 and 1994, according to a
employment in the 15-member European Union increased in 1995 to
GENEVA (AP) - oughiy one
billion people worldwide were either
United Nations report.
-
11.3% oftheworeCOliWared
While the U.N.'s International
Iabor Organization didn't refer to
with 2% in the 1960s. France, Ger-
it'TffThis3Fear's report, the ILO has
biggest jumps, with Spain leading
the jobless rate.at 22.3%...
said the 820 mfflion figure represented crisis levels not seen since
the Great Depression.
In the report to be released today,
however, the ILO rebuked industrialized countries fur dropping the goal
of full employment and suggested
ways to decrease joblessness. -"
"Current levels of unemployment
make no economic sense and are
neither politically nor socially sustainable," jJQ. Director-General
Michel Hansenne said in the World
Employment 1996/97 report.
According to the ILO report., Un-
many, Italy and Sweden suffered the
Massive scale
-Unemploymén,t increased in
many Latin American countries. Although there was little detail on Africa and Asia, underemployment on
a massive scale exists in the developing world, the ILO said.
Overall, about 30% of the world's
labor force - or one billion people
- were either unemployed or underemployed, the report estimated.
The U.N. labor agency said sustained economic growth is the best
recipe for getting people back to
work citing theUnited States as a
success story.
However, the ILO said it worried
that-some of this improvement
came because of the spread of lowwage jobs, but it also cite4 studies
showing that more than two-thirds
of new US. jobs were in sectors with
above-average wages.
Also, the report said, there is no
hard evidence to back up theories
that technological change is throwing people out of work.
It's also wrong to blame imports
from lower-wage countries for job
losses among unskilled workers in
industrialized nations, the ILO said.
The- ILO, set up in 1919, is
charged with monitoringlabor standards throughout the world.
CHIL
Fwmo ei Vsipio. 1 12 e Sect 1527
o
axx
r 58.059
C00ES4PAGiNAS
C. L)
EL MERCURIO
$sath.qo d. CbS.. PAw.. SI d.
$ 300.00 (I VA mc.) I
du 1311
PAG. B-7
INRNACIONAL
ORGANIZACION INTERNACIONAL DEL 'flABAJO:
La OTT Denuncia el Aiza del
Desernpleo a Nivel Mundial
Orgardsmo señala que un
30 por ciento de Ia
población activa del
plarieta no tiene trabajO o
está subempleada.
GINEBRA.- "Los niveles del desempieo
son injustilicabtes en el piano económico e
inadmisibles tanto desde un punto de vista
politico coma social'. crItica ci director general de Ia Organizaciôn Internacional dci Ti-abajo COlT), Michel Mansenne. en su ltimo inbrine sobre ci empieo.
En total. más de mu millones de personas
en ci mnurido -1 30% de La pobiacion activano tienen trabajo o estin subempleadas. Y Las
perspectivas futuras son poco halagtieñas. La
cesantia sigue creciendo y en paises donde ha
dierninuido. comno Estados Urildos 0 Reino
TJnido. Las diferencias salariales son cada yea
mayores.
Se"ün Las cifras que ofrece Ia OIT, en Chile tamidn ha crecido ci desempleo, pasando
del 5.8 del segundo semestre de 1995 al 6,6%
dcl mismo periodo de este año.
En tanto. los centros urbanos de Colombia, que tiene Un 11.7% de desempleados. Me.
xic, Argentina. Bolivia. Ecuador, Uruguay o
de los Indices de crecimiento registrados desde 1973 y a que los palses en desarrolio tampoco se han recuperado de Ia crisis económica de principios de los 80; a Ia lentitud de Los
ajustes salariales y a La baja de (a productividad de Ia mano de obra. y a Ia apariciOn de in
inflaciOn salarial. que se manruvo hasta mediados de 105 80. asi como a La exclusiOn progresiva de Los empleados de larga duraciOn
del mundo del trabajo.
La OFT cc niega a aceptar ci status quo.
"El desorden que i-dna en los mercados de
trabajo no es ni inevitable ni Irreversible",
dice y altade que el pleno amp Leo deberia ser
un objetivo central de las poilticas econOmicas y sociales de los paises.
El director general va mis alli y reta a
politicos y iconomnistas diclendo que es despiadadQ y pernicioso" alirmar que no cc puede hacer nada para reducir La cesantia. que
en una economia cada v.a mis competitiva, lo
mnejor que cabe esperar cc un crecimiento sin
empleo o que Los indices actuales son, en
cierta forma, ci reaultado natural e inevitable
del libre juego de las fuerzas del mercado.
Pocos paises en desarrollo, a excepeidn
de algunas regiones asliticac, han exper-imnen-
tado un crecimiento suficiente de empico
productivo durante los iltimos decenios. por
10 que "distan mucho de haberse satisfecho
aspiraciones de que aumentari Ia creaVenezuela tambiên regtstran una tendencia las
dOn de puestos de traba)o mis produtivos y
a! alza.
Entre los paises industrializados. Espata,
con Un .3%, es ci pals eon mayor desempleo.
Dentro de La Union Europea (LYE), con un
11.3% de cesantla, es en Alemania, Francia,
Italia y Suee2a doncie mis puestos de trabajo
cc han perdido .1 ültimo alto. En los antiguos
tre los trabajadores. poco calificados y ci
hay cifras.
Los autores del informe atribuyen ci deterioro del muercado del trabajo a Ia debilidad
ble del crecimiento econdmico.
For Ana Fernández
Corresponsal
mejor remunerados".
Y para løs enesnigoc de in mundializaciOn, los autoras del informe afirman que ci
comercio con los palses en desarrolio explica
"parcialmente" ci aumento del desempleo en-
paises socialistac europeoc, ci Indies de de- agravanilento de las desigualdades salariales
semp Leo es superior al lO%y en Ia cx UniOn en ci mnundo desarrollado. Admitiendo que no
Sovtétiea, sigue creciendo. Del Africa subsa- hay soluciones milagrosas, concluyen que una
hariana y de numerosas reglones asitieas no de las prioridades debe ser el aum.nto dura-
I
CHILE
EL MERCURIO
Sunneqo de Chfle, Miércolea 27 di Novienthre de 1996
Pâgina 1
Segün la OTT:
Chile Es Caso
Excepcional en
Aiza de Empleo
informe señala que nuestro pals es el ünico de
America Latina y el Caribe que muestra un aumento importante en Ia creación de puestos de
trabajo durante los ültimos veinte años.
A nivel mundial el caso chileno, junto con los
de Jordania y Mauricio, se analiza como ejemplo de desarrollo basado en las exportaciones.
Se precisa, sin embargo; que ninguna de estas
naciones alcanzó La productividad y aiza de
salarios vistos en Asia oriental y sudoriental.
Chile. Jordanha 7 MaurIclo son
los Onico paises. luera cia Asia
oriental y audorienial. en los que
a! enipleo ha aumentado luertemente en los tiltimos veinte años.
segün un inlorme de a Organizanon iniernaclona! del Trabajo
tOt?) difundido ayer desde Gine.
bra.
En at docuntento se destaca In
siluaciôn exeepetonal de Chile
dentro de Anlérica Latina y ci Ca.
nbc A tenor dcl inlorme. ii se
conssdera Ia situaclOn. desde Un
p unto de vista general. sdIo ChUe
ha ubtenido buenos resullados eli
In región. La OIT precisa que. en.
ire 1986 y 1993 ci crecimiento del
eiiipleo en ci sector manufacturero se estancó o incluso lue nega-
Ilvo en todos los paises analiza-
dos. excepto Chile y Jamaica.
Tambldn los salarios reales disminuyerou poe debajo de los niveles
de los Mos ochenta. salvo en Pa
nami. Colombia y Chile.
Si bien en Chile ci desempleo
hacrecido en los Oltimos meses
pasando del 5.8 por elento dcl
segundo semestre de 1995 al 6.6
del mismo perlodo de este aio.
ci nivel es mucho menor at de
otros palses latinoamenicanos. nomo Colombia. que tiene 11.7 por
ciento de desemplesdos.
La situacldn ahilena es mejor
incluso que Is de muchos paises
industrializados. España liene
(Cinthila en Is pighia A 11)
Chine
hn
LE QUOTIDIEN DU PEUPLE
10 décembre 1996
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____________
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Deutschjan d
DIE WELT
DER KOMMENTAR
Trauriger
Zustand.
ALFRED ZANKFR
Das Internationale ArbeRsamt (ILO) in Gcnf besteht aus
einer Drviergexnvthschaft Vertretern von Gewerkschaf.
ten, Arbeitgebern und Regienngrn. Wer ihre Rerichte
realistiseh einsclitzen will,
darE diegn Umsiand nicht
vergessen. T)cnn hier pickt
keine Kriihe tier anderen
cm
Augc aus.
So auch in il'ircrn jUngsten.
Bericht zur Lage tier Weitbesehaftigung. i)a wird tiber den
traurigen Zusthnd der Arhcitsmrkte gekiagi und die
Rllckkchr zur VoilbesehAftigung vcrlangt. Verheif en ollen dau em Ankurbcln tierKonjunktur, Subvcntionen,
Lohnabsprachen und an EmIIU
gewinnencle Gewerkschaf ten,
Anzuerkennen ist gewiJ,
da1 sich die Genfer Experten
von einigcn 1)opu1ärtn, aber
falsehen 'l'hesen dlstanzieren.
So stimint es offenbar nicht,
daB the Massenarbeitsiosig-
kelt in Europa der un Zuge
der
Globalisierung
linmer
bArter werdenden Konkurrenz auzulasten 1st- hat diesen Trend doch kein Land
sthrker Zn sptiren bekominen
a)s das heute praktiseh yoU.
beschttftigte Amerika. F1s aei
auch nicht wahr, so die 1W,
daB die Arbeit ausgeho, well
der techniache Fortschrittzu
viele Jobs wcgrationalislerc.
Von einer Kritik an tier massiyen Reglc'mcntierung tier enropäischvn ArbeitsmArktc, die
zum Verlust vieler ArbeItcplAtze beigetragen hat, will
man aber immer noch weng
wissen.
Die auffaflenden Erfo]ge
Amerikas, Englands, Iriands
und Neuseelands im Kampf
gegen die Arbeitslosigkeit
soilten auch die ILO hellliörig
machen. In dieam Undcrn
sind anderc Wage als die von
stAnde bcigetragón: debr fort.
schreitende Abbarn staMlicher
Regulierungen tier sehrump.
fonda EinI1u
mchtiger
und cm
einst Uber-
Gcwerkschaften
massiver Konkur-
renzdruc.k, dern heute alle
ausgesetzt sind. Er sporat zur
Arbeltsplatzsuehe und zur
Leistungssteigerung an.
in diesem Klftna hat sich
cine neuc 1)ynamik entfaltQt.
Damit cntstehen viele neue,
tier JLO e.mpfohlenen be-.
schritt.en worden. Wenn die
USA jetet nur noch 4.9 Pro-
zum röBtcn Tell auth besser
zent Arbeitsiose fl)elden, ha-
leider allzu wenig.
ber'. dbZu. vc- er&m -
bezahlte. Arbeitsplätze. Davon
crfhrt man im ILO-Rerjcht
Deutschland
Handelsblatt
Nr. 229 I Dienstag, 26. 11. 1996
ILO I Die Vollbeschäftigung ist immer noch in Reichweite
In Genf sieht man kaum Grund für
Pessimismus am Arbeitsmarkt
HANDELSBLATE Montag, 25.11.96
ry GENF. Die anhaltende Arheitslosigkeit 1st nach Meinung des Internationalen Arbeitsamts (IAA) üherwie-
gend die eigene Schuld der Industrieländer: Zuwenig Investitionen,
zuwenig Produktivitatssteigerung,
zuwenig Leistung seien die Stichworte, so das IAA in GeM in seinem
Jahresbericht.
Das IAA, elne Unterorganisation
der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO), wendet sich energisch
gegen den ,.Arbeitsplatzpessimismusk. Wachstum ohne Steigerung
der Arbeitsplätze sei ebensowenig
durch die Tatsachen beleghar wie
die These einer ,.Abwertung" von
guter menschlicher Arbeit. Auch die
Auffassung, daB im Zuge der Globa-
ilsierung eine massive Verlagerung
lautet Jein". Die menschllche Arbeit
sei keineswegs ,,am Ende". Sogar die
Vollheschãftigung sei immer noch
(wieder)erreichbar.
Laut !AA 1st allerdings eine teilweise Revision der klassischen Kriterien der Vollbeschaftigung notwendig. Diese neue Definition der
Vollbeschaltigung schilefit ganz offensichtlich elne Anpassung des Prozentsatzes der minimalen Arheitslo-
mischen asiatischen Wirtschaften,
inbegriffen China, ersetzt worden, in
den USA nur 2.02%.
In threm WorId Employment Report 1996/97" versucht die IAA das
men entsprechen, wurden sogar
starker zunehmen als die herkömmlichen Beschliftigungsformen. WRen-
ner" 1st (aufler in Deutschland) die
SeIbstheschaftigung". das haufige
Wechseln der Arbeitgeber gefolgt
von der Teilzeitarheit. Selhsthe-
sigkeit nach oben em. Dieser Pro- schaftigung sei vielerorts durchaus
zentsatz sei ,,nicht sakrosankt. Er gesellschaftlich anerkannt und be-
sei weniger wichtlg als des gute
Gleichgewicht zwischen Uberheschaftigung und Unterbeschäftigung, argumentiert des IAA. Bei ra-
santen Veranderungen in der Weltwirtschaft liege es auf der Hand, daB
die Zahi der Arbeitswilllgen, welche
zwischen einem alten und neuen Arbeitsplatz stehen, zwangsläufig gröBer 1st als wilhrend den weniger tar-
von Arbeitsplätzen aus den Industrieländern in die aufstrebenden bulenten Zeiten nach dem Zweiten
Entwicklungstander stattflnde. sei Weltkrieg.
nicht zu halten. In Europa seien bisher nur 1,24% des Bruttosozialprodukts durch Importe aus den dyna-
less growth", einem Wachsturn ohne
Arbeitsplatze, sthmne nicht.
,,Flussige" Formen der Beschäftigung, die nicht den klassischen Nor-
Die einzelnen Untersuchungen des
IAA ergeben:
Das Wachstum der Beschaftigung
blieb fiber die Dauer der letzten drei-
einhath Jahrzehnte fast unverãn-
komme sogar einen positiven. idealisierenden Kiang.
Die populare These, daB jene.
weiche arbeitsios sind, es eigentlich
gar nicht anders wollen, sei kaum
haltbar. Der ,,Appetit auf Arheit"
habe weder koliektiv noch individueli nachgelassen, wie Umfragen
zeigten.
Noch gebe es keinen kiaren Trend
zu verkurzter Anstellungsdauer. In
Frankreich und Deutschland könnten 60% der mBnnlichen Arbeitnehmer auch in Zukunft noch mit einer
Anstellungsdauer von durchschnittlich 15 Jahren rechnen.
Für die These, daB die heutige
ailgemein
dert. Man könne also nicht behaup- Massenarbeitslosigkeit
ten, daB sich die Schaffung von Ar- lohndruckend sei, gebe es ebenfalls
heitsplätzen seit 1970 verlangsarnt keine ailgemeine BestAtigung. Hinhabe. Die Arbeitslosigkeit in Europa gegen gebe es nine steigende Lohn-
angeblich schiefe Bild wieder zurechtzurficken. Experten des IAA sei wesenti eine Folge davon, daB die
untersuchten separat die Arbeitslo- Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze hinsigkeit in den Industrieländern, in ter der Nachfrage geblieben sei.
den Ubergangswirtschaften" OstWirtschaftliches Wachstuni wereuropas und in den Entwicklungs- de arbeitsintensiver. Statt wie frülandern. Man wolite feststellen, oh her bei 4,3% Wachstum setze in
die seit 1973 anhaltende graduelle Europa die Arheitsplatzheschaffung
Abkehr von der Vollbeschilftigung in jetzt bei 2% Wachstum em. In den
ungleichheit. Wilhrend noch fast
fiberall fir viele obere Kategorien
steigende Löhne zu beobachten seien und tells auch beim Mitteistand
die Familieneinkommen (Farnilie mit
mehreren Beschaftigten) noch steigen wurden, gebe es einen sehr starken Lohndruck bei in Armut leben-
den Beschaftigten. Besonders beschon ab 0,6% Wirtschaftswachs- troffen seien bier Frauen mid Lang-
ihrer klassischen Definition von 2 his
USA wfirden neue Arbeitsplätzejetzt
3% Arbeitslosen deflnitiv der Vergangenheit angehört. Die Antwort
turn geschaffen. Die These vom
zeitarbeitsiose.
Deutschland
rnuffurter2IIeniriiir
Dienstag, 26. November 1996. Nr. 276 / Seite 21
,,Zeit der Vollbeschäftigung nicht vorbei"
ILO: Mehr Wachstum notwendig / Sozialpakt gegen Lohn-Preis-Spirale
km. GENF. 25. November. Die Furcht
der Arbeitnehmer vor der Globalisierung
Wachstum in den Industrielãndern ver-
der Wirtschaft und var einer postindu-
langt. Denn das internationale Arbeitsamt
sieht bisher keine Beweise dafur, daB we-
striellen Ara beschaftigungslosen Wachsturns ist maBlos ubertrieben. Das schreibt
schritte in der Kommunikationstechnik
das Internationale Arbeitsamt (ILO) in
seinem
Bericht
,,World
Employment
1996/97", der am Montag in Genf veröffentlicht worden ist. Die meisten Thesen
über em angebliches ..Ende der Arbeit"
sind nach Ansicht der ILO nicht mehr als
ungesicherte Extrapolationen auf der
Grundlage einiger dramatischer Stellenkürzungen. die es in letzter Zeit in Konzernen gegeben hat. Dabei habe man aber
meist ignoriert. daB in anderen Teilen der
Wirtschaft neue Arbeitsplätze geschaffen
worden seien.
Die UN-Sonderorganisation zeigt indes
Verständnis für manche Angste. denn
auch sie nennt die Situation ,.schlimm".
Knapp eine Milliarde Menschen auf der
Welt, rund 30 Prozent der Erwerbsfähigen. sind entweder arbeitsios oder unterbeschäftigt. Allein in den Industriestaaten
sind 34 Millionen arbeitsios: in der Europäischen Union stieg letztes Jahr die Quote auf 11.3 Prozent. weil sich in Frankreich
und Deutschland die Situation verschlechtert hat. Dagegen ist die Quote in den Ver-
gen der Globalisierung oder der Fortdie Beschäftigungsintensitãt wirtschaftlichen Wachstums abgenommen hat. Sie
stützt sich dabei auf die Nachfrage der
Wirtschaft nach Arbeitsstunden in den
vergangenen dreieinhalb Jahrzehnten. Die-
se MeBziffer der Beschaftigung hat sich
tatsächlich zwischen 1960 und 1995 in den
Vereinigten Staaten nur geringfügig abge-
schwächt. und selbst in Europa war der
Ruckgang minimal. Das bestätigt die I LO
indirekt auch in ihrer Meinung, daB die
Globalisierung der Wirtschaft und der intensivere Handel zwischen Industrie- und
Entwicklungsländem nur wenig beitrugen
zu der gröBeren Arbeitslosigkeit.
Wegen des kaum verãnderten Zusammenhangs zwischen Wachstum und Beschaftigung halt es die ILO für vordringlich, daB die Regierungen wieder für em
schnelleres Wachstum der Wirtschaft sorgen. Trotz der ..Kraft der Globalisierung"
seien die Politiker dazu immer noch in der
Lage, da die Nationen weiterhin die Wirtschaftspolitik und damit auch die Arbeitsmãrkte am stärksten beeinflussen könnten.
gesunken. allerdings auf Kosten gröBerer
Lohn-Unterschiede.
Nach Ansicht der ILO sind die Zeiten
der Vollbeschäftigung dennoch nicht endgültig vorüber: .,Das Konzept soilte. in an-
Damit das höhere Wachstum indes nicht
in eine Lohn-Preis-Spirale mündet, empfiehlt die ILO unter anderem einen Sozialpakt zwischen Gewerkschaften und Regierung. AuBerdem fordert sie mehr Ausbildung für Langzeit-Arbeitslose. Eine Dere-
gemessen modernisierter Form, em wichtiges Ziel der Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik
bleren Löhnen und Arbeitszeiten ruhre.
einigten Staaten und in GroObritannien
bleiben." Als bestes Mittel zur Eindämmung der Arbeitslosigkeit wird höheres
gulierung des Arbeitsmarktes. die zu flexi-
lehnt die ILO ab: Solche Reformen hãtten
sich bisher als untauglich erwiesen.
Deutschland
Sthweutscneleimnq
MUNCHNER NEUESTE NACHRICHTEN AUS POLETUC. KULTUR. WIRTSCHAFT UNI) SPORT
Em Dritt& der Bevölkerung ist.arbeitslos
Allein In den reichen OEGDLandorn flaben 34 Miflionen Menschen keinen Job
hauf (Eigvuier Ber1in) - Fas? erne MiUcsrdc Mcnzrh, iuihe'u tin .DriU1 dr
crurbtfdhigen WeltheiWflk'mng. ,Md arbsijJo odcr gchãrn u den aogernzcn&
£Pfl ..working puor'. Au Md Menchcn, dlr.twurAii.scil Isaben, tthgr Icautmgnug
Geld vcrdicnete, urn ia Wserleben. Zu dWiem Ergebtiis kommt dvr ,W.ltDzeMfagunqxbench.r, den die Iirdenuithin.nfr ATbeiuorganisation (1W) hcut
in Genf vorpttW hot. ble Zuhl de'r Arbcitsloacn, wurnt dig tLO, wutlsse itnd
druhe die wirt.chafttichen und sodultfrt Problemc noch zu verietid,fen.
Trutz der diiStfirPn' ArbLtckg.,
'
cio ILO Forx her, .,vi Voilbesdiafti-
guig *uc1i urner den heutigen wartichaft11th 3chwlefigen Bedingunr.n .rr,khbsr.
nQ VoUbo*chlft1gung rsofltc obcrMdrs 7tc1
der W1rtscbrt,- uud Sozialpollilk bteiben. apdfliert dIe LW. Pesslrnislisch ?iikunftvieInrwp wic di. von cinem
tchcndtrx ,,Ende iJi, Arbeir oder etner
eSra des Jobless gowth, In der wir dir
Wlrtsehth wächct. nbeT keinu Aybeit.
pitn ontctehcr, eien r,o,
tct. Sv lieDen sich aber durvh die vuiliegenden Datirn nicht bakgen.
I)ie R.gol, da8 Wirthaft.*wachstum
piatsc enLitehen konnten, su liege der
Crenzwert heuT.e bdl knapp zwei Prvzent.
also deutkeh nfrdrig.r.
hr OECI) Bourn glbt c derzlt iuIi.de4 Milhionen Arbeitsiose. the Rgte In
den EU-Stuteri Ilegt bel Ii M Pn,int. mit
in
Stcignen
.fltITttfl
Deutcl.ls.d. Frnrikrelch,
itnilen und
ntrnInnmp.
Schweden. In 0* wid
ging dl. Arbelulniiglc.it war leicht au
nick. dic Quote bli,b uber zwIstell1g. In
bantk zl.bt die Studjc ouch ggen
zweites ,ttv,iUIvhe Mlverst5ndnIs
Felde. Techtio1oscher FortschrltL Li
ralidening des Weithindsis wid Gbt'
ilerung werden olt für den weitwet
Abbau von Arbeitsp!itzen verantwort
gemntht. lbh. don 1l.Q-D,rleht. In
vIioncn und I rete MLi}te &elen uoLw
dig, urn W1rtsehaftswachturn mid duklivltät anzuknrbe)n Anhnd den piøI. USA und Jopon hzc sich eIdull Lrutz technisehen Portschrittc
NachfraEe iaeh Arbeit .rapid.'m .stie
.1.
I).rvg"Ii.rung f for
Die (InhaIiening sei ki.4n. .Iber
wJeL-Staaten t.4gtili. '1mb? derArbniisloson. Unlcr den IateInmerikonbcbeu
tlgcndc Kioft', drrelnzclne tAaidernh
mehr h?tIn je WMhr,nd in den
Wcisrop vor cler Olkrl 19T3 Im
Schriln em jahrllche.c Wachstum dec
4,5 loiant ndg wor damit flcu* ArbelL
turn, dir zu spate Anpusun der Lähne
DunlandspTndnW von rnindertenr.
VOlI I&ngZeilatbeftstoSen'
Arbeitsinarkt.
YtuIend urn anacren ehemaligen Sok5ndsern verzelchnet Kohnnbien elnen
starken Anstiej dci nffbl.4h1n A.rboitslo.
.igka't. von aehi uf zchn 1'ruent.
AL, UrwIrn tar die hube Arbeitslongkeit In den wtietlicheo lndustrleIndørn
nennt d,'r 1LO-Boricht d'el GrWdc! dai
wnen Zuwddss unJcibs bedeutet, gilt nnith
Ansiehi tier ILO-Experten heut.e tiigar
n 41c mnkeiide FrodulLIviLat uiid
AILcsct1Iu
tcjt 1973 ver)ongsatssw Wjrbchuftcwacflg-
vntgegenzusuten batten. tile 110 ii
ejpzelste.allitthr Pnlitllc i,niner noch
dos wirkr,om3tc Mittei, urn die Ptubkl
auf dcii Arbeltsmürkten anrugefl
GLeichzeitg warnt die Stiuf Ia von oil
vöIIIgcn Dur.guliorun dci Arbcft.im
ic. Em Zu.ansiueutaaiig zwlschen Ba
lierung una sWigenden ArbettsLosenz
len '4 rmpiriich nicht bsw.kbar.
Deutschland
Weitweit eine Milliarde Menschen ohne Arbeit
"Nennenswerte Steigerungen" der Arbeitslosigkeit in der EU
Zä. Genf - Fast eine Milliarde Menschen sind weitweit arbeitsios oder unterbeschaftigt.
Damit sei nahezu em Drittel der gesamten erwerbsfahigen WeltbevOlkerung ohne
ausreichende Beschaftigung. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt der Arbeitsmarktbericht
1996/97 der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation (ILO), der gestern in Genfvorgestellt
wurde. Die Aussichten fir den Arbeitsmarkt bezeichnet die ILO als "duster".
Allein in den reichsten Industriestaaten der Welt, den OECD- Ländern, sind heute
mindestens 34 Millionen Menschen ohne Job. In der EU stieg die Arbeitsiosenrate auf
11,3 Prozent, mit "nennenswerten Steigerungen" in Deutschland, Frankreich, Itälien und
Schweden. In den USA und Grot3britannien sackten die Arbeitsiosenquoten zwar unter
finf (USA) bw. acht Prozent. In den Ubergangswirtschaften in Ost- und Zentraleuropa
ging die Arbeitslosigkeit zwar Ieicht zurUck, die Quote blieb aber zweistellig.
Die Genfer Experten distanzieren sich von der popularen These, daB die steigende
Arbeitslosigkeit hauptsachlich der Globalisierung und der dadurch verschärften
Konkurrenz zugeschrieben werden mUsse.
Es gebe auch keinen Beweis daflir, daB der arbeitsparende technische Fortschritt daflir
verantwortlich sei und das "Ende der Arbeit" komme. Noch erkläre die angebliche
Unbeweglichkeit der Arbeitsmarkte den Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit. Er sei vielmehr eine
Folge des schwachen globalen Wirtschaftswachstums, das seit 1973 andauere. Hinzu
komme die mangeinde Anpassung der Löhne an die sinkende Arbeitsproduktivitat, Der
Bericht fordert alle Lander auf, am alten "Konzept der Vollbeschaftigung" festzuhalten.
Copyright: DIE WELT, 26.11.1996
Espana
EXPANSION
26 de noviembre de 1996
n as menaes lasas de crecimnto
daiero mcKo
Oree aue d
La Off niega que la iigidez del mercado
labomi sea Ia
causa' del aumento del pam
inforrnc El enteo en el
desde 1975". El infoTme
nal dcl Trabajo (OIT) cia.
mundo 1996/97 becho uinsidera que ci conccpto
pblico ayer por is orr, de pleno empleo, convea principal uu de fondo' nienteinente actualizado,
mercado de trabajo hayin
sido Ia ciusa dcl aumento
del descmpLeo en ba ilitimos as. SegiTh rcvcla ci
del aurnento dcl paro ha
sido is menar pmgresion
eonnómica registrads en
k palses industrializados
sigue siendo Un objetivo
EXPANSION. Madzid
La Oficina Intcrnacio
ga quc las rigides dcl
factible y eatrcmadarnente
necasaria para las economiss desarrolladas.
LA GACETA
_____ _____
MedeJa ci
Li.
paroenel
-
désivaIdadés,saes ê
--
liay4uebuscaiYIas
o en condiciones de subemp1eo
earactei1tica iiltrfnsica lapérdi- - desde 1973, Ia lentitud dcl ajus-
en elmundolo.que equiva1eaP -dc ci
bao,1ã>-tè.débos salarioàialàntiza-.
30% deia fueza.iabora1,de1"Offadmitequeei.aloniveide :iciOn della productividad y la
Planeta, seg4n destaca la Orga-' parG no se-debe en origen iii a aparición de presiones ss'1rniles
xpulsi&pro- nización InternacionaL deiTrà- :los progresos técnicos i 1s - jnflacionistas
bajo (Ofl) en su iiiforme El,,- efectos 'del liberalismo, ,,en tin gresiva de los parados de .Iarga Miche Hasenne dingo Ia 011.
empleo en ci mundo 1996i97, documeiito.en-udpide.medhdel1nercadoXIe1raba-'.
camsmos paz-moderar las pr&- joy ci aumento del sector no es- - el pathhacreddo en Fra cia o
pubhcado ayer en Ginebra.
El 'documentd, que califica- .siones salariales inflacionistas y. fructurado de Ia economfa, en A1emania se ha reducido en ci
de "sombrfa" Ia' situación del destaca e1 agravamiento de las- laque tral jaü niiflónes de per-. Reino Unidoo EEUU, aunque
"e estos 'dos paes han crecido
' - sousa en estadOprecario..
mercado liboraimundial. criti- desigualdades salaiiàles,
En los'pafses de la OCDE; las desigualdades en ingresos y
SegCin ci inform ;-en ci que'
ca duramente la resigñación
frente al fenómeno del desein- se destaca que "elpieno empieo ci ndinero deparados se çleva a ci !12% 'de los trabajadores
pleo,asfcomollasteorfasdeque. es nobjetivoposib1eydesea- 234 iillã'de.persOnas:La estñpor debajo del umbral 51e
is. dnica soluciôñ para crear
ble",las:räzonesde Ia.e1e'- OlTsubcaya que micntras.que
laobrez(.. -
Espana
Ao Lull
,rtsvIu.. Mann I di D!olImra Is
II' 21.172
lu
EdcIü I. IS
La Oil sostiene queel
pleno empleo sigue siendo
un "objetivo aIcanzabIe'
El doaum.nlo, lachath, £
en Gin.ba a) asedu 26 di
novimhr.. 1ltIce o1 cuss.
MAte
,
oonamim
çencraiizsdc nfi ii uHiidad dcl
cnc.plo do pisric afnloo &&bs hi Wogade
a prsdcinlnar in oi clrcuio ocadim)cnsy
irn1WCO. Ca ivüo ii mundo, iii nOflfll là
ripr
dian t*i icr vnMsr.dce
inn ninCktoio, e to ocupzcn
y pivgiwi su pcs psi
jciosr pil6n in ci maio do is
r.iiw. soixe ix TOmLInoticJ, y ci valor
,*sJ do Ice ciLidoc.
Comocbdselo'umanosc.a
proIthlractOv, Co IxpiuuIv,..
ml..Uc. IitcicsrnWiltj corrpcijijy. dli mIcodu do
1ffih
V b fOOUCO
dol li,...,.
'tin dii trcbajo y ohs) ten en boa en Li pliu i t valor nil Os toa IcIiOe, to qua
(comu aum.nlo dill IliIit di empico',
cctu.hldsd.
se iun Ic lmpxPWlk
do adaptar in gals
DNr.irLiji&kjias in raz6ru 4. iii iarsn- o)rcunstonu Ia Oiitbn.lon.s s.Igflaiss
C4 li turivamento y ii, pitiprnstUad, là OtT I
do a produclMdaø IMticir&, Ia
insists in quo 'no ay gnu,ba. do quo qus conduc. por and. s sumv,dar ii voki.
sxisto o pvoda aZiitj, &icn10 wa pixels mm di dasimplaeflno cuirmo una fom di
do trab.jcm i11I Ce uci magnilud, qu. at pkmo
mplso Jeja di ax una mats tamUbl." .y
man!on.r conlrol
Is
tacian.
La Omanhzati tntsrnoclonaj dii Trvbà.
elkuuus cu. ci inoinanto Cs to doaocupa- p niW'isIa mci ocucas pnnctma1es dcl alto
clóru "eb.dsc. inSi a utsa momma do end. ponllstentc dos.mptoei quo &.ca Ioi pa
inicnto 9OOMIItkJ qu. a un Top.nflno au. se. lndustrlaliyrnloE lee menoric has Ca
minimA Os to 1*tm.d. v3bajo',
Plm4ent. Os to looa do ire toe tigiCcese
oraeinsionto .ucunôtydce roglatrads Coidw
Jul m.(0000 dii eVs)n tim side ins eau.a
menme
itO. in tine buyer fIsetollidid dci cmplou, it
mimno J,:nipo define to qua aiiliinde pci
uvri umploc", stIosre1a gus so liola m*c
itsi to ohm;niucsnn pmocjmstwo Cit murs6n Cs!
19/s, Li lm.ta od6n di Its lalidas a
ogn&6n diii pronucllvhJe isboral
iIpodontiCslputIu.unayquob.okJelnn,). yvx.indioflgsouto.
blonds Un n,i
1 q. 1 gi nm
Ls p.nnnas , udad do Iraba$r, cspmuoa y
.ts.i,
o..pd. p
a haoo$o, pi*dan Sn:sirar em
t.msun.rpde y brimonl.
ib triO IMO IQUS] I QOfO
Tanvrmo euulis Is OtT a lottsnOIOIJIN ui
Ii ()Wr1ka di emplace
iii afkui.clan
in talc, quo musetran qUO bi liurados do
ti.bije totals; .r I:ariaog, impán y Ectidoc
Lkd*, swimsnmnx, notobiornonta aim Its tht}
moe lO aoo, dtwcirwyondo rnonaraQenuer,.
ha inst mlsntmo porodo in Rainc LJnido,
y Alomnarea, w
wukbntcnnucmto dii
ptogr.so 11001cc. £n?l*Jcndo .1 infernos quo
'dude iii puma tie vista ostáco, rasu5a
sensno lnCU los etcows rusgalMts tie Ice
Iflnveecnos quo pammutin uiilkar minoc
maniac Ce obra, pane detde un purito 0. t4s.
to idaouartanmsrgu Uinàmlco, larimblIn hay
cue nnmar u (icrsid.raoIsnicoo; ix cIsc.
mu kiciir.clo. do a
DsMndos. on a
cN'ar
ar1Jiuis, I. Of bgs
irabajci no guy eon cb)sto los d.s.mp$sadus
fla large durccf6n.
en .l lnirn. cus Ia cclii.
cldn dii prc*mlmrni Oil sumsoto di Iii dnt.
guitOimix oatuujujss v Os ingr.so,, nudity en
Is creae
do Un inloino maercupi
l....W., .o h.0, ruesibla oi aurnenmo dii
dc los saarls
cemprocion s.
lciuii y manr.iona use cequicitas pnivlu.
.senc
pare aconw ii piano smgtuu in
,n puss. un9ustna$jadca
a) sumofflar lii tasas do ancimionto
iconiômico, mwVsnie una oombinacion Ce
peUl1easdaa.pensIautydom.did.lis.
die a toqlwsatar Is prOdiaetMdad. Corii
menu, ete lmpli
fsqudr lu tease Ce into.
ua, so un uthisnts Ce modiracldn 0. las
aopinadeno asiaflelts, y deaplogun .uhtoi.
zes emwmcstslk* psi. .upomr Ia .ce.s.sz di
mnano dv UUi% cannoada,
b) p1ix, msc.niamos dv kichi contra Ii
ktflaclón, critic its guy vQdrts 1umr Ii inojo.
nd. to
C. fl
00C.niin di Ice procadimtorib,
scan, .ini. los quo podnis figurar
a La aonckisinn do auu no flay mounec con.
.nsora do Is acoem*nsclCn dv toe proocd
virleinis psia d.ccstor todi idea 1551 plwuu musntog do rsgooiicfon ucianul y Is oonosr.
rrplyu baMnOoco in quo as han nvç,iseado laelCn d tins pacto socisI ml. aClido:
cuatlae mdlcal.s en In dotyloitcie 0. mono
o
'iaoclansr Ice polfUcis rciadve at
Ce ebro, I. osasulaza dii trabcc a is; actoui. my:cede di trobaio, kueIsc to iviorma do
dos porsonAl*si onto ci smploo,
as &stcmse di iLlflhidki par diuoinpleo y
PMADO$ DE LARGA DUACiOIul
to. programse Ca uirmslsnnuda di pare.
Ia Off loi dosimnpksudos do longs nsa, Is aptceuim di ubs1doa Clx empleos
dumciCn pudusrait conswliuos on 'norgina. Cs bJa rwnunotsci4n y Cs doon.a ffl
doc' seonomieos pwmansnitoc, porquo
CueMn Et uorsonss pordin auc nlhm
tancI5 sirafsslonato., ObHflia vi malorms,
butsilas in I'unoiln di to plantili, dsatfrus
a sotimutar Ii comrntaclo)p do dossnnplo.dec
di Lirgi nuulrnelon,
.
p3.
España
FECHA
DIARJO 16
26 NOVI
MADRID
Mu millones de
pardos en el mundo
yes inde clara tendencia a
millones de personas en el las desigualdades en los
mundo no tienen. Irabajo o salarios
Glnebra/ AGENdASMu
están a bemplds, segün
La O1T advierta, incluso,
Empleo en el Mundo" de Ia
Organización Internacional
el gran aumento de los IJamados trabajadores pobres
agrave los pmblemas sociales y econórnicos provoca-
revela el informe "El que"existeelriesgodeque
del 'Tabajo (Or!), hecho
pdblico ayer lunes.
Esa cifra, que supoñe el
30% de Ia fuer2a de Irabajo
total del planeta, Ilova a los
expartos deJa OlTacalificar
dos por las alias tsc do
desempleo".
El inIbrme critica dura-
mente la resignaciôn frente
do 11JaJa1 Ia situaciôn a! desemp]eo, asi mo las
del mercado laboral mun- teorias de que Ia dmca solución para crear puestos do
dIaL
Adeznâs del gran nüniero frabajo es Ia 'desregulación'
do desempleados, Ia Organ!- del mercado laboral o qne Ia
zación Internacional del globalizacin implique Ia
Trabajo destaca una cada perdida do empleo.
g
Espafia
EL MUNDO
26 de noviembre de 1996
IorrreveIaque
hay LOmfflaiics&
pa1kIeImuIKIo
Assgtn
JS
no IlSy
diegulsdán lM,il
qi
MADBm En ci rinando bay
Cl
1.000 millooC do
quc no &nen a-
I
bjo o 4n &ubcoipleadat
r'da ci
me El
EnnocrielMnado'dela
Oipnacl6n IntcTnacional
dcl Trabsjo (011).
E
dfrs, qt
zpow ci
3O%delaiktnbsjo
plancra, Ilevi a
8dehorrIli
do .cinbrfa In tuathm dcl
ala Orai-
iaci6n *ra In C'qraci&i
(O34kdo
yci
tc&lo
El fme rcela
aslida a Is aills dcl dcaew-
p1Lc*dsdcisOrr
El iiftrmc Wtaca qx co
do inplco
Ii Ezc cowunitaria anwlam1doZ11,3%,
gicntns nota
fiwcotu
lizados como Alsmsnia,
Francis Sizcci* c Italia.
España contmda con 1*
as, ci
do Ia
wa co ci legun-
Isdado
qua
dci
do qua
o
regInmcntaciies
scmpue fucw do
Pan Mcl Hanennc,
dilr
naral do Is Off,
____ do despiadado,
d
nads
WI
1995 is
qua
cony. qua Ii dçu-
r
y qua ci
10 MI
ci '"a"'IcoinaM 'acico..
co4 ci an
to dcl PIB Ml Ucvsr spar..
jado ci aumcnto dcl
saukwqorquaae
dwe
m
do an cowit.L..
pc&do 0 qua 1W
ir
vitable do 1W fucrza dci
Uc
La01Talaiaprquel nw.
1frwn picosa qua lua
____ do plcoo nrnplc
jxibla
do
natural a
de 19%
ienic
oal
do
1
po
*slcuu".
t.h,.
=
uaJw nrwcle
d. desci..
no ion po1fti ci
aImen viiblw y wredo sentido eamómi.
pico
Espafia
j
WW.0
°
OD E
CO
1.
z
-3 Oo
OC)._CvC
(
2
Oct.
- .2
D9
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ow
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flE WOW
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Mediterráneo
Espaiia
26.11.96
VTRABAJO
La Oil denuncia
que mu millones de
personas esán en
paro en el munclo
Efe I Ginebra
Mi! niillones de personas
en el mundo no tienen traba-
jo o están subempleadas,
Levante
26.11.96
ri millones lie personas
satan paradas en el mundo
Mu millones de personas en el
mundo no tienen trabajo c están
subempleadas, segcin revela el informe El empleo en el mundo de Ia
Organizacion Intemacional del Tra-
segün revela el informe 'El
Empleo en el Mundo' de la
Orgsnizacion internacienal
bajo (OfT), hecho pUblico ayer.
Esa cifra, que supone el 30% de Ia
fuerza de trabajo total del planeta,
del Trabajo (OIT), hecho
I leva a los expertos de Ia OfT a Ca-
piiblico ayer. Esa cifra, que
supone el 30% de la fuerza de
trabajo total del planeta, ileva
a los expertos de Ia OIT a Ca-
lificar de "sombria" la situadon del mercado laboral.
Además del gran nümero
lificar de sombr(a' Ia situaciôn del
mercado laboral mundial. Además
del gran nilmero de desempleados, Ia Oil destaca una cada vez
más Ia clara tendeneja existente a
las desigualdades en los salarios.
En los paIses ricos, el nümero de
parados es de 34 millones.
de desempleados, Ia OIT des-
taca una cada vez más clara
tendencia a las desigualdades
en los salarios. La OIT advierte, incluso, que "hay ci
riesgo de que ci aumento de
los Ilamados trabajadores
pobres agrave los problemas sociales y econórnicos
causados por la alta tasa de
desempleo en ci mundo".
Diari de Girona
27.11.96
Critica a là resignación
El informe critica duramente la resignaciOn frenteal
fenómeno del desempleó, asI
como las teorIas de que Ia
ñnica sôlución para crear
puestos de trabajo es Ia desregulacion del mercado laboral
o que Ia globalizacion tenga
como caracterIstica intrInseca la pérdida de empleo. En
los paIses mas ricos, aquellos
que pertenecen a Ia Organizacion para Ia Cooperación y
el Desarrollo Económjcos
(OCDE), el nilmero de los
que no tienen trabajo es de
34 millones de personas.
El informe destaca que en
el aflo pasado Ia tasa de desempleo en la Europa comunitaria alcanzO una media del
11,3%, con incrementos nota-
bles del rnmero de parados
en paIses fuertemente industrializados como Alemania,
Francia, Suecia e Italia.
Mi milions de
persones estan
desocupades a
tot el mon
Ginebra.- Mil miljons de
persones en el mon no tenen
treballo estan Subocupades,
segons revela I'inforzne c'L'o-
cupacjO a! m6n de l'Organitzacjó Internacional del
Trebail. Aquesta xifra, que
suposa el 30 per cent de la
força de trebafl total del planeta, porta els experts de Ia
On' a qualifjcar corn cfosca,
1sjtuacjO del mercat laboral rnundjal, A més del gran
noinbre de desocupats, Ia
On' destaca una cada vega.
da mes clara tendèncja a les
desigualta salarjals.
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España
El Adelanto
26.11.96
Mu millones de personas en
el mundo están desempleadas
GINEBRA (Efe).- Mu miflones de personas en el mundo
no tienen trabajo a están
subempleadas, segcin revela el
informe "El Empleo en el
Mundo" de Ia Organización
Intemacional del Trabajo (OIT),
hecho pUblico ayer, lunesa
citra, que supone el 30 por
ciento de Ia fuerza de trabajo
total del planeta, Ileva a los
expertos de Ia OIT a calificar
de "sombrIa" Ia situación del
mercado laboral mundial.
Además del gran nümero de
desempleados, Ia Organización
lnternacional del Trabajo destaca una cada vez más clara ten-
dencia a las desigualdades en
los salarios.
La OlT advierte, incluso, que
"existe el nesgo de que el gran
aumento de los Ilamados traba-
jadores pobres agrave los problemas sociales y económicos
provocados por las altas tasas
de desempleo".
El informe critica duramente
Ia resignaciOn frente al fenómeno del desempleo, asi como las
teorias de que Ia Unica solución
para crear puestos de trabajo
es Ia "desregulacion" del mercado laboral oque Ia globalización tenga como Caracteristica
intrinsica Ia pérdida de empleo.
En los paises más ricos,
t
-t.:;,
r'
El paro es un grave problema en todo el mundo.
están par debajo del umbral de
Ia pobreza.
En cuanto a los palses con
economla de transición de
Europa central y oriental, el
una "consecuencia natural e
inevitable de las fuerzas del
mercado".
Hansenne califica de "pemiciosa" .y "despiadada" Ia filoso-
desempleo se redujo de forma
moderada, aunque se mantuvo
en.niveles superiores al 10 por
ciento, y en algunas naciones,
como Ia FederaciOn Rusa, persistiO Ia tendencia aiàumento.
En Latinoamérica y el Canbe, el desempleo aumentO de
forma generalizada, sobre todo
en Colombia, donde pasO del
ocho a más dell 0 par ciento.
fla de que nada se puede
Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador,
Jamaica, Mexico, Uruguay y
objetivo central de las politicas
económicas y sociales".
Francia, Suecia e Italia.
Esta tendencia no fue unifor-
Venezuela se vieron especialmente afectadas par Ia pOrdida
El informe revela que "no
hay pruebas eTnpiricas que
me, ya que en el Reino Unido
de puestos de trabajo..
En Africa y muchas zonas
corraboren" que Ia desregulaciOn .sea Ia mejor a Ia Unica
aquellos que pertenecen a Ia
Organizacion paria CooperaciOn y el Desarrollo EconOmicos (OCDE), el nümero de los
que no tienen trabaja es de 34
millones de personas.
El informe destaca que el
año pasado Ia tasa de desempleo en Ia Europa comunitaria
alcanzO una media del 11,3 por
ciento, con "incrementos notables" del nUmero de parados
en palses fuertemente indus-
trializado.s como Alemania,
Ia tasa de desempleo se redujo
considerablemente, coma en
Las zonas urbanas de
de Asia el fenOmeno del
hacer para reducir el empleo y
de que el llamado "crecimiento
sin empleo" (pot el que aumenta el Producto Interior Bruto sin
incrementar el empleo) es Ia
mejor que se puede desear en
un contexto de creciente cornpetencia. Pot elIo, Ia OIT aboga
porque "el concepto de pleno
empleo, convenientemente
actualizado, siga siendo un
salida a Ia crisis del desem-
Estados Unidos, donde se situó
por debajo del cinco par ciento.
desempleo y del subempleo
está ampliamente extendido,
paIses se hicieron más marca-
aunque Ia Off reconoce disponer de pocos datos.
La OrganizaciOn Internacio-
esta idea cuando destacan que
"es infundado partir del supues-
nal del Trabajo y su director
mentaciones son siempre fuentes de nigidez y de que Ia desreglamentaciOn es Ia soluciOn
"Sin embargo, en ambos
das las desigualdades en los
ingresos", subraya el documento, que revela que entre e1 12 y
el 15 por ciento de los trabaja-
dores de las dos naciones
general, Michel Hansenne, no
se resignari a que Ia cuestión
del desempleo sea vista coma
plea.
Los expertos insisten en
to universal de que las regla-
Optima".
-
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Espalla
Diario de Navila
Diario de Soria
26.11.96
millones de personas en el
muindo están desempleadas,
segUn un informe de Ia OIT
Mill
El 30% de Ia fuerza de trabajo total del planeta
GINEBRA.Mil millones de
personas en el mundo no tienen
trabajo o están subempkadas Segun revela el informe "El Empleo
en el Mundo" de a Organizacidn
Internacionaj del Trabajo (OIl),
liecho püblico ayer, lunes.
Esa cifra, que supone el 30 por
ciento de Ia fuerza de trabajo to-
tal del planeta, ileva a losexpertosde Ia Off a cailficar de "soxnbrfa"
Ia situación del mercado laboral
mundial
Además del gran mimero de
desempleados, Ia Organizacion
Internacional del Trabajo destaca
una cada vez más clara tendencia
alas desigualdadesenlossalaijos.
La Off advierte, incluso, que
"existe el riesgo de que el granaumento de los ilamados trabajado-
res pobres agrave los problemas
sociales y económjcos provocados por las altas tca' de desempleo".
El informe critica duramente
la resignacion frente al fenómeno
del desempleo, asI como las teorIas de que la (mica solución para
Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE), el nümero de los que no tienen trabajo es de 34 millones de
personas.
El informe destaca que en el
año pasado Ia tasa de desempleo
en la Europa comunitaria alcanzó
una media del 11,3 por ciento,
con "incrementos rotables" del
mimero de parados en pafses
fuertemente industrial izados
como Alemania, Francia, Suecia
e Italia.
Esta tendencia no fue unifor-
me,yaqueenelRejnojJthdo
tasa de desëmpleo se redujo con-
siderablemente, como en Estados Unidos, donde se situó por
debajo del cinco por ciento.
"Sin embargo, en anibos pafses
se hicieron más marcadas las desigualdades en los ingresos", su-
braya el documento, que revela
que entre el .12 y el 15 por ciento
de los trabajadores de las dos naclones están por debajo del urnbral de Ia pobreza.
En cuanto a los paIses con ceo-
crear puestos de trabajo es Ia
nomla de transición de Europa
"desregulacidn" del mercado Iaboràl o que Ia globallzacion tenga
como caracterfstjca intrinsica la
centraly orientil, el desempleo se
redujo de forma moderada, aunque se mantuvo en niveles superiores al 10 por ciento, yen algunas naciones, como Ia Federación
Rusa, persistio Ia tendencia al aumento.
rdida de empleo.
En los paIses más ricos, aquelbs que pertenecen a Ia Organización para Ia Cooperación y el
Espafla
Diario de Navarra
26.11.96
OIT
Un 30% de la
población activa
mundial no
tiene trabajo
GINEBRA. (Efe). Mu millanes
de personas en el mundo no
tienen trabajo a estân subempleadas, segün revela el informe uEl Empleo en el Mundo>
de Ia OrganizaciOn Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), hecho püblico aver. Esa cifra,
que supone el 30% de Ia fuerza de trabajo total del planeta,
lieva a los expertos de Ia OtT a
calificardesombrfaIa situaciOn del mercado laboral.
Además del gran nUmero
de desempleados, Ia OrganizaciOn lnternacional de Trabajo (OtT) destaca una cada
vez más clara tendencia a las
desigualdades en los salarios
y advierte de que n'existe el
riesgo de que el gran aumento de los Ilamados trabajadores pobres agrave los problemas soc/a/es y econOrnicos
pro vocados POT/as altas tasas
La OCDE
En los palses más i7cos
aquellos que perteneOen a Ia
OrganizaciOn para Ia Coope-
radOn y el Desarrollo EconOmicos (OCDE). el nOmero
de los que no tienen träbajo
es de 34 millones de personas. El informe destaca que
en el año pasado Ia tasa de
desempleo en Ia Europa comunitaria alcanzO una media
del 11.3%, con aincrementos
notables,c del n(imero de parados en paises fuertemente
industrializados coma Alemania, Francia, Suecia e Italia.
Esta tendencia no tue uniforme, ya que en el Reino Unido
Ia tasa de desempleo se redu-
jo considerablemente, como
en Estados Unidos, donde se
situO por debajo del 5%. rSin
embargo, en ambos palses se
hic,eron más marcadas las
desigua/dades en los ingresos,,, subraya el documento,
que revela que entre eli 2 y el
15% de los trabajadores do las
dos naciones están por deba-
jo del umbral de Ia pobreza.
En cuanto a los palses con
economla de transiciOn de
Europa central y oriental, el
desempleo se redujo de forma
moderada, aunquese mantu-
de desempleos. El informe
vo en niveles superiores al
critica Ia resignaciOn frente al
fenOmeno del desempleo, asi
coma Ia FederaciOn Rusa,
como las teorlas de que Ia
cinica soluciOn para crear
puestos de trabajo es Ia i'des-
regu/acians del mercado Iaboral o que Ia globatizaciOn
tenga cmo caracterlstica intrinseca Ia pérdida de emplea.
10%, y en algunas naciones,
persistiO Ia tendencia al aumento. En Latinoamérica y el
Caribe, el desempleo aumento de forma generalizada, Sabre todo en Colombia, donde
pasO del 8% a mâs del 10%.
Las zonas urbanas de Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Ja-
maica, Mexico, Uruguay y
Venezuela se vieron especialmente afectadas par Ia pérdida de puestos de trabajo. En
Africa y muchas zonas de
Asia el fenOmerto del desem-
plea y del subempleo está
ampliamente extendido, aunque Ia OIT reconoce disponer
de pocos datos.
Espana
El diario de LeOn
30.11.96
PAISES RICOS.
En los paes rnás iicos, aquellos que
pertenecen a Ia Organizacion para Ia
Cooperacióny ci Desarroilo Económicos
(OCDE), ci nürnero de los que no tierlen
trabajo es de 34 inillones de ersonas.
:El informe destaca que en ci ahopasa-
do Ia tasa de desempleo en Ia Europa
comunjtarja aicanzd una media del.1I,3
Mil millones de
por ciento, con <incrernentos notables>>
del námero de parados en palses fuerternente industrializados como Aiemania,
Francja, Suecia. e Italia.
Esta tendencja no fue uniforme, ya que
- n el Reino Unido Ia tasa de desempieo
se redujç, considerablemente, coma en
Estados Unidos, donde se Situdpordeba.
Jo del cinco porciento..
<Sin embargo, en ambos paIses se
hicieron rnás marcadas las desigualdades
en los ingresos>>, stbray.a ci
J que revela que entré ci 12 ydocumento,
ci 15 por
personas no tieñen
trabajo en elmuiido.
Mil milloñes de personas en el mundo
notienen trabajo o estn subempleadas,
segün revela ci informe E1 Empleo en
ci Mundo de Ia Org izaci6n Intema-
cional defTrabajo
Esa cifra, quoijci3O,orcjen
de Ia fuerza de trabajo total del planeta,
ileva a los expertos de la O1T a calificar
de sombrfa, Ia situacjón del mercado
laboralniundial.
Adernás del gran mimero de desempleados, Ia Organizacidn Intemacional
del Trabajo destaca iina cada vez más
clara teidencia alas desiguldadesenJos
iaOiTadvièrte,incIuso,querJste:
el rièsgo de que ci gran aumento delOs
Ilarnados trabajadores pobres agrave los
probleinas .sociales y económicos provo:cados por las altas tlsss de desenipieo*.
El infonnecritica duramente Ia resignación frente al fenómeno del .desempleo, asi comolastebrfas de que la (mica
sohiciónparacrear puestos de trabajo.es
Ia desregulacionw del mercado laboral
o quela globalización tenga como caracteristica intrmnsica la pérdida de empleo;
-
-
...:
..
,
ciento dc los trabajadores de las dos
nacioñes están por debajo del urnbral de
.lapobreza.'
.
,
-
cuantb10
econornia
de traisición deEuropa central y orien.tal, el dcseinpleo s redujo de forma
2
moder&da,
se mantüvo en niveies
superiores ál1O par ciento; y en aigunas
naciones, como la Federacjón Rusa,' per-
.'stioiatendenciaaI:aumento
En Latixioamérica y el -çaribe, ci
desempieo aumthtó de 1orma generallzada, sobre 'todo en Colombia,..donae
. pasó del echo a nás del W por .ciento.
Las zonas urbanas de
Argentina, Boli- via, Ecuador,.Jamajca, Mexico,
Urnguay
y Venezuela se vieron especiahnente
afectadas por Ia pérdida de pu'estos de
trabajo.
-..
AFRICAYASLA,
En Africa y muchas zonas de Asia el
Tenórneno del desempleo .y del subernpleo esta ampliarnente extendido, aunque
la OIT reconoce d'isponer de pocos datos.
Errganizacion 'Internacional del
Trabajo y su director general, Michel
Hansenne,no se resignan a que Ia cuestión del desempleo sea vista como una
iconsecuj natural e inevitable delas
fuerzas del mercado>>;
--
LJf5I le cahier
saumon
(Vagenj
ECONOMIE-SOCIAL-ENTREPRISES
BOURSE-FINANCES
BIT: le plein emploi est realisable
LI ?XAkO - IUPDZ 25 J11VIZl ;997
travail se montre optimiste, tout en soulignant les risques de
fracture sociale dans les pays industriels.
(Page III)
W 16314- Cahler naffona1n2
Dans son rapport sur l'emploi, le Bureau international du
EMPLOI
BIT: Ie plein-emplol est realisable
Dans son rapport surl'emploi dans le inonde, le Bureau international du Ira rail
se inontre opt/iniste, tout eb soithnaiitlesrisques de fracture soc/ale
quiguettent iJeauColip depaysindustriels.
i.e BIT (Bureau international du travail) souffle successi-
vement le froid et le chaud
dans son dernier rapport sur
I'emploi dans le monde (19961997).
pays, poursuit-il, continuede
dépendre avant tout de Ia politique suivie par cc pays, de sa
politique macroéconomique,
de sa politique structurelle et
de sa politique du marché du
Le constat est pessimiste.
travail. Ensuite, ((silethôn1age
En matière d'emploi, Ia mornsite reste de misc, estime en effet Ic BIT qui explique Dans
a augmcnt4 c'est par quo La
croissance a ralenti non parce
qucl'on s'alarme do pius en plus
des risques do fracture sociaie.
possibksousréscrvequeiespo- encourage également Ia baisse
litiques expansionnistes s'ac- des charges sur les bas salaires
compagnent de mesures cr6- tout en mettant en garde
dibles, pour évitcr aDo contre le risque de dévalorisa,wrudesccncc des tensions sala- tion de cc fait de Ia formation
fialesthflationnistes, etpourpa-
rer a
la
pénuric
qu'elle a cessé do csécr des em-
beaucvap &pay industriel5, k p!ois Et Ic BiT d'enfoncer Ic
chôthage attemt an telniveau clou: Lcplcin-empioin'ap-
partient donc pas au passd.
c"est an objectifpossible ci
operation Unedic-entreprises
mises en place en France), et
financiers, ii réplique qu'zzne
croissance plus vigoureuse est
professionneile. Car La forma-
do tion est, scion l'organisation
internationale, un Clement clé,
afin notamment d'assurer Ia
Pressions salariales
meilleure ( employabilité .
Pour le BIT, cci objectif du
est dc toute facon
II faut done ensuite niodérer les preSSIOflS miariales eli 4ncontournable: Des nnraux
laires s'acccntucnt, of OIl dé table. .'.
coordonnant lea négociatións
of produczifs
nombre dO pIns P" dO
Pour que là pays indus- salariaies et en r5rnt
k
ji'ilce 6
vailleurspauvres
.txiels serapprothent de pin--princidtracte
(,
Il
:
emploi,Ie BIT estime qu'il faut I'intCressément.
Irt6.
de.zuCOIl
Un tableau plutôt noir qui
flhir trn rnnditinnv Ii fui*
Pnfin U fnf AnUnrI.ri
'Vt l'éqWte do irpondro A l'asvaut pour les pays en tmnsi- inverser Ia tendance au -.
ralen- mzw ai ruviv des pIitiques du
pirationdccfmcimApartiatcr
011 ((losmégabtés dciv,tisscment de Ia croissance, pro- marchd du travail i.Le BIT
venus so sont beaucoup aggra- pose tout d'abord Ic BIT. Et a propose notamment d'ac- a La vie tconomiqL Ct soci.ale of
esdcpuisqu'ilsontoptépour ceux qui estiment qu'une poli- croitre lea processus d'activa- ApréscrverlacvhésiondclasoI'écopomic do marché . Et tique expansionniste provo- don des dCpenses de chômage clétéD, rappelle l'organisation.
rlans cc contexte, deux grandes
querait Ia colCre des marches (ii cite les conventions de coCOURT
En outre, los indgalitds do
c'est aussi an object!! soubai-
'is 6/eves
inquiétudes sont apparues
dañs i'opinion, souligne Ic
BIT: la situation empire du
faitde la mondialisation de
l'économie, et les progrês tech-
niques débouchent désormais
sut. tine croissance sans em-
-
Flexibilité: le BIT prOne le consensus
piois.
((Faut-il me vita blement choisir entre /a
quantité ct/a qualité del'empioi n, deiiande Ic
Pour autant, I'organisme international
n'est pas partisan du statu quoYMais s'fl
Bureau international du travail, dont Ia ré-
Inverser Ia tendance
ponse penche vers le non. Ainsi, alors que Ic
débat sur Ia nécessité de développer une plus
prone des evolutions, c'est avant tout ns un
cadre consensuel.
Toujours dans l'objectif du plein-emploi,
L'optimisme, en revanche,
apparait dans les perspectives:
lI serait faux do voir dans Ia
mondialisation an processw supranationai quo los gouvernements seralent obbgés do subir
sans pouvoir rien faire. En fai4
lAs conservent unograndeiberté
grande flexibilité du travail revient depuis
ii conviendrait
plusieurs semaines en France, Ic BIT rappelle
sociaies etde créerde.s org riismessociaur qw
qu'en Europe ulestdifficiledesouteafrquelc
encouragent Ia mobilité et Ia ilexibiité du
d'action n, explique tout
d'abord Ic BIT. La situation
économique et sociale d'un
de prendre des mesures
fonctionnement du marché du tin vail est moths
travail, favorisent la participation des
con cuirentiel aujourd'hui qu'ily a vingt ans
alors quo l'cmploi prdcaire, Jo travail inter!maire of los contrats 6 duréc déterminéc sont
travail/curs ct/a négociation collective, ci
aujourcfhui beaucoup plus cownnts. En outre
lessynthcatc oat perdu dekurpouvofretlesthdcnzwtà dechónzageantdiminué .
oIfrcnt des niveaux suffisants do protection
soda/c ci contractue/lo n, expliquc ainsi le
BIT dana ses conclusions adoptCes lors de
83' session de Ia conference internationale
du travail.
ecnee
_LE FIGARO
PREMIER OUOTIDIEN ECONOMIOUE
JE
'
FRANCA
I
France
S
le cahier
saumon
ECONOMIE-SOCIAL-ENTREPRISES
BOURSE-FINANCES
LE FIGARO- MardI 26 novembre 1996
N° 16 260 - Cahier national n2
EN DIRECT
SOCIAL
ChOmage: le diagnostic de .I'OIT
Un milliard depersonnes, salt 30 % de Ia population active mondiale, seraientau chôinage.
du marché de
l'emploi ne sauraient, avant
tout autre cause, expliquer le
chômage. La flexibilité et Ia dé-
réglementation ne constituent
pas les solutions miracles que
I'on diE. L'Organisation internationale du travail tord le cou
a nombre de poncifs dans un
nouveau rapport sur l'emploi
diffuse a Genéve. ((Rica nepermetd'affinner, écrit ainsi l'institution, que Ia r4qlementation est
invariablement sourcc de n,idités et que Ia dér4glcmentation
est touoiirs Ia solution
',J4ø
DtatiOn, Ic progrès
techniqãcetes reductions d'effectifs engendreront une crois-
sauce sans emploi ou Ia fin du
travail ne résiste pas, note Michel Hansenne, son directeur
gCnéral, a l'épreuve des faits.
Ces notions, dira-t-il, sont p0-
tentiellement nuisibles. Pour
lui, le plein emploi reste non
seulement un objectif souhaitable et digne de foi mais encore possiblc.'.
Le plein emploi dont pane
I'OIT ne signifie pas un taux de
chômage égal a zero mais un ni-
veau de I'ordre de 2 %, 3 %,
voire 4 %, tenant compte des
disponibilités et du souhait reel
de trouver un poste de travail.
Si le chomage a augmenté
de Ia sorte, expliquent a leur
tour les experts de l'institution,
c'est prce que Ia croissance a
ralenti, et non pas parce qu'elle
a cessé de créer des emplois. us
estiment, en ellet, que ((I'Inten-
site d'ernploi est plus ou moms
restéela mdmeetquela cnation
globale de posies de travail t
derneurde inchangtc pendant Ia
majeure partic des trente-cinq
dernieresanndcs )).
Mesures crédibles
sionniste próconisée doit s'ac-
compagner de mesures crédibles pour éviter une recrudes-
cence des tensions salariales
inflationnistes et pour parer a
Ia pénurie des compétences.
L'étude de I'OIT souligne par
ailleurs que le commerce international - tant décnié - n'a pas
allous avons I'impression joué de role essentiel dans Ia
baisse des salaires relatifs des
succdeà zzncxcésdcpéchéset travailleurs peu qualifies. De
de vices. Michel Hansenne, même est-il faux de prétendre,
qu 'en Europe un ees de vertus
sans vouloir s'immiscer dans un
débat politique délicat, juge au-
jourd'hui possible de relancer
Ia croissance sans mettre en
danger le contrôle indispensable de l'inflation. 'Linsufflsance de Ia demande pourrait
fort bien, constatent aini les
spécialistes genevois, &re a
l'oriinc dela longuep&iode de
marasme. La politique expan-
selon elle, que Ies importations
en provenance des economies
dynamiques du Sud-Est asia-
tique - elles ont certes beaucoup augmente mais ne repré-
sentent que 2 % du produit
inténieur brut des pays developpés - sont a l'origine de Ia yen-
table óvolution structurelle de
l'emploi.
LU.
France
MERCREDI 27 NOVEMBRE 1996
FONDATEUR: HI.
Le plein-emploi est <<possible et souhaitable > scion 1,011
1997 pubilé, le 26 novembre, par
tordre le cou a tine idée a Ia mode
selon laquelle nous assisterions a
lafin du travail , pour reprendre
gnant respectivement 0,6 % et
2 % . En dépit du degré élevé
d'innovation technologique, le
I'Organisation internationale du
travail (OH') ne fait pas preuve
le titre d'un ouvrage a succès de
l'économiste américain Jeremy
nombre total d'heures de travail a
fortement augmenté au Canada,
A premiere vue, le rapport stir
l'emploi dans le monde 1996-
d'un optimisme démesuré. La situation de l'emploi dans le monde
reste morose , resume le rapport
des la premiere phrase de son in-
Rdn.
au Japon et aux Etats-Unis, ces
l'éviction progressive des chômeurs de longue durée du monde
du travail. Logiquement, elle relève trois conditions fondainentales pour I'instauration du pleinemploi dans les pays industriali-
trente dernières années.
sés: le relèvement des taux de
taux d'intérét et
troduction. Le taux de chômage
ment souhaitable ', VOlT montre
que le commerce avec les pays a
L'OIT s'en prend également a
tine idée encore plus ancrée dans
les esprits: non seulement l'em-
dépasse par exemple 10% dans Ia
bas salaires ne constitue qu'une
p101 ne diminue pas, mais bien ma-
cause secondaire de l'augmentation
du chomage des salaries pen quail-
lin celui qui petit démontrer qu'il
place de mécanismes anti-inflationnistes comportant notam-
plupart des pays d'Europe. La
baisse enregistrée aux Etats-Unis
(5,4% a mi-1996) est exceptionelle. Au Japon et en Austraile, Ia
tendance est a Ia hausse.
Faut-il en déduire que le pleinemploi appartient a tin passé révo-
lu et que Ia globalisation des
Après avoir affirmé que
c le
plein-emploi est possible et haute-
flés et de l'inégallté des salaires
dans les pays industrialisés . La
mondialisation augmente les débouchés, stimule la productivité et
favorise la croissance dOnc l'emplol. Car, contrairement a une se-
conde idée recue - celle de la
est de moms en moms stable.
TROIS CAUSES
Si l'on prend les trois critères
communément admis pour caractétiser Ia précarité de l'emploi - le
pourcentage d'emplois indépen-
technologies condanment la plu-
croissance sans emplol -, le lien
entre ces deux données est plus
art des pays a tin chomage struc-
fort que jamais. *Avant le chocpé-
dants, l'importance du temps partiel et le développement du travail
temporaire -, seul ce dernier type
de précarité augmente partout.
ire1? L'Ofl composée de repré-
trolier, ii failait un taux de croissance annuelle de 2 % aux Etats-
trois causes: Ia faiblesse des taux
Unis et de 4,3% en Europe pour que
des emplois se créent alors qu'il szf-
de croissance depuis 1973, l'ajuste-'
ment insuffisant des salaires au ta-
4changes et les gains de producti-
vité générés par les nouvelles
sentants des employeurs, des
syndicats et des gouvernements,
ne le pense pas. Les auteurs du
rapport ont visiblement tenu a fit aujourd'hui que ces taux attet-
L'OIT attribue le chOmagà
lentissement de la productivité et
croissance par tin abaissement des
un contexte de
moderation salariale
Ia mise en
ment la coordination des negociations salariales et Ic renforcement
du pacte social ; I'amClioration
des politiques du marché du travail, notarument par l'octroi de
subventions pour les bas salaires et
d'incitationsfiscales visan: a favoriser le recrutement des chômeurs de
longue durée . 'frois types de me-
sures qui, selon I'OIT, montrent
que, contrairement a tine demière
idée reçue, les Etats ont encore un
role important a )ouer dans les réformes économiques a venir.
Frédéric Lemaltre
France
-1
I
Le Quotidien de l'Economie
Mardi 26 novembre 1996
BiT: le chômage n'est pas dü a 1a libérailsation
Le chomage n'est pas dCt au libéralisme économique ni au progrès technique a
I'heure oü un milliard de personnes sont sans travail dans le monde, selon un
rapport du Bureau international du travail publié bier a Genève. Selon ce
rapport, le onmmerce avec les pays en développement n'explique que trés
partiellement Ia montée du chomage parmi les travailleurspeu qualifies Ct
I'aggravation des inégalités de salaires dans les pays industrialisés. Le BIT
attribue Ia détérioration du marché du travail àia faiblesse des taw de
oissance enregistrés depuis 1973, Ia lenteur de I'ajustement des salaires au
ralentisscment de Ia productivité, I'apparition depressions salariales
infiationnstes qui ant perduré jusqu'au milieu des annees SO, I'dviction
progresswe des chômeurs de longue durée du marché du travail, Ia précaiisation
de millions de travailleurs dans des activités du cteur non structure.
France
27 NOV 1996
LA CORRESPONDANCE ECONOMIQUE
LE MINISTRE DU TRAVAIL, N. JACQES BARROT, RELANCE LE DEBAT SUR LA FLEXIBILITE DE L'EMPLOI
Le ministre du Travail, M. Jacques BARROT, s'est réapproprié le débat sur 1 a
flexibilité de l'emploi en soulignant que le gouvernement "réfléchissait" a de
nouvelles pistes.
Toutefois, le ministre, qui est resté prudent, a estimé hier que cette ques tion "qui est d'abord un problème culturel" devait faire "l'objet d'un dialo gue social". "Le problème n'est pas essentiellemer-it juridique, il est un p e u
juridique, un peu financier et beaucoup culturel", a-t-il précisé.
Nul doute que l'écho des récentes declarations de MM. SARKOZY, député-maire
de Neuilly (R.P.R.) et BARRE, député-rnaire de Lyon (U.D.F.) en faveur
d'une "plus grande flexibilité dans les relations du travail" est arrivé
jusqu'au ministère du Travail qui "y réfléchit" actuellement. Interrogé
sur la demande d'une certaine partie du pa onat de faire passer la durée
a durée déterminé&. (C.D.D.) de 18 a 36 mois, M.
BARROT a estimé que ce sujet méritait "une réflexion a moyen terme". "Il
n'est pas sur, a-t--il relevé, que nos dispositif actuel entre C.D.D. et
C.D.I.
(contrat a durée indéterminée) soit a moyen terme la solution.
On peut admettre en effet quelque souplesse". Le ministre a évoqué notamment
le secteur de la "sous-traitance", qui est "soumis a des marches très
autorisée des contrats
fluctuants". Mais pour le ministre, la flexibilité, c'est la peur du changement" et a ce titre il faut encourager "un droit a la formation continur
tout au long de la vie" qui permette aux salaries de s'adapter a la mobilité.
Parmi les pites également évoquées, N. BARROT a également préconisé Un
système de "mutualisatiori partielle", qui consisterait a ce que les entrepr2ses les plus riches aident les plus petites a supporter le coQt des licenciments" quand elles sont obligées de se séparer d'ernployés". Par ailleurs,
ii a rappelé que le gouvernement avait déjà adopté cette année deux lois
favorisant la flexibilité. Ainsi, la premiere donne "plus de soup1ess
financière" aux entreprises qui dépassent le seuil des dix salaries et
l'autre autorise les entreprises sans syndicats a conclure des accords
avec des salaries non-syndiqués. En matière de simplification administrative,
le ministre a aussi note que les travaux en cours sur le "cheque premier
salarié" devrait permettre aux employeurs de sous-traiter les declarations
de salaire de leur premier employé. Enfin, une "declaration unique de
cotisations sociales" entrera égalernent en vigueur en 1998 et "la simplifica-
tion du bulletin de pale" fera l'objet d'un rapport "avant Noel", a indique
M. BARROT.
Parallèlement,
11
a souhaité "très vivement" que les partenaires sociaux
entament une négociation sur les heures supplémentaires, ce qui permettrait
au moms de "baliser le travail du législateur". Sinon, les pouvoirs publics
pourraient prendre "tine initiative au cours de l'année 1997", a menace
M. BARROT. Selon le ministre, "la flexibilité doit passer par d'autres
chemins que les heures supplémentaires".
avait estinié qu'il fallait aller plus loin
et "autoriser les entreprises a déroger a l'arsenal des lois et règleRappelons que
M.
BARRE
mentations qui régissent la durée du travail, l'embauche, le licenciement
et les rémunérations". En revanche, dans un rapport publié hier a
Genève, le Bureau international du travail (BIT) estime que "la solution
la plus fréquemment préconisée pour résoudre les problèmes de chômage,
a savoir la déréglementation du marché du travail, est contestable".
France
LA MONTAGNE
26 NOV 1996
LA MONTAGNE - LIMOGES
CHOMEURS'DANS LE MONDE
Un milliard de personnes
Près d'un
GENEVE.
milhiard de personnes
no sont pas justifies écono-
dans le monde sont au chômage ou dans une situation
de sous-emploL, et aucune
anlélioration n'est a prévoir
politiquement ni socialomont supportables , dé-
dans les prochaines anflees, solon un nouveau rapport de rOrganisation inter-
nationale du travail (Ofl) a
paraltre aujourd'hui.
Dens son etude intltulée
L'eniploi dans le monde
1996-97
,
l'OIT appelle los
gouvemements do Ia planète a faire do l'emploi une
priojité. Cetto agence do
l'ONU, créée on 1919, a
pour mission d'étudier et
d'améliorer les conditions
de travail dans le monde.
L'organisation estime que
30 % do Ia main-d'uvre
mondiale, soft un milliard do
personnes, sont au chômage ou dans une situation
do sous-emploi.
Lee niveaux actuols do chômage
miquement ot ne sont ni
clara le dirocteur general do
l'OIT, Michel Hansonne.
Dens l'Union européenne,
to chomage s'est établl a
11,3 % do Ia population activo on 1995, contre 2% en
moyenno dans les
années 60. La France, mais
aussi l'Ailemagne, l'ltahe et
Ia Suede ont enregistré los
plus fortes augmentatlons.
Toutefois, l'Espagne détient
toujours 10 tiisto record du
taux do chômage le plus
élevé de l'Union avoc
22,3 %.
En Europe centrale et do
l'Est, to châmage so maintiont egalement a un niveau
élevé. Dans cos regions,
près d'un tiers dos jeunes
do moms do 25 ens sent
sans emploi.
Los pays en voie de de-
veloppement sont particu-
lièrément frappes par ce
fléau. Le chômage a ainsi
augmente en Aménque Iatine et atteint des niveaux
élovés en Aftique at en Asie.
Dens son rapport, l'Off
demande aux gouvernements do Ia planète d'ac-
corder davantage de
moyens a Ia creation d'em-
plois par Ia biais de politiques do relance plus vigoureuses, en abaissant par
exomple los taux d'intérét.
Une tolle politique devralt
étre complétée par des mesuros de limitation do l'lnflation, conseille le rapport. En
oufre, l'OIT reproche aux
pays dévoloppes d'avoir re-
noncé a l'objectif du plein
emploi.
Selon l'organisme, Ia solution passe par une croissance cbnomiquo souteflue.
France
26 NOV 1996
LE JOURNAL DU CENTRE
CHQMAGE
Progrès technique et libéralisation
ne sont pas en cause
Genve. - La chomage n'est dü ni
a la libëralisation des echanges, in an
progrès technique a i'heure olt un milliard de personnes (30 % des actils),
sont sans travail dans le monde, selon
an rapport dii Bureau international dii
travail (BiT).
I.e p1cm empiol est an objectif
possible et souhaitable w, ajoute le rapport publi6, hier, a Genève.
L5.nsuffisance de la demande
pourrait bien être I I'origine de Ia
longue période de marasme de I'écono-
mie mondiale *. Toutefois une polltique expansionniste éventuelle ne doit
pas favoriser de "recrudescence des
tensions salariales inflationnistes".
Avec la croissance, c'est surtout Ia
misc en place de m6canismes permettant de mod&er les pressions salariales
inflationnistes qui doit dviter que flmpulsion expansionniste ne soit 6touffée
par la réaction des n]arch6s financiers,
scion Ic BIT.
Le commerce avec lea pays en
K n'explique que très
partiellement la montéc du ch8mage
parmi lea travailleurs peu qualifies et
d6veloppement
l'aggravation des inCgalitds de salaires dens lea pays industrialisés.
La réussite des economies dynaniiques d'Asie pmuve que l'expansion
des 6changes commerciaux et des flux
dinvestissements (...) pout stimuler la
cruissance économique et Ia creation
d'emplois, sons r6serve que l'on ap-
plique de bonnes politiques nationales *, écrivent les auteurs.
Trois facteurs
de détérioration
du marché du travail
La deterioration du marchC dii travail eat essentiellement attribuée par le
BIT a trois facteurs:
- la faiblesse des taux de croissance enregistr6s depuis 1973 et le fait
que lea pays en développement n'aient
pas réussi a se remefire totalement de
la crise économique du ddbut des annécs 80.
- la lenteur . de l'ajusteinent des
salaires an ralentissement de Ia productivitd et l'apparition de ressions sala-
sans emplois ou la fin du travail ne
nisiste pas a l'dpreuve des faits .
i En fait, l'lntensitd d'emplois de la
croissance economique n'a globalement
pas diminuC *, scion le BIT.
La travail indépendant, le travail
a temps partiel et diffCrentes autres
formes atypiques .d'emploi ont certes an
peu progress6 mais il scrait faux d'en
conclure que cela sonne le glas des
formes classiqiiea d'emploi. Lea données ne font apparaltre aucuné diminution gCnCralisée de i'anciennet6 dans
l'emploi, qu'il s'agisse de l'ancienneté
acquise ou de lhncicnneté prvue, et
cUes ne font pas non plus apparaitre
d'auginentation du rythme des changements d'emplois *.
QueUe que soit Ia force de Ia
mondialisation, celle-ci ne représente
pas "an processus supra-national" et
riales inflationnistes, qui ont continue
c Ia situation 6conomique et sociale
jusqu'au milieu des années 80.
d'un pays continue de d6pendre avant
- I'Cviction progressive des chôtout de la politique suivie par cc pays
incurs de longue durée du march6 du
- de us politique macro6conomique,
travail et Ia précarisalion de millions de
iravailleurs dana des-activités.du-sec--- dc an politique.irucire11e, de sa pollvail *.
tique du marcb
teur non structur6.
Même
a.une:éppie
qul penche
Contestant la these d ceux qui
en faveur d'unèinteriention minimale
annoncent une Cre de "croissance sans
de lEtat, lea polihiques nationales peuemplois", le BiT affirme que lidée
scion laquelle Ia mondialisation, le
progrè.s technique et lea reductions d'effectifs engendreront une croissance
vent et doivent viser en priorité I.
attdnuer lea effete sociaux nCgatifs dc
la mondialisation , scion le BIT.
France
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L' UNION
27 NOV 1996
L' ARDENNAIS
FIexIblllté
rotveutgard0r'
lamain
Jacques
Le ministiedU1reV
BmtatePtéh1erP
rênesdu
empIol, en souII8flt qu'efl ce
domaine le gouvememeflt n'était
resté pas inactif cesdeffliers mole
ftéchIsat en confirmant qu'il
s&t,àdenouSPl$t05
Pour M. Barrot, Ia demande dif
patronat, retayée. par PA. SarIwzy,
de faire passei Ia durée des
conirats a durée dótermiflée (COD)
de 18 a 36 maIs,inérlte sinai
. une rdfie,don a po)en teqne.
Pour le mInistiB, i Ia tldbJllt&'
est d!abOl
Un problème
wteI,.
c'est Ia peur dii changeffleflt' St ft
faut encOure1't
dmlt a
fonnatiOf) continuetOUt aU song de
saIatiés.
Ia We qul peffie1&at
d'adaptera1aYblIie i4
A propos d
fieblIIt&.. Ray
mond Bane affieUt1ti
torlser lea enpièsâ
demger
i'arsenal des Ioi(et régtement
lions qul végIssefit'Ja duv%e du
j, l'mbaüol1;.
rnent et4eS
anabee qua
Isiöle
icusWBuOU k
temationaIdutVaIt(BIUY
Pour lutter contt1e ch6ma,
M. Bane propose 8usd derempla-
car les aides a I'enp1o1 parufte
baisse des charges dee entrepdses.
del'onirede2O%
Mais le gouvemêTneflt a dé$à
décidé de consacrer 43 miftIards
de F a Ia baisse du cáOt dU tralI
en 1997, tandis 4fUn8 récente
étude du ministére do TIeVSII soull-
gne qua lea aides a remplol ont
évtté le ch&nage a, 950.000 pes
spores on 99
France
27 NOV 1996
LIBERATION CHAMPAGNE
Emploi
Le ministre du Travail
reprend les.rnes
du débat
sur Ia flexibilité
Le ministre du Travail Jacques Barrot a tenté hier de.reprendre les rênes du débat sur
Ia flexibilité do l'emp!oi, en sou-
lignant qu'en ce domaine.le
gouvemement nétait resté pas
Inactif ces demiers mois et en
coriflrmant qu'il "réfléchissalt" a
do nouvelles pistes.
En ce moment, "dans le domaine de Ia fiexibilité de I'emp101, on pane beaucoup", a remarque bier M. Barrot, en rété-
rence implicite aux récentes
declarations de Raymond
Barre et Nicolas Sarkozy.en favour d'uñe "plus grande fiexibi-
life dane los relations du travail".
Au ministére du Travail
.aussi, "on y rèfIéchlt" a -ajouté
M. Barrot, en souhaitant cue
cefle question wit lobjet d un
première donne plus de souplesse financlére" aux entreprisos qui depassent le seuil dos
dix salarieS et lautre autorise
los entreprises sans syndicats
a conclure des accords avec
des salaries non syndiqués.
En matière do simplification
administrative, le ministre a
aussi relevé los travaux en
cours sur "le cheque premier
salarié", gui. permettra aux employeurs do sous-traiter les de-
clarations do salaire do tour
premier employé.
Uno "declaration unique do
cotisations sociales" entrera
egalement en vi9ueur en 1998
et Ia .simptificatlon du bulletin
de paye" fera l'objet dun rap-
port "avant Noel", a ajouté
M. Barrot.
PourRaymond Barre, ii faut
'.
. 1
dialogue sçciar.
Pour M. Barrot, Ia bemande
tàutetois aller plus loin of "autoriser les entrepnses a deroger
M. Sarkozy, do faire passer Ia
durée des contrats a durée de-
mentations gui Tégissent Ia du.rée du travail, l'embauche, le Il-
mois, mérite ainsi uneré-
tlOns".
du patronat. relayée par. a l'arsenal des lois et régletorminée (CDD) do 18 a 36
tiexion a moyen terme"..
"II nest pas sUr que notre
cenciement et los rémunéraDens un rapport pubilé hier
Genève, Ia Bureau intematloanal du travail (BIT) estime au
dispositif actuet entre CDD et
CDI (contrats a durée indéter- .contraire qua "la solution Ia.
mtnée) soft è moyen terme Ia plus fréquemment préconlsée
solution. On pout admettre en pour résoudre les problèmes
effet quetque souplesse", a-t-il. du chOmage, a savoir Ia déré,dit, en évoquant en particutièr
glementation du marché du tra-
Is secteur do "la sous-tral-
tance", qui est "soumis a des
marches tree fluctuants".
Pour le ministre. "la flexibilife, est d'abord un probteme
culturel, cost Ia fieur du than-.
gement" et II taut encourager
"un droit a Ja formation continue tout au long de a vie" gui
permette aux salaries de
sadapter a Ia mobitité.
II a aussi suggere quo certal-
vail, est contestable".
Rion ne permet d'affirmor
que cette rOglementation est
invariablement source de rigidités-et quo Ia déroglementation
est toujours Ia solution optimale", écrit to BIT.
Pour tufter contra to ctiO-
mage, M.' Barr propose aussi
de remptacer les aides a l'em-
nes branches négocient un
ploi par une baisse des charges des entreprises de I'ordre
système de "mutualisation par
tielte", quf consisterait a ce que
les.entrepnses les plus riches:
décidé do consacrer 43 mit-
de2O%
Mais le gouvemement a deja
aident les plus petites a sup-
hands do F a Ia baisse du coOt
porter le coOt d'éventuels licen.
. . ciements.
Par ailleurs, M. Barrot a rap:
pole quo Ia gouvemement avait
qu'une récente étude du ministère du Travail soutigne quo los
déjà adopté cette annèe deux
lois tavorisant Ia flexibilité. La
du travail en 1997, tandis
aides a l'emploi ont évtté to
chOmage a 950.000 personnes
en 1995.
France
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France
12 NOV 1996
MECANIQUE ET METALLURGIE
ENDANCES ET STATISTIQUES
CONJONCTURE FRANCAISE
- Le nombre de chômeurs, en données brutes, est passe a 3.149.500 en septembre
(+ 3?6 % en un mois et + 5,7 % en un an), selon le ministre du Travail. En donnes
corriges des variations saisonniares, le nombre des demandeurs d'emploi de catégorie 1
est estim
3.112.800 (+ 0,9 % en un mois et -f 5,8 % en un an). Le taux de chômage,
selon les critères du BIT, s'tabIit 12,6 96, après 12,5 % en aoUt. L'emploi salari,
pour I'ensemble des secteurs hors agriculture, administrations, education,
sante
et action sociale (CVS) est evalue
13.354.800 personnes (+ 0,1 % en un an). En
données brutes, 219.200 offres d'emploi ont ete enregistrées (+ 25,5 % en un mois
et + 3,8 96 en un an).
6NOV 1996
L INDUSTRIE ELECTRIQUE & ELECTRONIQIJE
CON3ONCTIJpE FRANCAISE
- Le nombre de chôrneurs, en donn4es brutes, est pass4 a 3.149.500 en septembre
(+ 3,6 % en un mois et + 5,7 % en un an), selon le ministère du Travail. En donnees
corrigées des variations saisonnières, le nombre des dernandeurs d'emploi de categorie I
est estimé a 3.112.800 (+ 0,9 % en un mois et + 5,8 % en un an). Le taux de chômage,
selon les critères du BIT, s'établjt a 12,6 96, après 12,5 % en aoQt. L'emploi salarié,
pour l'ensemble des secteurs hors agriculture," administrations,
education, sante
et action sociale (CVs) est évalué a 13.354.800 personnes (+ 0,1 % en un an).
En
données brutes, 219.200 offres d'emploi ont éte enregistrées (+ 25,5 % en un mois
et + 3,8 % en un an).
France
96
Jc:tuRJiAj_.
ctFFJ: C .1:EL
EMPLOI
Fenmes
t'egalitI proftssionne& - penpecthies)
42995. - 16 septembre 1996. - M. Jean-Pierre Kucheida
appelle i'attention de M. Ic Ininistre du travail et des affaires
sociales sur un rapport du Bureau international du travail (fl
selon le9uel Ies femmes sons I'objer d'un traitement discrithrnawire qui leur est impose dans Ic cadre de leur travail, Ia France
n'Ctant pas exempte de certc injustice. En effet, ii apparait que Ia
plupart d entre cUes occupent des emplois prCcaires, ma] rCmunCrés et a faibie productivitC pour un salaire infCrieur d'environ
20 p. 100 a celui des hommes travail Cgai. Dr plus, dies sont les
premieres touchCes par Ic chomage en cas de recession, Ii lui
demande en consequence de lul faire part de sa position cc suiet
et des mesures que compre entreprendre son ministCre pour cornger cecte inégalité. - Question transmise a Mme le ministre deli-
gui pour l'emploL
Reoonsc. - L'accès des femmes l'emploi comme leur situation
au rein de l'enrreprise constituent une des priorirés majeures du
Président de Ia RCpublique ci de Mme Ic ministre delégue pour
i emploi qui a accepté ies propositions du conseil supénleur de
l'Cgalité prolessionnelle visant favoriser des avancées en matière
d'egaiite professionnelie. S'agissant des inCgalites de rCmunCration
eritrc les femmes et les hommes, i'Claboration d'un guide du négo-
ciateur prévu pour 1997 1 l'attention des partenaires sociaux
conduira ces demiers I faire de l'egaiitC de rCmunCration entre
un thCme permanent dans Ia grande majonitC des negociations en liaison avec celul de Ia formation et de l'amCnagement
du temps de travail et favonisera ainsi Ia nCgociation de mesurcs
correctrice des Ccans. Par ailleurs, Ia réalisation d'un guide des
borines pratiques rCunissant des actions conduites en entreprises
les sexes
pour amCliorer Ia situation des fèmmes contnibucra I relancer
l'action des partenaires sociaux dans Ic domaine de l'CgaiitC professionndle et conduira ies acteurs de l'erztreprise I disposer d'actions
concrCtes et I échanger leur savoir-faire. En outre, des propositions
issues d'un groupe de travail inter-administratif visant, d'une part,
I sensibiliser ies parcenaires administratifs et les entreprises et
d'autre part, I simplifier les mesures spCdflques devraient permettre une mobilisation au profit des femmes des dispositifs de
droit commwi et des mesures de mixitC et d'égaiitC profes-
sionnelle. Le lancement dans les regions et dCpartement d'un appd
I projets innovants auprès des branches professionnelies et des
entreprises prévu d'ici I Ia fin de l'annCe 1996 devrait favoriser Ia
réalisation et Ia diffusion de ces actions visant I'égalitC et Ia mixitC
professionnelle. Enfin, Ic conscil supCrieur de I'igaiirC professionneile envisage de mener une rCflexion sun les problemes spécifiques des jeunes femmes au regard de Ia formation initiale et de
l'insertion professionndle.
France
7NOV 1996
LA MARSEILLAISE DU BERRY
EFl(i
/
1's! U V
!CiFiCLE
96
'LES DERNIEPES STATISTIQUES DE L'INSEE
BUdn négatif de I'emploi
Se/on Ia revue mensuelle de l'INSEE aEconomie et Stat/s fique" le
ralerit/ssernent de ía croissance au second semestre 1995 a produit
des efféts extrêmement négatifs sur l'emploi avec une explosion du
chOmage par /el et de Ia précarité.
La proportion d'actifs occupés a temps partiol s'établit
enquetes se suivent
et faute do se ressem-
Les
bier, du moms se conhir-
désormais a 16% contre
15,6% un an auparavant.
ment. Ainsi après I'enquOte
de l'Observatoire du monde
du travail parue dans
Contrairement au discours
officiels, L'INSEE rappolle
que, souvent, le temps par-
Le
(23-
Monde des lnitiatives
10-96) relative au moral des
salaries mettant en evidence
quo l'emploi est au coeur
des inquiétudes , Ia demiè-
tiel ne correspond pas a une
sItuation choisie. En mars
re enquete de I'INSEE conhirme cet état d'esprit.
1996, 1 4 million d'actifs sont
en situation de temps partiel
"subi", soit une progression
de 4% en un an. De plus, Ia
L'EMPLOI. L'institut infirme
a durée moyenne do travail
des salaries a temps partiel
cours ambiant selon Iequel Ia
progresse encore.
LES
JEUNES
LA PRECARITE TUE
dans son enquete le dis-
flexibilité opposée a "Ia rigidité serait facteur do déve-
II n'y a gudre que !'ANPE qul a du pain sur Ia planche.
loppement de l'emploL Faux,
répond
en
substance
I'INSEE dont l'étude indique
robots ou des machine outils
quo le secteur do l'intérim,
dont los etfectifs avalent crü
fortement en 1994 (+34%en
glissement .annueI), n'est
plus créateur d'emplois en
1995. En outre, note l'lnsttut,
on ,assiste a ,.une ecudescence du recours au chôma-
ge partiel a partir do l'été
1995. Ainsl, le nombre de
journées indemnisables a
augmente de près do 50%
do juillet a décembre pour
s'établirà près d'un million
en décembre 1995.
TECHNOLOGIE:
ET
JJN
COUPLE
INFERNAL Les auteurs do
l'enquete concernant los
EM PLOt:
innovations
technologiques" consacrent
Un chapitre aux changements technologiques (qui)
favorise Ia croissance de
l'emploi
rinstftut
.
Ainsi observe
Ia croissance des
effectlfs apparait trés sonsibles . . áux changements
technologiques .
"Los
entreprises utilisani des
a commandos flumériques,
comme cellos qui ant introdutt des. systOmes assistés
par ordinateurs enregistrent
une cro.ssance cIa l'emploi
supéneure .d'environ 6%".
Cependant, tout en s'opposant "a une vision alarmiste
d'un progrès technologique
qul détruit, l'emploi", l'INSEE
se veut prudente en soulignant quo rien no permet
d'établir un diagnostic sur
l'effet vertueux do l'innovation sur l'emploi a Un niveau
macro-economique
L'ECHEC DES
POLl-
T.IQUES DITES
ACTlVES*. L'INSEE note
quo le rythme des creations
nettes d'emplois a "notte-
mint" ra1enti au second
semostre 1995. L'emptoi total
progresse
d'environ
a
125.000 personnes I'annéo
ciernière contro 205.000 en
1994;' L'enquêto attribue
cette brusque décéléra-
lion au fait que los ontre-
prises, conduites é ralentir
leur production, ont cornmencé
a
limiter
lours
embauches en dépit d'une
politique do l'emplol dite
"active : creation ot montée
en puissance du contrat mi-
tiative-emplol (CIE), maintien
des dispositifs d'allégement
du coOt du travail pour los
bas salaires. Une analyse
des secteurs economiques
révèle qu'ils n'ont pas réagi
PRE-
MIERES VICTIMES DU
CHOMAGE. St l'enquOte
confirme l'évolution du chômage au sons du BIT negative du chOmage a I'été 1995.
Cette degradation touche
particulierement los jeunes
de moms do 25 ans. Ce sent
désormais plus do 24% des
jeunes actits qui sont au chO-
Ie
mage, salt, compte tenu du
nombre croissant do jeunes
scolarisés, un jeune sur
seize. L'INSEE souligne
qu'un certain nombre do dispositifs d'insertion en favour
des Jeunos "ont ete moms
porteurs en 1995" (los
creations nettes d'emplois
dans 10 secteur non mar-
contrats en altemance, I'aide
au. premier emploi des
jeunes (APEJ) et le CIE).
do Ia méme manière au
ralentissement de l'activité:
reduction sensible des
effectifs dans le bâtiment,
moindre augmentation dans
secteur tertlaire 'marchand, et dOcélération des
chand.
UN TEMPS
PARTIEL
SUBI. L'institut observe quo
Ie tomps partiel continue de
se développor, vraisembla-
blement havorisé par los
mesures d'abattement des
.coUts salariaux". Citant l'enannuol
Emploi,
quOte
I'INSEE note que, de mars
1995 a mars 1996, plus de Ia
moitié dos creations nettes
d'emplois correspondent a
des emplois a temps partiel.
Le chomage do longue
durée a diminué legeremont 3, en 1995, mais II resto
néanmoins a un niveau
élevé: . fin décombre, le
nombre de personnes inscrites a I'ANPE depuis plus
d'un an s'éléve a 1.059.400,
soft 34,4% des inscrits. Au
premier somestre 1996, le
chOmage continue a progrosser sensiblemont, mais
le chomago de Iongue durée
baisse, conclut I'INSEE.
France
L'éveil de la haute Loire
01.12.96
Un milliaid de chômeurs
dans le monde
d'un mi/hard de personnes dans le monde sont au
chomage ou dans une situation do sous-emp/oi. et aucu-
ne amelioration n'est a prévoir dans les pro chaines
pRES
années, se/on un nouveau rapport do I'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT).
Tous les pays sont touches
Dans son
étude intitulée
L'ernploi dans he monde 199697 ", l'OIT appelle les gouverne-
ments de Ia planète a faire de
lemplol une priorité. Cette agence
de rONU, créée en 1919. a pour
le chomage se maintient également a un niveau élevé. Dans ces
regions, près dun tiers des jeunes
de moms de 25 ans sont sans
emploi.
mission détudier et daméliorer les
Les pays en voie de développement sont particulièrement frappés
monde.
L'organisation estime que 30 %
par ce fléau. Le chômage a ainsi
augmenté en Amérique latine et
conditions de travail dans le
de Ia main-d'uvre mondiale, soit
un milliard de personnes, sont au
chomage ou dans une situation de
sous-emploi.
L.es niveaux
actuels de chomage ne sont pas
justifies économiquement et ne
sont ni politiquement ni socialement supportables ", declare le
directeur général de I'OIT, Michel
Hansenne.
Dans lUnion europeenne, le
chomage s'est établi a 11,3 % de
atteint des niveaux élevés en
Afrique et en Asie.
DAVANTAGE DE MOYENS
Dans son rapport, 10 IT deman-
de aux gouvernements de Ia pla-
nète d'accorder davantage de
moyens a Ia creation d'emplois par
le biais de politiques de relance
plus vigoureuses. en abaissant par
exemple es taux d'intérêt.
Une telle politique devrait être
Ia population active en 1995 contre
2 % en moyenne dans les années
complétee par des mesures de
magne, I'ltalie et Ia Suede ont
aux pays développés d'avoir
renonce a I'objectif du plein
60. La France, mais aussi I'AIIeenregistre les plus fortes augmen-
tations. Toutefois,
l'Espagne
détient toujours le triste record du
taux de chomage le plus élevé de
l'Union avec 22,3 %.
En Europe centrale et de lEst,
limitation de l'inflation, conseille le
rapport. En outre. I'OIT reproche
emploi.
Selon I'organisme, Ia solution
passe par une croissance économique soutenue.
GUINEE
HOROYA
Jeudi 12 décembre 1996
Le plein emploi : un objectif
possible et souháitable
Le marasme qui règne actuellenient sur les marches
du travail n 'est ni inevitable ni irreversible, estime le
Bureau international du Travail selon lequel le concept
perdu de sa valeur".
deplein emploi, adapté auxréalitésactuelles, doildemeurer
l'un des objectifs premiers de toutepolitique économique
definition a admis in taux
etsociale.
La persistance cle taux
en
développement
confortent les raisons a la
L'Organisation conteste
également l'opinion selon
laquelle Ic chômage serait
dü avant tout aux rigidités
dii marché dii travail qu'il
faudrait donc s'employer a
fois économiques et morales
rendre plus "flexible". "Les
pour lesquelles "ii faut que
le plein emploi redevienne
un des grands objectifs de
l'action des pouvoirs
publics".
rigidités dii marché du
Le rapport de l'OIT
montée du chômage ne peut
s'expliquer uniquement par
.le comportement dii marché
dii
travail."
Le
ralentissement de Ia
de chomage élevés dans les
pays industrialisés et le sousemploi massif dans les pays
intitulé l'emploi dans le
monde 1996/97 dénonce "la
remise en question de
l'utilité du conce$ de plein
emploi" dans les mflieux des
chercheurs et des décideurs,
et critique les notions de
"croissance sans emploi", de
"fin du travail", etc qu'il est
désormais de bon ton de lui
substituer. Estimant que ces
notions ne résistent pas a
l'épreuve des faits
qu'elles
Ct
sont
potentiellement nuisibles,
I'OIT souuigne que "rien ne
prouve qu'il.y a ou qu'il y
aura bientôtune énurie telle
de travail utile qu'il ne sera
plus
jamais
possible
d 'assurer le plein ernploi".
"Si le chômag&a augrnenté",
afflrme-t-elle, "c'est parce
que le croissaice a ralenli,
non parce qu'elle a cessé de
crëèr des emp6is".
travail ne se sont pas
accentuées durant lapériode
au cours de laquelle le
chômage a augment&.. la
croissance enregistré dans
les pays industrialisés
depuis 1974, "peut être
considéré coinme Ia
principale cause de la
montée dii chônnage".
L'OIT fait observer que
emploi ne signifie
pas que le taux de chômage
doit âtre ógal a zero, mais
reprCsente Ic niveau auquel
le p1cm
la grande majoritC des
hommes et des femmes en
age de travailler et qui le
souhaitent peuvent trouver
in emploi productif,
rémunCré et librennent
choisi. ConsidCrCe sous cet
angle, "la definition dii p1cm
emploi comune l'absencc de
chômage involontaire ou la
disponibilitC d'emplois pour
tous ceux qui en recherchent
activement Un, n'a rien
Historiquement,
cette
de chômage de 2 a 3%, soit
Ic taux qu'ont connu Ia
plupart
des
pays
industrialisés jusqu'au
debut des années 70.
Cependant 11 ne s'agit pas
de fixer un taux détermitié,
ces chiffres n'ayant rien
d'absolu, surtout si l'on
considère Ic ryihme des
changements techniques et
ëconomiques qui se sont
prodiits par Ia suite.
I
I
INDIA
b
n
DELHI, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMR 27, 1996
16
One billion people
jd.'b'léss Wor1d'widè:'
ILO report,'
ENEVA; Nov. 26.
- Nearly
ne WilEon people worldwide
re either unemployed or
underemp to yed, and the global
dob outlook remains bleak, according to
new U.N. report
rcleased tod ay, reports AP.
The Interrlational Labour Or£anizatiôn rebuked industrialized Countri es for dropping the
cgoal of full e mployment. And it
disputed tht ories that techno-logy and tr ide would lead to
ver.increasj ng layoffs.
"The curr ent levels of un-
rnployment make no economic
.cnse and art neither politically
:or socially sustainable," ILO
irector-Geni ral, Mr Michel
':Hansenne ,s aid in the World
,,4.rnployment 1996-97 Report.
The U.N. I:abour agency said
ustained ecc nomic growth was
the best rccip e for getting people
back to work. and cited the USA
as a success story. The jobless
i'rate in the U A dipped to 4.9%
in October 1996, down from
in Octetbor 1995 and 5.4%
1n 1994, ii sa id.
voiced co ncern that some of
Ihis improvetnent was becaLise
?of, the spread of low-wage jobs
K
Afonowing tat
our deregulation
arlicr this d ecade. But it also
1çited recent studies that more
'than two-thin
of the new U.S.
with
'j,obs were in sectors
ibove.a vcragC wages.
u In the Eurir)peafl Union, un:mploymenL increased in 1995
to 11,3% of the work: force
compared with two per cent in'
the l9GOs. France, Germany,
Italy and Sweden suffering the
biggest jumps, while Spain led
the jobless rate with 22.3%.
lii central and eastern Europe,
unemployment remained, at
double digit levels, in most.
countries, it said. Nearly
one-third of the jobless' wereless
than 25. Unemployment increased in many Latin American
countries, the' repoi't '.'said 'Al'
though there wds little detail on
Africa and Asia, 'there was
underemployment on a massive
scale in the developing world, it
said.
'
Overall, about 30% .01 the
world's labour force or one
billion people were either un-
employed or underemployed,.it
estimated. The ILO urged 'Gov-
ernments to give more priority'
to more expansionary pOlicies,
such as lower interest 'rates1' to
create jobs.'. This. should ':be
coupled with measures to prevent a sudden surge in inflation;
it suggested.
,''
There was no hard evidence to
back up theories th'at technologi-'
cal change was throwing people.
out of work, the report 'said.,
It
was 'also wrong. to , blame
imports from lower-wage countries for job losses among skilled
workers" in
industrilizcd
nations, ft said.
L.
INDIA
THE Asii' AGE
NI:W 1)I1JH wrf,N15r,M 27 N(1%IMIII I
1996
hO puts jobless
rate at I billion.
Geneva: Roughly one billion
1)coplC worldwide are either
unemployed or underemployed in 1995, up from about
820 million people in 1993
and 1994, according to a Uniled Nations Icport icIcCsed on
Iuesday. While the UNs
Juierriational Labour Orgaiii-
s(ion didn't refer to it in this
year's report, the ILO has said
that the 820 uiflioii figure represented crisis levels not seen
ince the worldwide depression of the J30s. This year's
report, liowevci, rebuked
iinhiistrinlised culintrics for
druppiiig the goal uI Full
einploymeiit
and suggested
ways to increase eunpicynient.
"Cui rent levels of unemploylocal make no ccoiiunuie sens
and ai c neither pojilicalty nor
socially sustainable," JLO
dii cctor-gcner.d
Michicl
I lansenne said iii the World
Employment 1996-97 Report.
Acordi]Ig to the ILO report,
uuicinploynicnt in the 15inciiiber Europenu
Union
increased in 1995 to II .3 ir
ccitt Lif the WUTk Force, coinpari*I viti 2 jet' ctiiViiu ihø
19(ios: Ii'ance, Germany. Italy
Sweden suffered the
and
I)iggC4l
jumps, with Spain
leading the jobless rate at 22.3
percent. (A?)
I
INDIA
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JAPAN
Nihon Keizai Shimbun
26 November 1996
Global Unemployment Crisis Continues:
34 Million People are Unemployed in the OECD
Member Countries says the JLO,
By Seiichiro Mishina (GENEVA, 25 November) -, ILO
released World Employment 1996/9 7 today. The report
points, out that nearly one billion people around the world,
approximately 30% of the entire global workforce, are
unemployed or underemployed in industrialized and
developing countries alike. 11.0 emphasizes that .there is
little empirical basis for the notion that economic
globalization or corporate downsizing are ushering in an era,
of 'jobless growth" and maintains that the concept of full
employment should, remain as a principal objective of
1W b
economic and social policy.
...J
According to the report, at least 34 million people are
unemployed' in the OECD member' countries. Even in. the
UK 'and the US, where unemployment rates are showing
constantdecrease,%vag(
,
..
East
o
i
Pm,
rate
1
±'i
i
n tansti&
Central and
r
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iI
.
mequahties are rismg
unemployment
t1
.
economies with the
exception of CIS
countries where the levels are still increasing.
.
"-
The' report stresses that increased economic growth rates is a key to reach full employment'
and cites Japanese' Spring Labour Offensive as good example of the means to realize higher
rates while containing inflation.
.tc
$3
Monday 2 Dec. 1996
AL-QABAS.
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Badawi: Astonishing Facts on Unemployment and Poverty in
Both Industrialized and Developing Countries.
AL WATA
Mon. 2 December 1996
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Luxembourg
Luxemburger Wort
18.12.96
18,2 Millionen in der EU
ohne Arbeitsplatz
Die saisonbereinigte Arbeitslo-
sénquote der EU lag liii Oktober bei
10,9%. Das ist der gleiche Wert wie
die revidierten Quoteii der voran-
gegangenen sechs Monate. Dies gab
Eurostat, das statistische Amt der
Europaischen Gemeinschaften in
Luxemburg, bekannt. Tin Oktober
letzten Jabres hatte die Quote bei
10,8% gelegen.
;Wie Eurostat berichtet, 1st die
Arbeitslosenquote in den letzten
Monaten mi Vereinigten Kothgreich, Irland, Schweden, Finn]and
uxid Dänernark gesunken, in
Deutscbiand, Frankreich und Spathen dagegen,gestiegen.
Luxemburg (3,2%) und Osterreich (4,1%) haben die niedrigste
Arbeitslosigkeit in der EU. Die
hächsten Arbeitslosenguoten haben Spanien und nnThnd mit
22,3% bzwl5%.
Eurostat schätzt daB mi Oktober
EU-welt -Ca. 18,2 Millionen Menschen-ohne, Arbeit waren. Hierbei
handelt es sich urn erne saisonberei-
mgte Zahi, die sich an den Kriterien der Internationalen Arbeitsor-
ganisation (ILO), orientiert.
Der internationale Vergleich: Die
US-Quote liegt bei 5,2%, Japan
hatte (im September) eine Arbèitslosenquote von 3,3%.
Luxembourg
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Luxemburger Wort
96-11-26
X1iE
gbñS
asnabe
'tteid
.
:Studie. 9bwohl die .genaue.
-
sRtthIantrun4 anderen Staaten: der
Ez-Sowjetunion nehinen die .Zah-
-°
..senne
2chtung*,
-
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cher.
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e dz
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ablOsen, n3an babe h
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-
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b*Eti sueg .
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.rmgen". in, Deuth1an'd,
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taar4ñ1ñej diYor
macht".: .Globa]isieruhg, 5ondern
.u' die bfçde'pmg derApBwirLazn..
.
-'
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gegen die ,,übermachtige Super-
,.k1ennoch
zLUnterii(rhen..
den 1at,frrnmerj...
.: -
.,,.
sles
:e
é1t*ei
nañ"ysten
del*beit&.
Jirjd
Liberalisierung-uon ArTñdu.
beitsmarktbestimmü
jAn.it ,sestaateu ei oft cia ungeeignetes
49r4
für
bod'tei1 .'von Vor-
the
.
'flt 4e
eWe'
ia .;
WbJdeth Uen the1
'1MUth'ehthenlivofikièr
Arbeitswe1
ausgeschlossen
I
-
.ç1ftspro.un,
yac1oatation'.
ZoImv,;
d. Øz
Maroc
Al Bayane
28.11.96
Lè. plein emploi est tine référence encore 4ignedeJoi,
afffrme le directeur générai du BIT
4411
raj
iákpraiã..
aj&,jUNmaiui,
itdo kpa d'
aompaent
-TTt,s
do
h
prac
jf
i.il ,
4ilI'Iv,
d ?ns I
"Pi
qW
politlquea a mettre en
szuweafind'aLvutirl une
male d'enzplois 14. 1k.-'
a die nepal patsagur
k asen. L'197. I'idde aba laptilk ala
fioubilftd (at dàtgulthon)
des marotos du travail
", gui a ëtd pubilé pounait, I cue scule,
'th mnmtfrm.,v entzafnadrãukatspnd-
Oenè,e nt %i&thlnjton,
l'F,st. qui aicnt cnregiatrE
atine forte progreuion do
l'einploi au cows des deux
ra
di taim cot.e toajoam me
adedi
p*:±,
a affi1
Travá 1IT),
a de oosfó- dtugian do eràdon opti-
sa polldqirs n&lionales I
'howe do La mondlalisa.
0I
dEcennies &oulEes*.
En dehors do ces ezceptions, eatimcle rapport, a...
settles lea Economies dyna-
sonnes aonz towbtsa patio
chOmago 0! Ic 33u5.anploi
miquoadel'Asiedol'Estct
I travaslemonde, affinno
us rappod do Bureau
du Sud-eat sontsolideuient
engagEcs dana Ia vole du
p1cm
cmploi. Dana lci
autres rEgions en dEveloppement, is Iupsrt des pays
rosiest! confrontes A do raYea probläms do thdmage,
1wI do 7inil
Solos
Ac
rapport,
dna Ii ando
WAV1997. Les politiqusa
natiataisa I i't
do Ia
tifs erturdes csnpiois en
nombre suffisants.
Bn (alt, at gui sat espi-
puthmgingwjufta-
Id, a aITh U. Kaa'a pas enonoeaUdnt uno Vest d'cayw do
mr,r Idle qu'lI pmiao rotiouvet Ia croivance,
nãnent I Wathington Ct
dcsoua-ctngIojetdefajble
producuvu
travail*.
Pour lea autetzs du rap-
Genèvo, a,. jut Ac front do
I'csz,pIcJ. Ia moro0!tt mite
l'empld seat dadEe dana
. 1Ia..' asadmt quo
Ii moadlailaalon
no-
unzuqui
mondlaligatjotu. rendu
domLie,, etlonaquoste
'iquw ho law de cMyetd'andllenetIes perl'auncntatlon du
quelbncocna1tdan, formances tconomlques quo
nombre den ftavaWeura
o certain noznbre de des Lw, et, par conat- p.uwen no i.iuwe awa*. Potr lo dfreur quw, d'esyerdodtgager
hopaibI
oeni'-'--', cNousn'avons psi
pvus. li
aalndie
*glt plut& do volt oum-
Ac, moyensd'une polidque
do auinancgar.. Pour k
dirsoteur gtnàal du BITt
La
copendant, aeiI dolt men
paaendrwun
.rimjjIj d'enpkls.
s'ap,igmerde menusa
gui iientI tvique wie
-
a-ii,_ c:'-.'
Pldte
'' laqwik l'tvoliiion
.iraft I une a'.'v
n. emplil...
croluance no devienne
hifiadonnea.
M F.; 1n, a
souLlint 1!mpcetance do
Pour le ala mL.e
'poos.bIe du
'rdhu4 jaadoxale-
,Ia erivemuse
den sanpfris sat
ln1mau phis faible que
1e riiae anttriguretohnlquc
is
entatolt iwo
mr1i.Ie qidearen.
-t un mondo sans
Evoguastlq quoo dea
quen 0! loaauxenusts par
Ac chdmago.
pLace d'une
atho do poiltiqica do formador, dopthdquesactlyes do marchtsdu travail,
en
zi ale'.,
.
len phi: thins
do Ia plan&e(ienp.p manbres do I'OCDE) atenptent
aujowdhd34mWjona*
chdc,eun.
AuaandeI'LbioaBuro
pten_no (UE, 10 chOmago
touchalt, I'an thwr. 11,3
pow omt do Lipo aEon
activo, aupnentam fortewait at Frmce, e' AlieniaquLdolventpesaztrcw con- sue, at 11db e ut SuEde.
aidtsation la situation, Aux Elate-Un an revand'uzr athe do cM- che Is a'&Mo d'eznplais
mans, no'"" ho did. s'ost intazdfidi at Ac cMmain do kszguo durto..., wage rat tombiau-dus
doS . Los twx oat tgaLa chk.q. Ac
lenient baisilauRoyaumetoachent Urn. Toutcfoia daus ow
d'ia
di
deuxpays, rbè e1e rapport
-
I tianr, koabe,
kin'
du BIT, lea iilgalicts de
revonus oat tendanat I
Prtsd'unmiliam doper- s'aonoftrc.
port, iii La iruarion do
Dana isa pays en tran
don d'Eurpe contrik 0!
orientale, ho law de didwage ont ItgIentatt fitchit, mais demeurent
annEcs. d'di attn imTn.tIe
bosom d'enloia plus peoductifi et plus rEinun&a-
teuraa. Or, affirme Ic
rapport, ace bosom ne
suptheursI lO%.EnRus- pOluTa &re aaisfazt quo ii
ale at din, cntain, auwsa des emploia secrEent A un
pays do 1'os-UIS, us oat rythme rapile dana Ic sen.
continuE I croltie.
tour modeene*. C'eat là,
En Am&ique Jibe. La affirme Ic apport. Ic soul
Colombio a enzs*rE tine moyon d'E4tci attn afflux
hausso do 81 phi, do 10
do travailietzs dana lea acti-
pour omi, Landis qu'en vitEs peu productives du
.4igendne, on Bolivie, en
Equateszr, en Jamaiquc,
Uruguay et an VEnezuela,
Ic chOmage s'at au en
milieu urb.
L'eplol das lea pays
secteur rural et du secteur
informcl urtniw>, qui ferait
busier atowe lea revenus et
aggravetajt 1* pauvrett.
Solon lea auteura du rap-
bosucoup do pays en dove-
loppement,c'c,t parce quo
ces pays n'ont psi rtusti A
so rememe caIesnau do La
crise Iconemlque des
annles SOa.
Coaceraaas Ac rEgion
d'Afrie
Nord at
Moya-lenz, Ic rapport
re ccoumea La fin du
boom petroller des anodes
80 seat tI*ft&E par iwo
forte diminthon do Is ansi-
since indiatrielle et unc
dtiorancm do l'anploi.
L'aowoissenrm do La main
d'ceuvre a Egdentent provoquE une motile du chômage 0! du sosa-emploi.
a
port, unc indunrialisaijon
rapide joue unrOic pnmordial pour crEerdes emplois
moot comment, pour sri-
d'e.pois pendactift
productiva. Cpendant.
l'anploi, beaucoup do
do touts.
4CU l. bcaoli
it raNa$ans*
Conccrnant lea pays en
dEveloppement, Ic rapport
estime qu'en dehors do
l'Asic do l'Est et du Sudeat, pen do psyson dEvelop.
panatt ontconnu iwo forte
croivance i
l'cinptoi au
cotira do cesvingt derniEres
syant cxamin l'Evolution
do l'emploi dam lea industries manufacturièrc do 26
pays en dEveloppement, is
concluent quo Ic Chili, Ia
Jordanie Ct l'lle Maurice
ont t'i seub pays en dEve-
loppem.nt, en dehors de
l'Asje du Sud-est 0! de
muler Ia croivancc ci
lea rEgions du globe ont
lancE des projammea do
rEforme. Los s5ntEglea dif-
fEront, affiun,IW miii
I'objcctif eat toujoura Ic
me adapter los Econo-
mies natiomles I Ia ceondialiaatjon.
Mexico
El Financiero
26.11.96
MICRO
i\JoTA S
-I
.
'
Enetdesempleo casi mil millones
de personasèn todo el mundo: ONU
G
de novióinbre (Agencias). Alrededor de mu millones. de
personas-eirtodo el mundo cerca del
otai están desempleadas .o subempleadas yel panorama inundial del tra-
bajo sigue siendo sombrIo; segin un
.:tudjø.djfuJjdo por Ia ONU..
JLä OlTcriticó alos.palses industrializ::
-dos por abandonar el objetivodel IiteI3C)
-.ernpieo y disputó las. teOrlas de quela
ecno1ogfa y el comerc*o aumentarán ci
nümero de desocupados:
; "Los niveles actualcs4e cmpleOca
1.
rcen dsentdbcön4mkoynOS9fli
-. .Mticani socialinente-sostenibles", dijo ci Øirector genra1 deJa O1T, Michél
.ansennc,..eeIinforme.DCscmpiC0
Mexico
La Jornada
26.11.96
Hubo recuperación en'zonas urbanas de America Latina durante 1996
En el mundo, mu mifiones sin empleo: OIT
pa, Ginebra, 26 de noviembre 0 En un
nforme que califica de "sombria" Ia acual situación, la Organizacion Internacioal del Trabajo (Ofl) señald hoy en Gineira que existen unos mu millones de
ersonas en todo ci mundo que no tienen
abajo o están subempleadas, es decir, Ca.1 un tetcio de Ia fuerza laboral mundial.
"Los actuales niveles de desempleo caecen de sentido econdmjco y no son ni
olftjca ni socialmente viables", advirtid
1 director general de Ia ori Michel HanI
troceso del niimero de desempleados,
gentina, Bolovia, Ecuador, Colombia, Jamaica, Mexico, Uruguay y Venezuela, se
indicó en ci informe.
La incapacidad para recuperarse plenamente de Ia crisis económjca de principios
del decenjo de 1980 es Ia causa del deterioro de las condiciones de empleo en los
palses en desarrollo, sostuvo Ia OIT
En los paises más ricos del mundo, que
integran Ia Organizacion para Ia Cooperacidn y ci Desarrollo Económjco (OCDE),
hay por lo menos 34 millones de desempleados, se informó
Asf, en Ia Union Europea .la desocupaciOn aumentd en promedio a 11.3 por
specialmente en las zonas urbanas de Ar-
mento fue especiaimente elevado en Ale-
enne, en un reporte de 200 páginas titulao El empleo en el mundo 1996-97.
En America Latina y ci Caribe hubo un
ciento de Ia fiierza de trabajo. El incre-
mania, Francja, Italia y Suecia, se indicd.
El director del organismo considerO
"despiadado" y "pernicioso" dar por sen
tado que nada puede hacerse para reducir
ci desempleo.
"El objetivo dci pleno empleo, convenientemente actualizado, deberla seguir
siendó un objetivo central de las poiIticas
econdmjcas y sociales", seiiald.
Si bien ci desempleo ietrocedid en Estados Unidos y Gran Bretafla, donde Sc Situd por debajo de 5 y 6 por ciento respectivamente, "en ambos paIses se hicieron
más marcadas las desigualdades en los ingresos", agregd.
En los paIses con economIas en transidOn de Europa Central y del Este, Ia desocupacidn tuvo un leve descenso, aunque
persistieron los niveles superiores a 10
por ciento. En Rusiay otras reptiblicas de
la cx UniOn SoviOtica se mantuvo una tendencia creciente.
Segdn Ia OIT, ci bajo nivei de crecimiento en los paises industrialjzados a
partir dc 1973, asf como las dificultades
de recuperaciOn econOmica de los paises
'en desarrollo, son algunas de las causas
del deterioro de Ia situaciOn laboraL
A esto Sc suma ci lento acomodamjento
de los salarios a Ia baja productivjdad, Ia
exclusiOn progresiva de los desempleados
crOnicos del mercado de trabajo y Ia incorporaciOn de millones de trabajadores a
formas precarias de empleo en ci sector
informal de Ia econom(a, se agregO.
La giobalizacion es un factor que influye en pequefla medida en Ia sittaci6n Iaboral, segdn Ia O1T pues no sirve pam cxplicar "ci aumento del desempleo entre
los trabajadores poco calificados y Ia
agravaciOn de las desigualdades salariales
en los paIses industrial izados".
Advirtid que Ia mundiaiizaciOn de Ia
economfa noes "una fuerza supranacional
abrumadora", sino que sus efectos pueden
ser atenuados, entre otras formas, ai estabilizar ci sistema financiero mundjal y
mantener normas de trabajo básicas.
Mexico
La Jornada
27.11.96
Asia oriental y suroriental, Ia exèepción
Insuficiente crecimiento del empieO
productivo en el Tercer Mundo: OIT
Andrea Becerrll 0 Pocos paIses en desa-
easdeinásiegioncsdcimundoen.
rrollo, con exccpcidn de las naciones de Asia
desamillonobaniogradoresolvecios graves
oriental y sudorientai, lograron .ini creci-
.probiemas que suponen ci desempleo, ci subempleo y ci trabajo poco productivo.
en un empeflo por lograr Ia elevacidn del
crecimicnto y ci empleô, los palses subdesarmllados de.Ain&icaLaiina ylas-demás re.giones del mundo ban adaptado programas de
ajuste y de reforma económica qua han resultadocontraproducentes cuando se intnxlucen
de manera simultánea en varios frentes.
"Todo pianteamiento del tipo bing bang, es
decir radical e inmediato, puede redundar en
miento suficiente dci empico productivo durarne las ültimas décadas, pese a los progra-
mas de ajuste económico que impulsaron,
sefala ci informe anual de Ia Organización
Internacional dcl Trabajo (Ofi).
En ci documento El empleo en ci nwzdo
1996/1997 Ia 011 hace notar que Ia experiencia demostró que carecen de validez las
teorfas acerca de que Ia desregulaciôn y Ia
flexibilidad laboral mejoran la produotividad y conducen a mejorar La competitividad y Ia economla de los palses.
La organizacidn con sede en Ginebra afirma que en forma alguna las actividades de
los sindicatos o las reglamentaciones sobre
seguridad social y salarios minimos impactan en los costos de Ia mano de obra o frenan Ia creación de empleos.
- Tanto en America Latina como en Africa y
ci Medio Oriente, subraya, dista mucho de
haberse satisfecho Ia aspiración de aumentar
Ia creacidn de puestos de trabajo más productivos y mejor rèmunerados.
Resalta que el examen de los resultados en
materia de empleo en 26 paises en desarrolio
ha puesto de manifiesto que Chile, Jonlania
y Mauricio son las dnicas naciones, fuera de
Asia oriental y sudoriental, en las qua ci em.pleo ha tenido un crecimiento considerable
en los iltimos dos decenios.
Con estas excepciones, Ia mayorIa de los
aumentos socialmente inaceptables de desempleo, suhempleo y pobreza, y poner en
entindicho ci conjunto de las reformas". El
informe propone Ia aplicacidn d.c un enfoque
escalonadoy paulalino y destaca Ia necesidad
de disponer de tiempo pam ejecutar reformas
difIciles, "como ci fortalecimiento d.c Ia Capacidad administrativa, Ia racionalizacidn del
sistema tributarloy Ia privatizacidn".
Un aspecto "particularmente pc)lemico" de
Ia reforma, destaca Ia Off, en Ia desreglamentacidn del mercado d.c trabajo. Precisa
que las posturas que están contra las disposiclones en materia de seguridad social, legis-
lacidn sobre salario mInimo o subsidios al
desempico, y que consideran que las actividades de los sindicatos constituyen "distorsiones" que aumentan ci costo de Ia mano d.c
obra y reducen Ia competitividad y ci empleo, no tienen sustento, pues los hechos demuestran lo contrarlo.
Mexico
Excelsior
27.11.96
Mayor Desocupación Porque se Deja de Crecer a! Ritmo que So/ía Hacerse
La 011 Deshace los Mitos del Desempleo
ROCIO PEZ-RUL g.
A partir de La decada de los 70 se
gesta a nivel mundial un camblo importante en las premisas bdslcas que
garantizan ei concepto mtocabie hasIa e7nonces del pleno empleo. Hoy
meno del desempico ha dado lugar a
Ia acufsaciOn de nuevos conceptos
que mrgen airededor del mismo, as!
como a nuevas explicaciones sobre
su existencia.
can tres décadas después, el fenô-
Er "n intento por explicar el on-
gen del desempleo so entrelejen miles tie teorias que a lo Unico que lievan as a Is complicación en el
entendimiento del fenOmeno. Se habin, fmalmente del entierro tie tantos
Desconfianza
santO Mexico al FMI, ci
$,..d._.
- analistas canal-
deran que ambos anuncios
fueran proporcionados pa-
ra ccmtrarrestar los cisctos negativos que pmvo.
carts en los mercados financleros, yen especial en
1* paridad del peso frente
al dOlar, per Ia diamlnuclón
del miper&vit comercial de
octubre, ci mis bajo desde
enero de 195 en contraste
con los l millones do .ep
tiembte. Pars compensar
las males noticlas, pe testis
Ia Informaclén sobre ci
dato sabre ci comerclo exterior as lndicO que se da-
na a conocer ames del fl
tie novleinbre y culiquler
caxnblo as deblO comunicar
a! FMI con wia aemana de
antelacldn, Ic que no nicedid.
A rats tie Is devaluacida
del peso yin crisis financiers, ci gol,lerso mejord
clentamente Ia lntormaciOn
ecossOmlca, pero pars cvi-
tar Ia snanipulacidn tie las
clfras as necessrio que so
publiquen las clfras econd-
PIB, donde se reglatraron, micas con ins calendarlo
cifras mejores a las cape- prestablecldo, como 10 hacc cualquler naclOn media-
El manejo discreclonsi nameme organizada y sade Ia informaci6n econO- bre todo debido a los
mics lingo a medics de co- estAndares que recomienmunicacln estaduniden- dan La Organizacida porn
sea, donde cenmran esas in Cooperacida y ci Desapractices, recuerdan que rroiio EconOmico (OCDE),
Ia falta de informacifu, as! tie Ia que forma porte
como oportuna, objetiva, nuestro pals, y ci Fondo
tue ima de las causas que Monetario.
Las expilcaclones de los
provoco Ia crisis financiers
poblicos sabre
de l4-15. Tal parece linscianarios
que las autoridades no ci manejo tie in informsaprendlesui Is leccida al dOn son muy deficientes.
reincidir en esquemas tra- La unportante, sefialan. as
diclonales que chocan con costar ccxi los datos definitivos, as! la pubUcacidn tie
in globalizaclOn.
El problems do fondo as Ia balanza comercial delique en is medida que Is Se- nitiva de octubre aerá recretarta de Hacienda nsa- portada ci 13 tie diciembre.
La discrecionalidad sanipule las fechas de publicactOn tie las cit ras bre los reportes econOmieconOmlcu no se recupe- cos us pslpo en los princirara Ia crediblildad, is que pales medios de
as perdlO por Ia macrode- comwilcaciOn del mundo,
valuacida dcl peso en di- can ID que Ia desconfianza
extranjera sabre ci pels as
clembie tie 194.
En ci calendano que pTa- on problems latente.
110(1 IN LA PAOIIIACINCO
PAKISTAN
27 JW) 1/19 9j
Grim burden"
of joblessness
around
the world
GENEVA One In three peQple
ro,,iw th. world are out of work or
under-employed according to an
international study which on
Tuesday described global jobless.
ness Is "grim".
The Genev'-Iuntd 1utsnational
Labour Office wanis that the grow.
jog numbers of "working poor" will
aggravate economic problems and
social unrest and blaniès governrnentt5 for failing to promote job cre-
ation because of fears of (ueUin
inflation.
Its second investigatipn of world
employment argues that uhemploy
rnent - which effects needy one
billion people, or 30 per cent of the
global labour force - Is she most
important challenge fadng industri-
alised and developing cnuntrIe
equally.
ILO director-genehul Michel
Ilansenne said: "It Is not just hertless but pernicious to e.,sume that
nothing can be done to remedy
unemployment, that so-called joblea., growth is the lest,thet can, be
hoped fm In an increasingly com-
petitive economy or that current
rates of unemployment somehow
constitute a naniral and inevitable
outcome of market forces."
The ILO calls for an Inteniationil
cothmitment to reversing the trind
and rejects the assumption that Job-
-
kas growth - when art economy
ep.nds hut jnb are not created is Inevitable.
ft blames lower growth rates In
industrialised countries shic 1973;
,Iàw adjustment of wage levels to
declining worker productivity; and
widespread casuali.ation of labour.
The reporrs author1 Eddy tee,
said it was postihie to promote
growth but keep n check on inflationary pressure by coordinating
wag ri.,et and providing independent. consensus economIC forecasts
which will be credible to financl1
markets. He also urged en overhaul
of benefit programmes and pointed
to the system in place in the Czech
Republic which has gained from
starting with a clean sheet. It now
has en unemployment rate of 3 per
cent, lower even than the rate In the
United States which Is praised for
creating jobc ki nit .xpanding hut
lnw4nflatlofl economy.
The report shows at least 34 mu.
lion people In the world's richct
nationS which belong to the
Organisatl"n
of
Economic
Cooperation and Development are
jobless, Unemployment rose to an
average 11.3 per cent of the work'
force in European Union countries.
1
v.ar.Dáwn/The Gudrdia't
The Netherlands
Zwolse Courant
26.11.96
GENE YE - Bijna een miljard mensen in de wereld
is werkloos of heeft te weinig werk. Dat komt
overeen met ongeveer dertig procent van de we-
=
ri
=
(0,
=
reldberoepsbevolking die niet goed in haar levensonderhoud kan voorzien. De kans is klein dat hierin snel verbetering komt.
.1
Dat stelt de Internationale Atbeidsorganisatie van de Verenigde Naties (ILO) in een vandaag gepresenteerd rapport.
De organisatie verwijt de geIndustrjaljseerde het streven
naar volledige werkgelegen
heid te hebben losgelaten.
Bovendjen weerspreekt de
ILO de theorie dat technologie
en handel zullen leiden tot
steeds meer werklooshejd. 'De
huidige werkloosheidnjyea
zijn economjsch niet zinvol en
noch politiek, noch maat-
schappelijk houdbaar', aldus
ILO-directeur..generaai Michel
Hansenne in het rapport Wereldwerkgelegenhei 1996/97.
De
VN-arbeidsorgai,jsaj
meent dat aanhoudende groej.
het beste recept is om mensen
weer aan het werk te krijgen
en wijst daarbij op de VS als
succesverhaal In de VS is het
werk1ooshefrcijfer in oktober
gedaald naar 4,9 procent. Een
jaar geleden lag dat cijfer nag
bij 5,2 procent en in dezelfde
maand in .1994 was het 5,4 procent.
In de Europese Unie is de
werklooshejd in 1995 gestegen
naar 11,3 procent. In de jaren
'60 was dat slechts twee procent. In Frankrijk, Duitsland,
Italië en Zweden werd de
hoogste toename gemeten, terwiji Spanje met 22,3 procent de
absolute koploper is. In Centraai- en Oost-Europa blijft de
u.
werklooshejd in de meeste landen boven de 10 procent. Bjjna
eenderde van de werklozen is
onder de 25 jaar, aldus ILO. In
Latijns-Amerjka is de werk-
loosheid in veel landen toegenomen en aihoewel er weinig
details waren over de situatje
in Afrika en Azië is er een
enorm gebrek aan fuiltime
werk in
De ILO roept regeringen op
om meer prioriteit te geven
aan het scheppen van banen
door een meer op groei gericht
beleid te voeren zoals het verlagen van de rente. Een dergelijk beleid rnoet gekoppeld
worden aan maatregelen om
een toename van de inflatje tegen te gaan. Bovendjen is er
volgens de organisatje geen
hard bewijs dat technologische
veranderingen leiden tot meer
werklooshejd.
The Netherlands
Het Parool
29.12.96
Onhanteerbaar begrip
chimpansee kan, meen
1k, tot drie tellen. Wij
EENsuperapen tellen in één
oogopslag tot zes, misschjen tot
tien. Als het meer wordt (hoeveel
lucifers zitten er in een doosje)
moeten we gaan rekenen. Bij
nog grotere getallen wordt het
len van een dagelijkse hap eten.
Goed, een andere definitie:
werkloosheid is geen of onbetaald
werk. Indiase textielarbejders
die twaalfuur per dag werken
voor één dollar zijn niet werkloos. Er zijn duizenden Nederlanders die door hun beleggingen
een combjnatje van rekenen en
werkeloos rijk worden. Zijn de
schatten, en uiteindelijk moet je talrijke gelukkigen die royaal
er maar een slag naar slaan.
van hun pensjoen kunneri leven
De lntematjonale Arbeidsook werkiozen?
organisatie (ILO) stelt vast dat in
Zwervers met een supermarktde 'rijkste industrielanden' 34
karretje die in vuilniscontainers
miljoen mensen zonder werk zit- graaien voor hun dagelijkse kostten. In de wereld als geheel heb- je. Of de categorie inbrekers en
ben bijna een miljard mensen
zakkenroflers. Dat is allemaal
geen of te weinig werk. Zulk gecij- hard werken. We hebben het
fer is heleniaal een rotzooitje,
nog niet gehad over onbetaalde
omdatje niet eens meer weet wat huisvrouwen overal ter wereld.
je telt. Want wat is werkloosKortom, werklooshejd is een onheid? Te weinig werk? In Derde- hanteerbaar begrip. Manieren
Wereldianden werken mensen
van overleven, daar heb je meer
zich te pletter voor een dak bohouvast aan.
yen hun hoofd en het verzameJOURNAILLE
Deventer Dagblad
26.1 1.96
Wereld telt miii ard
werkzoekenden
GENEVE (DPA) -
Bijna een miljard mensen, eenderde van de tota-
le were1dberoepsbevowjg heeft geen of onvoldoende werk
Topman Hansenne van de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatje
(110) pleit daarom voor een ..internatiqnale verplichting tot volledige werkgelegen]iejd."
Hij wil afvan de wijdverbrejde opvatting dat banenloze economische groei onvermijdelijk is. Volgens de ILO is het niet gemakkelijk het aantal werkzoekenden te
bepalen. De toestand op de arbeidsmarkt wereldwijd noemt de
ILO ,,somber".
Alleen al in de rijkste industrie-
landen zijn zeker 34 miljoen
werkiozen. In de Europese Unie
zit 11,3 procent van de beroepsbe-
volking zonder baan; Duitsiand,
Frankrijk, Italië en Zweden kampen met een groeiend leger werklozen.
De Verenigde Staten en GrootBrittannjë doen het weliswaar
veel béter, ,,maar de inkomensverschjllen worden wel groter".
De werklooshejd in Oost-Europa
neemt af, maar ligt nog boven de
10 procent. Ook in de vroegere
Sovjetunje komen er alleen maar
meer werkiozen bij. Voor Afrika
en Azië beschikt de ILO amper
over betrouwbare cijfers.
NEDERLAND
DE TELEGRAAF
26.11.96
Stormloóp op.banen in Turkijé
ANKARA, dinsdag
Zo'n 90.000 mensen hebben in Turkije ge-
Ankara. Voor de sofficitatieprocedure zijn
3100 functionarissen van de Turkse sociale
dienst ingezet.
De Internationale Organisatie van Vakbevan Werkgelegenheid, Necati Celik, gisteren wegingen
(ILO) heeft vanmorgen de wereldtijdens een persconferentie bekend.
wijde
werkeIegenheidssituatie
,,somber"
Uit afle delen van het land reisdengemnteres- genoemd.
seerden vorige week naar de hoofdstad om te
Volgens de ILO zijn ongeveer een miljard
soUiciteren. Velen bivakkeerden in de open
lucht om een kans te maken op een van de ba- mensen, een derde van alle werknemers ter
nen met een loon van rond de 250 gulden per wereld, werkloos of werkzaam onder hun
maand.
scholingsniveau. De JLO roept regeringen
Het nieuwe personeel zal worden geselec- over de hele wereld op te blijven streven naar
trd in twee voetba]stadions in de hoofdstad volledige werkgelegenheid.
(Reuter)
solliciteerd naar slechts 2500 banen voor ongeschoold werk. Dit maakte de Turkse minister
The Netherlands
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The Netherlands
Nieuwsblad V/H Noorden
26.11.96
Wereldwijd
een miljard
werkwilligen.
zonder werk
GENEVE - Bijna een miljard
xnensen, eenderde van de totale
beroepsbevolkjng in de wereld,
hebben geen of onvoldoende
werk. "Dat is econoniisch niet
zinvol en politiek en maatschappelijk niet
I
houdbaar",
schrijft topman Michel Han-
senne van de Internationale
De Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie constateert verontrust dat een derde deel
van de beroepsbevoiking
in de wereld zonder werk
zit. Voigens de organisatie
moeten regeringen daar
maatregeien tegen nemen.
Arbeidsorganisatie (ILO) in
een rapport over de werkgeleAlleen al in de rfjkste indusgenheid in de wereld, dat van- trielanden zijn zeker 34 mildaag is gepresenteerd.
joen werklozen. In de Europese
De ILO verwijt de geIndus- Unie zit 11,3 procent van de be.
trialiseerde landen dat ze het roepsbevollcing zonder baan;
streven naar volledige werkge- Duitsiand, Frankrijk,.Italië en
legenheid te hebben losgelaten. Zweden kampen met een groeiBovendien weerspreekt de or- end leger werkiozen.
ganisatie de theorie dat technoDe Verenigde Staten en
logie en handel zullen leiden Groot.Brjttannie doen het weltot steeds meer werldooshejd.
iswaar beter, "maar de inkomensverschj]len worden web
De ILO meent dat aanhou-
dende groei het beste recept is
om mensen weer aan het werk
te krijgen. De organisatie roept
regeringen op om meer priori.
teit to geven aan het scheppen
van banen door bijvoorbeeld de
rente to verlagen waardoor er
meer geInvesteerd zal worden.
De ILO neemt afstand van de
opvatting dat de 'globalisering'
van de handel achter de massawerkloosheid zit. Regeringen
inoeten de gevolgen van die gb-
groter". De werkloosheid in
Oost-Europa neemt af, maar
ligt nog boven de 10 procent. In
de vroegere Sovjetunie komen
er alleen maar meer werkiozen
bij.
In Latijns.Amerjka. is de
werkbooshejd in veel landen
toegenomen en aihoewel er
weinig details waren over de Si.
tuatie in Afrika en Azie is er
een enorm gebrek aan fuiltime
werk in ontwikkelingslanden,
balisering echter beter opvan- staat in het vandaag verschegen.
nen rapport.
The Netherlands
Groninger Dagblad
26.11.96
GENEVE (DPA) - Bijna een miljard mensen, een-
derde van de totale beroepsbevolking iii de wereid, hebben geen of onvoldoende werk. Topman
Michel Hansenne van de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie (ILO) pleit daarom voor een 'internationale verplichting tot volledige werkgeiegenheid'.
De ILO verwijt de geindustrialiseerde landen het streyen naar volledige werkgelegenheid te hebben losgelaten. Bovendien weerspreekt
de organisatie de theorie dat
technologie en handel zuflen
leiden tot steeds meer werkloosheid.
Groei
,,De huidige werkloosheid-
niveaus zijn economisch niet
zinvol en noch politiek, noch
maatschappelijk
houd-
baar," aldus Hansenne. De
VN-arbeidsorganisatie
meent dat aanhoudende
groei het beste recept is om
mensen weer aan het werk te
krijgen en wijst daarbij op de
VS als succesverhaal.
De ILO schrijft in een vandaag verschenen rapport dat
het niet gemakkelijk is het
Groot-Brittannjë doen het
weliswaar veel beter, 'maar
de
inkomensverschjflen
worden wel groter'. De
werkloosheid in Oost-Euro-
pa neemt af, maar ligt nog
boven de 10 procent. In de
vroegere Sovjetunie komen
er alleen maar meer werklozen bij.
Voor Afrika en AZië be-
schikt deILO naar eigen zeggen amper over betrouwbare
cijfers, maar armoede en te-
kort aan werk is een groot
probleem. De oorzaak zoekt
de ILO in de geringe economische groei in de industrie-
landen sinds 1973. Boventhen hebben veel ontwikke-
lingslanden zich niet her-
steld van de crisis van begin
jaren tachtig.
Globalisering
aantal werkzoekenden te be- De ILO neemt echter afstand
palen, maar dat de toestand van de opvatting dat de 'gbop de arbeidsmarkt wereld- balisering' van de handel
wijd somber is.
achter de massawerkloosheid zit.
Inkomensverschillen
,,Het gaat niet om de strijd
Aileen al in de rijkste indus- tegen de oppermachtige sutrielanden zijn zeker 34 mupermacht
gbobalisering",
joen werkiozen. In de Euro- maar om het opvangen van
pese Unie zit 11,3 procent de gevolgen. Een stabiel f ivan de beroepsbevolking nancieel systeem en behoud
zonder baan; Duitsiand, van fundamentele arbeidsFrankrijk, Italië en Zweden normen kunnen daartoe bijkampen met een groeiend le- dragen. De ILO ziet geen
ger werkiozen.
soelaas in een flexibelere arDe Verenigde Staten en beidsmarkt.
The Netherlands
Prov. Zeeuwse Crt
26.11.96
ILO: perspectieven
op werk in de wereld
weinig rooskleurig
van onze redactie buitenland
slechts twee procent. In
mensen zijn of werkloos of
hebben te weinig werk. Ver-
Frankrijk, Duitsiand, Italie
en Zweden werd de hoogste
toename gemeten, terwiji
Spanje met 22,3 procent de
rooskleurig. Dat
blijkt tilt gegevens die de Internationaje Arbeidsorgani..
satie van de Verenigde Naties
(ILO)
vandaag bekend
inaakt.
blijft de werklooshejd in de
meeste landen boven de 10
procent. Bijna eenderde van
de werkiozen is onder de 25
jaar, aldus ILO. In LatijnsAmerika is de werklooshejd
GENE YE - Bijna een niiljard
der blijft de werkgelegen- absolute koploper is.
heidssjtuatje in de wereld In Centraal- en Oost-Europa
weinig
De ILO verwijt de geIndustrjaLjseerde landen het
streven naar volledige werkgelegenhejd te hebben losgelateri. Bovendjen weer-
spreekt de organisatie de
theorie dat technologie en
handel zullen leiden tot
steeds meer werklooshejd.
Ze Ineent dat aanhoudende
groei het beste recept is om
mensen weer aan het werk te
krijgen en wijst daarbij op de
VS als succesverhaaj.
In de VS is het werkjoosheidscijfer in oktober gedaald naar 4,9 procent. Een
jaar geleden lag dat cijfer
nog bij 5,2 procent en in dezelfde maand in 1994 was het
5,4 procent. In de Europese
Unie is de werklooshejd in
1995 gestegen naar 11,3 pro-.
cent. In de jaren '60 was dat
in veel landen toegenomen.
In het algemeen is ongeveer
30 procent van de wereldberoepsbevolkjng, of zo'n een
miljard mensen, zonderwerk
of heeft niet genoeg werk om
in hun levensonderhoud te
voorzien, zo schat de ILO. De
VN-organisatje roept regeringen op om meer prioriteit
te geven aan het scheppen
van banen door een meer op
groei gericht beleid te voeren
zoals het verlagen van de
rente.
Een dergelijk beleid moet ge-.
koppeld worden aanmaatregelen om een toename van tie
inflatie tegen te gaan. De
organisatfe vindt het met redelijk het verlies van ongeschoolde banen in de geindustrialiseercle landen te wijten
aan de importen nit lagelonenlanden. AP
The Netherlands
Financieele Dagblad
27.11.96
Deregulering arbeidsmarkt
leidt niet tot banengroei
Voor de meest gehoorde remedie
tegen hoge werkloosheid, een verdere deregulering van de arbeids-
markt, ontbreekt empirisch bewijs. 'Populaire misvattingen'
De ILO neemt afstand van de
opvatting dat de 'globalisering'
van de handel achter de massawerkloosheid zit. 'Het gaat niet
om de strijd tegen de oppermach-
zijn dat globalisering en technologische vooruitgang de werkloosheid in de geindustrialiseerde wereid veroorzaken.
tige supermacht globjisering',
tional policies in a global context'. Hoewel op nationale arbeidsmarkten natuurlijk best regelgeving kan voorkomen die
hervorming verdient, is er vol-
kenden te bepalen, maar dat de
toestand op de arbeidsmarkt wereldwijd 'somber' is. Alleen al in
om zonder meer aan te kunnen nemen dat regulering zonder uitzon-
beroepsbevolking zonder baan;
van de lidstaten kampen Duits-
maar om het opvangen van de gevolgen. Een stabiel financieei systeem en behoud van fundamenteDit schrijft de Internationale le arbeidsnormen kunnen daartoe
Arbeidsorganisatie (ILO) in het bijdragen.
dinsdag versehenen rapport
De ILO schrijft dat het niet ge'World Employment 1996/97. Na- makkelijk is het aantal werkzoe-
gens bet ILO-rapport 'geen basis
dering een bron van rigiditeit
de rijkste industrielanden zijn zeker 34 miljoen werkiozen. In de
Europese Unie nit 11,3% van de
land, Frankrijk, Italiê en Zweden
vormt, en dat deregulering auto- met een groeiend leger werkiozen.
matisch de optimale oplossing is'.
De Verenigde Staten en GrootIn veel gevalien bevordert regule- Brittannië doen het weliswaar
ring van de arbeidsmarkt juist veel beter, 'maar de inkonienseen verhoging van de productivi- versehifien worden wel groter',
teit, betoogt de ILO.
aldus de ILO. De werkboosheid in
De aan de Verenigde Naties ge- Oost-Europa neemt af, maar ligt
iieerde ILO zet met de aanval op nog boven de 10%. In de vroegere
de deregulering de traditie voort Sovjetunie komen er alleen maar
dat zij positie kiest tegen de fib- meer werkiozen bij.
sofie van die andere internationaVoor Afrika en Azië beschikt
le organisatie, de Organisatie de ILO naar eigen zeggen amper
voor Economische Sanienwer- over betrouwbare cijfers, maar
king en Ontwikkeling (OESO).
armoede en tekort aan werk is
Bijna een miljard mensen, een- een groot probleem.
derde van de totale beroepsbevolDe oorzaak van de hoge werkking in de wereld, hebben geen of loosheid zoekt de ILO in de germonvoldoende werk. Topman Mi- ge economische groei in de induschel Hansenne van de ILO pleit trielanden sinds 1973. Bovendien
daarom voor een 'internationale hebben veel ontwikkelingslanverplichting tot volledige werk- den zich niet hersteid van de crigelegenheid'.
sis van begin jaren tachtig.
The Netherlands
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The Netherlands
NRC Handeisbiad
Datum: 96-1:1-26
ILO: wereld
heeft milj ard
werkiozen
Door een onzer redacteuren
ROTTERDAM, 26 NoV. Ongeveer een miljard mensen, een-
derde van de totale werelberoepsbevolking, was in 1995
werkloos of had geen volledige baan. Dit staat in het rapport
van de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie van de Verenigde
Naties, de ILO, dat gisteren is gepubliceerd.
In 1993 en 1994 hadden 820 miljoen mensen wereldwijd geen (vol.
ledige) baan. De ILO spreekt van
een ,,sombere" situatie.
ting tot volledige werkgeiegenheid. ,,Het huidige niveau van
Niet in het rapport vermeid,
en is noch politiek, noch sociaal
aanvaardbaar", aldus Hansenne
in bet rapport. Hij hekeit het feit
dat er tegenover de economiscbe
maar wel door de ILO naar buiten
gebracht, is bet feit dater sinds de
wereldwijde depressie van dejaren
dertig procentueci met zoveel
werkiozen waren.
Het rapport van dit jaar berispt
de gemndustrialiseerde landen die
volledige werkgelegenheid niet
langer tot doe! stellen en draagt
ideeën aan om dewerkgelegenbeid
te vergroten. Lagere rentetarieven
en minder schommelingen in de
inflatie zijn volgens de ILO effectieve middelen om het aantalwerklozen terug te brengen.
De landen van de EU zijn vol.
gens bet rapport meer bezig met
het verlagen van de schulden, zodat zij nan de EMU-eisen kunnen
werkioosheid is vanuit economisch oogpunt gezien niet Iogisch
groei geen evenredige groei in
werkgelegenheid staat.
In de vijftien lidstaten van de
Europese Unie (EU) nam de werk-
loosheid toe tot 11,3 procent. In
Frankrijk, Duitsiand, Italië en
Zweden steeg het aantal werkiozen hetsterkst. Spanjeis de lidstaat
met de meeste werklozen, 22,3
procent van de beroepsbevolking
zitzonder werk.
In Oost-Europa daalt de werkloosheid, het percentage werklozen blijft evenwel boven de tien
procent. Bijna eenderde van de
mensen zonder werk is onder de 25
voldoen, dan aandacht te besteden jaar. In de voormalige So'vjet-Unie
ann het werIdoosheidsprobleem. neemt het aantal werkiozen nog
In Groot Brittanië en de VS daait steeds toe.
het aantaI werkzoekenden, maar
de inkomensverschillen in die Ianden worden steeds groter. Volgens
de ILO is onafgebroken economische groei de beste remedie tegen
werkloosheid, de Verenigde Staten zijn daarin een goed voorbeeld.
Het werkioosheidscijfer Iigt in de
VS al 26 maanden onafgebroken
onder de zes procent.
Directeur-generaai
Michel
Hansenne van de ILO pleit verder
voor een internationale verplich-
De Zuidameikaanse landen
doenbetooknietgoed, over bet arme deel van Azië en Afrika zijn
weinig betrouwbare cijfers voorhanden. In deze delen van de wereid werken velen in de informele
sector, op het platteland en in de
steden. ,,De verslecbtering van de
(officiële) werkgelegenheid wordt
waarschijnlijk weerspiegeld in de
toenanie van werk in de informele
sector en de daiende inkomens in
dergelijke activiteiten."
The Netherlands
Volkskrant, DE
Datum: 96-11-26
ILO sehat
werkloosheid
in de wereld
op niiljard
DPA
GENEVE
Bijna een miljard mensen, eenderde van de totale beroepsbevolkiflg
in de wereld, hebben geen of onvoldoende werk. Topman Michel Han-
senne van de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie (ILO) pleit daar-
om voor een 'internationale verplichting tot volledige werkgelegenheld'.
Hij wil af van de wijdverbreide
opvatting dat banenloze economi-
ache groel onvermijdelijk is. Dc
ILO schrijft in een dinsdag verschenen rapport dat het niet gemakkelijk is het aantal werkzoekenden te
bepalen, maar dat de toestand op
de arbeidsmarkt wereldwijd 'somber' is.
Alleen al in de rijkste industrielanden zijn zeker 34 miljoen werk-
lozen. In de Europese Unie zit
11,3 procent van de beroepsbevolking zonder baan; Duitsland,
Frankrijk, Italië en Zweden kampen met een groelend leger werklozen.
Do Verenigde Staten en GrootBrittannië .doen het weliswaar veel
beter, 'maar de inkomensverschil-
len worden wel gmter'. De werkloosheid in Oost-Europa neemt af,
maarligt nog boven de 10 procent.
In de vroegere Sovjet-Unie komen
er alleen maar meer werldozen bij.
In 1994 schatte de ILO de werkloosheid in de wereld op 120 mit-
joen en het aantal mensen met te
weinig werk op 700 miljoen. Voor
Afrika en Azië beschikt de ILO
naar eigen zeggen amper over betrouwbare cijfeis, maararmoede en
tekort nan werk is een groot probleem.
De oorzaak zoekt de ILO in de
gennge economische groei in de in-
dustnelanden sinds 1973. Bovendien hebben veel ontwikkelingslanden zich met hersteld van de crisis
van begin jaren tachtig.
De ILO neemt echter afstand van
de opvatting dat de 'globalisenng'
van de handel achter do massawerkloosheid zit. 'Het gaat met om
de strijd tegen de oppermachtige
supermacht globalisering', maar
om het opvangen van de gevolgen..'
The Netherlands
J4t
:-'
2
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0
a
a
The Netherlands
Trouw
Datum: 96-11-26
Wereld teltmiljard werkiozen
Arbeidsorganisatie VN: groei is beste recept voor meer werk
Van onze redacUe economie
AMSTERDAM - De wereld telt 1
miljard werkiozen, ongeveer dertig procent van de beroepsbevol-
reldwerkgelegenheid 1996/97. De
VN-arbeidsorganisatie meent dat
aanhoudende groei het beste recept
is om mensen weer aan het werk te
krgen en wijst daarbij op de Verenigde Staten als succesverhaal.
werkloosheid in de meeste landen
Azië is er een enorm gebrek aan fuilti-
landen het streven naar volledige
In de Verenigde Staten is het werkloosheidscijfer in oktober gedaald
naar4,9 procent. Eenjaargeleden lag
werkgelegenheid te hebben losgela-
dat cijfer flog bij 5,2 procent en in
Groei
ten. De organisatie weerspreekt de
theorie dat technologie en handel op
zich dé belangrijkste oorzaken zijn
van meer werkloosheid.
dezelfde maand in 1994 was het 5,4
procent. In de Europese Unie is de
werkloosheid in 1995 gestegen naar
11.3 procent. In tie jaren zestig was
dat slechts twee procent. In Frankrijk,
Duitsiand, Italiè en Zweden werd tie
De VN-organisatie roept regeringen
op om meer prioriteit te geven aan
het scheppen van banen door een
meer op groel gericht beleid te voeren zoals het verlagen van de rente.
Een dergelijk beleid moet gekoppeld
hoogste toename gemeten, terwijl
Spanje met 22,3 procent de absolute
worden aan maatregelen om een
toename van de inflatie tegen te
koploperis.
In Centraal- en Oost-Europa blijft de
gaan.
Bovendien is er volgens de organisa-
king. Dat heeft de internationale
arbeidsorganisatie van de VN, de
110, gisteren bekend gemaakt.
De 110 verwijt de geThdustrialiseerde
huidige werkloosheidsniveaus
zijn economisch niet zinvol en noch
politiek, noch maatschappelijk houdbaar", aldus ILO-directeur-generaal
Michel Hansenne in het rapport We,,De
boven de 10 procent. Bijna eenderde
van de werkiozen is onder de 25 jaar,
aldus de ILO. In Latns-Amerika is de
werkloosheid in veel landen toegeno-
men en alhoewel er weinig details
waren over de situatie in Afrika en
me werk in ontwikkelingslanden.
tie geen hard bewijs dat technolo
sche veranderingen leiden tot m
werkloosheid. ,,Er is geen algeme
afname van werkgelegenheid in ret
tie tot economische groei", aldus IL
Ook is het niet redelijk om het verb
van ongeschootde banen in de gei
dustrialiseerde landen te wiçten a
tie importen urt lagelonenlanden
,,De ervaringen van de dynamisc
Aziatische economueen bewijzen d
solide bin nenlands beleid. uitbreide
de internationale handel en invest
ringsstromen goede mogeli;khed
bieden voor grotere economisc
groei en het scheppen van banen
aldus de ILO, die in 1919 werd opg
zet om arbeidsomstandigheden in
hele wereld te verbeteren en te co
troleren.
The Netherlands
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PAKISTAN
THE FRONTIER POST
30 November 1996
fri ihëtiñitfoñ â'oñ6ñip of
6 pc of Pakistan's
workforce
unemployed: J[LO
F.P.Report
!SLA4AF3AD - Accordtng to a
report of International Labour
Qrgnisation (11.0) unemployment
In Pokistan et.ancia at about 6 per
cent and tinder.employrnent at
around 11 per cent of the total
workforcp.
The report says that compared
Lu Lliib. w nipleyrnent in Jepin le
at 3 per cent and about the same
level is In the Mien 'Tigers.
According to the 11.0 press re-
lease the new report
World
Employment 199697. states that
neaTly one billion people around
the World. approximately 30 per
eatont an centr1 Euxop tinb?n
ployrnent rates deO1inec, l!ghtly
but remained In dotthle.dlgit. II
Usste end some other çuntrtes
of the former Soviet Untoti,unem-.
ploythotit cahtinded to increase
Afrion Latin AmrIcert:coun-
tries. Columbia posted d rise in
unemployment from 8 to over. 10
per cent. Unempi,riient 1bOréad
in urbdh aea9 id. Atqntina.
Bolivia. EcUdot, Janlc. Mexico
Urugny and Venezuela.. Iti stib'
Saherefl Africg and thehlt.sXt9 ci
Asia, date on direct ,lrnempIOy.-.
mont li;rdly existc hilt prnhlern
of massive bndorernp1oyrpfll end
poverty peislst ln.theSe Aó-1n'
come regions. The 1IX;l1eves
that nothing short bE a renewed In-
ternationaL cominitliant4o full
employment Is required to, reveres
the poverty. unemploymrtt and
are unemployed or under-em-
underemp1oymet noit prevailing
so many parts of the gIoe... ..
ployed fri industrialised and developing countries alike.
The report terms the global em
ployment situation as grim', and
to assurn 'that nothing. can be
done to remedy unempIoyrI)ent.
cent of the entire global workiorce,
warns that growing number of
working poor risk aggravating the
social and economic Ills caused by
high lobloss rates.
The report maintains that in the
worlds wealthiest nations, mornbers of the Organisetion of
and
Cooperation
Economic
Development. (OECD) at least 34
million people are unemployed. in
the European Union. unemploy
The 11.0 DCI. Michel sayahat It
is not Just heartless but pernldoun
that the eo.cslled jôb1a IOwttt
(when a countrye gto domestic
product. bi GDP. grbwi With no
substantial Job growth) Is the beat
chat can be hojed for in
n.n-
creasingly competitive, economy or
that current rates of. unempiöymerit somehow constltute,,a natu-,
ml outcome 01 market forces
Curxent lve1s o1urieipIoymerit, make no economIc sense
merit irrcrensed last year to an ev
eragn of 11.3 per cent of the workforce. with France, Ontruany, Italy
and Sweden registering stqnuficrut
increase. In tho United States. on
the other hand. lob creation hes in.
tenslfle.ci end unemployment ha
dipped below 5 per cent
Unemployment rates have also do.
CliriRd In the United Kingdom In
end'are neithet polltIcaly.flOt 8O-
come disparities have tnñdnd to
emergence of wage Inflation,.
both the countries howecr. ii
widon.
daily sustatneble.' sayH4ikthe.
The Ito report ,Ldetttthe' the
underlying ceuse
1. dèth1j8tetIni
labour market contiofe1h
lower growth ratea In'UdtItU-..
ailsed countries sInce 1973 hd the.
failure of the most 4e)ôloplti
economies to recover fully fxbni the
economic crisis of tha et11V '1980s:,
slow adjustment of Waa Wi
clinirr labour productivlt and the
which lasted until the mtd-1980s:
the progressive eviction fçom the
world of work of the long-term unemployed and the Increasing casu
alisation of mIllions of workers itt
formal sector activities. '.
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Sud Quotidien
04.12.96
: RAPPORT ANNUEL DU BiT SUR L'EIiIPLC'I
'
II
-r
Tmarasme'estreverslD e....
az éo2omzqu1 iha ann&s8O.
'U
EnAMque dii, nd, soutient-1], 1z:
pJnuR. J.i
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n .a.ru.plu. Jamaii psibfr fin dii xpet trad*
d'aasurer ii ple1nempiài", ° P UflO f thinnutk do la.
o1*nce undus,tnelle e,une
astim. l'OzganisatIon mon.
détérioratlon do l,emloi.,L am-:
dIII. du fravail (Oit)
denier rapport 1996/97.
l'emploi d.s 1. monJ'.En
effet cette organ1aatjo
°
octuellen9enj sw j inarclsà
dz travait n'egj'nt MóvUabie
ni
Pour. 1. Bun
dii travail £Bit)Iècànc.pt de.,4.
plain emplo adaptó .auz résiltés
j'
actuelles.1 doit d
objectifo premiers do toute poll.-'
tique. économlquo ot aociale
AusBi, conteste.4il; l'opinion -:
salon láiuuella.1ech6mage serat
d1 avant toutaux. rigidites dii
marché dii .avuflu'jI faudrajt"'
donc ?employFà. réndre plus
1'/lexible": Car; lésiigidites du
marché dii travail nose sont paI-.
accentuée. durant la-période au
comm de laquefle Ia chOmage a'augmanté (...), Ia monte
CIIO-.
mage ne pout &expliquer.uniquo.
ment par le comportement du
maráé.trevath Dana lerpays en,.
développementestje le Bit,' ii
croissance de l'emploV'nepouna
êire satisfaite qua sides emploi8
se créentà un rvthñze rapide dana
le secte? nodenz?'p'est lé seul
moyen d'éviter 'iin /hix' de, tra-. -:
vailleurs' dansies :actiutesper
pmduatues du aeür
et 1e
celle tie 1' inf'rirmel urbàin'. .Sinon'
flux aura pour effet do baisser
encore lee'revenus at àggraverait
la pauvretó. Lea auteurs dii rapport affirment q'u'une'industhaijsation rapide ions in role primorw'
dial pour crOer des emploi productifa. Maia, salon. toujours le
ce
raPport,i]y.atrespeudepaysen_
developpement qu ont enregistrO
me forte progress] on 4á)'emploi,.
an coum deoisdécenniej,une
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at liit ib'dé 'empZoi
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,O
THE ISLAND
SRI LANKA
Tuesday 24th December, 1996
Aim for fuI emp'oyment,
says 110
The International Labour Organisation has urged countries to retain the concept
of tuft employment as a principal objective of economic and social 'policy
By Chahreverthl flaghavan
Winile there is some basis for these labour market rigidities are the cause of
concerns, 'ii is nevertheless not true that rising and persistent high urremployrnent.
globrilimratlon is en overwhelming aupra- The ernpirlcat evidence for this is 'far from
employment is still leasible and natiommat torce ihaf has targely usurped conclusive' says the tLO and points out that
highly desirable'. end there Is a 'strong national policy autonomy,' the ItO says.
labour market rigidities have not been Ineconomic as well ax moral case for
'There is stilt considerable policy euton- creasing over the period of rising umnemploy-
Full
reinstating full employment as an important
omy, and national macroeconomic, structu. ment. II anythIng labour markets have bepolicy objective', the international Labour ml mmd labonrr-manimet policies are still the come more flexible as a result ot efforts at
Organlxstion says in us just published World
Employment Report.
'The concept of 1,111 employment, suitably updated, should remain as a principal
objective ot economIc and social policy.' the
PLO report says and challenges the present
conventional neo.11berat economic wisdom
about the natural rato of unemployment and
non-acceleratIng intlirtionary rate of unem-
domirramrt Influence on economic and labour- deregulailon,
market outctrmnes In any country.'
'A more plausibte view is that rise in
While financial markets 'punish' Un- unemployment cannot be explained by
sound macroeconomIc policies (whIch in any labour market factors stone and that the
case era undesirable in their own right), Interaction between the macroeconomic enheighiened lntemnafjon-,ol compelition does vlrormmenf and the labour, market has to be
trot mean that culling wages and social taken Into account,,, the atowness of adjustbeneints Is tire only feasible response,
meat mechanisms In the aftermath of serious
There is tire preferable alternative of the supply Shocks and the substantial rise in
ployment - bolh of which see a bade-off 'higlr road' - raising labour productivity Interest rales In the iBBOs are important
between levels of employment rind Inliallon, hrotrgh investmenl In 8k ill development, in parts of the explanation of the rise in unemand sanguinely look upon persisteni arid Infrastructure arid in research and develop- pioyment. More generally, the slowdown in,
growing unemployment.
The ILO report notes thai the world
underlying cause 01 risIng unemployment.'
employment situtlon remains grim. tinnnm.
l Ni
'The onset ot a combinaliofm of slower
ptoyment Is slubbomnty 111gb in many indusgrowth and labour market deregulation, intrialised nations
will, average unernployThis can be supplemented by exploiting 'cluding deunionisatton, appears to be part ol
ment as high as 11.3% In tire European more fully time prodirctivily-raising potential the explanation oh misting wage inequality,' the
UnIon, having risen slightly over the previous of good lrlieur standards and cooperative 1LO adds,
year. WithIn the EU,unemploymenl con- fomnns oh work organisation.
For reapproaching full employment -mr
tinued to Increase in France, Germany. Italy,
In
addilion, the ILO says, 'Ihere is Industrialised countries, the ItO sela r,rl
Sweden and Austria arid remained broadly evidence mimI many mnndafed benefits are
three main requiremenf s:
unchanged in others.
The first is to reverse the trend dec,in,
ullirnatety shrilled to workers In the lorm of
Outside Europe, nrnenirploymerml inns lower wages and hence do not affect Interns- Wowlh males over the post two decades. This
risen in Australia arid Japan, was unchonqed tronal Corenpeliliveness.'
is Important both for increasing the rate of
In Canada mmd contlnrued to decline iii the
11mm, ItO challenges the view that rapId employment crealion as welt as for reversing
Us.
technological change has tendencies towards rising wage inequality.
There was a sliglrt decline rn tire transi- tat,our-savimng
The ItO takes issue Wilh the 'mainunshened
no 'joumless growth', rind that revolu.
tion economies ot Central and Eastern tiomiary changes
in work organisation and stream academic' view thai ihis will not be
Europe, but levels renralned high in others
feasible
because potential growlh his do'
(Bulgaria. Hungary, Potarrd, Slov,rkla rind
dIned and expansionary policies will be futile,
Slovenla). Urremployrnent coirtinurd to inbecause of supply-side constraints, end tha'
masse In Russia and some other countries of In
any expansion will be thwarted by financier
the former Soviet Union.
markets.
Orrly a law at tire developlrrq countries the experience of the dyna'There Is 00 convincing evidence that II
ment.growth since 1974 has bean the major i
--
they developing world,
have Up-to-date data. And these show
generally rising unemnrpioymnont, particularly
in urban areas (where more reliable data is
evaliebte).
Together with the persIstence 01 high
unemployment In rnnrny imrdusirialised courr.
tries there ha been growing corncemlm over
tire soclat exclusion tirat this breeds. There Is
atso the problem of rising wage inequality
and the growing numbers 0! 'workIng poor.
In tire transition economies there have
been sharp Increases In Income inequality
since the beginning of ihe trcnaiiion. And in
the developing world, the majonly ci the
labour force remain trapped II, lowproductivity employment that otters little
reliel from poverty.
For the moat part.' says the ILO, 'lIre
race to create a growing proporilon of higher
productivity jobs for a rapidly expanding arid
increasingly better educated labour force iii
the developing world is being Inst.'
The PLO report analyses against this
background two major mind growing con-
mic Asian economies
points to the tact that,
is supply-side constrainis, rather than a
rates of growth and job
impulse will Indeed be choked off by the
fectlon of financial markets.'
with sound domestic policies, expanding trade and
investment flows provide
rich opportunities for high
creation,
In contrast, it adds, econo-
mic stagnation in much of
sub-Saharan Africa has
occurred in the context of
growing marginalisation
from the global economy.
The second requirement for meducing
unemployment Is to put in place mechanisms for moderating wage inilation.
'There are no ready-macfe solutions, but
a number of routes are worth exploring:
strengthening coordination of wage bargain-
ing through synchronisation of bargaining
penods and provision of consensus fore-
casts on luture economic possibilitIes,
Others Include social pact approach, encouragement of profit sharing and, II there
Careful analysis of the empirical evi- mentatlon of labour-market Policies. This
dence shows 'theme is lithe basis for these includes a reform of the unemployment
chaims' rind much of the 'end-of-work' litera- benefit system
expansion and Improved
Exaggerat
ture reals on unwarranted extrapolatIons design of benefit transfer programmes, subalders
for
low-wage
employment and payroll
tronm
drammitic
episodes
of
corporate
down'
line ItO finds both these enrxleties to be
Ignoring conrpensatory job creation tax deductions targeted at the long-temr'
'greatly exaggerated' and argues that the sizing,
else,vtieme
in
the
economy.
unemployed,
and
correction
for market lalunemployment problem as well as some 01
The ItO says: 'There has in fact been no lures resulting Iii urderprovislon of training
these concerns are traceable to the abanprogrammes.
goneralised
decline
In
employment
intensity
donment of tIre lull employment concept.
'Trade with low-wage economies,' the 0! economic growih, in spite of 118mg unemsheddiflg
ILO says. 'Ia only s minor explanatory factor ployment. The hatter has been caused bys
behind the rIse In tire unemnployrneni of decline In growth rates rather than any on
As for the transition economIes, given
of
jobless
growth.
low-skilled workers and In wage-Inequality In
'Similarly, while there has been some the already high levels of unemployment and
the lndusinlallse,j countries,'
sharp rise in income inequalllles. another
In the developing world, the experience increase in setf'employmenl, part-tIme
of the dynamic AsIan ecorromies points to and other non-standard forms of employ- large dose of labour shedding Is likely to
inent,
this
has
not
msanf
disappearance
of
gs1emat5
Intolerable social tensions, the rethe fact that, with Sound domestic policies,
regular jobs. Data on job tenure do not slrow port says, and ask, these countries to
expanding trade arId investment Plows
resulting, In 'jobless growih'.
Labour
provide rich opportunities br tnigh rates of eny generalised decline in eliher the period choose economic policies and labour-
of employment individuals have been with market Institutions most likely to reduce
growth and Job creatIon.
tn conirast, it adds, economic stagna- their current employer or In projecied fulure unemployment. In terms of macroeconomic
policies, there is need to look beyond simple
tion in much ot aub'Sahaman Africa has tenure,., there is also no evidence
the
Occurred in the context oh growing margins- rate of job change has increased in labour etabihisatlon targets and to develop the
markets,,, public opinion surveys do not also capacity for macroeconomic management to
lsaticn from the global economy.
This doe, not mean there are no new reveal any decline in the desire for paid work spp0nt emerging economic recovery,
For most of the developing countries,
chattenges posed to International rind notion- or that unemploymoni has become In-
the report says, Itis a tar my from achieving
creasingly voluntary in nature.
from being passe, full emnployment lull employment, The majority of theIr workA rodd economy that is becoming is still'Far
teasible and highly desirable, The era are engaged in low-productivity work
krcreaslrrgty Integrated oilers
mutual benetiis
and growing opportunities for the porticipat.
trig com,irmtrbs; but it also generates social
distocation and demands difficull policy
adustmenta,
Theme are also concerns tire report
notes, that new constraints Including
sertti.
ments end judgemmrents of the gtobalmsed
financial market, on domestic policy have
emerged end complicate the adjustment
iasks, and that greater openness also means
greater vuinerab9ity to external sttocks,
current high unemployment In lndusfrlal that Is not only onerous but yields only
counlriec has human costs of the utmost meagre earnings.
severity tom those directly invoived
Alihough the creation of adequately
breeds cnmne end other social pat hoies remunerative jobs for all who seek It will be,
fmcnrmrwlrictmevatyoneInaocietysutfema'na for many developing countrIes, a long-term
is thus a strong economic as wall as moral process. Ills nevertheless important for them
case for reinmstating full employment as an to be fierily committed to the objective of full
highly employment, the report says.
Important policy objective. This
Such an objective provides a brameworfc
relevant in spite of the rise In non-standard
forms of work and other recent changes in for formulation of employment policy and for
the labour market.'
defining targets for measuring progmass tome report also challenges the view that wards full employment.
'em
dynamic Asian economres, has been their
tailume to recover fully from the economic
crises 01 the early l9BOs.
A priomily requirement ms the restoration
of high and sustained economic growth, the
Ito says. This in many cases will depend on
successful implementation 01 economic relorm to achieve macroeconomiF Stability,
an economic environment conducive to high
savings and inveslment, efficient allocation
of resources, and a more open and compel I.
live economy that could benalit from expanding trade and Investment flows.
While theme Is no single, ideal prescription for an economic reform strategy, the Ito
report challenges the current thinking favouring a 'minimalist' state contnned to delivenng
a 'level playing field' in terms 01 economnc
institutions and policy environment.
The report argues that there are several
Important rationales for a moore active Stale.
Developing countnes are often chamacterised
by market imperfeclions and high inequalily
:n distribution of nncome aqd asseis, and
pure market reforms therefore need ID be
supplemented by public rnvestmenl and
other measures to strengthen suppiy responses oh producers to new economic
incentives and ensure an equiroble disnribu.
tion 01 benefits from reborm.
Labour-market deregulation lollen a
part 01 the structural adlusnmenl pmooramnmeal as an aspect oh economnc retorm is ,dso
challenged in the report. While there may be
aspects 01 labour-market regulations that one
in need of reform nn particular tounlries,
theme is no basis for a blanket presumol,00
that these regulations are invariably sources
of rigidity and that deregulation s automat,
cahly the Optimal solution.
The facts suggest that labour legislalnon
typically provides only a modicum employ.
deficiency in demand that have caused the
prolonged period of low growth,' says the
tLO. 'Higher growth Is possible provided a menl security and Social proleclion and is
sustained period of expansionary policies is
supported by credible policies to prevent a tandy unilomm trom one country to anotine,
resurgence of irrllationamy wage increases (Third torinl 1Vrftr-erin Fn'afw'es)
and to overcome the skill shortages that will
be generated. Wilhout this the expansionary
are no alternatives, adoption ot some form of
tax-based Income policy.
cerns that 'globatismitlon' will aggravate a bad social allilundes to work have rendered conA Ihfrd requIrement is design and Impleituallon and that technological change is ventional concepts of a regular job obsolete.
al policies because of the globalisailon,
The report points out that the underlying
cause of the delernorating employment siluotion rn most of the developing, except in the
SRI LANKA
THE DAILY NEWS
TUESDAY DECEMBER 31, 1996
Aim for full.employment, says ILO
By Cakravartht Raghavasi
owth and labour market of profit baring and, if ployment.
including there are no alternatives,
The report points otjt
dereguleti
deunionisston, appears adoption of some form that the underlying
In contrast, it addo,
and highly desirabW,
to
be
part
of
theesplasaof
the deteriorating esfor
paid
work
or
that
of
tax-b
tacome
be
supThis
can
economic
xtignation
in
and there ii a strong
has t'a,n of rising wage in- policy.
ployment situation us
economic as well as sistence of high unem- much of aub-Saharan plemented by exploiting unemployment
equality.'
the
iLOaddu.
increasingly
A third requirement moat of the deveiopiná,
moralcaseforeeinalating ployment in many in- Africa has occurred in more fully the produc- become
For reproaching full is design and implemen- except in the dynamic
countries tlir context of growing tivity- raising potential voluntary is nature,
lull employment an an dustrialised
indus- tation of labour- market Asian economics, .haa
employment
in
'Far
from
being
passe,
of
good
labour
standards
marginslisation
from
the
there
has
been
growing
important policy objecand cooperative forms of full employment is still trialised countries, the policies. This includes a been their failure to
live', the International concern over the social global economy.
feasible and highly de- 11.0 sets out three main reform of the Unem- ,cover fully from 'the
that
this
This does not mean work organisation.
Organination exclusion
Labour
in addition, the ILO sirable. The current high requirements:
ployment benefit system economic crises of.th'e
nays in its just published breeds. There is also the there are no newchnllen'The first in to reverse - expansion and im- early I9I.
World
Employment problem of rising wage gas po.cd to inter- says, 'there is evidence unemployment in industhe
trend
decline
in
grcountries
has
that
many
mandated
betrial
inequality
and
the
growproved design of benefit
national
and
national
Reporl.
-A.
l'he concept of full ing numbers of 'working policies because of the nefits are ultimatelyshif- human coats of the Ut- owth rates over the past transfer programmes, quirrmcnt is the reststwo
decsdus.
This
in
imaubaidies for low-wage tion' of high and lsgiobulistition.
ted to workers in the most severity for these
employment, suitably poor',
A world economy that form of lower wages and directly Involved and portant both for incresa- employment and payroll tamed economic gmw,
In the transition econupdated, should remain
ass principal objectiveof omies there hive been is becoming increasingly hence do not affect in- breeds crime and 'other ing the rate of em- tax deductions targeted the ILO says. Thin in
economic and social nharp increases in in- integrated offers mutual ternational competitive- social pathologies from ployment creation as at the long-term unem- many cases will deilenll
everyone
which
in well as For reversing ten- ployed, and correction on succesaful impleftrr
policy,' the lLO'report come inequalilytincethe benefits and growing op- ness.'
Tue ILO challenges society suffers. There is dencies, towards rising for market failures resul- titian of econsmicresays and chillenges the beginning of the transi- portunities for the parting in underprovision of forms to ,,chieve 4
conventional tion. And in the develop- ticipating countries; but the view that rapid thus a strong economic wage inequality.
present
The ILO takes issue training programmes.
tech-i as well as moral ease for
economic ing world, the m"ortty it also generates social labour-saying
neo-liberal
macroeconomic slabilit
As for transition econ- y, an economic cnviro4
about
the of the labour force dislocation and demands nologicat change has reinstating lull em- with the 'mainstream
wisdom
nnturul rate of unem- remain trapped in low- difficult policy adjust- ushered in 'jobless gr- ployment as an impor- sademic' view that this omies, given the already mcnt conducive to high
em- ments.
owth', and thsl re- tant policy objective. will not be feasible be- high levels of unem- vinp and investmen(.
ployment and non-ac" productivity
There are also con- volutionary changes in This is highly relevant in cause potential growth ployment and sharp rise efficient allocation of reinflationary ployment that offers litcelersting
has declined and expan- in income inequalities,
cerns, the report notes, work organioation and spite of the rise in nonrate of unemployment - tle relief from poverty.
sourms, ends more open
'For the moat port', that new constraintt, in- social attitudes to work standard forms of work sionary policies will be another largf dose of and competitive rmn
both of which tee a
trade-off between levels says the ILO, 'the race to cluding sentiments and have rendered conven- and other recent changes futile because of supply- labour shedding is likely amy that could benefit
side constraints, and that to generate intolerable
of
the tional concepts of a rr- in the labour nsarkel'
of employment and in- create a growing propor- judgements
from expanding trade
The
also any expansion will beth- soclal tensions, the report
financial gulirjobobaolete.
report
flation, and sanguinely tion of higher produc- giobalised
and investment flown.
Careful analysis of the challenges the view that waned by financial nays, and sal, these
look upon persistent and tivity jobs for a rapidly market, on domestic
While there is no sinand
in- policy have emerged and empirical
evidence labour market rigidities markets.
countries to choose
growing unemployment. expanding
'There is iso convinc- economic policies and gle, Ideal prescrIption foe
better complicate the adjust- shown 'there is little basis are the cause of rising
The ILO report notes creasingly
labour-market Irintitu- an .conornlc reform
that the world em- educated labour force in ment tasks, and that for these claims' and and persistent high un- ing evidence that
ployment situation re- the developing world is greeter openness also much of the 'end-of- employment, The em- supply-side constraints, tiosis moat likely to strategy, the 1W report
means
vulpirical
evidence
for
this'
rather
than
a
tiericknoy
being
lost.'
greater
work' literature rests on
reduce unemployment. challenges the current
mains grim
UnemThe
report nerability to enternil unwarranted eatrapola- far from conclusive' says in demand that have In terms of macroecon- thinking favouring a
lLO
ployment is stubbornly
tions from dramatic ep- the ILO and points out caused the prolonged omic policies, there is minimalist' state conhigh in many industrial- analyses against this uhocks.
While there is some isodes of corporate dow- that laboar market period of low growth,' need to)ook beyond sim- reed to delivering a
with background two major
lard nations
average unemployment and growing concerns base for these concerns, nsizing, ignoring com- rigidities hive not been sayitheiJ.O.'Highergr- ple stabilisatlon targets 'level playing field in
ovey
the owth spo.ible provided and to develop the terms of economic inas high as 11.3% in the that globalinstion' will 'It is nevertheless not true pensatory job creation increasing
European Union, hiving aggravate ibid situation that globalisation is an elsewhere in the econ- period of rising uneni- .a sustained period of ex- capacity for macsoocon- stitutioca and policy enployment. If inyihing. pansionary policies is arnie managesnestt to vlrostsncnt.
linen slightly over the and that technological overwhelmingsupra-ns- omy.
The 11,0 rays: 'There labour tr.xrLrls have supported by credible auppoet emerging scottprevious year. Within change is renulling in tional force that has larThe repast argue.,that
'jobless
growth'.
become more flexible as policies to prevent a ix- arnie recovery.
gely
usurped
national
has
in
fact
been
no
genthe EU, unemployment
there are aeveral ImporThe 1W findu both policy autonomy,' the eralised decline in cm- a result of efforts aide- nurgence of loflationary
continued to increase in
For moat of the do-, tant titionaics fore more
wage incr,a.es and .to veloping countries, the activ, state. Dyyeloping
ploysnent Intensity of
gulation.
France, Germany, Italy, these anxieties to be lLO nays
'There is still con- economic growth, in
'A more platsaible view overcome the skill shor- report says, It is afar cry countries
Sweden and Auutrla, and 'greatly exaggerated' led
arc
often
that rise us unem- tages that will be gen- from achieving full em'- clsaractarlad by markcl
remained broadly un- argues that the unem- sIderable policy auton- spite of rising unemployment problem as omy,
and
national ployment. The latter baa ployment cannot be cx- seated, Without this the ploytnent. The majority lmperf.etsocs arid high
changed in otherx,
Impulse of their workers axe en- luaquality In distribution
by
labour expansionary
Oulaide Europe, Un- well ax some of these rnacfoeconomic, struc- been caused bya decline pla'ned
employment'hu risen in concerns are traceable to tural and labour-market in growth rates rather market factors alone and will Indeed be choled gaged in low-produc- of Iecaescassdacts,and
the
abandonment
of
the
(hat
the
interaction
betoff
by
the
reaction
of tivity week that is not pure market reforms
policies
are
still
the
than
any
onset
of
joblan
Australia and Japan, wu
warn the maeroecon- financia.iinarketu.'
dominant influence on growth.
only onerous but yields tberefore need to be nupunchanged in Canada full employment conThe second ix- only meagre earn'uiga.
'Similaaly, while them ons'ar environment and
economic and labourmd continued to decline cept.
plemeoted by public in'
qu'irement
for
seducing
'Ts.de
with
low-wage
has
been
some
increase
the
labour
market
has
to
market
outcomes
in
any
Although the creation vestment and ',he
in the US.
in self- employment, be taken Into account... unemployment is to pat of adequately fusnun- meseurna to strestgihetj
There was islight de- economies,' the 'tO country'.
While financial mark- part-time work and the slowness of adjust- in place mechanisms for exative jobs for all who aspply respocacs
cline in the transition nays, '4 only a minor cxnon-standard ment mechanisms in stir moderating, wage infla- seek it will be, for many producer, to new çcon
other
economies of Central plsnatocy factor behind ets 'punish' unsound
macroeconomic policies forms of employment, aftermath ofseriousssp- tion.
developing countries, a anise inceativea and en
and Eastern Europe, but the rise in the unemThere are no ready- long-term proc, it is sure ass equitable dislevels remained high in ployment of low-skilled (which in any case are this has not meant disap- ply shocks and the subworkers
and
in
wage-instantisi
rise
in
interest
made
sotutiolts,
but
a
undesirable
in
their
own
pcarsnce
of
regular
jobs.
nevertheless important tribution of bcnefiti
others (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Siovskis equality' in the indus- right), heightened inter- Data on job tenure do rates in the l980s are im- number of routes are for them to be firmly from reform,
national
competition not showaxygeneralised portant parts of the cx- worth exploring: streng- committed to the ob,tecand Slovenia). Unem- trialised countries.'
Labour-market
In the developing does not mean that cut- decline in either the planation of the rae in thening coordination of tive of full employment, regulation (often a part
ployment continued to
increase in Russia and world, the enperience of ting wages and social be- period of employment unemployment. More wage bargaining through the report rays.
of the structural adjsat.
Such an objective merit programmes) as arl
some other countries of the dynamic Asian econ- nefits in the only feasible individuals have been generally, the slowdown synchronisation of barwith their current cm- in growth since 2974 has gaining periods and provides a framework aspect of economle
the formerSoviet Union. omies points to the fact response.
There is the preferable
ployer or is projected been the major underly- provision of consensus for formulatiolt 'of em- reform iaisocbaltcnged
Only a few of the de-that, with sound domesveloping countries have tic policies, expanding alternative or the 'high future tenure.., there is lngcsuseofrisingunem- Forecasts on future econ- ployment policy arid for in the report,
sod
omic possibilities. Others defining
trade
investment
read'
raising
labour
also no evidence that the ployment.'
targets
data.
And
up-to-date
for
(Thkd W,jJ
'The onset of a corn- include social pact ap-measuring
productivity through in- raie'of job chsnge his
progress
these show geherally ris- Ilows provide rich op?#ela'ork Feostwe:)'
is labour bination of slower gr- preach, encouragement towards
full
eming unemployment, par- portunities for higher vestment in skill de- increased
Geneva:
Full
(where more reliable
data is available).
Together with the per-
ployment is Mill 'feasible
velopment, in infras- markets.,. publicopinion
tructure ned in research surveys do not also reveal
soy decline in the desire
and development.
rates of growth sod job
em- ticularly in urban areas
creation.
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Frs: £40 (WA 2% th)
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WND! 2 DECEMBRE 1996
LA. 1000 LAUSANNE I - No 337
n.e.
LE MATIN LUNDI 2 DECEMBRE 1996
I
I
1iT7'J;r'
t pas un. rêve
e Bureau international du travail ne trouve pas Ia situation désespérante
,êve
sa Baum
e Bureau international du travail
(BIT) l'aflirme: l'idée selon laquelle
Th4a mondialisation, le progrès tech-
'e et las reductions d'effectif engenront une croissance sans emploi ou Ia
dii travail ne rësiste pas a l'épreuve
Diminution éguleneait au
Royaume-Uni, mais dana
deux pays,
-lea inegalitda tie revenus ont tendance a
plois".
s'xesituer., note in rapport.
La direateur général du BIT, Michel
Hansenne, e'inzurge néanmoins centre
le concept tie '.la croissanee sans emploi-. -Il eat oruel at pernicleux d'affirmer que sian ste pent être fait pair re-
faits". Dans son rapport annuel stir
médier an chomage, que, dana une
mploi dana le monde 1996-97, les p0lea nationales a l'heure de Ia mondiation,', publié mardi a Genéve, le BIT
peile que "le chomage et le sons-emi touchent, dana las pays industrialisés
lans lea pays en developpement, pres
n milliard de personnes", soit environ
écenomie de plus en plus cencurrentielle,
le mieux que i'on puisse espérer eat une
'o de Ia population active du monde.
sans-emploi so chiffrent a 34 millions
q les pays dits "riches", dont 11,3% de
ipulation setive des pays de I'Union
peenne. Alors qu'aux Etata-Unis, le
x de chomage eat tombé a moms de
"gréce a Ia creation intensifiée d'em-
dancer
croissance
Ia inondialisation de l'économie
-t pas directernent en cause, pouri
-i le chomage ne cesse-t-il d'augmensous toutes lea latitudes? Pour trois
ns, estinie le BIT, qui cite Ia fai-se des taux de croissance enregisdepuis 1973, in lenteur de l'ajustent des salaires au ralentiaseinent de
productivité eti'apparition de pres-s salariales inflationnistes. Enfin,
'iction progressive des chômeurs de
gue durée dii marché du travail et Ia
risation de millions de travailleurs
lea activités du secteur non strucLa solution? "La plein-emploi!"
md Michel Hansenne, qui appeile a
relance de I'économie'.. Et de precique s'il n'y a pas de raisons fondantales d'avoir peur de Ia mondialisa, il faut qua celle-ci s'accompagrle
ipect d'uxz certain nombre de
'esdujeu social.
'croiasance sans emplois'. (augmentation du produit intérleur brat, sans progression sensible tie l'ernploi) en que lea
actuels taux de chomage constituent
d'une carmine façon Ic résuitat natural
at inevitable du libre jeu des fon de
marché", declare Michel Hansenne. Qui
ajoute que '1es niveaux qu'attaint sotuellement le chômage cent injustifiables
stir Ia plan économique et cent inadxnis-
sibles tent d'un point de vue poliuique
que d'un point de vue social'..
Dialogue
social
En Europe de J'Ouest, il ne so passe
/
pas un jour sans que las travailleurs
descendent dana In rue pour contester
las politiques d'austérité pronees par las
gouvernements et lea capitaines d'entreprise. Dialogue social ou dialogue de
sourds? Pour Michel Hansenne, '4e pro-
bléme ne reside pea tent dana
Ia
manque tie dialogue social qua dana le
manque de résultat de ce dialogue!" Et
Ic directeur general du BIT d'avertir
qua '.quand le dialogue social grippe,
des messages contradictoiras sont envoyés mix guns. Qul réagissent dana
laura habitudes de consommateurs, et
'
leur pratique d'épargne et d'agent économique. cl'une manière différente dela
théorie economique a l'état pur.' Pour
lui, un dialogue social efficace eat donc
essential au hon fonctionnement du svstème économique.
0
Li
i4* iá
ictsir gleiral du ItT, IiScM H.is.ms s'kiau,g. cots is coseapt
(IIk
Iak.. gp
Suisse
LE NouvEAu OJIOTIDIEN
JOURI'4LSUISSEETEUROPEEN
EGONOMIE-MONDE
MARDI 26 NOVEMBRE 1996
T R AVA I L
ily a un nillilard de chômeurs et de
personnes sous-employées dans le monde
Le Bureau international du travail (BIT) estime cependant, dans un rapport publié hier a Genève,
que le chômage n 'est pas unefatalité liée a la mondialisation. Celle-ci stimulerait plutôt les échanges.
sous-employées. Les pays les plus
tielle, le mieux que l'on puisse
riches de la planète comptent
espdrer est tine <croissance sans
internationale doit rdaffirmer sa
volontd d'assurer le plein emploi.
Le chômage n'est pas une fatalité
34 millions de chômeurs. Le chômage touchait l'an dernier 11,3%
emplois>>, a-t-il déclaré.
de la population au sein de l'Union
lement le chomage sont injusti-
lide ala mondialisation ou au pro-
européenne et plus de 10% dans
flables stir le plan dconomique et
grès technique. Une croissance
les pays d'Europe de 1'Est.
inadmissibles tant d'un point de
plus vigoureuse est possible pour
Présentant le rapport, le directeur gdnéral du BIT, Michel Han-
le Bureau international du
Pour
travail (BIT), la communauté
<Les niveaux qu'atteint actuel-
30% des actifs dans le monde.
Dans son rapport, rendu public
hier a Gen'eve, le BIT estime qu'un
senne, a plaidd en faveur d'une
vue politique que social>>, a affirme M. Hansenne. Le pessimisme
qui se répand risque d'aggraver la
politique de croissance Ct de sti-
situation en faisant rdgner la
mulation de la demande. 11 est
millard de personnes a travers le
faux d'affirmer que, dans une dconomie de plus en plus concurren-
confusion quant aux causes veiltables du chôinage. La mondiali-
combattre un fiéau qui touche
monde sont soit chômeurs soit
sation n'estpas responsable de
l'accroissement du chômage: a
contraire, elle augmente le
ddbouchds, stirnule la productivi
td et les dchanges.
Pour les auteurs du rapport, 1
détérioration du marchd du tra
vail est due a trois grands fac
teurs: Ia faiblesse des taux d
croissance enregistrds depui
1973, la lenteur de l'ajustemen
des salaires au ralentissement d
la productivitd du travail et I'ap
parition de pressions salariale
inflationnistes, et Ia prdcarisatio
de millions de travailleurs.
La premiere des conditions
remplir pour se rapprocher d
p1cm emploi consiste a inverser 1
tendance a un ralentissement d.
la croissance, observée depuis tin
vingtaine d'anndes dans les pay
industrialisds. L'insuffisance de 1
demande pourrait bien être
l'origine de la longue période d
marasme de l'dconomie mond.iale
Les auteurs du rapport jugen
que la solution la plus souven
prdconisde pour résoudre les pro
blémes lids a la montde du chô
mage, a savoir la déréglementa
tion du marchd du travail, es
contestable. Rien ne permet d'af
firmer que cette rdglementatio.
est invariablement source de rigi
ditd. Le BIT rappelle le role posif
d'une telle réglementation dan
l'augmentation de la productivit
et dans la protection des tra
vailleurs vulnérables.AT
Suisse
JOURNAL DE GEN EVE
18
ui(iazette de Liinaiine
Mardi 26 novembre 1996
ECONOMIE
Le Bureau international du travail lance
un plaidoyer en faveur du plein emploi
Pour juguler le fiéau du chômage, qui touche un miUiard de personnes dans le monde, it faut stimuler La croissance économique, estime
Le BIT. LequeL juge contestable La solution La plus souvent préconisée qui consiste a déréglementer le marché du travaiL
experts du Bureau inu-avail
urnanonal du
(Brr) en DOt manifesteIltent assez. Assez d'enlendre ehercheurs et decideurs auirnier qu'en vertu de Ia
peut réduire Ic chômage a coon
terme, mais qu au-dela dun et'r
scull. des pressions inflationtam
nistes apparaissent. provoquant
une hausse des taux d'interót gut
penalise linvestissement &i. a tt'r-
revolution des techniques et de Ia
mondialisation des echanges. Ia
croissance economique ne pourra
Pour sa part. le BIT DU'Irmt'
Lta
me, I'emploi.
qu"une croissance plus vigoureilso eat possible, sous reserve gut'
lea politiques expanslonnlstt".
s'accompagnent de mesures i-ridibles pour eviter une recrude'.cence des tensions salanales Inflationnistes ci pour parer a Is pinunie de conipetences'-.
plus creer suilisamment d'emplois nouveaux. que le plein emplui est un concept désuet et que
tout effort visant a stimuler Ia demande naboutirait. a tenne. qu'ã
une acceleration de linflation.
-
--
"Si Ic chCmage a augmente.
creer des emplois.. soutient Ic
A cet egard. plusteura plates
mCritent d'être explorees t;u
s'agisse de 'mleux coordonner
BIT dans son dernier raPport pu-
les
c'est parce que Ia croissance a ralenti. non parce qu'elle a cessé de
1
negociations a.alanali-s. tn
synchronisant lea cycles di' neguciation et en s'attachant a parvenir
a on consensus sun lea perspe-lives économiques.. uu di- rt'Ian-
blié hier. qui chiffre jun milliard
Ic nombre des personnes sans
travail ou sous-employées dans le
monde, suit 30% des actifs.
cer Ic pacte social entre i-ntployeurs, travailleurs ci gouvt'r
i.e mythe
de da fin du travail))
A ceux qul. au vu de Ia rapidité
du progres technique, annoncenc
une ere de ..croissance sans emplois.. Ic BiT repond qu'une telle
iheorie ne resiste pas a lepreuve
des faits. Lea hérauts de '.la fin du
travail'. .se livrent a d'audacieuses extrapolations a partir de
reductions d'effectifs spectaculaires dana certaines branches" et
passent sous silence lea emplois
crees ailleurs. estiment les auteurs du rapport.
Le rythme de creation damplois est demeuré inchangé pen.
dant Ia majeure partie de ces 35
dernieres winces. constate le
lilT. Parallèlement. Ia croissance
t'conomique ayant rortement deteléré dana lea années 70 et 80.
l'intensite d'emploi de Ia croissancc a auginente.
Autre idee largement repan.
due: Ic caractere plus instable de
l'eniploi dans lea grands pays in-
nements, ou encore d'encourager
lea systêmes d'interessement.
La ccnimI, avec las pays en dM1
parial lestiavalitews pair quatiflise
dustrialisés. Une telle assertion
ne trouve pas de confirmation
dans les statistiques, scIon lea ex-
perts. Certes, le travail independant. a temps partiel et différentes
(ormes atypiques d'emploi ont
"on peu progresse'., .mais II Serait faux d'en conclure que cela
sonne le glas des formes classiques d'emploi'..
TmIs causes, trols remèdes
,m'exptlqu. qua Iris pa
ftetn.nttamoriiedu ct,6mie
pays lndusthaUsis, seton Is BFf
dans l'emploi qu'ils occupent Sctuellement vane de six a douse
ans selon le pays. et ces chithes
ne diminuent pas'..
Sagissant de Ia mondialisation
des échanges, le BIT considére
salaniales inflationaistes enfin, I'éviction progressi-
développement .nexplique que
trés partieUement Is montee du
chóniage parmi lea travaiileujs
ve des chômeurs de longue dorée
du marché do travail et Ia précanisation de millions de travailleurs.
pressions
es
L'insusance de Ia denaande
inégalités de salairesi. dan?les
pourrait bien être I l'origine de Ia
longue periode de marasme de
l'economie mondiale. estiment lea
auteurs du rapport. qui récusent
I'idée scion laquelle une politique
de relance conjoncturelle aboutinit invariablement a une acceleration de I'inflation.
peu qualifies ci l'aggravation
pays industi-ialises. Globalement.
dans lea deux indicateurs que
croissance necessaire pour parve-
soot l'ancienneté dans l'emploi et
lea caux de depart calculés pour
air au
notent les auteurs du rapport. "Ic
temps passe par lea travailleurs
vité du travail et l'apparition de
que le commerce avec les pays en
-'Si .l'emploi I vie, avaiL cessé
d'exister. si les changements
d'emploi etaient de plus en plus
courants. cela devrait se rel]éter
I'ensemble de l'économie.'. Or,
faiblesse des taux de croissance
enregistrés depuis 1973; Ia lenteur de l'ajustement des salaires
au ralentissement de Ia producli-
Ia mondialisation augmente lea
débouches. stimule Ia productivité et les echanges et favorise Ia
p1cm emploi. soutiennent
les experts.
Trois grands facteurs ont
contribue I Ia deterioration du
marche du travail. selon le BIT: Ia
12 theotie économique neoclassique. a laquelle us font allusion. soutient que Ia croissance
Par ailleurs. Ic BIT invite k's
gouvernements a '-comger lea insusances do marche en mauere
de formation en langant des progranimes en faveur des categunes lea plus desavantagees sur Ic
marché do travail'.,
Jugeant contestable la solution
Ia plus souvent preconisee pour
resoudre les problémes lies au
chômage, a savoir Ia dereglemen-
tation du marche do travail, les
auteurs do rapport estiment flue
.'rien ne permet d'afflnrner que
cene reglementanon est invartablement source de nigidites t't
que Ia deréglementation eat toojours Ia solution opumale... Et Ic
BIT de rappeler Ic role posItif de
Ia réglementation du marche du
travail dans I'augmentation de Ia
productivite et dans Ia protection
des travailleurs vulnerables.
Mehmet Gultas
Suisse
t1Lt1flU
MARDI 26 NOVEMBRE 1996
Politiques nalionales et mondialisation
Le retour du plein emploi
Le dernier rapport
du BIT I'affirme: ía
dereglementation du travail
rythme des changements d'em-
n'est pas toujours une bonne
réponse au chomage.
faire plus officiel et plus consensuel
péenne, le chômage touchait Van
dernier plus de 11% de la popula-
a une semaine du sommet de Singapour qui fera le point sur deux
tion active. Ii a fortement augmente
en France, en Allemagne, en Italie
plois.> Voilà qui surprend. Sur le
reste du texte toutefois, difficile de
ans d'Organisation Mondiale du
Fran çois Sciialler
du communiqué accom-
Extrait
pagnant le dernier rapport du
BIT sur l'emploi dans le monde,
pam hier a Genève: L'intensité
Commerce. La voix du BIT reflète
fort bien la doctrine mondiale officielle>, avec toute sa force et sur-
tout ses faiblesses, dans un débat
fondamental qui ne fait sans doute
que commencer. Le chômage crois-
d'emploi de la croissance économi-
sant dans certaines regions du
que n'a globalement pas dimmué.
Par ailleurs le travail indépendant,
le travail a temps partiel et diffé-
particulier - est-il dü a un libre
rentes autres formes atypiques
d'emploi ont certes un peu progressé, mais ii serait faux den conclure
que cela sonne le glas des formes
classiques d'emploi. Les données
ne font apparaitre aucune diminu-
tion généralisée de lanciennté
dans l'emploi, qu'il s'agisse de lancienneté acquise ou de l'ancienneté prévue, et elles ne font pas non
plus apparaitre d'augmentation du
comptent au moms 34 millions de
chômeurs. Dans l'Union euro-
et en Suede. Aux Etats-Unis et au
Royaume-Uni en revanche, les
taux de chômage ont sensiblement
diminué, mais ce sont les écarts de
revenus qui ont progressé. Alors oü
se trouve le bon modèle de développement? Là oü la croissance s'ac-
monde industrialisé - l'Europe en
compagne de creations massives
d'emplois: La réussite des écono-
échange excessif a l'échelle de Ia
mies dynainiques d'Asie prouve que
l'expansion des échanges commerciaux et des flux d'investissements
planète?
UN MILLIARD DE CHOMEURS
Le constat tout d'abord: dans les
pays industrialisés et dans les pays
en développement, le chômage
peut stiinuler la croissance économique et la creation d'emplois sous
reserve que l'on applique de
bonnes politiques nationales.
En d'autres termes, pour favoriser
touche environ 30% de la popula-
l'emploi il faut au moms viser le
plein emploi, comme dans les anflees d'après-guerre. ((Le BIT est
personnes. Les pays les plus riches
d'avis que pour vaincre la pauvreSuite page 2
tion active, près d'un millard de
de la planète, ceux de 1'OCDE,
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Mardi 26 ncrnbre 1996 -
24
lln'yapas
de rem ède
11 y a un milliard de thómeurs et de
I personnes sous-employees dans le
monde. Ce fiéau toucherait amsi a peu
pres un sixieme de a population. Les
N° 276
-
Fr.s. 1.70 (1VA 2% iiae) - F: 6.80
-
wa *
Un milhiard de chômew
sur une terre an ralent:
Le Bureau international du travail tire la sonnette d'alarme: une réelle politiqi
de croissance permettra d'éviter qu'un tiers de la planète se retrouve sans empi
chiffres avarices darts le deniier rapport
du BIT donnent des Irissons. Sans compter que organization ne laisse mirorter
aucune amelioration ces procnarnes annees Dana Union europeenne. le chôrnage séblit a 11.3% de Ia population
active en 1995. cona-e 2% en moyenne
dans let annees 60. Let pays en vo'e de
développement sont aussi touches par
cetce gangrene. Personne nest epargne.
Le BIT rame a conu-e-couranc des
ideea recuesa. Par exemple. La monøia
bsavon ne serait pas reaponsable du chomage. Bien au contraire. La globaltssoon
de léconomie augmenceraJt Lea debou-
thés, stimulerart Ia producuvne ec lea
echanges. Autre const: 1 ny aurait nez
de prelsve formelle que lea progrea tech-
nologiques sorent un lcteur d aggravation du chômage.
Le BIT tire neanmoins La sonnette
dalarme et met en garde let
Ecacs
contre une explosion sociale et poliuque
nevible. Pour y remedrer. II propose
une solution qui passe par une croissarrce
econonlique soutenue et ate lea EUnis cornme exemple a survre...
Le diagnostic est imparable. man le
remede ettI appropilé? Na-c-an pas atcernt justement lea limrtes de La crorssance? I.e plein-emploi est-ul le seul
baume social que Ion peut envisager?
Paz sér. Peut-étre y a-c-il dautres soludons a envusager,
Cest occasion oui amausdereunventer une economie difference qui, méme
Si certains cnent a l'utopie, passeraxt par
le partage du travail. Man La creativice en
Ia manere fait encore défaut. Lea polid-
ciens manrpulent des curls devenus desuets et quils ne maimsent plus. II y a
urgence. Un milliard de personnes sons
exdues dun système economique qui
eat en train de mounr.
May Piaget 0
T es responsables du BIT en sont persuades: le
£4 chômage nest pas une fatailté flee a Ia mondialisation de l'économie ou aux progres techniques. Remettant en question bien des idées préconcues dans un rapport quelque peu iconoclaste.
us préconisent une stratégie de croissance et de stimulation de Ia demande.
La détérioration du marché du travail serait
due a trois grands facteurs: la faiblesse des tar
croissance. la lenteur de l'ajustement des salair
ralentissement de la productivité et l'apparitio
pressions salariales inflationnistes. Pour se ra
cher a nouveau du plein-emploi.
ii faudrait done inverser la vapeur.
Suisse
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MARDI 26 NOVEMBRE 1996
TRAVAIL
Le BIT croit a la croissance
pour diminuer le chômage
Pour le Bureau international du travail (BIT), Ia communauté internationale dolt réaffirmer sa volonté d'assurer le plein emploi. Le chomage n'est
pas une fatalité liée a Ia mondialisa-
tion ou au progrés technique. Une
croissance plus vigoureuse est possible
croissement du chômage: au contraire,
elle augmente les débouchés, stimule
la productivite et les échanges. Pour
les auteurs du rapport, la détérioration
du marché du travail est due a trois
grands facteurs: la faiblesse des taux de
30 % des actifs dans le monde.
Dans son rapport, rendu public hier
croissance enregistres depdis 1973, la
lenteur de l'ajustement des salaires au
ralentissement de la productivité du
travail et l'apparition de pressions sa-
hard de personnes a travers Ic monde
lariales inflationnistes, ainsi que Ia
précarisation de millions de travail-
pour combattre un fléau qui touche
a Genéve, Ic BIT estime qu'un mil-
sont soit chômeurs soit sous-employées. Les pays les plus riches de Ia
planéte, membres de l'Organisation de
cooperation ci de developpement économiques (OCDE), comptent 34 millions de chômeurs. Le chomage touchait I'an dernier 11,3 % de Ia population active au scm de l'Union europeenne et plus de 10 % dans les pays en
transition d'Europe de l'Est.
Présentant le rapport, le directeur
general du BIT Michel Hansenne a
plaide en faveur d'une politique de
croissance et de stimulation de Ia demande. Il est faux d'affirmer que, dans
une économie de plus en plus concurrentielle, le mieux que l'on puisse espérer est une croissance sans emplois, a-t-il déclaré. L'une des priorites des Gouvemements dolt être de
stimuler durablement la croissance
economique)>.
leurs dans le secteur non structure.
La premiere des conditions a remplir pour se rapprocher du p1cm-emploi consiste, selon le BIT, âinverser la
tendance a un ralentissement de la
croissance, observëe depuis une vingtame d'années dans les pays industria-
lisés. L'insuffisance de Ia demande
pourrait bien être a l'origine de la Ion-
gue période de marasme de I'économie mondiale. Pour le BIT, les pressions salariales inflationnistes peuvent
étre maitrisées, grace a des mécanismes institutionnels adéquats.
Les auteurs du rapport jugent que Ia
solution la plus souvent préconisee
pour résoudre les problémes lies a Ia
montée du chomage, a savoir la déréglementation du marché du travail, est
contestable. Rien ne perinet d'affirmer que cette reglementation est invariablement source de rigidites. Le BIT
rappelle Ic role positifd'une telle régle-
DEMANDE INSUFFISANTE
<Les niveaux qu'atteint actuellement le chômage sont injustifiables
sur le plan économique et inadmissibles tant d'un point de vue politique
que sociab, a affirmé M. Hansenne.
Le pessimisme qui se répand risque
d'aggraver la situation en faisant régner Ia confusion quant aux causes
véritables du chômage. La mondialisation n'est pas responsable de l'ac-
mentation dans l'augmentation de Ia
productivite et dans la protection des
travailleurs vulnérables.
Conclusion du directeur general du
BIT: Une croissance plus vigoureuse
est possible, sous reserve que les polltiques expansionnistes s'accompagnent de mesures crédibles pour éviter
une recrudescence des tensions salariales inflationnistes et pour parer a Ia
pénurie de compétences>.
ATS
LI
SCHWEIZ
Update: 26.11.96, 8.24 Uhr
Einem Drittel fehit Arbeit
ILO fordert Massnahmen
Genf. - Das Internationale Arbeitsamt (ILO) halt trotz
steigender Arbeitslosenzahlen an der Vollbeschaftigung als
Ziel fest. Weitweit seien fast eine Milliarde Menschen - em
Drittel der Bevolkerung - ohne Arbeit oder
unterbeschaftigt. Arbeitslosigkeit konne durch eine
Steigerung des Wirtschaftswachstums und des Konsums
bekampfi werden.
Die ILO teile die weitverbreitete Ansicht nicht, dass in den
kommenden Jahren hochstens noch eine Steigerung beim
Wachstum der Wirtschaft, nicht aber die Schaffung neuer
Arbeitsplatze erreicht werden kOnne. Das sagte
ILO-Generaldirektor Michael Hansenne am Montag
anlässlich der Veroffentlichung des ILO-Berichts "Arbeit in
der Welt 1996/97".
Die Globalisierung werde nicht einfach zum Verschwinden
eines grossen Teils der Arbeitsplatze fithren, erkiarte
Hansenne weiter. Wichtig sei nun die Einleitung von
Schritten zur Forderung des Wirtschaftswachstums, auch
wenn dies kurzfristig zu einer leicht negativen Entwicklung
bei der Inflation und der Bekampfiing der Budgetdefizite
fibre.
In Krisenzeiten durften die Staaten nicht einfach sparen,
sondern müssten positive Impulse geben. Die globalen
Wachstumsraten verharrten seit 1974 bei 3%. Zuvor hätten
sic regelmassig 5% Uberschritten. (SDA)
Schweiz
Jtciic
iii,du'r 3citiiii
W I RT S C H A F'l'
gangen, dass der Arbeitsmarkt inzwischen zwar
bereits tine weitweite Dimension angenommen
Weitheschdftigungsberic/zt des ILO
Differenziertes Bud der Arbeitslosigkeit
Empirische Analyse von Trends und Zylden
Das Internationale Arbeilsamt in Genf befasst sich in seinem zweiten Weltbeschaftigungsbericht ausschliesslich mit dem Problem der Arbeitslosigkeit. Empirische Untersuchungen
der Entwicklungen in den lndustrieländern, in den Reformstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas
und in der Dritten Welt zeigen sowohi Gemeinsames wie Unterschiedliches. Es gibt kaum
eine allgemeingultige Aussage, warum in den letzteri 20 Jahren die Arbeitslosigkeit - mit
einigen Ausnahmen - weltweit tendenziell gestiegen ist.
grundshtzlich erkennbar. dass sich die ArbeitsWw. Gen/ 25. November
Im Gegensatz zum 1. Weltbeschaftigungsbericht, der sich im Februar 1995 mit einer Vielzahl
unterschiedlicher sozialer Themen befasst hat, beschaftigt sich das Internationale Arbeitsamt (ILO,
International Labour Office) im jetzt vorliegenden zweiten World Labour ReporD ausschliesslich mit dem Problem der Arbeitslosigkeit. Dieses
wird aus untersehiedlichen Warten, unterstütz
(in 96)
Schweiz
D5nemark
Island
Norwegen
USA
Schweden
Japan
Ksnada
Australian
Grossbntannien
Deutschland
Osteneich
Frankreiclt
Niederlande
Italian
Spanien
1960
1973
1995
75,3
74,0
67,9
68,7
64.5
74.9
75,7
60.5
67,5
72,3
69,8
77,4
75,3
71.3
68.7
82.7
79,6
79,1
77,6
77,1
77,0
76,5
75,7
75.1
74,0
68,6
67,2
67.1
61.3
71,1
70.3
64,4
65.4
60,6
66,6
75.5
71.7
67,6
69.9
73,0
69,2
68.8
67.8
60.5
57,7
märkte mit zunebmender Integration in die Weltwirtschaft vergleichsweise entspannter zeigen. Am
schlimmsten scheint die Lage auf der sUdlichen
Hälfte des afrikanischen Kontinents zu sein. der
sich in den letzten Jahren zunehmend marginalisiert und vom aligemeinen Globalisierungstrend
abgekoppelt hat.
Unter solchen Voraussetzungen stellt sich das
ILO wohl bloss rhetorisch die Frage. ob das Ziel
der Vollbeschliftigung in der Wirtschaftspolitik
immer noch Priorität besitzt. Die Antwort ist
Anteil der Erwerbstotigen
an der erwerbsfahigen Bevoikerung
zwangslaufig positiv, wenn auch zwischen langerfristigen Trends und definitionsgemäss kurzfristigen zyklischen Einflüssen zu unterscheiden 1st.
Deutlich schwieriger wird es aber, wenn man sich
konkret mit dieser Herausforderung auseinandersetzen muss.
Das ILO fllhrt im wesentlichen zwei Elemente
an. Erstens wird wohi neu zu definieren scm, was
man tinter Vollbeschllftigung oder - in ökonomi-
scher Terminologie - tinter Gleichgewichtsbeschaftigung versteht. Neuartige Erwerbsformen
(z. B. Teilzeitarbeit, Vertragsarbeit), technologi-
und substantiell zum Teil andere Fktoren wirkten. In cliesen Regionen, die noch heute teilweise
den Entwicklungsllindern zugeordnet werden, ist
aus staustischen Gründen wesentlich mit den
grossen heimischen Mrkten Chinas, Indiens, der
Vereinigten Staaten usw. zu begrunden ist. reflektiert jedoch bloss em Bild des Augenblicks, das
sich kunftig in Richtung Internationalisierung
welter entwickeln wird. Mit anderen Worten ist
die Arbeitsmarkt- und Beschaftigungspolitik nach
wie vor weitgehend eine Domhne nationaler Wirtschaftspolitik und Souverhnität. Bei ihrer Ausformulierung bind freilich immer starker weltweite
Wirkungszusammenhange zu bcrucksichtigen.
Auf Grund der empirischen Studien stemmt
sich das ILO entschieden gegen beschaftigungspolitische BefQrchtungen, die heute vor allem in
Industrielhndern laut werden. Gemäss ILO untermauert das verf'ligbare statistische Material die
Behauptung nicht, dass die weltwinschaftlihe
Globalisierung aus makroökonomischer Sicht zu
einer wesentlichen Verlagerung von ArbeltspldcZen gefuhrt hat. Das schliesse nicht aus. dass etne
derartige Entwicklung in bestimmten Rillen ut.
sächlich erfolgt sei, doch sei solches im gesumi.
wirtschaftlichen Datenmaterial nicht erkennhjr.
Im Gegenzug wird argumentiert. dass gerade die
inzwischen breit gelagerte Marktoffnung, auf welcher die zunehmende weltwirtschafthche Vernetzung beruht, ihrerseits wieder Arben.splät.ze und
Beschaftigung geschaffen hat. Die wirtschaftliche
Liberalisierung, die zwar kurz- und mittetlastige
soziale Kosten verursacht bzw. verursachen kann.
bringt Ietztlich elnen deutlich höheren Gewinn als
die Alternative des Protektionismus.
Auffangen sozialer Kosten
Zusammenfassend ist für das ILO empinsch
nicht erwiesen, class im Zuge der Globalisierung
und Iiberalisienmg der inteusivere Wettbewerb
VI einem weltweiten Absinken von Lohnniveau
und Arbeitsnormen geflthrt, die Verhandlungs-
"'Kein all
.'
meingWdges 'Rezèp
e Rezept des ILO erstaunt
Dieses allg
Die weltweit steigende Axbeitslosigkeit ist für nicht und ist a h akademisch unbestritten. Doch
die Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkricg cia neucs
ie ist es'fn der Praxis vi realisieren? Weiche InPhänomen. Die Trendwende ist nach heutigen strumente sind daflir cinzusetzen und welche
Erkenntnissen für die meisten Industrieländer Wege einzuschlagen? Das Verdienst der vorlieetwa 1973 anzusetzen. Für die Reformlândcr in genden Studie ist es, sich relativ unvoreingenomMittel- und Osteuropa kam der Einbruch mit dem men mit diesem komplexen Thema auseinander(Jbergang von der Planwirtschaft zu einem markt- zusetzen. Dabei wird von der Feststellung ausgewirtschaftlichen System. whhrend in der Dritten
Welt Asiens, Latbinamerikas und Afrikas zeitlich
durchscbnittlich 10% bis 20% der Beschaftigung
direkt an den Welthandel oder an internationale
Kapitalströme gekoppelt sind. Dieser Effekt, der
sich wandelndes soziales Verstndnis wirken
59,1
58,5
Neues Phinomen
hat, dass aber trotzdem heute kaum mehr als
scher Fortschritt, Ausbildungsbeddrfnisse und em
direkt und indirekt auf den Axbeitsmarkt. Zweitens hat sich trolz wachsenden Arbeitslosenzahkn
960 nod 1973 nor Wastdeuisclrtaad, 1995 Gesajnaleut,chl,nd.
die BeschaftigungsintensitAt des WirtschaftsQoe!Ie: ILO. World Eniplovnirnt 1996/97 - Nauo,tai Poliras in a
wachstums nicht wesentlich vermindert. Oder als
Clisbat Context, Geneva 1996.
Umkehrschluss: Es ist die tendenziell sinkende
Wachstumsrate, weiche den zunehmenden Strom
von Erwerbswilligen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nur
von empirischen Analysen, beleuchtet. Seit der zum Teil absorbieren kann. Dafllr gibt es viele
Erdölkrise in den siebziger Jahren ist weltweit - Grunde; in den traditionellen Indusmelandern ist
mit einigen Ausnabmen vor allem im asiatischen es unter anderem offensichtlich, dass der Anteil
Raum - eine tendenziell steigende ZahI der Er'. der Beschliftigten an der erwerbstühigen Bevolkewerbslosen feststellbar. Das ILO untersucht ins- rung mit wenigen Ausnahmen eher zugenommen
besondere, ob die Globalisierung und der rasche hat (vgl. Kastchen). Das tLO folgert in Iogischer
technologische Wandel für diese Entwicklung ver- Konsequenz, dass mit Politiken, die das wirtantwortlich zu machen sind, und kommt zu einem schaftliche Wachstum grunds'atzlich fürdern, auch
diIl'erenzierten Schluss. Die Vernetzung unter- das heutige Arbeitslosenproblem entschärft werschiedlichster wirtschaftlicher EinflUsse scheint den kann.
keine allgemeingultige Aussage zuzulassen.
60.1
Dienstag, 26. November 1996
position der GewcrkschaftengeschwAcht und etne
sinnvolle arbeitsmarktrechtliche Reguherungsrahigkeit der Regierungen ubstantie1l etngc-
schränkt hat. Eine erfolgreithe Anpassung an
Herausforderungen der Zukunft verlangt viel-
mehr, dass jedes
Wirtgchaftsprograznm eine
aechte> soziale Komponente enthlilt. Umschulungs- und Ausbildungsprogramme scheinen dabei angcmessener als kostspieige Arbeitslosenentsch8digungen, die tinter Umst9nden tediglich
cine Besch8ftigungsfaulheit bzw. -verweigerung
fürdcm und letztlich den Arbcitsmarkt verzerren.
Das ILO setzt sich mit anderen Worten vehement
,,dafIein, dau aldi nicht nur die Wirtscliaft mit
Effizienzsteigerungen dem Wettbewerb stelit und
Wachstum erzeugt, sondem class auth ailfallige
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schfgen K'sten-Nutaen-Kriteiied ausgew8hlt
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Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard arbetslösa
enligt ILO-rapport
GENEVE (TI)
S Närmare en miljard människor, eller omkring3o procent av
världens befolkning i arbetsfor
Alder, är arbetslös eller undersysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport om sysselsattningsläget som den internationella arbetsorganisationen
(ILO) publicerar pA tisdagen.
Rapporten (World Employment 1996197) pekar pA att det
liven bland världens rikaste lander mom OECD finns 34 miljo-
nerarbetslösa. mom EUstegarbetslösheten fOrra Aret till I genomsnitt 11,3 proCent.
sats upp pA en hog nivA, men i
det forna Sovjetunionen fortsätter arbetslOsheten att Oka.
1 länderna soder om Sahara
och mAnga delar av Asien existerar knappast nAgra tillfOrlitli-
ga data cm arbetsloshetens om-
fattning, men problemen med
massivarbetslOshetochutbredd
fattigdom kvarstAr I lAgmkomstregionerna.
- Tillvaxtutannyajobb ärdet
bästa man kan hoppas pA i en
alitmer konkurrensutsatt ekonomi, sager Michel Hansenne.
Han vänder sig met uppfattningen att den nuvarande at-
Sverige inrangeras i ett foga betslOshetsnivAn pA nAgot slitt
smickrande sammanhang nlir skulle vara ett naturligt och
ILO pekar Ut Frankrike, Tysk- oundvikligt resultat av markland, Italien och Sverige som nadsekonomin.
lander med en signifikant Okad
Missuppfattnlng
Enligt ILO lir det en spridd
missuppfattnlng att arbetslösoch Storbritannien.
ILO framhAller dock att I bA- hetenkanforklarasavsnabbtekda dessa lander tenderar in- nologisk utveckling och mmarbetslöshet. Daremot har atbetslOsheten sjunkit bAde I USA
komstskillnaderna att öka.
Full sysselsättning
Full sysselsattning bör bibehAllas som huvudlinje I den eko-
Erfarenheterna frAn dyna-
nomiska och sociala politiken,
anser ILO.
- Att overge mAlet om full
sysselsattning innebär att man
sänker de sociala forvantningama len tid när världsekonomin
miska asiatiska ekonomier talar
fOr aft sund inhemsk politik, ex-
ailt mer integreras genom att
handel och investeringar flödar
over granserna, sager ILO:s ge-
neralsekreterare Michel Hansenne I en kommentar till rapporten.
Omvandlingen av de Osteuro-
*
skande haudeishinder. De lirbAda nOdvändiga for att stimulera
ekonomisk tfflväxt och produktivitet.
peiska ekonomierna hat junebunt att arbetslOsheten brom-
panderande global handel och
investeringar skapar fOrutsattningar for ökad ekonomisk tillväxt och nya arbetstillfallen.
FOr att vanda den ökande arbetslosheten bedOms det vidare
som nodvandigt attfOrbattra innehAll och tillämpning av olika
arbetsmarknadsAtgärder.
I Industrialiserade lander kan
detinnebära att systemen for arbetsloshetserslittning mAste reformeras.
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Borás Tidning
Dt.um: 96a126
En miljard
utan arbete
GENEVE
NArmare en miljard manniskor, eller omkring 30
procent av vArldens befolkning i arbetsför Alder,
ar arbetslös eller undersysselsatt.
cial rfittvisa. Omvandlingen
av de Osteuropeiska ekonomierna liar inneburit att arbetslOsheten bromsats upp
pa en hog nivfl, men i det for-
na Sovjetunionen fortsfltter
arbetslosheten att Oka.
Utbredd fattigdom
Bland
Det visar en rapport om sysselsattningslaget som den internationella arbetsorganjsa-
tionen (ILO) publicerar pa
tisdagen.
Rapporten (World Employment 19967) pekar pa aft det
aven bland vfirldens rikaste
lander mom OECD finns 34
miljoner arbetslosa. mom EU
steg arbetslosheten fOrra firet
till i genomsnitt 11,3 procent.
Sverige inrangeras i ett föga smickrande sammanhang
när ILO pekar Ut Frankrike,
Tyskiand, Italien och Sverige
som lander med en signifi-
kant ökad arbetsloshet. Dflremot har arbetslOsheten
sjunkit bade i USA och Storbritannien.
ILO framhflller dock att i
bAda dessa lander tenderar
inkomstskillnaderna att Oka.
Sysselsãttning behövs
Full sysselsattning bOr bibehflllas som huvudlinje i
den ekonomiska och sociala
politiken, anser ILO.
- Att Uverge mfllet om full
sysselsattning innebfir att
man sãnker de sociala fOr-
vflntningarna I en tid nfir
vfirldsekonomjn alit mer in-
tegreras genom att handel
och investeringar flOdar Over
grànserna, sager ILO:s gene-
ralsekreterare Michel Han-
senne i en kommentar till
rapporten.
Det flr krafter som har
potential att sporra till hogre
ekonomisk tillvâxt och skapa
nya arbetstilifaflen, vilket
ocksá kan leda till hOjd 1ev-
nadsstandard och ökad so-
latinamerjkanska
lflnderna noterades en Ok-
ning av arbetslOsheten fran 8
till 10 procent i Colombia.
Arbetslösheten har ocksfl
okat I storstadsomrfldena I
Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador,
Jamaica, Mexiko, Uruguay
och Venezuela.
I lflnderna sOder om Sahara och mflnga delar av Asien
existerar knappast nagra tillfOrlitliga data om arbetsloshetens omfattning, men probleinen med massiv arbetslOshet och utbredd fattigdom
kvarstflr i lflginkomstregionerna.
- Det fir inte bara hjArtlOst
utan skadiigt att utga fran att
ingenting kan goras fOr att
bota arbetslosheten.
- Tillvflxt utan nya jobb Ar
det bflsta man kan hoppas pa
i en alitmer konkurrensutsatt
ekonomj, sager Michel Hansenne.
Han vAnder sig mot uppfattningen att den nuvarande
arbetslöshetsnjvfln pa nflgot
sfitt skulle vara ett naturligt
och oundvikiigt resultat av
marknadsekonomjn.
Enligt ILO flr det en spridd
missuppfattning att arbetslösheten kan fOrklaras av
snabb teknologisk utveckling
och minskande handelshjn-
der. De fir bflda nOdvandiga
for att stimulera ekonomisk
tillvfixt och produktivitet.
Handein mellan industrilflnder och utvecklingseko-
nomier fir bara en liten del
av forklaringen till den Okande arbetslOsheten bland lAg-
utbildad arbetskraft och till
vfixande lOneskillnader i industrialiserade ifinder.
Q
C
Folket
Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard är utan arbete
Närmare en miljard heten harocksá Okat i storstadsmanniskor, eller oinkring omrâdena i Argentina, Bolivia,
Jamaica, Mexiko, Dr..
30 procent av världens be- Ecuador,
uguay och Venezuela.
folkning i arbetsför alder,
I landerna soder om Sahara
är arbetslös eller under-
sysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport om
sysselsattningslaget som
den internationella arbetsorganisationen (JLO)
publicerar pa tisdagen.
och mánga delar avAsien existe-
rar knappast nâgra tiliflirlitliga
dataom arbetslOshetens omfattning, men problemen med massiv arbetslOshet och utbredd fattigdom kvarstâr i laginkomstregionerna.
- Det an inte bara hjärtlOst
Rapporteri (World Employ- utan skadligt att utgâ fran att
ment 1996/97) pekar pa att det ingenting kan goras fOr att bota
även bland världens rikaste lan- arbetslosheten.
der mom OECD finns 34 miljoner arbetslosa. mom EU steg arbetslosheten fOrra aret till i genomsnitt 11,3 procent.
Sverige inrangeras I ett fdga
- TillvOxt utan nya jobb ãr
detbästa man kanhoppas pái en
alltmer konkurrensutsatt ekonomi, sager Michel Hansenne.
Han vander sig mot uppfatt-
smickrande saminanhang nãr ningen att den nuvarande arILO pekar ut Frankrike, Tysk- betslOshetsnivãn pa nágot sätt
land, Italien och Sverige som skulle vara ett natunligt och
lander med en signifikant ökad oundvikligt resultat av markarbetsiöshet. Daremot har ar- nadsekonomin.
betslosheten sjunkit bade i USA
och Storbritannien.
ILO framhàller dock attibâda
dessa lander tenderar inkomstskilinaderna att öka.
Full sysselsattning bör bibehállas som huvudlinje i den ekonomiska och sociala politiken,
anser ILO.
- Att överge mâlet om full
sysselsattning innebär att man
sOnker de sociala fOrvantningarnai entidnarvarldsekonomin
alit mer integreras genom att
handel och investeringar fiödar
over gränserna, sager ILO:s ge-
Missuppfattning
Enligt ILO ar det en spnidd
missuppfattnixig att arbetslösheten kan fOrkiaras av snabb
teknologisk utveckling och mm-
skande handeishinder. De är
bâda nodvandiga fOr att stimulera ekononusk tillväxt och produktivitet.
Handein mellan industrialiserade lander och utvecklingsekonomier är bara en liten del av
forklaringen till den Okande anbetslösheten bland lágutbildad
arbetskraft och till växande loneskilinader i industrialiserade
lander.
neralsekreterare Michel Hansenne i en kommentar till rapErfarenheterna fran dynaporten.
miskaasiatiskaekonomiertalar
- Det är krafter som har po- for att sund inhemsk politik, extential att sporra till hogre eko- panderande global handel och
nomisk tillvaxt och skapa nya investeringar skapar fOrutsãttarbetstilhfblien,vilketocksâkan ningar for okad ekonomisk tifileda till hojd levnadsstandard växt och nya arbetstilhfállen.
och okad social rättvisa.
FOr att inte bli avsnoppad av
Omvandlingen av de östeuro- den internationella finanspeiska ekonomierna har inne- marknaden är det nodvandigt
bunt att arbetslOsheten brom- att starka de mekanismer som
sats upp pa en hog nivá, men i finns fOr att halia tilibaka lödet forna Sovjetunionen fortsätten arbetslösheten att öka.
neinflation, anser ILO, och fOre-
sprãkar samordnade fOrhandBland de latinamerikanska lingsperioder byggda pa en geländerna noterades en okning mensam syn pa den ekonomiska
av arbetslösheten fran 8 till 10 utvecklingen.
Benny Oinertfl'T
procent i Colombia. ArbetslOs-
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Västerbottens-Kuri. ren
fl.tum: 96-11-26
En
niiljard
utan
arbete
GENEVE (TI)
Lanstidni.ngen östersurid
Datum: 96-11-26
Närmare en miljard
människor, eller omkring 30 procent av
världens befolkning i
arbetsför alder, är arbetslös elier undersysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport om sys-
selsättningslaget som den
internatione]la arbetsorganisationen (JLO) publicerar
pa tisdagen.
Rapporten (World Em-
En miljard
I det forna Sovjetunionen fortsAtter arbetslösheten att oka.
gârutan
derna noterades en ökriing av arbetslOsheten fran 8 till 10 procent
i Colombia.
I landerna soder om Sahara och
delar av Asien existerar knappast
ployment 1996/97) pekar pA
aft det Aven bland världens
arbete
rikste lander mom OECD
finns 34 miijoner arbetslö-
Närmare en miljard man-
sa. mom EU steg arbetslös.
heten fbrra Aret till i
ge-
nomsnitt 11,3 procent.
Sverige inrangeras i ett
toga smickrande sanunan.
hang när ILO pekar Ut
Frankrike, Tyskiand, Itali-
en och Sverige som lander
med en signifikant ökad ar
betslöshet. Däremot har arbetslösheten sjunkit bAde i
USA och Storbritannjen.
ILO framhâfler dock aft i
bAda dessa lAnder tenderar
inkomstskjflnaderna
aft
GENEVE (VT)
niskor, eller omkring 30
procent av världens be-.
folkning i arbetsför alder,
âr arbetslös eller under.
sysselsatt. Det visar en
rapport som den internationella arbetsorganisationen (ILO) publicerar pa
tisdagen.
Rapporten pekar pA att det även.
bland vAridens rikaste lAnder
Full sysselsAttning bör
mom OECD finns 34 miljoner arbetslOsa. mom EU steg arbetslOsheten i f)ol till 11,3 procent.
Bland ]atinamerjkanska
lAnderna noterades en ök-
SVERIGE FAR SKAMMAS
Sverige inrangeras i ett toga
smickrande sammanhang nAr
ILO pekar Ut Frankrike, Tysk-
öka.
bibehAllas som huvudlinje i
den ekonomjska och sociala politiken, anser ILO.
ning av arbetslösheten frAn
8 till 10 procent I Colombia.
Arbetslösheten bar ocksA
ökat i StOrstadsomrAdena i
Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexiko, Uruguay och Venezuela.
I lAnderna söder mu Sahara och niAnga delar avAsien
existerar
knappast nAgra
tilhfbrlitliga data om arbetsIoshetens omfattning, men
problemen med massiv arbetslöshet och utbredd fattigdom kvarstAr i lAginkom-
stregionerna.
- Det Ar late bara hjartlost utan skadligt aft utgA
frAn aft Ingenting kan gOras
fOr aft bota arbetslOsheten.
land, Italien och Sverige som lan-
der med en signifikant Okad arbetslöshet. DAremot har arbetslösheten sjunkit bade i USA och
Storbritannien.
ILO framhAller dock att i bâda
dessa lAnder tenderar inkomstskifinaderna att öka.
Bland latinamej-jkanska Ian-
nAgra data, men problem med
massiv arbetslOshet kvarstar i lag
inkomstregionerna.
- Det Ar late bara hjArtlost utan
skadligt aft utgA frAn ati ingenting
kan goras fOr att bota arbetsios.
heten.
- Tfflvaxt utan nya jobb ar det
bästa man kan hoppas pa i en ala
mer konkurrensutsatt ekonomi.
sager Michel Hansenne. ILO:s ge-
neralsekreterare.
INTE OUNDVJKLIGT
Han vAnder sig mot uppfatt.
ningen att arbets1öshetsni'an
skulle vara ett oundvikllgt resultat av marknadsekonomjn
Enligt ILO Ar det en spridd
missuppfattning att arbetslöshe.
ten kan fOrklaras av snabb teknologisk utveckljng och minskande
handelshjnder. De Ar bAda nOdvändiga fOr att stimulej-a ekonomisk tillvAxt och produktjvjtet.
Hande]n mellan industi-jalise.
rade lander och utvecklingseko
nomier Ar bara en liten del av fOrkiaringen till den Okande arbetslOsheten bland lAgutbildad ar-
betskraft och till vAxande loneskilinadet-.
Erfarenheterna frAn dynamiska asiatiska ekonomjer talar fOr
att sund inhemsk politik, expanderande global handel och investeringar skapar fOrutsAttningar
fOr Okad ekonomjsk tfflvAxt och
nya arbetstillfàjlen.
Nya Norrlafld
Datum: 96-11-26
ILO-rapport:
En miljard
människor
arbetslösa
GENEVE (Tf)
Nfirmare en miljard mfinniskor, eller omkring 30 procent av världens befolknlng
i arbetsfbr alder, fir arbetslös
eller undersysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport om sysselsattningslllget som den internationella arbetsorganisationen
Upsala Nya Tidning
Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard
gãrutan
'arbete
(ILO) publicerar pa tisdagen.
Rapporten (World Employment 1996/9 7) pekar pa att det
även bland världens rikaste lander mom OECD finns 34 miljoncr arbetslösa. mom EU steg
arbetslösheten förra ãret till i
genomsmtt 11.3 procent.
Sverige thrangeras i ett foga
smickrande sammanhang nllr
ILO pekar Ut Frankrike. Tyskland, Italien och Sverige som
lander med en signifikant ökad
arbetslöshet. Däremot har
arbetslösheten s)unkit bade I
USA och Storbritannien.
ILO framháller dock art i bâda
dessa lander tenderar inkomstskillnaderna art öka.
Full sysselsattnlng bbr bibehãllas som huvudlinje I den eko-
nomiska och sociala politiken.
GENEVE
Närinare en miljard
manniskor, omkring 30
procent av varldens
befolkning i arbetsfor
Mder, ar arbetslös eller
undersysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport som den
internationella arbetsorganisationen (ILO) publicerar pa tisdagen. Rapporten pekar pa aft det
även bland världens rikaste lander mom OECD finns 34 miljoner
arbetslosa.
mom EU steg arbetslösheten i
ol till 11,3 procent.
sänker de sociala forvllntningar-
Sverlge far skãmmas
Sverige inrangeras i ett toga
smickrande sammanhang nfir
ILO pekar Ut Frankrike, Tysk-
na i en tid nàr vllrldsekonomin
land, Italien och Sverige som lan-
miser ILO.
Att överge málet om full sys-
selsättnlng innebär aft man
alit mer integreras genom art
handel och investeringar flödar
over gränserna, sager ILO:s
generalsekreterare Michel Hansenne i en kommentar till rapporten.
- Det llr krafter som har
potential aft sporra till hogre
ekonomisk ti]lvfixt och skapa
nya arbetstillfdllen. vilket ocksã
kan leda till höjd levnadsstandard och ökad social rättvlsa.
der med en signifiknnt ökad arbetsloshet.
Dfiremot
har
arbetslosheten sjunkit bAde I
USA och Storbritannien
JLO framhâlLer dock att i bAda
dessa lander tenderar inkomstskilinaderna aft flka.
I det forna So'jetunionen fortsAtter arbetslosheten aft öka.
Bland latinamerikmiska lfindema noterades en okning av arbetslosheten frAn Still 10 procent
Utbredd fattigdom
I Colombia.
Bland latinamerikanska landerna noterades en okning av
och mAnga delar av Asien existe-
arbetslösheten fran 8 till 10 procent i Colombia. Arbetslösheten
har ocksá ökat i storstadsomrádena I Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexiko, Uruguay
och Venezuela.
data, men problemen med massiv
arbetsioshet och fattigdom kvarstAr I lAginkomstregionerna.
I ländetna söder om Sahara
och mánga delar av Asien existerar knappast nâgra tilhlbrlitli-
ga data om arbetslöshetens
omfattning, men problemen
med massiv arbetslöshet och
utbredd fattigdom kvarstâr i
láginkomstregionerna.
I landerna soder om Sahara
rar knappast nAgra tilllbrlitliga
- Det är inte bara hjfirtlost
utan skadligt aft utgA frAn att
ingenting kan goras for aft bota
arbetslösheten.
- Tillvfixt utan nya jobb fir det
basta man kan hoppas pA i en
alltmer konkurrensutsatt ekonoml,
afiger Michel Hansenne,
ILO:s generaisekreterare.
(TT)
Metro
Datum: 96-11-28
En miljard arbetslösa I vãrlden enligt FN-organ
Narniare en mitjard manniskor
vàrtden over är arbetslOsa diet
undersysselsatta och iäget set
inte ut aft ijusna enligt en fàrsk
rapport fran FNs fackorgan ILO.
I rapporten "World Employment
1996/97" kritiserar InternationelIa arbetsorganisationen ILO van-
dens industrilãnder fbr att ha
släppt mâlet om full sysselsattning. Organisationen ifrâgasatter
ocksã teorier om att ny teknik
och handel skulle leda till en spi-
ral av Okad arbetslöshet.
En varaktig ekonomisk utveck-
ling ãr det bästa receptet fbr hur
länderna ska kunna f människor tillbaka ut i arbetslivet, enligt
FN-organet som lyfter fram USA
som ett lyckat exempel.
Arbetslösheten i USA sjOnk till
4,9 procent i oktober 1996. Aret
innan lag den pa 5,2 procent oth
I oktober 1994 5,4 procent.
En viss oro visar ILO Over aft
detta han kommit till stand paralleilt med aft laginkomstyrken har
GöteborgsPosten
Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard utan arbete
GENEVE: Närmare en miljard människor, eller omkning 30
procent av världens befolkning I arbetsfär alder, är arbetslös
eller undersysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport om sysselsattningsläget som den internationella arbetsorganisationen (ILO) publicerar pa tisdagen.
mom EU steg arbetslösheten fOrra áret till i genomsnitt 11,3
procent.
ILO pekar ut Frankrike, Tyskiand, Italien och Sverige som
lander med en kraftigt äkad arbetslöshet. Däremot har arbetslOsheten sjunkit bade i USA och Storbritannien.
ILO framhâller dock art i bAda dessa lander tenderar inkomstskillnaderna art öka. (TI)
blivit ailt fler. Men samtidigt citerar ILO aktuella imdersokningar
som visar aft Over Wa tredjedelar
av de nya jobben I USA âterfinns i
sektorer dar lonerna ligger Over
medelinkomsten. mom EU har
arbetslOsheten stigit under 1995
till 11,3 procent. Under 6o-talet
lag den I genomsnitt paZ procent.
ILO uppmanar regeringarna
aft använda en mer expansionistisk politik, med till exempel lãga
räntor for aft skapa nya arbetstill(AP)
fallen.
Sydostran
Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard
titan arbete
GENEVE . Narmare en miljard
manniskor, eller omkring 30
procent avvärldens befolkning
i arbetsförãlder, är arbetslos el
ler undersysselsatt. Det visar
en rapport om sysselsattningslaget som den internationella
arbetsorganisalionen (ILO) publicerar pa lisdagen.
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milj oner
Dagbl adet
DalaDemokrat en
Hal singeKuriren
N yh e t e r na
ostra smIand
NorrläfldSka Socialdernokrate
Varrnlands Folkblad
Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard
gar utan
arbete
OENEVE
är utan
arbete
GENEVE (TT)
Närmare en miljard man-
niskor, eller omkring 30 procent av världens befolkning
I arbetsför alder, är arbetslös
eller undersysselsatt.
Det visar en rapport om
sysselsattningsläget som den
internationella arbetsorganisationen (ILO) publicerar
pa tisdagen.
Rapporten (World Employment
1996/97) pekar pA att det även
bland världens rikaste lander inom OECD finns 34 miljoner ar-
betslösa. mom EU stag arbetslösheten förra Aret till I genomsmtt
11,3 procent.
Sverige inrangeras i ett foga
Nãrniare en miljard mãnniskor, eller omkring 30 procent
av vfirldens befolkning I arbetsfor alder, ãr arbetslös eller undersysselsatt. Det visar
en rapport som den internationella arbetsorganisationen
(ILO) publicerar pa tisdagen.
smickrande sammanhang när 110
pekar ut Frankrike,'ISTsldand, Italien och Sverige som lander med
en signifikant ökad arbetslöshet.
Däremot har arbetslösheten sjunkit bade i USA och Storbritanuien.
110 framhAller dock att i bAda
Rapporten pekar pa att clet även
dessa lander tenderar inkomstskillnaderna att öka.
Full sysselsättning bör bibe-
bland världens rikaste lander
hAllas som huvudlinje i den eko-
nomiska och sociala politiken,
inon OECD fInns 34 miljoner ar.
betslosa. mom EU stag arbetslosheten I ol till 11,3 procent.
anser 110.
- Aft överge mAlet om full sysselsättning innebär aft man sanker de sociala forväntningarna I
far skämmas
en tid nâr världsekonomin alit
Sverige inrangeras i ett fOga
och investeringar flödar over
Sverige
smickrande sammanhang när
110 pekar ut Frankrike, rskland, Italien och Sverige som lan-
der med en signifikant okad arhar
Daremot
betsloshet.
arbetslosheten sjunkit bade i
USA och Storbritannien.
110 framhller dock att i bãda
dessa lander tenderar inkomstskilinaderna att oka.
I det forna Sovjetunionen fortsätter arbetslosheten att oka.
Bland latinamerikanaka Ianderna noterades en okning av arbetslosheten frAn 8 till 10 procent
I Colombia.
I länderna soder om Sahara
och mAnga delar av AMen existe-
rar knappast nAgra tilhfbrlitliga
data, men problemen med massiv
arbetslöshet och fattigdom kvarstAr i Iâginkomstregionerna.
- Det är inte bara hjãrtlöst
utan skadligt att utgâ frAn att
ingenting kan gOras for att bota
arbetslosheten.
- Tillväxt utan nya jobb är det
bästa man kan hoppas pa i en
alltmer konkurrensutsatt ekonomi, sager Michel Hansenne,
110:s generalsekxeterare.
Han vänder sig mot uppfattningen att arbetslöshetsthvAn pa
nAgot sätt skulle vara ett naturligt och oundvi]digt resultat av
(TT)
marknadsekonomin.
mer integreras genom aft handel
grãnserna, sager ILO:s generalse-
kreterare Michel Hansenne i en
kommentar till rapporten.
- Det Ar krafter sam har poten-
tial art sporra till hOgre ekonomisk tillväxt och skapa nya arbetstillfallen, vilket ocksa kan
leda till hOjd levnadsstandard
och ökad social rättvisa.
Omvandlingen av de östeuropeiska ekonomierna har inneburit
aft arbetslOsheten bromsats upp
pA en hog nivA, men i det forna
Sovjetunionen fortsätter arbetslösheten aft öka.
Utbreddfattigdom
Bland latinamerikanska lAn-
derna noterades en Okning av arbetslösheten frAn 8 till 10 procent
I Colombia. Arbetslösheten har
ocksA ökat i storstadsomrAdena i
Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexiko, Uruguay och Venezuela.
I lAnderna sOder om Sahara och
mAnga delar av Asien existerar
knappast nAgra tillfOrlitliga data
om arbetslöshetens omfattni.ng,
men problemen med massiv arbetslOshet ccli utbredd fattigdom
kvarstAr I lAginkomstregionerna.
Enligt 110 Ar dat en spridd
missuppfattning att arbetslOsheten kan fOrklaras av snabb teknologisk utveckling och minskande
handelshinder. De Ar bAda nodvändiga fOr aft stimulera ekonomisk tilivAxt ocli produktivitet.
Benny Oinert
Ilsing1arid Tidni
HndiksvI
hi
I)atum: 96-11 2
En miljard arbetslösa
GENEVE: Narmare en miljard manniskor, 30
procent av varidens befolkning i arbetsfor alder,
ar arbetsksa eller undersysselsatta. Det visar
en rapport fran den internationella arbetsorgani
sationen (ILO). I Oststeuropa har arbetslcsheten bromsats upp pa en hog nivã, men i det forna Sovjetunionen fortsatter den att stiga Iiksom
(TT)
flera Iatinamerikanska lander.
GT
Vi t.ervi kr-Ti c1n i ngen
Datum: 96-11-26
Arbetarbiadet
Blekinge Läns Tidning
EnkOpings-POStefl
Eskil una_Kurirer1/Streflgfla
Tidn (fib)
Hplsinqborgs Daghiad
EristianStadSb adet
Lärtstidfliflgen Södertälje
Ljusda .s-Postefl
örnskö)dSVikS A1]ehanda
Söde.rrnafllands Nyheter
Västerbottcns Fo)kblad
Vestrnan].ands Läns Tidning
Datum: 96-11-26
En miljard saknar johb
GENEVE(TI')
Närmare en miljard människor, 30 procent av
världens befollcning i arbetsfOr alder, är arbetslo-
sa eller undersysselsatta. Det visar en rapport
fran den internationella arbetsorganisationen
(ILO).
I Oststeuropa har arbetslosheten bromsats upp
en hog nivA, men i det forna Sovjetunionen
fortsätter den aR stiga liksom i flera latinainerikanska lander.
pa
I Afrika och delar av Asien existerar knappast
nâgra tillfOrlithga data men massiv arbetsloshet
och utbredd fattigdom kvarstr pa mãnga hail.
Sveri ge
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Sveri ge
En miljard saknar arbete
Lag tillväxt och lâga loner orsak tifi arbetslOsheten enligt ILO
En mlljard männlskor - eller en tredjedel avvärldens
arbetsstyrka saknar arbete. Det visar en ny undersoknlngtrànFN:sarbetsor.
ganisation, ILO.
Arbetslösheten drabber
bade industri- och ulveckIlngsländer framgir det av
undersoknlngen 'Arhete I
världen 199611997".
I de rikasie luindcrn, varlden,
utn ar medlemmar i Organistsisstett hr ,uitttirli,'it' ou'li ,'kcttti,inisk ittveckluitg. OCCU.
',tur
minst 34 muljoner inanniskor
utan arbete.
Inom EU okade arbeislOsheten tIll 11,3 procent cv den yrkesaktiva befolkningen under fOrra
Srei, Tvskland, Frankrike, lichen
ccli Ss'erige upplevde den stOrsla
Okningen i antalet mhnniskor
utan arhete.
Full sysseLcättningrnâlet
USA och Storbritannjen har
ltt'tlCj',liett,n rninskat till under
tern procent. Samlidigi liar loneskillnaderna dessa tvil lander
ilkai. Latinarnerika hat ocksS Iátt
11cr arbeislosa, silrskilt I Colom-
his dbr den nil hr uppe tic proc&fii.
11 O-rappttrien understrs'ker
tti tiet har s'arit sVSrl alt fS uppgititir clii Afrika coder cm Sahara
och (Ieee hinder i Mien, men den
,lhr last alt undersysselsthtingen
beislosheten hr den lSga ekono.
rnlska tillvaxten 1 industrilanderna efter 1973 och alt utvecklings-
landernainrehsrlyckaistasigur
krisert p5 1980-talet.
Interu'ttzonahsering l'ra
:i: annum orsak hr art
ISng-
tidsarbetstiisa hell enkeli utesilulgIs trim arbetsrnarknsden
orh blivit ivingade till art Ia uselt
betalda arbeten mom den mice-
mdlii sekrorn.
IC) iIvVlsiir tilt itithirtiatiortuhli-
seringen as' ekottomiti hr orsaken till den Okade arbetslOsheten. 'Dc dynarniaka ekonomierna i Asian visar att nationell
p01111k och mnvesteringar as' in-
ternalionelli kapilal kan skapa
m5rtga arbetsplatser", heter deli
rapporren.
irs
Arbetslosheten ökar runt om I
världen. Statistiken fran Afrika
dr otlllforli:lig, men ILO slat fast
art undersysselsarrning är etc
store problem. I Larinarnerika
dkar ock.sâ arhetslosheren
kraftigt.
Bara USA och Storbriranjen
vicar sjunh-aflde arbersldsj,et.
men till pricer at' större lone-
ski1lnadr.
tvt'klusi Sr stor ccli art de flied
Itig'ia lonerna har blivit fartigare.
Er. undersdkning cv fhrhál-
l.nclena corn irdustrin vicar alt
Chile. Jordan och Mauririus at de
enda Idriderna utanfor Svdhstnch Ostasien. dhr det her skapats
bt'tydligt (Icr arberspiatser de Cen.e'.re drtiontlena.
Trots de dvstra utsihierna fOrScrade 11.0:' generaldirektor,
sJk}tcl Flansr'nne. p5 en press':r!eren alt organisationen
ill !e 11cr LiPP Silt thAI (list (till Sc's-
'.tls.ittitiiig
- Osre iniernatiunelli catnar','ie han hi hit ita fsttigdrirnen
d: .rheilohecen. Dci ar ferligr
is;rh. .111 il tire kan ía alla ui I
..:'et
Full '-vsselchttning hr cit
ocli ntiijllgt alt
i-at!,' Liii-t'nite.
:1 () inenar art oricketi till ar-
4.
.
Sverige
Värrnlands Folkblad
Datum: 96-12-03
Var finns de
riktiga visionärerna?
Las det här citatet:
vArlden. Och man far till och
"... sager Michel Hansenne,
.ILOs generalsekreterare. Han
med betait.
Politiker och ekonomer slâr
febrilt i sina gamin lärobOcker
vänder sig mot uppfattningen aft
arbetsldshetsnjvan pa nâgot sätt
fOr aft hitta losningar pa dagens
problem. Da blir alit fel. For det
finns ju inget ide nationalekonomiska teorierna som kan användas längre. Verkligheten ser annorlunda Ut och behöver andra
teorier.
Framtidsvisionärerna inbiflar
skuile vara en naturllgt och
oundvilthgt resultat av mark-
nadsekonomjn (\'F 26/li, artikel, En miljard gar utan arbete).
Marknadskonomjn (kapitalis-
men sa man forn har väl aidrig
varit intresserad av hur mânga
arbetslösa det finns. Forsorj-
sig aft datorn ska kunna IOsa
ningsbbrdan har överlâtits pa
staten. all tsá skattebetalarna.
Underverk. Ska datorn kunna
Det star fOrmodhgen nágon- lösa vär!dens problem?
stans I ekonomernas lärobocker ett antal sá kallade fraintidsfors.
aft "marknaden" tar ansvar for kare, visionarer, IT-gurus och sà
medborgarnas välfard. Dã fror vidare. De pratar om det nya hogekonomer, politiker, byrãkrater teknologiska sainhället, Fr och
och alla mbjliga slags general- en massa internethalleluja som
sekreterare aft det är sá. Vi hör ska ordna jobb at afla. Vi kan
deras tiat om hur marknaden flytta Ut till somniarstugorna I
kominer aft styra utvecklingen den "vackra provinsen i västra
till alias bästa.
Till denna skara ansluter sig
Sverige" och via Internet ha kon-
takt med hela landet och hela
vOridens problem. Man kopplar
ihop apparaterna i världsom.
spännande nätverk. Dá blir vi
lyckliga. Alla far arbete och Ingen svãiter. Hur duni Mr man Vara?
Var finns de riktiga visionärerna? De som inte tror pa den
niOnniskofientuga marknaden
och inte tror pa gainla ekonomiska teorier utan.kan se om härnet
in I framtiden?
J A Karlsson
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The Nation
THAILAND
December 2nd, 1996
Creating parallel growth in wage, job and output
ILO buffines requisites to progress'
Thailand is,, one of. several..
The Nation
ONLY a small number of developing coun-
tries outside East and Southeast Asia
have witnessed strong growth in produc-
tive employment over the past two
decades, the International Labour Office,
said in its World Employment 1996/1997.
report.
'
The key factor to raising productivity
and wages is a high rate of employment
creation in modern sectors, without which
the flocking of workers into low-productivity employment in rural and informal
urban sectors will intensify depressing'
incomes and raising poverty.'
The 'report argued that rapid industri-'
'alisation plays a pivotal role in generating high productivity manufacturing jobs.
Among 26 developing countries, Chile,'
Jordan and Mauritius are the only three
outside East and Southeast Asia to have
experienced strong employment growth
over the past two decades. ,"
Although none of, these countries
countries'taat was outside'
the theoretical àorrelation
of real wages and wage .ç.
dispersion. Thailand's real
wages inóreased with; i'
rising wage' dispersiOn.
Thailand is one ot severicountries
that was outside the theoretical correlation of real wages and wage dispersion.
Thailand's real wages increased with rising wage dispersion.
Theoretically, a fall in real wages is cor-
related with a rise in wage dispersion.
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan 'and
China experienced lower wage dispersion
in the, context of rising real wages.
According to the ILO, in about twothirds of all member countries real average wages have fallen.
tion generating a massive' increase in
manufacturing and, other modem-sector
economies showing a:
'fall in wage dispersion. In these four,
labour productivity
in the manufactur-'
"ing sectOr has risen.
sharply' in Singa-
.
.
ong m,)rS,
risingjr
d.rncrease or'deemaso
age produ
inter-sectoral wage dispersion. If produc
tivity increases were concentrated in lowwage sectors, for example, dispersion could
'.'.'
tunities for developing countries to,
increase their rates of growth of output'
'and employment creation." Following the
'examples'set in East and Southeast Asia,':
'"developing countries need to shift to out-,,
ward-looking strate
and emphasise
the' strengthening of.
,.their international
competitiveness,", it
.;'sajd.'. But 'as the
'report 'pointed out'
there is no single
"ideal" prescription
in the manufacturing industry decline
due to a general depression. of wages
environment holds a
monopoly fort economic success." Japan,
Germany and the United States show differences in the degree of regulation, in the
and/or a concentration of employment in
low-wage, low-productivity sectors.
tic product,' and in labour, market insti-
stantially lower real wages. Average wages
east Asia that are' solidly on the path of
full employment' For most countries in
other regions of the developing world the'.
serious problems of unemployment, underemployment and low-productivity work are
not being reversed," the report said.
The failure to recover fully from the
international debt crisis of the early 1980
was singled out as the underlying cause
pore by 73 per cent,
of deterioràting'employnient donditions in
in Taiwan and China
many parts of the developing\world.".'
by 109 per cent, and
in Korea by 108 per'
,The report highlighted wide divergences
cent. But this rise in productivity has not'. in economic performance between regions
been at the expense of employment. In all
of the develOping world, as well as betveen
four, employment in' the manufacturing.. countries within the same regions..'
sector has risen sign cantly, despite their:'
'In South Asia, employment barely
dramatic gains ,in employment' before;
..,:. ,:' '
'
.i975.
Labour artivity is a decisive factor in
determining wages. Depending upon how:.
productivity increases are, distributed
"
'I'he rapid growth of trade and invest-,
ment flows is creating expanding oppor-'
has unfortunately coincided with sub-
In Mexico, real wages dropped by 44 per
cent while employment inched up by only
Acarding to the hA) sanipl, labour pro- .'
1.5 per cent.
ductivity in about half of the 30 countries"
"It could be said that it is only the rapidhas fallen. On the contrax Singapore, Tai-. ly growing economies of East and South-
'among the. eight
,world economy.
for economic reform.'
jnhq.
wan, China, and South Korea are four
In their quest for higher growth and
employment, developing countries in bil
regions of the world have adopted pro,grammes of economic reform. Strategies
differ. but'all share the same basic objec-.
tive - to adapt to the globalisation of the
For many developing countries, an
matched the combination of strong employ-, increase in manufacturing employment
ment growth with rising labour productivity and real wages that was characteristic of the dynamic Asian economies,
all three owe their relative success to the
same formula - export-led industrialisa-
macroeconomic stability as well as functioning legal and financial institutions.:''
increased between 1975 and 1992, the
'report said, althdugE India and Pakistan
experienced fairly rapid growth of outpñt
and also steady increases in productivity
and real wages.'
''
A strong conw'itment to education corn-'
'bined with a high rate of investment and'
'the efficient use âf available capital lie
behind the, rapid 'economic growth
achieved in East and Southeast Asia;
decrease. Labour productivity is more according to the ILO report. But minimum
negatively and strongly correlated with 'preconditions must also prevail including"
wage dispersion than real wages are.
a irimimum degree of political, social and
"No single policy
share of public expenditure in gross domes-.
tutions.
.,
'
'.
' :
'
'
'
'. The essential point of difference' in the
choice of & strategy for reform concerns'
the role of the state. rhere are two corn-
heu
.
els qn, rtt, o,f,..th
1mm-
te'..dehy,ering.,.a.javeLulaymg..
field in terms o'f' èc'onbthjc InstitutiOns
and the policy environment, while 'the
other is that of a development state, which
selectively promotes industries and keeps
a firm control over the pace, timing and
sequencing of economic reforms," the
report said...
Among East Asian success stories Hong
K,gng has exemplified the first model and
uth Korea the second.
This latter option is viable only where
the state "eschews predatory behaviour
and an honest, well trained and efficient
civil service is in place. But when thOse
preconditions exist, or can be developed
within a reasonable time-frame, it would
be unwarranted to rule out the choice of
the development state model on ideological grounds.
'
There are important rationales for an
active role of the state," the, report said.
Marlet reforms often need. to be supple..
mented by public. investment and other
measures to build .the necessary infra-
structure, to promote training and to
improve access to 'credit Measures such
as tax redits, 'investment incentives
and export promotion may also be required.
- The ILO report warned that introducing reforms on all fronts at once has often
pIe - necessary for the expansiOn. of export
industries and selective protection for
approach is likely to lead to socially unac-
potentially competitive enterprises, providecl 'such protection (is) clearly time-
ceptable increases in unemployment,
underemployment and poverty" and
agreed performance criteria."
proved counterproductive. 'A big bang
bound and conditional upon meeting
threaten to compromise the entire pack-
age of reforms, it said. Arguing for a
phased and more gradual approach, the
report underlined the need for time in car-
rying out difficult reforms such as the
strengthening of administrative capacity,
the streaming of the tax system and privatisation.
A particularly contentious aspect of eco-
nomic reform is the issue of labour market deregulation, the report said. What
may be termed the orthodox view is that
state intervention - social security provisions, minimum wage laws, unemployment benefits - and the activities of trade
unions constitute distortions which raise.
the cost of labour thus reducing competitiveness and, ultimately, labour demand.
The facts, however, suggest otherwise,
according to the ILO. Minimum wage
laws, for example, are far from the norm
in developing countries and where they
do exist they have shown enormous flexibility. Empirical evidence seems to suggest that countries rarely set minimum
wages at levels that cut seriously into
1
Employ ment share by sector
'.
Primary activities
laS
49.96
21.34
26.98
Bolivia
Chilr
Costs Rica
Jamaica
Panama
Trinidad & Tobago
Venezuela
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
-'
29.71
28,87
12.06
13.93
,
133882
10.25
23.01
24.00
19.62
15.59
39.80
55.55
48.88
'50.30
52.84
60.06
60.50
50.40
. 44.98
19.72
29.76
29.77
25.44
20.21
1,08
33,76
37.47
05.70
0.52
55,97.
6491
67.96
1..46.97
.......
"'
27.63
'
'
46.04
61.44
63,70
,,'.
12.38 ''a''
;,,
...:
'
29.91
sri''" '"
l3Ufl
27.81
25.51
South Korea
Hong Kong
Singapore,
Indonesia
Malaysia
,Thaiiand
Myanmar
Pt,ilippines
Sevlces
Industrial activities
23.58
12.33'
14.58 '
'30.74
46,33
22.69
22.74
:I.
,'
9.71
'
.
',
.
,'.. 38.41
'-'-"'-' - 25.86 ":--' -, 46.52
J,
_r SWd,fl'Sfl
employment..
The same is larg .. true of non-wage
labour costs. "Countries throughout the
developing world tend to provide very
much standardised levels of employment
security and maternity protecLnn provi-
Correlation ot wage dispersion with wage levels and prodactivity
1aiwanJChina
sions while unemployment benefit
schemes exist only in a small number of
countries," the report said. Ther. is thus
little evidence to support the c.aiin that
labour legislation has imposed excessive
SoullJKorea
Syria
SWIg POre
HonvKoflgW
'There may weU be aspects of labour
market regulations that are in need of
reform in particular countries but there
IPeru
-
PâicjstajtI
Piti1IpInes W
rigidity on labour markets, the report
argued, or has had much influence on the
relative international competitiveness of
developing countries.
1
Real WI
.
Ainca
India
MaIaydia
ruguay..........
.s
:'
.
njcb::9i
ITu:e
Moo.
'--20 '_1o'-:o. 1O''.20"30
'
Tanza
s._io
-
is no basis for a blanket presumption
that these regulations are invariably
sources of rigidity and that deregulation
is automatically the optimal solution,"
the report said.
The experience with the first generation
'
Taiwan.
Singaorn
of structural adjustment programmes
showed that without a realistic assessment
of the' capacity to implement compensatory programmes, the aim of containing the social costs of adjustment, however well-intentioned, becomes no more
than an irresponsible exercise in wishful
thinking, the report said.
Trade liberalisation also requires a gradual and selective approach in order to mit-
'
South Korea
SYria
'
.
Kong
..
P
SrILanka
Mxico
U'uguay
Maiayia
Turi(ev
__
I
H.
.10.
t.Pni
ThaiIid
Tii. 1Lr;zamL
0.10
20
5._to
Wave soereon chan e
I
igate transitional' employment problems
and protect infant industries. The reports
recommended a rapid liberalisation of
imports - capital and machinery, for exam-
11.0 ROP Library
Source: P.B12, .The Nation, ]ceither 2, 1996
-l__
Thailand
Bangkok Post, Business, November 27, 1996
One billion peqple.Ôut of j:Ob..!:
orunder-ernployed, says ILO,
Slow growth
is key culprit
:
,.
and statistical analysts, the report argued there was no substantial evidence that techno-
volvod and breeds crime and other social pathologies from which
liberalisation were responsible
for job losses, especially In ad-
"There is thus a strong eco-
late growth and productivity.
and the experience of dynamic
Asian economies showed that
"sound domestic policies, ex-
"severity for those directly in-.
Robert Evans
Geneta, Reuters
everyone in society suffers," the,
ILO said.
Internbtional Labour Or-
ganisation (ILO) described
The
the world employment situation
'as grim yesterday and said one
billion people, or nearly a third
noniic as well as moral case for
. reinstating full employment.., as
a principle objective of economic
of the global workforce, were out and social policy."
Among the 28 member states of
.,
of a job or under-employed.
.
the Paris-based OECD, the
In its second Wprld Emp1oy
ment Report, the United Nations
agency called on governments to
Compiled by ILO economists
growth." the report asserted.
'The current high unemployrnent in industrialised countrie5
has human costs of the. utmost
.
called "rich man's club' of devel-
logical progress and world trade
vanced economies.
Both were necessary to stimnu-
panding global trade and invest.
ment flowa provide rich opportunities for higher rates of econorn-
ic growth and job creation," the
ILO said.
In a comment on the report,
lion
were
out
of
a
job.
The
aver.
drive for full employment and de
diredtoz--general Michel
ILO
Europeai
nounced as "heartless and perni- age for the 15-nation
Hansemine
said it was "not just
Union
was
11.3%,
it
said
large-.
that
cious" assertions
heartless
but
pernicious to asAlthough job creation and unscale joblessness was inevitabl.e
sume that nothing can be done to
employment
had
dipped
in
both
,'
in a globalising .economy.
The priority requirement to at- the United States and Britain, remedy unemployment ..."
It was also unacceptable to astack the problem in iridustria- income disparities had tended to sume
"that so-called jobless
used, developing and the former widen, Joblessness was on the
growth
is the best that can be
communist fransition economies rise in Russia and other former
hoped
for
in an increasingly comSoviet
states
as
well
as
in
Latin
of
high
and
was "the restoration
petitive economy, or that current
sustained rates of economic . Americ.
oped countries, at least 34 mu.
.,
rates of unemployment somehow
constitute a natural and inevitable utcome of market forces."
Hañsertne added.
'Current levels of unemployrnent make no economic sense
and are neither politically nor
socially sustainable."
The report argued that' the
way out of the jobless spiral was
to reverse the trend towards declining growth rates in major
economies over the past two decades. Growth has fallen from a
global average of over 5% in the
1960s to under 3%.
-
It rejected arguments that
ef-
forts to boost growth would inev,itably spark inflation and
founder...
Lack of demand cóüld well be
responsible foi slow growth in
the world economy since the
1970s, and wage inflation could
be held in check if industrial
practices and labour-market reg.ulation5 were designed to do sup.
- port that aim, the report said.
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United Kingdom
TIMES
THE
TUESDAY NOVEMBER 26 1996
UK flexible jobs policy
not working, says UN
BY PHILIP BASSEtT, INDUSTRIAL EDITOR
THE Government's policy of
greater labour market flexibility will today be criticised by a
United Nations report that
has estimated world unemployment at 1 billion.
The UN's International
Labour Office (ILO). which
wants to see economic strategies aimed at producing full
employment, describes the
world jobs market as grim. It
also gives warning that the
growing numbers in work but
poor risks aggravating problems caused by high levels or
joblessness.
UK ministers are Iikely to
reject the findings of the ILO's
latest World Employment Report, which says that about 30
per cent of the world's
workforce, about I billion
people, are unemployed or
standards. Such a link would
centre on the 1W.
through investment in skills
emphasised the importance of
deregulating the labour mar-
ment. Such views are closely
in line with those put forward
in the UK by Labour.
The UK Government has
ket in order to improve eco-
The study comes a a sensi-
nomic competitiveness. However, in the second of a regular
series of employment studies,
the ILO today says that there
ministerial meeting in Singa-
job regulations are necessarily
underemployed.
tive time: the World Trade
Organisation holds its first
pore next month, when the UK
will argue strongly against
US-backed
efforts
to
link
world trade deals to interna-
tuonal minimum employment
is no basis for believing that
a source of rigidity in the
labour market.
Indeed, the ILO goes fur-
ther, endorsing the idea of
raising labour productivity
development, infrastructure.
and research and develop-
The UK Government also
largely rejects full employment as an economic target.
The ILO, however, says that
"nothing short of a renewed
international commitment to
full employment is required to
reverse the poverty, unem-
ployment and underemployment" around the world.
Rejecting theories about the
end of work, the 1W acknowl-
edges the impact of corporate
downsizing, but says that
"compensatory" job creation
has not been sufficiently
emphasised. Far from being
outmoded, full employment is
feasible and desirable, says
the UN study: "The current
high unemployment in industrialised countries has human
costs of the utmost severity.,.
breeds crime and other social
pathologies from which everyone in society suffers."
o World Employment
'97. 1W, London, £18.90
1996-
United Kingdom
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United Kingdom
INTraNa1IoNa.
TheGuardian
Tuesday November 26 1996
World's jobless
total I billion
S.umas MHne
and Sarah Ryle
Michel Hansenne, ILO
director general, says: "It is
not just heartless but pernicious to assume that nothing
ORLDWIDE unern- can be done to remedy unemployment has reached ployment, that so-called jobone billion, represent- less growth is the best that
ing. crisis levels not experi- can be hoped for in an
enced since the depths of the increasingly competitive
1930s depression, the Interna- economy or that current rates
tional Labour Organisation of unemployment somehow
reports today.
constitute a natural and inevThe latest figure is up more itable outcome of market
than a fifth from the 1994 esti- forces."
mate of 820 million, and The report's author. Eddy
means that almost one in Lee, said it is possible to prothree of the global labour mote growth while at the
force is now out of work or same tune keeping a check on
underemployed.
inflationary pressure by coThe ILO report blames the ordinating wage rises and
industrialised countries for providing independent, consacrificing the goal of full em- sensual economic forecasts
ployment to anti-inflation pol- credible to financial markets.
icy and feeding the swelling
Mr Lee also urged an overtide of joblessness, which is de- haul of benefit programmes
scribed as "neither politically and pointed to the system in
nor socially sustainable".
the Czech Republic which has
In an explosive survey benefited from starting with a
likely to alienate the ILO fur- clean sheet. The country now
ther from critical Western has an unemployment rate of
governments - including 3 per cent, lower than that of
that of Britain - the Genevabased United Nations body
also argues that the growing
numbers of "working poor"
the United States, which is
also praised for creating jobs
in an expanding but low-
inflation economy.
wifi aggravate economic probThe report shows at least 34
lems and social unrest.
million people in the world's
The ILO calls for an interns- richest nations which belong
tional commitment to revers- to the Organisation for Ecoing the escalating trend of nomic Co-operation and Demass unemployment and velopent are jobless. Unemrejects the assumption that ploymei rose to an average
jobless growth - when an 1lpef cent in European
economy expands, but jobs are Unior countries last year not created - is inevitable.
compared with 2 per cent in
It blames lower growth the 19605.
rates in industrialised Although unemployment
countries since the oil crisis decled' slightly in the cenof 1973, slow adjustment of tral and eastern European
wage levels to declining economies, it still remains in
worker productivity and double figures, and rose in
widespread casualisation of the former Soviet Union.
labour for the crisis.
It also rose in most Latin
The ILO argues that unem- American countries and mass
ployment is the most inipor- poverty is endemic in sub-Satant challenge facing indus- haran Africa. Underemploy-
trialised and developing ment exists on a massive
countries equally.
scale in the developing world.
United Kingdom
rflJJJ
IND EP END ENT
WF.*ThF.R CHd
y
4$P 40p
TUESDAY NOVEMBER 261996
Billion unemployed add
to global feel-bad factor
Rarrie Clement
Labour Editor
The much-talked about British
"feel-bad factor" is a global phe-
nomenon, with workers
throughout the world experiencing deteriorating employment conditions, according to
a report released today by the
International Labour Office.
an arm of the United Nations.
Nearly one billion people, ap-
proximately 30 per cent of the
global workforce, are out of
work or under-employed, the
study says.
The reduction in job oppor-
The long-term unemployed from dramatic episodes of corhave been "evicted" from the porate downsizing, ignoring
world of work and there is in- compensatory job creation elsecreasing "casualisation" of mil- where in the economy".
Mr Hansenne said: "Abanlions of jobs.
The report condemns those doning the goal of full employwho believe in the inevitability ment means lowering social
of "jobless growth" where the expectations at a time when the
economy grows but employ- world economy is becoming
more integrated through trade
ment stagnates.
It also takes issue with the and investment flows. These
idea that present rates of un- forces have the potential for
employment constitute a "nat- spurring higher rates of ecoural and inevitable outcome of nomic growth and job creation
and thus higher levels of wellmarket forces".
Michel Hansenne, ILO di- being and social justice."
Politicians are told that the
rector-general, contends that
despite increasing worldwide aim of full employment, suitably
competition, the present jobless updated, should remain as a
tunites is attributed to lower
growth rates in industrialised figures are neither politically nor
countries since 1973 and the fail-
ure of most developing nations
to recover fully from the economic crisis of the early 1980s.
socially sustainable.
The study attributes predictions about the "end of work"
to "unwarranted extrapolations
Europe than Conservative
Britain, the paper calls for in-
stitutional mechanisms for
moderatingwage inflation. Pay-
bargaining periods should he
synchronised, economic predictions made of the basis of a
"consensus" and there should
be "social pacts" between employers, workers and goernments. Ministers should al'o
encourage profit-sharing and
tax-based incomes policies.
The ILO argues against
labour market deregulation
as a means of reducing unemployment. While recognising
some regulations need reforming, there should be no "blan-
principal objective of economic and social policy.
In a passage which will find
more favour among the dingiste
ket presumption" that such
rules are invariably sources
governments of Continental
solution.
of rigidity and that deregulation
is automatically the optimal
United Kingdom
MORNING STAR
26 November 1996
Lack of
jobs hits
I billion
ILO calls for fuJi
employment poHcie
NEARLY a billion people thut
are out of work or underemployed, the International Labour Office said last night.
Aroportfortheof5enthe
creplonent agency of the tJnl.
tad Nations - called on nano.
by CHRIS KASR!LS
ovemmeeta tn commit
themselves to full employ.
income disparities have widened.
nil
monL
the report watned,
Global employment was do.
scnbed is gzmt.' with ths giow.
log number of '4warking poor"
TUC general sceresasy John
Monks uaid 'This graphic report
adding so social a
conomic pro-
(urns.
shows thai unemployment mu not
a British or European problent.
Nothing ahoti of mtawed intu.
nuziotal coimnlsmens to full em.
$oenent would reverse poveny.
"We need in international effors
to bring work to the world."
unemployment and undor-employmerit, ksaId
peopic represents approximately
3D per cent of the global work-
ItO diretor.gencral Michel
Macaennu said that "cunont levels
of unemployment make no ecanomb sense and ale neither politicul.
Ly not socially sustainable.
"Is is riot just huattless, bin per
nieious to assume thai nothing can
bc dons so remedy unemptoy.
menC
He warned agairn spurning the
ideal of (nil employment.
'Abandoning the goal of lull
employment meeris lowering w
ciii upeciasions at a litTle when
the ererid ouanomy is becoming
more integrated through ad and
invcjmegn flows.'
Although nf6cial British unamploysnent retci have been falling.
'The number of unemployed
force.
Lower growth retes in the indu.
suzalised world and the. failure of
dovuloping economies so renover
(rum the economic crisis of the
t9HDs are
to blame, the report
LIK1.
Muthor underlying cause is the
increasing cicualisatlon of mU.
linus of workci.
The report dismiccerl Ike argu-
ment that forecasts a iocaflcd
"johlow growth.
l'here is little empirical bash
(icr the notion that su.called globs.
liatkut, technological change or
corporate "downsizing" have ushered in on era of jobless growth.
a
United Kingdom
THE HERALD
IG asgow)
27 N3V
l96
Poor work as jobs
insecurity grows
and the trade unions
yesterday latched on to a
LABOUR
United Nations' report that
unemployment worldwide has escalated to a frightening one billion as
an indictment of the employment
policies of Britain and other industrialised nations.
The report published by the tJN's
Geneva-based International Labour
Roy Rogers
considers Britain's
rating in an analysis
of world
unemployment
Organisation (ILO) shows jobless fig-
ures more than2iW0 up on the 1994
level of 820 million, indicating that
almost one in three of the global
labour force is now either out of work
or under-employed.
dole and ease the plight of the longterm unemployed.
The only growth area in Britain
under the Tories was the continued
opportunities is attributed to lower
rise in job insecurity and low pay, he
said, adding that Britain was already
"the sweatshop of Europe" and, if the
Tories won the next election, would
become the sweatshop of the world.
nomic crisis of the early eighties.
In World Employment 1996-97 the
national minimum wage and minimum standards in the workplace.
This dramatic reduction in job
rate downsizing were ushering in
such an era or bringing about the end
of work as most people have known it.
ILO director-general Michel
the full-employment ideal that
Hansenne warned against spurning
guided national and international
social policy in the post-Second
World War decades. "Abandoning
that goal means lowering social
expectations at a . time when the
world economy is becoming more
integrated through trade and
investment flows."
Those forces had the potential for
spurring higher rates of economic
growth and job creation and thus
higher levels of well being and social
justice, he added.
The ILO argues that the world's job
growth rates in industrialised
nations since the 1973 oil crisis and
the failure of most developing The report served to confirm the woes are not being driven by rapid
nations to recover fully from the eco- need for the introduction of a technological progress and trade libILO argues strongly against labour
market deregulation as a means of
reducing unemployment and blames
industrialised countries for sacrificing the goal of full employment to
anti-inflation policy, thereby feeding
the swelling tide of joblessness,
which is described as "neither politically nor socially sustainable".
The long-term unemployed have
been "evicted" from the world of
work as millions of jobs are "casualised", according to the report,
which also condemns those who
believe in the inevitability of "jobless
growth" - where the economy
grows but employment stagnates.
While Government officials were
still poring over the report, Labour
Employment spokesman Ian McCart-
ney was quick to react, describing
the report as being deeply critical of
Government policy and an "interna-
tional seal of approval of Labour's
p)rnis to attack unemployment".
Labour, he said, had been press-
ing through the EU for an international push for increased employment opportunities and was poised
to introduce a windfall tax on the
privatised utilities to fund moves
to take 250,000 youngsters off the
TIJC general secretary John
Monks described the ILO report as
"yet another nail in the coffin of the
UK's hire-and-fire employment policy", and further damning evidence
of the decline of investment in skills
and training.
The Government was making
great claims about falling unemploy-
ment but those jobs being created
tended to be of poor quality and insecure, with nine out of 10 being either
part-time or femporary, while there
were still close to 1,000,000 long-term
unemployed in Britain.
The ILO report concludes that
while there is no single prescription
for developing industrialised and
transition economies, the priority
requirement for reversing the prolonged deterioration in employment
eralisation, both of which were nec-
essary to stimulating economic
growth and productivity.
powerful the forces
of globalisation, it was not an
HOWEVER
overwhelming supranational
force. National macroeconomic,
structural and labour market polldes were still the dominant influence in each country.
Barbados has the dubious the honour of topping a table of jobless rates
of selected countries, registering
16.2% for the second quarter of this
year, down from 20.5% a year ago and
21.4% for the same period of 1994.
Finland comes second at
15.1%
(16.4% and 17.7%).
South Korea claims the best
record of 1.8% down from 1.9% and
2.1%, while the new Czech Republic
conditions was the restoration of
has been able to notch up an enviable 3%, helped by the fact that it
growth. To this end the concept of
full employment, suitably updated,
should remain as a principal objec-
nity apparently not seized by its for-
high and sustained rates of economic
tive of economic and social policy.
In a direct challenge to forecasts of
an era of "jobless growth", the ILO
emphasises that there is little empirical basis for the notion that globalisation, technological change or corpo-
has succeeded in overhauling its
benefits programme - an opportumer partner, Slovakia, which still
suffers from a 12.1% unemployment
rate, although that in itself is an
improvement on the previous levels
of 13.3% and 14.4%.
World Employment 1996-97, ILO,
London, £18.90.
UNITED KINGDOM
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United Kingdom
Big Print
27.11.96
Nearly a third of the global
workforce is unemployed
MORE than one billion people,
nearly a third of the global
workforce, are out of work or
under-employed, according to
a new report out this week.
The International Labour
Organ isation (ILO) said the
suffers," the ILO said in a
statement.
The average unemployment
for the 15-nation European
Union was 11.3 per cent, it
said.
It said job creation and
unemployment had dipped in
both the United States and
Britain.
ILO director-general Michel
Hansenne said it was "not just
situation was "grim".
In its second World
Employment Report, the
United Nations agency called
on governments to drive for
full employment.
heartless but pernicious to
"The current high
assume that nothing can
unemployment in
be done to remedy
industrialised countries has
unemployment.
human costs of the utmost
"Current levels of
severity for those directly
unemployment make no
involved and breeds crime and economic sense and are
other social pathologies from
neither politically nor socially
which everyone in society
sustainable," he said.
The Herald (Glasgow)
United Kingdom
November 27, 1996
HEADLINE: Poor work as jobs insecurity grows
BYLINE: Roy Rogers
BODY:
billion as an indictment of the employment policies of Britain and other
industrialised nations.
The report published by the UN's Geneva-based International Labour
Organisation (ILO) shows jobless figures more than 20% up on the 1994 level of
820 million, indicating that almost one in
failure of most developing nations to recover fully from the economic
crisis of the early eighties.
In World Employment 1996-97 the ILO argues strongly against labour market
deregulation as a means of reducing unemployment and blames industrialised
countries for sacrificing the
introduction of a national minimum wage and minimum standards in the
workplace.
TUC general secretary John Monks described the ILO report as "yet another
nail in the coffin of the UK's hire-and-fire employment policy", and further
damning evidence of the decline of...
10 being either part-time or temporary, while there were still close to
1,000,000 long-term unemployed in Britain.
The ILO report concludes that while there is no single prescription for
developing industrialised and transition economies, the priority requirement for
reversing the
a principal objective of economic and social policy.
In a direct challenge to forecasts of an era of "jobless growth", the ILO
emphasises that there is little empirical basis for the notion that
globalisation, technological change or corporate downsizing were ushering in
such an era or bringing about the end of work as most people have known it.
ILO director-general Michel Hansenne warned against spuming the full
-employment ideal that guided national and international social policy
for spurring higher rates of economic growth and job creation and thus
higher levels of well being and social justice, he added.
The ILO argues that the world's job woes are not being driven by rapid
technological progress and trade liberalisation, both of which were necessary to
although that in itself is an improvement on the previous levels of 13.3%
and 14.4%.
n World Employment 1996-97, ILO, London, @18.90.
United Kingdo
1 December 1996 The Observer
Work for all is still just the job
I it; ,iinrilit of .1,5 fir
T
is irs 'up who WOOlS
(liii, urns ortit lila' 5
taut 'so iii iii" tare of ci
liii50 'i lit
i,ill
5
I
I
.',i,pl.ivt,uu'tul iii IS
ituiiiiuiilll' (till
r.11ii ii
iiciitio.
uio'l(i'. ii 110 Ill
Ii i(cii..c
,ii,i
''11%
'I
Mat F uric
'iI101tl('IiiVioi ,uiit
ii i,lc;itui,,uii' V
iii ri I', ii'',
distorted by changes In aver
Experts say careful growth can revive the golden age
of full employment MARK ATKINSON asks if it's true
'Fits n.h-mt 'ill lii' rI-ill cii ((ii inovhtdililt' nhii,'i,nti of fart that -. wIth snitnd 1(1mw.
tic pitlicles - expandIng
ilhii-thtdili-Sllii iii I' I' liii' iii i,isirkei fiurreo
tush
1ioa
it tIle iI iii iii' t:ur
('tic-in
lilt
iuirl'ilii'i'
i
ii S rei'Iit ru--nI
to gil to c"mptIll5eiIl
lui,ic lli,IIut'gc'r
al
It (0 11111 jicit liiwcillc II is though net a' Impressive as
f,',ilih' aiiit itiitiits ilisiralilo (Idol of (lie L'S lSut is p sii',ulil
lii' (,iti'ril:Ilinh,ll l.abcu,ir liii lie lii,, eh1 roeLraculathlry
The organisaulon s annual
report altempis to dnmohlch
iwo two aosttmptisite Its cx
ports say critics "I bill eieiiloyment ore greatly exaggerating
the risk that growing em-
Flu.
hull i'iillilOVIliiuilI iii .i iiil'li'5
Iii' III I (I' r..'iit lIt's WilliS1
,,iliol'St il .1 shifting biiil vi
'(sIn Term
il
li(.aI
It u I' a liuivu'it A golilen
I n,pi'vtiti'tut t'cd
('its mu itI''t lti'ti'it fri.iuu (hr
1.1 ntis, III (lii' ;il'ernsatli id
iii,' Snit tVorlct War. Until
fl. ott ,'ri'iC iii (hi'' S.'vi'liitu'.
'I ii (''51 ri'clti'UII'iit irs pall
ti,ltill' i'i
s',iitnitiirs 050
p.11,11 to nish ti, et,ch'irris°
Eighties memories
contrasted the
Thatcher jobless
with yuppies
guzzling Bollinger
lullS II,i?I (Ii.'
111011? miiliiiit
(Ii 171'
''is
Stahl' 1(11110 cmlii tu'stiIs
ri''ssttt iii (lii- t,ttt was iii
uiitttii' iilli'IlipllisIliCTit. II.
,'i'iutiitit to oritioltuix tliimti.iiic
(liii Ill isleti lose!''
At (lie tact child. (tire were
11:1 million (Inifule out "Iii orb
i(111 rIitttting (5Iii'tit lid (lii'
I 'ititi'd Iitittittmtii
tvitliin ((iii next few months
tuiiS'lilI% h'f,'rc Chnotrnac
(lint h('iiri' will ;itiniis(iir
iimnitlanroS cite beginning to
ii,'ar 11w hallmarks of another
unsustainable hanoi
lint (lie Gemu'va'hiaseil 1(0, a
The organisation is equally
The organisatlnn acknowledges hue social itistecation sceptical about the frequently
canovil by a planet becoming used argument that (echnomore integrated throusit logical change destroys work,
trade and Investment But It erodes pay and reduces (he
strews (tint giobalicatlon quality of ss tiatever is
hirings p (Ii it (hg fresh oipir. produced
Supporters of this end of
expend
over (he same perIod - hrre
opertive of those r,ilihttr(eo
technical progeess
cesses is proposed cix use only
The organisatlon belIeves
(hat (IsIs means there are no
convincing reasons for hsn
changt.
employment,
other, the direct labour-savIng
Impact on production pro-
consequence of technical doning all thought of full
chase more than
half the top prize
- they just try to
keep inflation low
ninth more to cut the global
il"le queue of I billion people
3011Cr cemit of tliew,irkfnrre
l)lrecltr-general Michael
I hilly lilt lipton 2 ii,jliiiun
That inipotlant mileolone Hanable says it to heartless
'silt t'o'st (tie Gos'ernnsents and pernicIous to assume that
popularity in the runup to the nothing can he done to
gu'iiu'ral etectitilt. whIch must remedy unemployment,
I'.' he'll I.'f''rt' iolil Mar Tie' wlurl, Is iii,, i,f(.'it ttisnttsoi'tl
eminent to Improve labour
market Cexlbtttty are Important steps towards aclihcving
It
But it says these alone will
not do enough to otgnliicantly
shorten the world dole queue.
The main underlying cause
of increased unemployment Is
the slowdown in economic
growth since (ho oil crIsis, the
erperts bellose.
coupled with measures to pie
vent a resurgence of wage inflation anti (ii overcome skills
sluortages.
The organiscotion hell"veo
pay Ilitterentiats t,etween the US Steel between 19811 and change and the jobs that can
poor and tIme wealthier parts 1990. 170.000 at General Elec- be created by (use growth of that means a return to co
ordInated
pay bargaInIng, the
tric beiwoen 1981 and 1993 and new prodocts and Industries,'
it tIe' gland
'In the developing world,
180,110001 IelecomatiUnicatixfls
group AT & T In the years be-
iii Pit' 'ii) funiifluiitl' ,isucit jib. ,',slatu eou'uurituui"s pistols in the tween 1981 and 1990
1,1° and (hereto to contribute
;o'ai'e' ,',rgluev torril,lv ((cat
(tin oshele world could ito
champIoned by the UK Gov'
They rail for gosernnsents
to allow their economies to
the otisw sectors of produc- grosx- faster - -perhaps by cut
tIon have to be takon into tlng Intnrest rates further -
ised notions anil (bias svtiere
Pulled Nations Issits' foitniled (lie experience of (he dynamic
(ii universal and lasting
sharply over the past three
the whole economy. Os the
work' theory cite evidence of
Tract' between industrial- decunatic job losses In several
large American corporations curcount s.c well.
'SimIlarly, the analyses
wages .'ure low is just one since (he early Eighties UI iV tie the pniolent riuurse. lntu,iir explanation of (h iii. 250.01)0 at Central Motors he. make no allowance for the
Indirect
efl"cts 01 hi'clutical
(wren
1979
and
1993.
100,1100
at
creasing
uni'inploymr'iit
and
ui-roust' rurteilt ellunlInlir pin
ci,itl,u'rite's -. egg'd on hr list
III ailv'ui'otnii' It tic tin iinriiinial n,arkel° - aloe-ide to
'let niiluitr it".il if eu ,iiliicitic 'duiss ilown grills iii hi (invent
(iiIIi-V tilsiitlil (liii rltasi' .1 ni-oi,rg'miri' of initaiiu'n ThaI
ului'tit
In Canada, Japan ant the
US, working bouts have noon
ib" study acknowledges
'Yet the labour-saving I-tsrThe challenging implication for pollryenskero is that ganisations in large man,ifac- that the sorts of measures
policies can make a difference.
(unities for all iaitntrl"o (is
workers.
proposed cc repreoentati'e 51
(iritldir (argo corporations Is
i,,'ioricat clisuage autlimmati
rally meatic jobless giowtlt' governments cue not helpless turing firms do not tell the
entIre story: small firms and
trys gross domestic proiiuct log supranational force. Globallocation
can
be
harnessed
etpandlno wiihottt new em'
pkiyment being created for and tureced to a countrys ad' Few politicians now
substantial numbers of vantage - national economic
people
in the numbers ot purl flee"
T(l 11.0 says its escrrtlons decades, despile high ltw'la 01
are booed on an 'ituralill technologIcal innovatIon 'ret
'On they declined only slightly In
double generalioatlon
the one' hand, the case of pu- the ('K. Prance and Grsnsne
iii fall much lurltter it (lie - th phenomenon of a Cairn- in (he lace of oat overwhelm
i,mi.'n,plciyed. vlsi
1,11111 Iii' IiliIiliOitIi'll svjiliuliit
li:iniiotiij' l's iiluiltllilO inl'Tit
ili.liI,lllli
lustIer ill:ihi ii, tic,' iciulit,'mi
\nd it ought mutt lit' all.'dsud
report says.
'In ciuntrast, economic stag.
niutton in much of subSaha.
ran Africa has occun'ed amid
uismic gloliahiscition wilt make
(bingo even overse
And they accow those oppo- growing marglnalisatlon from
nrots of making for too much the global economy,'
licii'mlllosrnlent in (lu UK
i'u'k
fi.lil.ulr iii (lie svillare will still he arn,,nct 7 per cclii
nnehi of the notion (lint rapid techII.'. I id lli'sii uilg, ileluilcit 'i (hi'' ni,, kI-ir,''
I i,lcn,ilCation s uld last
glebal (rade and Investment
provide rich opportunities for
higher rnis of economic
growth and joli rre,tiui,c.' il,'
ago workIng ttmn or tnci'xscos
S Enpls,m,tr'a,.th
107445
Ifl0.73 1t7443
SGDPF,.uth
(840.73
4.3
Japan
94
2.5
3.2
2.0
(.3
Canada
5.4
5.4
4.4
2.
3.3
2.1
2.6
0.7
2.2
I.e
0.3
0.3
5.3
2.4
-0.4
F,'am,c.
Germanj'
UnIted Kingdom
Italy
creation of socIal pacts be-
bu( from a proper dynamIc log or 'some form of tact-bared
perspective, all the Indirect Incomes policy If there are no
Putting the economy to work
Un(tdSsateo
The ILO adds: 'It is simple to
point out the adverse Impact tween unIons and employers.
of Isbaur-saving innovation- and encoucaglng proflt.shar-
I!
08
tO
0.2
(.2
.
Oil
0.3
t.,.,r stfr
effects of Innovation base to better alternatives'.
be taken into account as well,' That may sound hopelessly
So the report concludes sisal retro, bringing back Images of
the idea of new technology past Prime Ministers such as
just destroyIng )ohc is Labourmn Harold WIlson and
Jim Catlaghan sharing beer
unfounded.
It points out that total work- and sandwIches at Number 10
ing hours are it better guide to ss-lth (rode unIon leaders
But flared trousers bave
what really happens than the
number of workers employed, matte a comeback - so why
because (ho payroll totals are not litll employment'
United Kingdom
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Africa this Week International
09.12.96
Global unemployment
crisis
NEARLY ONE BILLION people
around the world, about 30 per cent
of the entire global work force, are
unemployed or underemployed in industrialised and developing countries
alike, says a new report by the International Labour Office.
In World Employment 1996/97,
the ILO calls the global situation
"grim". It warns that the growing
numbers of "working poor" risk
aggravating the social and economic
ills caused by high jobless rates.
In sub-Saflaran Africa and many
parts of Asia, data on direct unemployment hardly exists, but problems
of massive underemployment and
poverty persist in these low-income
regions. The ILO believes that nothing short of a renewed international
commitment to full employment is
required to reverse the poverty, unemployment and underemployment
now prevalent in so many parts of
Cambridge Evening News
26.11.96
'1 bn out of work'
WORLDWIDE: More than one
billion people, nearly a third of
the global workforce, are out of
work or under-employed,
according to .renort published
today.
The International Labour
Organisation (ILO) said the
situation was "grim". The
average unemployment for the
15-nation European Union was
11.3 per cent, it said.
People Management
05.12,96
the globe.
"It is not just heartless but pernicious to assume that nothing can be
done to remedy unemployment; that
so-called 'jobless growth' [when a
country's gross domestic product
grows, with no substantial job
growth] is the best that can be hoped
for in an increasingly competitive
economy, or that current rates of
unemployment somehow constitute
a natural and inevitable outcome of
market forces," says ILO Director-General Michel 1-lansenne. "Cur-
rent levels of unemployment make
no economic sense and are neither
politically nor socially suitable".
INTERNATIONA
'Jobless growth' myth
Theorising about the send of works and the
concept of "jobless growtif as the millennium
approaches has been dismissed by the
International Labour Office's 1996 report on
world employment.
The report says that there is scant
evidence to support the notion that
global isation, technological change and
corporate downsizing are ushering in an era
of jobless growth. It claims that such
anxieties are more related to the worldwide
deterioration in employment conditions, the
size of Iay.offs and the concentration of job
losses in certain industrial sectors.
"There has in fact been no generalised
decline in the employment intensity of
economic growth in spite of rising
unemployment," the report says.
Peter Brannen, the ILO's London director,
said: "Job tenure has not changed markedly
from the figures relating to the entire post.
war period."
The report also argues that full
employment should be the primary goal of
economic and social policy.
According to figures quoted in the ILO
report, almost one billion people-3D per
cent of the entire global workforce - are
unemployed or under.empfoyed in both
industrialised and developing countjjes.
United Kingdom
SCOTLAND o SUNDAY
1.12.96
Small world for jobless
NEW figures show that one billion people around the world are
either unemployed or under-em-
prolonged deterioration in employment conditions is the
By Trevor Royle
Diplomatic Editor
ployed - representing approximately 30% of the workforce in
both the industrialised and the
developing nations.
The alarming statistics are due
to be released on Tuesday in a
report prepared by the Inter-
national Labour Office (ILO),
the UN agency responsible for
investigatmg global work and
employment issues.
According to ILO director
Michael Hansenne, the "current
levels of unemployment make
no economic sense and are nei-
productivity work that is often
physically onerous but yields
only meagre earnings.
The report attributes the deteriorating employment conditions in many parts of the developing world to "the failure to
recover fully from the economic
crisis of the early 1980s".
Even in some developed
countries unemployment figures
remain "unacceptably high":
11.2% in Germany, 14.2% in
ther politically nor socially sustainable".
Though some western cowi-
Belgium. The report claims that
this is due largely to the steady
decline in growth rates since the
iries are showing signs of recovery - Denmark's figure has
fallen to 7.9% from an 11.3%
high in 1994 - the developing
1970s.
nations are caught in a spiral of
unemployment because their
workforces are "engaged in low-
The report concludes that
restoration of high and sustained
rates of economic growth".
In snaking this claim the ILO
rejects the currently fashionable
philosophies which forecast an
age of 'end-of-work' or 'jobless
growth'. Instead the report offers a robust response, arguing
that national economies would
be wrong to reject the concept of
full employment which under-
pinned social policies in the
years following the Second
World War.
"Abandoning the goal of full
employment means lowering
social expectations at a time
when the world economy is becoming more integrated through
trade and investment flows,"
claims Hansenne. "These forces
while there never can be a single
prescription for developing
global economies and restoring
have the potential for spurring
full employment, the "priority
requirement for reversing the
levels of well being and social
justice."
higher rates of economic growth
and job creation and thus higher
28 NOV 1996
THE EUROPEAN
LONDON:Areportby
the International Labour
Office published on
26 November states that
unemployment stands at
"grim" levels in Europe.
The ILO claims the
average jobless figure in
the European Union has
risen to 11.3 per cent. But
while unemployment is
rising in Austria, Germany
and France, the picture is
improving in other
countries.
In Denmark the figure
has fallen dramatically
from 11.3 per cent in 1994
to 7.9 per cent this year.
Belgium and the
Netherlands have also
seen a drop.
Unemployment is also
falling in central and
eastern Europe although
the situation is getting
worse in Russia and some
former Soviet republics.
United Kingdom
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United Kingdom
Evening Herald
26.11.96
Scarborough Evening News
26.11.96
Oxford Mail
26.11.96
One billion
not working
JQbEss shock
.A third of the world
goes short of work
MORE than one billion people, nearly a
third of the global workforce, are out of
work or under-employed, according to a
now report out today.
The International Labour 0 anlsatlon
(ILO)salffiho situation was 'gr m'.
In Its second World Employment Report,
the United Nations agency called on
governments to drive for full employment.
'The current high unemployment In
industrialised countries has human costs
of the utmost severity for those directly
Involved and breeds crime and other social
pathologies from which everyone in
society suffers," the ILO said In a
statement.
GEtEVA Mo1E than one
billion people, nearly a third
of the global workforce, are
out of work or underemployed, according to a new
report out today from the
MORE than one billion
people, nearly a third of the
global workforce, are out of
work or under-employed,
according to a new report
out today.
jernationa1 Labour
The International Labour
Organisation said the situa-
Organisation. It said job
creation and unemployment
had dipped in both the United
States and Britain.
tion was "grim".
In its second World
Employment Report, the
United Nations agency
called on governments to
drive for full employment.
"The current high unem-
ployment in industrialised
countries has human costs of
the utmost severity for those
directly involved and breeds
crime and other social
pathologies from which
everyone in society suffers,"
the ILQ said in a statement.
The average unemploy-
ment for the 15-nation
European Union was 11.3%,
it said.
The Press and Journal
Peterborough Evening Telegraph
26.11.96
26.11.96
Jobs call
GOVERNMENTS throughout
the world should commit
themselves to full
employment to reverse
poverty and joblessness, a
new report urged yesterday.
The International Labour
Office said nearly ibillion
people - one-third of the
entire global workforce were out of work or underemployed. The report by the
ILQjhe employment agency
of the United Nations, said
nothing short of renewed
international commitment to
full employment would
reverse the position.
Global out of work toll
MORE than one billion people,
nearly a third of the global workforce, are out of work or under-
employed, according to a new report
out today.
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) said the situation was
United Kingdom
Thè Post)
NOV 1996
2
Report backs action on jobless
The report by the ILO - the employment agency of the United Nations --
By JOHN DUCKERS
Business Editor
said nothing short of renewed internatio-
Governments throughout the world
should commit themselves to full employmeat to reverse poverty and joblessness, a
new report has urged.
commitment to full employment
would reverse the poverty, unemployment
and under-employment affecting so many
countries.
"Current levels of unemployment make
no economic sense and are neither politi-
the entire global workforce - were out of,
director-general Mr Michel Hansenne.
nai
The International Labour Office (ILO)
said nearly a billion people - a third of cally nor socially sustainable," said ILO
work or under-employed.
Global employment was described as
"gnm", with the growing number of
"working poor" adding to social and economic problems.
"It is not just heartless, but pernicious to
assume that nothin can be done to remedy unemployment.' Although UK unemployment has been failing, income disparities have widened, the report warned.
SCOTLAND SUNDAY
24 NOV iE
Guernsey Evening Press
Full employment the goal
FULL employment remains a desirable and achievable
objectIve for the world's economic pollcymakers, the
authoritative International Labour Office will argue in Its
latest report on global employment thIs week. lLO will
refute claims that jobless growth and the end of work are
Inevitable and will detail how it believes unemployment
can be slashed. World Employment Report 1996/97. ILO.
Tel: 0171-828 6401
i
Action call
for jobs
GOVERNMENTS throughout the
world should commit themselves to
full employment to reverse poverty
and joblessness, a new report urges
today.
k ntind
Stoke-on.Trent
2
£OV 1996
Jobless worry
The International Labour Office
said that nearly a billion people - a
third of the entire global workforce were out of work or under-employed.
Global employment was described
as 'grim', with the growing number of
'working poor' adding to social and
economic problems.
The report by the ILO, the employment agency of the lJnited Nations,
MORE than one billion
people, nearly a third of
the global workforce, are
out of work or underemployed, according to the
International Labour
Orgartisation. It said the
said that nothing short of renewed
international commitment to full
average unemployment for
the European Union was
11.3 percent.
make no economic sense and are nei-
employment
would reverse the
poverty, unemployment and underemployment now affecting so many
countries.
'Current levels of unemployment
ther politically nor socially sustainable, said ILO Director-General
Michel Hansenne.
United Kingdom
EVëiiing News
E\V STAT E\1 A N
26.11.96
29.11.96
World Employment 1996/7: National Policies in a
MORE than one billIon
people, nearly a third ot
the global workiorce, are
out f work or underemployed, according to
a new report out today.
The International
Labour Oraanisatiofl
(ILO) said the sItuation
was 'grim'.
global context (Lnternalional Labour pffice. 421 8.)(}
Those nostalgic f6E the days lcen thflabour Party
talked of full employments Gordon Brown of 'full and
fulfilling employment" and Paddy Ashdown of"employabili t
will enjoy this report. It suggests that full employment is attainable not through labour-market deregulation, but through th'
co-ordination of wage bargaining social pacts between ernplo
ers and workers, and boosting demand.
-
I LxGuardian
30.11.96
EVENING POST
Bristol
28.11.96
Cheers
LWFING our
eyes above
the parochial
concerns of
Billion jobless
total
THE world's jobless
has hit the one b lion mark,
according to the United
Nations body the
International Labour
the Budget,
we give a big
cheer to the
Inteia-
ifonal
tIibour Orgamsation, the UN's
employment arm, which published a report calling for governments around the world to recommit themselves to full
employment and the eradication
of poverty.
"Current levels of unemployment make no economic sense
and are neither politically nor
socially sustainable." said ILO director-general Michel Han-.enne.
"It is not just heartless, but perni-
cious, to assuir that nnthim can
be done.
-:
United States of America
abington
hc
SATURDAY NOVFMBER 30.1996
1'
A WELT L0O AT TRENOS, PE0LE AND EVENTS AROUND THE WORI,D
OUT OF WORK, OUT OF LUCK
Nearly .1 billion people arour4 the world, about 30 percent 0/the world's work force, are
v.wemplcr,ied or i4erempkyed in industrial and developing countries, The h,ternational Labor
Organization, which is,sued a report on unemployment this week, coils the situation grim but
argues that its creased econ omic growth can brOtg the job marker bock into balance.
UNEMPLOYMENT IO$
e wide rI,est aa&sz, at least 34 millIon people are unemployed,
iIlis Ewuieaa Uahe, unemployment rose to 11.3 percent last year.
In s 'sa
uiaI uco
of Eastern Europe, unemployment rates declined slightly but remain at
double-digit levels.
Is La America, unamployment rose in urban areas of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico,
Uruguay and Veneula.
Ii sub.Sahar.a Africa sl many pwic
Asla data on unemployment hardly exist, but massive
underemployment and poverty persist in these low-income regions.
THE C4IIJSES
Cmby
1II
iNS
INI
SpaIn
24.3%
22.7%
22.3%
nød
Belgium
France
1,9%
*0
2
14.6
O0-
14.8
14.2
10,8
11.8
12.6
Poland
16.5
15.0
13.5
Sweden
8.1
7.9
1
BrItain
9.4
Mexico
3.4
1,5
0.5
Tx7
5.5
8.3
1.2
8.4
7,8
2.3
3.7
6.6
7.2
4.8
2.3
'
'&V!
U.s.
5.4
8.2
Sscoid thiRst 011996 complrsd wvt p'wiou cuattar at innusload rati.
NOTE. baud 0" h1l svahiib1s monthy unamploymsit ligurua ant comoa,aDIe
* 0V PII 04J1 yuan
SOUSOE: Inwn.tnnsi Law? OcphItalLo
LLTIU
French demonsteator.
wearing $ mask of
Freach President
Jacqu.. China. cacris.
a sip Urging, nts
d.clsre war on
un.mploym.nt during
a rally In Jun..
The International Labor Organi2ation rejects the
notion that globalization of trade and finance or
the growth of t.cNno!QV is to biams for hIgh
unemploymenl. It blames primarily the lOw
economic growth sates in Industrial countries.
The report finds, however, that jot, stability
generally has not deteriorated. In rranc.. 38.7
percent of man have been employed Dy the
same company fr the oast 10 years, and in
western Germany that number is 40.7 percent.
TH(ItE1(DV
The rs,rt advocates accelerated gmwth. 8afora
the 1970s oil s1ock, an annual economic youth
vale of 2 percent was muirad for the U.S.
economy to start creating new jobs, compared
to a growth' rats of £3 percent in europe, It
says. Now, new jobs are being created In the
UnIted States whan growth reaches
0.6 percent and 2 percent In Europe.
United States of America
SUNDAY. DECE.16ER 29 1996
-
1vasisngtan Vast
Unemployment
Around the World
billion people in the world
arejobless orunderemploye'4
saysanewstudy by the
One
JntemaiionalLabor Oiganization.
in the European Union the
unen!ploymeflt rate averaged 11%
The U.S. was among those with
good news: Our unemployment
never rose above 5.8% in 1996.
Of the 38 places listed in the
survey, the following 10 had the
highest unemployment rates:
1)Spain............-......223
Barbados _. 16.2
FinIand,......u.l5.l
Puerto Rico.......... 14.5
Beug.um..........-.---. 14.2
Poland...........-.... 13.5
Slovakia.m..-..... 12.1
Colombia_-...-
Germany
-11.7
11.2
Canad&----....... 9.8
PARADE MAQAZNIE UECEMB
29,1996 'PAGE 23
United States of America
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1996
GLOBAL UNEMPLOYMENT: One billion adults
worldwide were either unemployed or underemployed In
1995, Up from about 820 million people in 1993 and 1994,
according to a U.N. reporL Unemployment in the 15 European Union nations increased in 1995 to 11.3% of theworkforce, the report said. France, Germany, Italy and Sweden
suffered the biggt increas. Spain leads the jobless rate
at 22.3%. The EU is trying to meet new cal goals that
reduce debt rather tbn unemployment so It can become a
single economic union by the end of the decade.
In central and eastern Europe, pnemployment remained
at double-digit levels in most countri, the report said.
Nearly one-third of the Job1s were below the age of 25.
Unemployment increased in many Latin American coun
U"i. There were few deDi1q on Africa and Asia.
United States of America
I1t!
ctt Uork Jftfltkt;
NEW YORK
26 November 1996
U.N Reports a Billion Adults Not Fully Employed
GENEVA, Nov. 25 (AP) - The
number of adults worldwide who
were either unemployed or underem-
ployed rose to one billion in 1995.
according to a United Nauons report
that also warned that such levels are
not sustainable.
The International Labor Organiza.
tion report, to be officially released
Tuesday, rebuked industrialized
countries for dropping the goal of full
employment and suggested ways to
decreese joblessness.
"Current levels of unemployment
make no economIc sense and are
neither politically nor socially sustainable." the agency's head, Michel
Hansenne, wrote.
The 1995 figure was an increase of
about ISO million people over 1993
and 1994, when the United Nations
waryied that the estimated $20 mUlion underemployed or unemployed
represented a crisis not seen since
the Great Depression. Although the
situation has worsened, the agency
did not refer CO Chat assessment In
this year's report.
Unemployment in the 15 European
Union nations Increased In 1995 to
11.3 percent of the work force, compared with 2 percent In the 19 60's. the
report said. France, Germany, Italy
and Sweden showed the biggest In.
creases in unemployment, and Spain
had the highest jobless rate at 2Z.3
percent.
In central and eastern Europe, un
employment remained at double..dlg.
It levels In most countries, the report
said. Nearly one-third of the jobless
were below the age of 25.
Unemployment Increased In many
Latin American countries. Although
there were few figures for Africa and
Asia, underemployment exists on a
large scale in the developIng world,
the report said. Overall, about 30
percent of the world's labor force
was either unemployed or underemployed. It said.
'The organization said sustained
economic growth is the best way to
get people back to work, citing the
United States as a success.
From August through October, the
United States jobless rate has been
at about 5.1 percent, a seven-year
low, according to Labor Department
figures.
ThEQUUSflANSM0R
The News in Brief
Tuesday November 26, 1996 Edition
Industrialized countries are rebuked for dropping the goal of full
employment in a UN report on global employment due out today. It
estimates that almost 1 billion people are jobless or underemployed. The
document urges governments to pursue job-creating measures such as lower
interest rates.
United States of America
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El Paso Times
07.12.96
.
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ElPasoTimes
Saturday
Dec.7 1996
Border
ontinued from IC
,
:eventh," he said. "It's a worldwide
'trend in the richer nations." He said
:his research shows that about 10
:percent of jobs are eliminated and
10 percent created a year in almost
:any industry.
"From all the evidence we have,
.high rates of job creation and de-
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;struction are common in market
'economies," he said. "Most of that
reflects the idiosyncratic decision of
;individual firms - some manager
made the right decision, another
one made the wrong decision."
Davis said job cuts occur whether
. imports hurt an industry or not.
"There's just as much (job loss) in
'-trade-sensitive sectors as in non-
trade sensitive sectors," he said.
While Davis focused on the inevitability of layoffs, others emphasized
the growing economic ties among
'countries worldwide and those ties'
'.effect on jobs.
; Eddy Lee, a chief analyst for the
"Geneva-based International Labor
Office, said international labor stan-
dards should be created to protect
workers as large companies cross
borders for cheaper labor.
Specifically, he called for interna.tional rights to organize unions and
have collective bargaining.
"Growth is the main thing in
raising labor demand and raising
conditions for work," he said. "But
if we take that to mean there should
be no (government) intervention,
that's pushing it too far."
Stephen Golub, chair of the ecoiiomics department at Swarthmore
College in Pennsylvania, disagreed.
He said it matters little that
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countries have unequal labor standards and laws. A country where
workers have higher wages makes
up for the imbalance with higher
productivity, he said.
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tht add, cOst jabs
By Robbie Farley-Villalobos
Herald-Post business editor
Gregory K. Schoepfle of the
TJ:S. Labor Department said that
of all displaced workers in the
A .lone voice of pessimism United States, only 2 percent
stood out in sea of optimism at lost jobs because of NAFTA.
Friday's.. conference titled "Job However, half of the filings and
certifications in the nation for
Creation and Destruction."
The 'second International Eco- NAFFA Transitional AdjustnomicFôrum sponsored by the ment Assistance Program funds
El ,PasBranch of the Federal came from El Paso.
Reserve -Bank of Dallas drew
about 200 people. They examined
economic forces behind labormarket dynamics in the United
States, Europe, Asia and Latin
Amer Ca.
John Schmitt of the Economic
Policr' tnstitute said trade policies have -been "all pain with lit-
tle gain' for U.S. workers. His
pessimi'was based on a decliiejIirc wages and.asiinilar.,ity mo isplac.ement: rates';
from.i8t,to 1984 and 1991 to
,-193 ..whnañ economic recovery
W:fldéX'LWay. He also pointed
out tiatthe minimum wage now
is lower.than that of 1979 when
inf1atioris taken into account.
utrothrs touted the benefits
of' open.irade between nations. -.
"Evei66 percent of people
who live in poverty have a VCR
W. Miand microwave,"4
chael Cox,' vice president -of the
,FederaLReserve Bank of Dallas..
"We have faster.. cars bigger
:home"niore products and gad-
Lundh. speaker Gordon H.
Hanson of UT-Austin's econom-
ics.,dpurtment contended,
"When' exports rise in Mexico,
employnent rises in the U.S." He
said tbat.a 10 percent increase in
employment at Juarez maquila-
doras results in a 2 percent increásein El Paso.
Eddy 'Lee of the International
Labôr'Office said anxieties that
grwng globalization of the
wóronomy is aggravating a
bad- 'situation and that rapid
technological change is killing
hoês';for full employment are
unt'dable.
however, empirical evidence
suggeststhat both of these popular anxieties are greatly exaggerated,.."1ee said.
EL PASO HERALD POST
DECEMBER 7, 1996
United States of America
SANTA MARIA TIMES
SANTA MARIA, CA
DAILY & SUNDAY
22,500
MONDAY
DEC 2 1996
EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK
I
a grim world
One in three people are out of work
By Sarah Ryle
Hansenne said: "It is not just wage rises and providing indepen-
heartless but pernicious to assume
that nothing can be done to remedy
GENEVA - One in three people unemployment, that so-called jobaround the world is out of work or less growth is the best that can be
under-employed, according to an hoped for in an increasingly cominternational study which describes petitive economy or that current
global joblessness as "grim."
rates of unemployment somehow
The Geneva-based International constitute a natural and inevitable
Labor Office warns in its report outcome of market forces."
published Tuesday that the growThe ILO calls for an internaing numbers of "working poor" tional commitment to reversing the
will aggravate economic problems trend and rejects the assumption
and social unrest and blames gov- that jobless growth - when an
ernments for failing to promote job economy expands but jobs are not
creation because of fears of fueling created - is inevitable.
inflation.
The ILO blames lower growth
Manchester Guardian Service
dent, consensus economic forecasts which will be credible to
fmancial markets.
He also urged an overhaul of
benefit programs.
The report shows at least 34
million people in the world's rich-
est nations which belong to the
Organization of Economic
Cooperation and Development are
jobless. Unemployment rose to an
average 11.3 percent- of the workforce in European Union countries
last year.
Although
unemployment
declined slightly in central and
Its second investigation of rates in industrialized countries eastern European transition
world employment argues that since 1973; slow adjustment of economies, it remains in double
unemployment - which affects wage levels to declining worker figures and it rose in the former
nearly one billion people, or 30 productivity; and widespread casu- Soviet Union.
percent of the global labor force -
is the most important challenge
facing industrialized and developing countries equally.
ILO director-general Michel
alization of labor.
The report's author, Eddy Lee,
It also rose in most Latin
American countries. Mass poverty
said it was possible to promote is a key characteristic of subgrowth but keep a check on infla-
Saharan Africa, although data is In
tionary pressure b' coordinating short supply.
United States of America
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United States of America
ST. LOUIS COUNTIAN
ST. LOUIS, NO
1,200
DAILY
TUESDAY
NOV 26 1996
U.N. labor body urges full employment drive
GENEVA (Reut'ers) - The
"There is thus a strong economic as well as moral case for
reinstating full employment ... as
tion is grim, with one billion ,a principle objective of economic
people, àr nearly a third of the and social policy."
global workforce, out of work or
Among the 28 most developed
underemployed.
countries, at least 34 million were
International Labor Organization
says the world employment situa-
In its second World Employment Report, released in Geneva
Tuesday, the United Nations
agency called on governments to
drive for. full employment and
denounced as "heartless and pernicious" assertions that largescale joblessness was inevitable in
a globalizing economy.
"The current high unemployment in industrialized countries
has human costs of the utmost
severity for those directly involved and breeds crime and other
social pathologies from which
everyone in society suffers," the
ILO said.
out of work. The average for the
15-nation European Union was
11.3 per cent, it said.
Although job creation and unemployment had dipped in both
the United States and Britain,
income disparities had tended to
widen, it said.
Joblessness was on the rise in
Russia and other former Soviet
states as well as in Latin America,
it added.
Compiled by ILO economists
and statistical analysts, the report
argued there was no substantial
evidence that technological
progress and world trade liberalization were responsible for job
losses, especially in advanced
economies.
Both were necessary to stiinulate growth and productivity, and
the experience of dynamic Asian
economies showed that "sound
domestic policies, expanding glo-
bal trade and investment flows
provide rich opportunities for
higher rates of economic growth
and job creation," the IjQ said.
The report argued that the way
out of the jobless spiral was to
reverse the trend towards declin-
ing growth rates in major
economies over the past two
decades.
Growth has fallen from a global
average of over 5 percent in the
1960s to under 3 percent now, it
noted.
It rejected arguments that efforts to boost growth would inevitably spark inflation and
founder.
Lack of demand could well be
responsible for slow growth in the
world economy since the 1970s,
and wage inflation could be held
in check if industrial practices and
labor-market regulations were de-
signed to support that aim, the
report said.
United States of America
SUN
6ALTIIIORE. 110
326.864
DAILY
FRIDAY
DEC C 19%
Toward a brighter jobs outlook
EDtTORIAL
ILO repoit Economists see good emplojmentprospects, with rig/it policies in place.
NEMPLOYMENT rates have dipped be-
adjusted to account for the economic cycle.
'
The report argues that policy makers ought
to take a new look at their distrust of "full employment" policies, suggesting that high em-
ployment rates need not ignite inflationary
low 5 percent in the United States. But pressures. High rates of unemployment prothat good news is an exception. Accord- duce a drag on the economy, as fewer people
ing to a new International Labor Orani- are able to purchase goods and services and as
zation report on world enipio,rment, the social pathologies surrounding poverty and
some 34 rxnnlon people are unemployed in the unemployment take their toll.
world's wealthiest nations. In the European
The report suggests several ways governUnion, unemployment last year averaged 11.3 ments can increase hiring. These include repercent of the work force. And in many parts of ducing payroll taxes and other burdens on emthe world, underemployment and poverty are a ployers and instituting programs that boost ingrowing problem.
comes of lower-paid workers, such as the
It doesn't have to be this way, ILO econo- Earned Income tax credit in the U.S.
mists argue. Contrary to those whedicted
In the years after World War II, many coun-
an "end of work" as technology takes over many tries assumed that full employment was not ontasks formerly done by people, their study finds ly possible but desirable. Later, most governthat economic changes are bringing no signifi- ments retreated from this position. The ILO
cant drop in the growth of jobs, or in thenum- has offered a provocative argument that this
ber of solid, well-payingjobs.
pessimism is not only degrading to people who
The statistics on job tenure - length of time yearn for full-time work, but that it also creates
workers spend in jobs - show slight declines in an unnecessary drag on economic growth. In
only two of the world's eight leading industrial- other words, it' more people can afford to parized countries that track such things. Surpris- ticipate in the economy, the world can sustain
ingly enough, the rate in the United States re- higher rates of growth and more people will
mained stable, once employment figures were benefit.
United States of America
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TUESDAY
NOV 26 1996
United States of America
WALL STREET JOURNAL
WALL STREET JOURNAL
(WESTERN EDITION)
(MIDWEST EDITION)
RIVERSIDE, CA
WALL STREET JOURNAL
(EASTERN EDITION)
WASHINGTON, DC
HIGHLAND, IL
WALL STREET JOURNAL
WALL STREET JOURNAL
WALL STREET JOURNAL
(WESTERN EDITION)
(MIDWEST EDITION)
(EASTERN EDITION)
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
CLEVELAND, OH
NEW YORK, NY
WALL STREET JOURNAL
Wor!d unemploym
.
1995, according to a U.N. report to be released Poday.
*
(WESTERN EDITION)
TPN3E
WALL STREET JOURNAL
(EASTERN EDITION)
The International Labor Organization said
unemployed or underemployed persons last
year totaled one billion, or about 30% of the
world's work force, compared with 820 mil-
SEATTLE, WA
lion in '93 and '94. (Article on Page A4)
ORLANDO, FL
WALL STREET JOURN
(MIDWEST EDITION
CHICAGO, IL
WALL STREET JOURNAL
(SOUTHWEST EDITION)
DALLAS, TX
Global Unemployment at 'Grim' Levels,
Study Finds, but Job Tenure Is Steady
By G. PASCAL ZACHARY
of Tn WAJ SrttEr JOURNAL
that 20% of all U.S. workers between the
A new study bythe International Labor Organization finds that global unemployment stands at "grim" levels, especially in Europe. But the United Nations
affiliate sees strong evidence that em-
more than 20 years for the same employer.
The percentage was the same in 1973.
ployee tenure hasn't slipped much - and is
even growing in some countries.
across countries. In Australia, based on
data from 1990 to 1995, one-quarter of
working men have been with the same
Staff Reporter
The Geneva-based organization estimates that about 30% of the global work
force, or roughly one billion people, are
unemployed or underemployed. However,
the average number of years that workers
spend with the same employer - a key
indicato'of work-force stabilityhas basically held steady. In some countries, such
as the Netherlands, Canada and France,
long-term tenure rose from 1990 to 1995.
"Despite layoffs and downsizing by
corporations and government, a substantial group of workers hold stable jobs,"
says Eddy Lee, chief author of the report.
"What seems like higher instability may
actually reflect the greater number of jobs
that younger workers must hold before
finding a permanent one."
Focus on Tenure
The question of job tenure may seem
arcane, but it lies at the center of the
controversy over the nature of the current
economic expansion. Even in the U.S.,
where job growth has been strong, some
observers say the number of secure jobs is
dwindling. They say this explains the
widespread perception of economic insecurity.
But data suggest that this perception is
flawed. Economists in the U.S. generally
have found no significant declines in job-
ages of 45 and 54 say they've worked
In Europe, the picture is similar, according to the ILO study, which appears to
be the first1"hipare job-tenure rates
employer for at least 10 years. In Canada,
the figure is 27%. In France, the figure is
38.7%. In Germany (excluding the former
East Germany), the figure is 40.7%; and in
Spain, 36%.
Job Cuts, U.S,-Style
One reason for the relatively stable
employment in Europe is that many large
employers have resisted making the sort of
deep job cuts that commonly occur when
U.S. companies downsize and shift production offshore. Responding to global compe-
tition, European employers are finally
beginning to show signs of adopting the
U.S. style. So far, however, job "tenure
does seem to be at least stable, or even
increasing; over time," the ILO found.
But for those without a job, the Euro-
pean data aren't reassuring. The JLO
found that unemployment in European
Union nations rose last year to an average
of 11.3%. In eastern and central Europe,
meanwhile, unemployment rates fell
slightly but remained at 11,6% or more in
Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia.
In Russia and some other former Soviet
republics, unemployment rose.
On the plus side, the ILO found solid
gains in real wages last year among many
tenure rates. "You can't say we've gone
countries of the former East bloc, with
one with day-to-day jobs," says David
.21.8% and Lithuania 10%. But Bulgaria
and Hungary saw real wage declines of
from an economy of lifetime jobs to
Neumark, an economist at the University
the Czech Republic posting 7,9%, Romania
of Michigan who has studied the evi-
19% and 10%, respectively.
Farber, of Princeton University, found
ing countries weren't up-to-date, the ILO
said.
dence.
A widely cited study last year by Henry
Figures on joblessness in most develop-
United States of America
TIMES RECORD NEWS
WICHITA FALLS, TX
47,000
SUNDAY
DEC 8 1996
Panel: Cheap labor
concerns unfounded
Eduardo Montes
The Associated Press
EL PASO, Texas - The view
that countries with cheap labor
forces gain competitive advantages in the global marketplace
tion) relocating. But it turns out
that it is a very small part of the
total," said Eddy Lee, economist
with the International Labor
Office_in Geneva.
Many of the fears may stem
from the fact that losses can
over richer nations does not easily be measured and person-
hold up under analysis, a panel
of economists asserted Friday.
alized, such as in the case
Agreement and other efforts to
Stephen Golub, chairman of
United States would lose jobs to
sylvania, added that companies
where a worker loses his job at
Since negotiations on the a factory that is a, relocating
North American Free Trade overseas, he said.
expand trade got under way, the economics department at
critics 'have argued that the Swarthmore College in Penn-
nations where companies can
pay employees less.
To some extent that has been
realize that just because they
can pay lower wages overseas
doesn't necessarily mean they
true, but overall the United can automatically cut costs.
States and other developed
Manufacturing may actually
nations aren't losing enough to be more expensive in some
countries because low wages
experts said at a forum spon- generally translate into low
sored by the Fe'deral Reserve productivity, meaning it costs
more -in terms of labor to proBank of Dallas.
create, a real concern, financial
BROWNWOOD BULLETIN
BROWNWOOD, TX
10,641
SUNDAY
The forum focused on job cre-
duce each item, conference par-
ation and loss in the global ticipants said.
"Fear that the United States
economy.
"You can see plants closing or
you see a multinational (corpora-
is unable to compete in terms of
wages is untrue," said Golub.
DEC 8 1996
Economists: Fears of changing
marketplace are unfounded
By EDtJARDO MONTES
The Associated Press
EL PASO, Texas - The view
that countries with cheap labor
forces gain compeutive advantages in the global marketplace
over richer nations does not
hold up tinder analysis, a panel
you see a multinational (corporation) relocating. But it turns out
that it is a very small part of the
total," said Eddy pee, economist
countries because low wages
Office in Geneva.
participants said.
"Fear that the United States is
generally translate into low
productivity, meaning it costs
more in terms of labor to
with the International Labor produce each heni, conference
Many of' the fears may stem
of economists asserted Friday.
unable to compete in terms of
ly be measured and personal. wages is untrue," said Golub.
Another speaker, University
ized, such as in the case where a
Agreement and other efforts to
that is a relocating overseas, he
fjc)In the fact that losses can easi-
Since negotiations on the
North American Free Trade worker loses his job at a factory
expand trade got under way, crit-
ics have argued that the United
St.ates would lose jobs to nations
where companies can pay
employees less.
To some extent that has been
true, but overall the United
States and other developed
Yet "there are sort of reverse
of Chicago business economist
Steven Davis, said the decline of
the U.S. manufacturing sector is
part of a worldwide trend partly
in," said Lee. "The fact that you
developments that allow compa-
said.
benefits that are not factored brought on by technological
have increased imports from
nies to cut back their work
low-wage countries,
one-way street."
forces.
it's not a
Stephen Golub, chairman of
nations aren't losing enough to
create a real concern, financial
experts said at a, forum spon-
the economics department at
Bank of Dallas.
can pay lower wages overseas
doesn't necessarily mean they
sored by the F'deral Reserve
The forum focused on job
creation and loss in the, global
economy.
"You can see plants closing or
Swarthmore
College
in
Pennsylvania, added that companies realize that just because they
can automatically cut costs.
And though job cuts get a
great deal of attention, they are
actually part of a the normal
progression of the industrial
center, he said.
Davis conducted studies that
show that on average roughly 10
percent of the jobs in the U.S.
manufacturing sector ai-e lost
Manufacturing may actually each year while a corresponding
10 percent are created.
be more expensive in some
United States of America
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United States of America
HERALD"JOVRNL
SPARTRNBURG. SC
61.?6?
DAILY
TUESDAY
NOV 2G 159G
U.N. report paints
bleak employment
picture worldwide
Associated Press
GENEVA - Roughly 1 bfflion
people worldwide were either un-
employed or underemployed in
SUNDAY HERALD-TIMES
United Nations report.
While the U.N.'s International
Labor Organization didn't refer'to
it in this year's report, the ILO has
said the 820 million figure represented crisis levels not seen since
the Great Depression.
In the report to be released to-
day, however, the ILO rebuked
BLOOMINGTON, IN
SUNDAY
1995, up from about 820 million people in 1993 and 1994, according to a
industrialized countries for drop-
46,027
ping the goal of full employment -
and suggested ways to decrease
joblessness.
DEC1 1996
Global joblessness described
as 'grim' in worldwide survey
"Current levels of unemployment make no economic sense and
are neither politically nor socially
sustainable," ILO Director-General
Michel Hansenne said in the World
Employment 1996/97 report
According to the ILO report, un-
Scripps Howard News Service
employment in the 15-member
GENEVA - One in three people
around the world are out of work or
under-employed, according to an
international study which describes
global joblessness as "grim."
The Geneva-based International
Labor Office warns inituiëporfjub-
The 1W calls for an international
commitment to reversing the trend
and rejects the assumption that job-
less growth - when an economy
expandsbutjobsarenotcreatedis
inevitable. It blames lower growth
rates in industrialized countries since
1973; slow adjustment of wage levels
to dedllningworkerpmducdvity and
widespread casualisation oflabor.
The report's author, Eddy Lee,
1ihed last week that the growing
numbers of "working poor" will
aggravate economic problems and said it was possible to promote
social unrest and blames govern- growth but keep a check on inflationments for failing to promote job crealion because of fears of fueling infla-
tion. Its second investigation of
world employment argues that
unemployment - which affects
nearly one billion people, or 30 percent of the global labor force is the
most important challenge facing
industrialized and developing countries equally.
1W director-general Michel
Hansenne said: "It is not just heart-
ary pressure by coordinating wage
rises and providing independent,
consensus economic forecasts
which will be credible to financial
markets.
The report shows at least 34 mil-
lion people in the world's richest
nations which belong to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development are jobless. Unemployment rose to an average 11.3
percent of the workforce in Euro-
pean Union countries last year.
nothing can be done to remedy Although unemployment declined
less but pernicious to assume that
unemployment, that so-called jobless growth is the best that can be
European Union increased in 1995
to 11.3 percent of the work force -
compared with 2 percent in the
1960s. France, Germany, Italy and
Sweden suffered the biggest jumps,
with Spain leading the jobless rate
at 22.3 percent.
The EU is occupied with new fis-
cal goals that reduce debt rather
than unemployment as it strives to
enter into economic and monetary
union by the end of the decade.
In central and eastern Europe,
unemployment remained at double
digit levels in most countries, the
report said. Nearly one-third of the
jobless were below the age of 25.
Unemployment increased in
many Latin American countries.
Although there was little detail on
Africa and Asia, underemployment
on a massive scale exists in the
developing world, the ILO said.
Overall, about 30 percent of the
world's labor force - or 1 billion
people - were either unemployed
or underemployed, th
report
hoped for in an increasingly competitive economy or that current rates of
unemployment somehow constitute
slightly in central and eastern European transition economies, it
remains in double figures and it rose
in the former Soviet Union. It also
rose in most Latin American coun-
estimated.
The U.N. labor agency said sustained economic growth is the best
a natural and inevitable outcome of
market forces."
tries. Mass poverty is a key characteristic of sub-Saharan Africa.
work, citing the United States as a
success story.
recipe for getting people back to
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CHRISTIAN SCIENCE
MONI TOR
BOSTON, MA
DAILY
101,905
TUESDAY
NOV 26 1 996
1 Biffion Jobless or Work on Fringes
Solution: Pick up pace of world economy, study says
By Kim Campbell
Staff wTiter of Thff Chnstian Scence.Monitor
ravaged by conffict and instabiit the
report says "we do not need deep explato a billion people world- nations in terms of economic policy as
wide are out of work or under- to why growth is low, we need deep
CLOSE
employed,analyses as to why governments are not
The number, representing 30 percent supplying social order and a minimum
of the world's work force, was released adequate macroeconomic environment."
yesterday in a report on world employAlso of great concern is Europe.
ment by the International Labor Oraarn- Britain is treading water, but unemployzation (ILO), a branch
ment for the Euroof the United Nations
pean Union increased
in Geneva.
Unemployment "remains at very high lev-
els by historical standards, and it has
persisted for quite a
few years now," says
Eddy Lee, an
economist and
ILO
the
study's main author.
'There are quite strong
grounds for doubting'
that economic growth
can't exceed 2.5 percent.
- Eddy Lee, economist
to an average 11.3
percent last year, including
rates
in
double-digit
Germany,
France, and Italy. In
Eastern Europe and
the former Soviet
Union, joblessness is
also high.
The renort fmds
"This should be a cause for more con- fault with the prevalent view that "becern than it appears to be," he says in a cause of. supply-side factors - ixisuffi-
telephone interview from Washington. dent capacitç lack of skilled labor - it
The primary culprit: insufficient eco- is not feasible to push growth rates
nomic growth, the report says. In addi- above what they have been at 2 and 2.5
tion to a slowdown in growth since percent" a year without kicking off more
1973, developed nations have seen job inflation, Lee notes. "There are quite
growth hampered by wage inflation or strong grounds for doubting the truth of
the slow adjustment of wages to lower that."
productivilr growth, the report says.
To stimulate growth, several things
The ILO hopes to help "break the need to be done, according to the ILO:
complacency" of world
governments
Countries, especially industrialized
anout unemployment - the almost
"de- ones, need to rethink the way wage barterniinistic view that, 'Well you can't do gaining is handled. If wages rise rapidly,
very much about it,' because of either central banks may raise interest rates to
technology or globalization," Mr. Lee avoid inflation. One way to keep wage
says.
growth moderate is social pacts between
In addition to traditional unemploy- employers, workers, and governments.
ment, the ILO includes underemployed
The international trade and investworkers, largely in developing nations. ment system must be kept open.
These people, often lacking unemployLee says the right expansionary poliment benefits or welfare, fmd small jobs cies could help get growth up to 3 or 3.5
to survive but lack meaningful work.
percent a yeat It would take four to six
Developing countries are generally years to bring unemployment down
struggling, with notable exceptions in much. For now, he says governments
Southeast Asia, with its export-led in- need to muster the "political will to
dustrialization. In sub-Saharan Africa, tackle the problem, to find solutions."
KENOSHA NEWS
KENOSHA, WI
DAILY
29,300
United States of America
TUE SDAY
NOV 26 1996
Underemployed, jobless
rate 1 billion: ILO report
PITTSBURGH POST-GAZETTE
monetary union by the end of the
decade.
In central and eastern Europe,
unemployment remained at double-digit levels in most countries,
the report said. Nearly one-third
of the jobless were below the age
Dropping goal of full
employment criticized
GENEVA (AP) - One billion
adults worldwide were either unemployed or underemployed in
1995, up from about 820 million
PITTSBURGH, PA
DAILY
250,204
TUESDAY
NOV 26 1996
of 25.
Unemployment increased in
people in 1993 and 1994, according
to a U.N. report.
many Latin American countries.
In the report, to be released
today, the U.N.'s International
Labor Organization rebuked industrialized countries for drop-
Although there was little detail
on Africa and Asia, underemployment on a massive scale exists in
the developing world, the ]LO
ping the goal of full employment
- and suggested ways to decrease
joblessness.
"Current levels of unemploy-
said.
Overall, about 30 percent of the
and are neither politically nor socially sustainable," ILO DirectorGeneral Michel Hañsenne wrote.
port estimated.
The U.N. labor agency said sus-
World's jobless
swell to I billion
R1Sughly 1 billion people world-
wide were either unemployed or
underemployed in 1995, up from
world's labor force - or 1 billion
about 820 million people in 1993 and
1994, according to a United Nations
ment make no economic sense ployed or underemployed, the re-
report.
While the U.N.'s International
bor Organization didii't refer to it
in this year's report, the ILO has
said the 820 million figure represented crisis levels not seen since
the Great Depression.
According to the
report. unemployment in the 15-member European Union increased in 1995 to
11.3 percent, vs. 2 percent in the
1960s. France, Germany, Italy and
Sweden suffered the biggest jumps,
with Spain leading the jobless rate
at 22.3 percent. From August
people - were either unem-
tained economic growth is the
The United Nations had said best way to get people back to
that the percentage of people un- work, citing the United States as a
deremployed or unemployed in success story.
1993 and 1994 was a crisis level
The ILO said it worried that
not seen since the Great Depres- some of this improvement came
sion. Although the situation has because of the spread of low-wage
worsened, the JLO did not refer to jobs, but it also cited studies
that assessment in this year's re- showing that more than twoport.
thirds of new U.S. jobs were in
Unemployment in the 15 Euro- sectors with above-average
pean Union nations increased in wages.
1995 to 11.3 percent of the work
The ILO urged governments to.
force - compared with 2 percent give more priority to creating
in the 1960s, the report said. jobs by using growth-oriented
1
through October 1996, the U.S. job-
less rate has been at either 5.1 percent or 5.2 percent.
France, Germany, Italy and Swe- policies - such as lower interest
-
den suffered the biggest in- rates. This should be coupled
creases, with Spain leading the with measures to prevent sudden:
jobless rate at 22.3 percent.
surges in inflation, it suggested.
The EU is occupied with new
Also, the report said, there is
rather than unemployment as It
ries that technological change is
strives to enter into economic and
throwing people otit of work.
fiscal goals that reduce debt no hard evidence to backup theo-
HERALD
ROCK HILL. Sc
DAILY & SUNDAY
31.060
UEONESDAY
NOV 27 2.9%
Global jobless rate at 33 percent
GARDNER NEWS
GARDNER, MA
DAILY
8,000
WEDNESDAY
NOV 27 1996
One billion on U.N. list
GENEVA (AP) - One billion people worldwide either were
unemployed or underemployed in 1995, up from about 820 million
people in 1993 and 1994, according to a United Nalions report.
While the U.N. didii't refer to it in the report to be released
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DESERT SUN
PALM SPRINGS, CA
DAILY I SUNDAY
48,485
TUESDAY
NOV 26 1996
Billion underemployed
or without jobs In 1995
GENEVA - One billion people
worldwide either were unemployed
or underemployed in 1995, up from
MINING JOURNAL
flARDUETTE. 111
19.212
DAILY S SUNDRY
about 820 million people in 1993
and 1994, according to a United
Nations report.
FRIDAY
NOV 2
While the U.N. didn't refer to itin
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153G
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KERRYILLE DAILY TIMES
Belgium
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WEDNESDAY
NOV 27 1996
Japan
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UnempIoyment
still increasing
GENEVA (AP) - One billion people worldwide either
were unemployed or underemployed in 1995, up from
about 820 million peoplein
1993 and 1994, accordingto
a United Nations report.
While the U.N..didn't
refertoitinthereporttobe
U.K.
:8.4:August
5?ur: Int.rnattonal Labor Ofhcs
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released Tuesday, the ILO
has said the 820 million figure represented crisis levels
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Depression.
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Unemployment Grim
All Over, Study Says
GENEVA - One in three people around the world are out of
work or under-employed1 according to an international study which
describes global joblessness as
The Geneva-based
and Development are jobless. Un-
employment rose to an average
11.3 percent of the workforce in
European Union countries last
year.
Although unemployment deTntprnMjnni1
flfflc .warns in its report
published Tuesday that the growT hnr
clined slightly in central and eastern
European
transition
economies, it remains in double
ing numbers of "working poor" figures and it rose in the former
will aggravate economic problems
and social unrest and blames governments for failing to promote job
creation because of fears of fu-
Soviet Union.
It also rose in most Latin American countries. Mass poverty is a
key characteristic of sub-Saharan
elling inflation.
Africa. although data is in short
Its second investigation of supply.
world employment argues that un(Distributed by Scripps Howard
employment - which affects News Service.)
-
nearly one billion people, or 30
percent of the global labor force
is the most important challenge
facing industrialized and developing countries equally.
111) director-general Michel
Hansenne sai± "It is not just heartless but pernicious to assume that
nothing can be done to remedy Unemployment, that so-calf ed jobless
growth is the best that can be
hoped for in an increasingly competitive economy or that cuffent
rates of unemployment somehow
constitute a natural and inevitable
outcome of market forces."
The ILO calls for an internation-
al commitment to reversing the
trend and rejects the assumption
that jobless growth - when an
economy expands but jobs are not
created - is inevitable. It blames
lower growth rates in industrialized countries since 1973; slow adjustment of wage levels to declining worker productivity; and widespread casualisation of labor.
The report's author, Eddy Lee,
said it was possible to promote
growth but keep a check on inflationary pressure by coordinating
wage rises and providing indepen-
dent, consensus economic forecasts which will be credible to finañcial markets. He also urged an
ovethaulof benefit programs.
The report shows at least inil,
lion people in the world's richest
nations which belong to the Organization of Economic Cooperation
NEWS PRESS
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DAILY
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WEDNESDAY
NOV 27 1996
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poses grim
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Scdpps Hrd News SeMce
GENEVA - One in three people around the world are out of
work or under-employed, accord-
United States of America
NEVADA APPEAL
CARSON CITY1 NV
13,826
SUNDAY
DEC 7 1996
ing to an international study
which describes global jobless-
TIMES HERALD
ness as "grim."
The Geneva-based International Labor Office warns in its report
published Tuesday that the grow-
NORRISTOWN, PA
DAILY
30,000
THURSDAY
ing numbers of "working poor"
NOV 28 1996
will aggravate economic problems
and social unrest and blames gov-
ernments for failing to promote
job creation because of fears of fuelling inflation.
.Its second investigation of
world employment argues that
unemployment - which affects
nearly one billion people, or 30
percent of the global labor force.
is the most important challenge
facing industrialized and developing countries equally.
ILO director-general Michel-.
Hansenne said: "It is not just
heartless but pernicious to as-
sume that nothing can be done to
remedy unemployment, that socalled jobless growth is. the best
that can be hoped for in an increasingly competitive economy
or that current rates of unemployment somehow constitute a natu-
ral and inevitable outcome of
market forces."
.Th ILO. alls fbr
internatioiiäl ómzpitinent to raveraing
the trend and rejects the assump-
tion that jobless growth - when
an economy expands but jobs are
not created - is inevitable.
It blames lower growth, rates in
industrialized countries since
The grim burden of
world unemployment
ly Sarah Ryl.
Manchester Guardian $eMce
forces."
The ILO calls for an inter-.
GENEVA - One in three people national commitment to reversing
around the world are out of work the trend and rejects the assumpor under-employed, according to tion that jobless growth - when
an international study which de- an economy expands but jobs are
ribes global joblessness as not created - is inevitable. It
blames lower growth rates in in-
The Geneva-based International dustrialized countries since 1973;
Labor Office warns in its report slow adjustment of wage levels to
published Thesday that the grow- declining worker productivity; and
mg numbers of "working poor" will widespread casualisation of labor.
aggravate economic problems and
The report's author, Eddy Lee,
social unrest and blames govern- said it was possible to promote
ments for failing to promote job growth but keep a cheek on increation because of fears of fuel- flationary pressure by coordinating
ling inflation.
wage rises and providing indeIts second investigation of world pendent, consensus economic
employment argues that une- forecasts which will be credible to
1973; slow adjustment of wage
mployment - which affects nearly financial markets. He also urged
one billion people, or 30 percent of an overhaul of benefit programs.
the global labor force - is the
The report shows at least 34
most important challenge facing million people in the world's rich-
levels to declining worker produc-
countries equally.
tivity; aid widespread casualisation of labor.
The report's author, Eddy Lee,
said it was possible to promote
growth but keep a check on inflationary pressure by coordinating
wage rises and providing independent, consensus economic
forecasts which will be credible to
financial markets.
He also urged an overhaul of
benefit programs
The .report shows at least 34
million people in the world's richest nations are jobless.
industrialized and developing est nations which belong to the
Organization of Economic Coop-
ILO director-general Michel eration and Development are jobHansenne said: "It is not just less. Unemployment rose to an
heartless but pernicious to assume
that nothing ean be done to remedy unemployment, that so-called
jobless growth is the best that can
be hoped for in an increasingly
competitive economy or that cur-
rent rates of unemployment
somehow constitute a natural and
inevitable outcome of market
average 11.3 percent of the workforce m European Union countries
last year.
Although unemployment declined slightly in central and east-
ern European transition economies, it remains in double figures
and it rose in the former Soviet
Union.
United States of America
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United States of America
Joblessness A Global Problem
SCRIPPS HOWARD
most Important thai-' since 1973: slow adjustment of
-lcngeIs thefacing
industrialized and wage levels to declining worker
productivity; and widespread caGENEVA - One in three peo- developing countries equally.
ple around the. world are out of
ILO director-general Michel sualisation of labor.
The report's author, Eddy
work or under-employed, ac- I1ansenne said: it is not just
cording to an international heartless but pernicious to as- Lee. said it was possible to
study which describes global sume that nothing can be done promote growth but keep a
to remedy unemployment, that
The Geneva-basedInterna so-called Jobless growth Is the
lional Labor Offjwarns In its best that can be hoped for In an
report published Tuesday that increasingly competitive ecothe growing numbers of "work- nomy or that current rates of
ing poor" will aggravate eco- unemployment somehow constinomic problems and social un- tute a natural and Inevitable
joblessness as "grim."
check on inflatlonaly pressure
by coordinating wage rises and
providing independent, consensus economic forecasts. which
will be credible to financial
markets. He also urged an overhaul of benefit programs.
The report shows at least 34
million
people In the World's
The ILO calls for an Intema-
rcst and blames governments outcome of market forces."
for failing to promote job creaLion because of fears of fuelling
ional commitment to reversing
richest nations which belong to
inflation.
the trend and rejects the as- the Organization of Economic
world employment argues that
unemployment - which affects
nearly one billion people, or 30
percent of the global labor force
when an economy expands but are jobless. Unemployment rose
is inevit- to an average 11.3 percent of
jobs are not created
It
blames
lower
growth Lhe workiorce in European Unable.
rates in Industrialized countries ion countries last year.
Its second Investigation of sumption that jobless growth - Cooperation and Development
U.N. Report Says 1 Billion
TIMES- UNION
WARSAW, IN
DAILY
14,000
FRIDAY
NOV 29 1 996
?eope Worldwide Jobless
The Associated Press
GENEVA - One billion
adults worldwide were either
unemployed or underemployed in 1995, ,up. from
about 820 million people in
1993 and 1994, according to a
U.N. report.
'In the report, to be released
today, the U.N.'s International
ways to decrease joblessness
"Current levels of unemployment make no economic sense
and are neither politically nor
socially sustainable,"
Di-
rector-General Michel
Hansenne wrote.
The United Nations had said
that the percentage of people
underemployed or
un-
I,abor Organization rebuked employed in 1993 and 1994
industrialized countries for was a crisis level not seen
dropping the goal of full em- since the Great Depression.
ployment - and suggested Although the situation has
worsened, the ILO did not
refer to that assessment in
this year's report.
Unemployment in the 15
European Union nations increased in 1995 to 11.3 percent
NORTH JERSEY HERALD &
NEWS
PASSAIC. NJ
70.000
DAILY
TUESDAY
NOV 2G 1SG
of the work force - compared
with 2 percent in the 1960s,
the report said. France, Ger-.:
many, Italy and Sweden suffered the biggest increases, with Spain leading the jobless
rate at 22.3 percent,
The EU Is occupied with
new fiscal goals that Teduce
debt rather than unemploy- ment as it strives to enter into
economic and monetary unioz
by th end of t,e decade.
United States of Americ'
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United States of America
WASHINGTON
WINDOW
Released b Press Associates, Inc. (PAl)
1.
LTIT
The world job outlook: Grim
High unemployment. Stagnating growth. An increasing income gap between the rich and the rest of us. And
a permanently jobless underclass. Sounds like the Depression of the 1930s, right?
Wrong. According to a new report, released November 25 by the International Labor Organization, those
ST. LOUIS/SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS LABOR TRIBUNE
ST. LOUIS, MO
WEEKLY
91,563
NOV 28 1996
features describe various'couniries in the world economy
in 1996-97:
High jobless rates.bedevil most developing nations,
eastern Europe and some western European countries.
Stagnating growth hits virtually every nation except
for Asia's "tigers" and the U.S.
The income gap is widening in the U.S. aüd, to a
lesser degree, in Western Europe.
The U.S. in particular' and world cities in general
suffer fromapermanentlyjobless underclass as low-skill
jobs with decent pay disappear. Millions ofotherworkera must toil part-time and become marginalized, the
Job'outlook
ILO says..
The statistics of gloom and doom are compiled 'by
ILO economist Eddy Lee in "World Employment 1996/
97." But they should not, the ILO adds, lead to the
abandonment of the goal of full employment world-'
wide. To do so would make the "cure" for. world
employment problems worse than, the disease.
"Current levels of unemployment make no economic
sense and are neither politically nor socially sustainable," says ILO Director General Michael Hansenne.
The report adds that the standard solution to unem
ployment problems, labor market deregulation pushed
by right-wing politicians'and business interests, will not
solve the world's jobless dilemma.
Just a few measures the Republican-run 104th Con-
gress Iried to jam through show what "labor market
deregulation" means: killing the 40-hour workweek;
comp time instead of overtime pay; curbing the authority of the National Labor Relations Board to enforce
labor law. at small businesses; turning the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration into a "consultative
agency" for business.
Yet the past 25 years produced less job security, the
rise in temp work, and declines in unionization, mini-
mum wages'.and unemployment benefits - all symptoms of "labor market deregulation." ILO said such
measures hurt workers while leaving jobless rates high.
And the most-vulnerable workers lost the most.
There are ways to cut joblessness and head towards
ILO'S "full employment" target of 2 percent joblessness worldwide. But they are ways-and methods that
academic economists, business elites and their political
allies oppose:
"Creating a favorable economic environment" to
increase wages and shrink the gap between the rich and
therestofus.'Thatmeans'
among other things - bud-
get policies to boost growth
and jobs, and junldng bal
anced budgets.
Creating pro-growth
policies, without triggering'
inflatitin, or, more precisely,
withoutiriggering financiers'
fears of inflation, which show
up in money markets.
Inflation will stay dormant
ifpro-growthpolicies include
measures to boost productivity. Itwillalso staydormantif
there aie lower interest rates
in an atmosphere of wage restraint and concerted efforts
to overcome skills shortages
through education and training.
hnprovedcoordinationof
svage bargaining procedures
andastrengthened social pact.
In plain English, give workers more power, force business to negotiate, and recognize both sides have an inter-
est in rising wages and
growth. Workers with higher
incomes buy companies'
products.
ILO admits these tecommendations and others will not
produce a magic solution to
world employment problems.
But the alternative - let the
market work its will - is
worse. "Social pathologies resulting from long-term unem-
ployment risk becoming
unaffordable," the report concludes.
United States of America
THE DALLAS MORNING NEWS
November 26, 1996, Tuesday, HOME FINAL EDITION
HEADLINE: MORNING BRIEFCASE
BYLINE: National and international news at a glance
BODY:
1995, up from about 820 million in 1993 and 1994, according to a United
rNations report.
Though the U.N. International Labor Organization didn't refer to it in this
year's report, the JLO has said the 820 million figure represented crisis levels
not seen since the Great Depression.
In the report to be released Tuesday, the ILO rebuked industrialized
couniries for dropping the goal of full employment - and suggested ways to
decrease joblessness.
"Current levels of unemployment make no economic sense and are neither
politically nor socially sustainable," ILO direc-general Michel Hansenne said
in the World Employment 1996-97 report.
The Fresno Bee
November 26, 1996, HOME EDITION
HEADLINE: Treasury bill rates steady
BYLINE: Fresno Bee News Services.
BODY:
1994, according to a United Nations report.
While the U.N. didn't refer to it in the report to be released Tuesday, the
110 has said the 820 million figure represented crisis levels not seen since the
Great Depression.
United States of America
THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
November 26, 1996 Tuesday MORNING EDITION
HEADLINE: BRIEFLY
BYLINE: From Register news services
BODY:
according to a United Nations report.
While the United Nations didn't refer to it in the report to be
released today, the International Labor Organization has said the
820 million figure represented crisis levels not seen since the
Great Depression.
The Tampa Tribune
November 26, 1996, Tuesday, FINAL EDITION
HEADLINE: Number ofjobless climbs worldwide
BYLINE: From Tribune stafTand wire reports
BODY:
about 820 million people in 1993 and 1994, according to a United Nations
report.
While the U.N.'s International Labor Organization didn't refer to it in this
year's report, the ILO has said the 820 million figure represented crisis
In the report to be released Tuesday, however, the ILO rebuked industrialized
countries for dropping the goal of full employment and suggested ways to
decrease joblessness.
United States of America
Content and programming copyright (c) 1996 National Public
Radio, Inc. All rights reserved. Transcribed by Federal
Document Clearing House, Inc. under license from National
Public Radio, Inc. Formatting copyright (c) 1996 Federal
Document Clearing House, Inc. All rights reserved.
NPR
NOVEMBER 26,1996, TUESDAY
HEADLINE: UN Labor Report
BYLINE: Andrew Wood; Robert Siegel, Washington, DC
Jobs and Joblessness; UN International Labor Organization
HIGHLIGHT:
Andrew Wood of the BBC reports on statistics released today b the United Nations
International Labor Organization which indicates that a billion adults worldwide
were either unemployed or underemployed last year. The 1LO also says that these
numbers indicated thatjoblessness around the world will remain high for many
years to come.
BODY:
ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST: The International Labor Organization released a report
today indicating that in 1995 a billion adults worldwide were either unemployed
or underemployed. The UN agency says that's equal to about 30 percent of the
world's labor force.
Among the findings in the ILO report: in the near future at least, unemployment
is likely to get worse in countries making the transition from centrally
But many transition economies are now growing healthily. Though Eddie Lee (ph),
the main author of the ILO report, says many people have yet to benefit.
EDDlELEE, AUTHOR, ILO REPORT: In spite of that recovery, if you look at the
unemployment figures, they've come down marginally. So, in many of these
And, of course, the outlook I think is more problematic.
WOOD: More jobs will be lost, and the ILO warns that this might cause
intolerable social tensions. The report points out that for the majority of
countries in transition, more than
output was in value-subtracting activities. In other words, companies
produced things which were worth less than the cost of making them.
The ILO believes that the ultimate cure for mass unemployment is a competitive
market economy. But high levels of joblessness will
United States of America
USIS GENEVA DAILY BULLETIN
MISSION OF THE USA
11, ROUTIE DE PREGNY
1292 GINEVA
SWrrZERLAND
PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNSELOR:
CORNELIUS C. WALSH
TEL+41 227494358
FAX+41 227494314
USIS Geneva on the Internet - http:IMww.itU.ChIM!SS!ONS/hJS"
Tuesday, November26, 1996
/UR123 11/25/96
ILO: 30 PERCENT OF GLOBAL WORKFORCE
UNEMPLOYED OR UNDEREMPLOYED
age inequalities rising, report says)
By Wendy Lubetkin
USIA European Correspondent
Geneva - The global employment situation is "grim"
according to the International Labor Organization (ILO),
which has issued statistics indicating that approximately 30
percent of the entire global workforce are unemployed or
underemployed.
Nearly one billion (thousand-million) people around the
world are unemployed, according to the ILO report "World
Employment 1996-1997" released November 26. The ILO, a
United Nations agency which promotes labor rights and
standards, is calling for a renewed international commitment
to full employment.
"Current levels of unemployment make no economic sense
and are neither politically nor socially sustainable," said 1LO
Director-General Michel Hansenne.
He described as "heartless" arid "pernicious" the idea that
so-called jobless growth is the best that can be hoped for in
an increasingly competitive economy.
In the world's wealthiest nations, members of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
at least 34 million people are unemployed, the ILO said. In
the European Union, unemployment increased last year to
an average of 11.3 percent of the workforce. 'ith France,
Germany, Italy and Sweden registering significant increases.
In the United States, on the other hand, oh creation has
intensified and unemployment has dipped below 3 percent.
Unemployment rates have also declined in the United
Kingdom, but income disparities in both these countries
have tended to widen, the ILO says.
Unemployment has continued to rise in Russia and some
other countries of the former Soviet Union. Although
unemployment has declined in the transition economies of
Eastern Europe, it remains at double digit levels, the report
said.
In the developing world, the report points out that few
countries outside East and Southeast Asia have experienced
strong growth in productive employment over the past two
decades.
A key message of the report is a warning to policy-makers
not to abandon the full employment ideal that has guided
national and international social policy in the post-World
War fl decades
The ILO maintains that the concept of full employment
should remain the principle objective of economic and social
policy.
Globalization is not "an overwhelming supra-national
force," the report argues, and "national policies can and
should give priority to mitigating the negative social effects
of globalization."
Uruguay
Aflo LXXIX - N° 27.072 - Montevideo, Martes 3 do Diclembre de 1996
)N BELTRAN y EDUARDO RODRIG&JEi LARRETA I Director: WASHINGTON
S
EdiclOn de 30 phgs.
IrRAN? DEPOSITO LEGAL N 31.
La OIT sostiene que el
pleno empleo sigue siendo
un "objetivo alcanzable"
El documerto, fechado ELp.xsenMadrid
eIr',a
eds
dejan de ser consideradas coma candidatos a Ia ocupaciOn
y "pierden su capacidad para
ejercer presiOn en el marco de las negocia-
por DANIEL BELTRAN ROHR
tionamiento generalizado de Ia utilidad del
concepto de pleno empleo" que ha Ilegado
a predominar en los circulos académicos y
ciones sabre las rernuneraciones y el valor
real de los satarios".
Coma resuttado de ello "se menoscaba el
politicos de todo el mundo, asF como Ia
proliferación de expresiones eufemisticas funcionamiento competitivo del mercado de
(como "aumento de Ia falta de empleo", trabajo y se reduce Ia influencia del desem"fin del trabajo' y otras) tan en boga en Ia plea en el valor real de los salarios", a to que
actualidad.
Descartándolas en razón de su carencia de fundamento y su peligrosidad, Ia OIT
insiste en que no hay pruebas de que
exista o pueda existir pronto una penuria
de trabajo ütil de tat magnitud, que el pleno
empleo deja de ser una meta factible" y
afirma que el incremento de Ia desocupadon 'obedece mâs a una merma de crecimiento econOmico que a un reperitino aumento de Ia falta de trabajo".
Disiente de Ia idea de que las rigideces
del mercado de trabajo han sido una causa
importante del problema y que Ia soluciOn resida en una mayor llexibilidad del empleo, al
mismo tiempo define to que entiende por
"pleno empleo", explicando que se trata más
bien de un nivel en el que Ia gran mayor(a de
las personas en edad de trabajar, capaces y
dispuestas a hacerlo, puedan encontrar em-
plea productivo, remunerado y libremente
escogido y no de una tasa iguaf a cero.
so sums Ia imposibilidad de adaptar en tales
circunstancias las pretensiones salariales a
Ia evoluciOn de Ia productividad laboral, to
que conduce par ende a aumentar el volumen de desempleados como una forma do
mantener controlada Ia inflaciOn.
La OrganizaciOn Intemacional del Traba-
jo señala tres causas principales del alto y
persistente desempleo quo afecta a los palses industrializados: las menores tasas de
crecimiento econOmico registradas desde
1973; Ia lenta adaptaciOn de los salarios a Ia
menor progresiOn de Ia productividad laboral
y Ia apaiiciOn de Ia inflaciOn de ongensalarial; Ia eliminaclOn progresiva del mundo del
trabajo de quo son objeto los desempleados
do larga duraciOn.
Aduce Ia OtT en el informe que Ia soludOn del problema del aumento do las desigualdades salariales y de ingresos, reside en
Ia creaciOn de un entorno macroeconOmico
favorable, que haga pasible el aumento del
Tampoco culpa Ia OlT a latecnologia de
valor real de los salanos y La compresiOn sa-
Ia perdida de empleos y apoya su aflrmaciOn
lanaI y menciona tres requisitos previos
en datos que ..'riestran que los horarios de
trabajo totales r Canada, Japan y Estados
esenciales para alcanzar el pleno empleo en
los paises industiializados.
Unidos aumentaron notablemente en los Oltimos 30 años, disminuyendo moderadamen-
te en el mismo periodo en Reino Unido,
Francia y Alemania, independientemente del
progreso tOcnico, seflalando el inforrne que
"desde un punto de vista estático, resulta
sencillo indicar los efectos negativos de las
innovaciones que permiten utilizar menos
manos de obra, pero desde un punto de vista adecuadamente dinámico, también hay
que tomar en consideración todos los efectos indirectos de Ia innovaciOn".
Basándose en estos análisis, Ia OlT Ilega
a Ia conclusiOn de que 'no hay motivos convincentes para descartar toda idea del pleno
empleo basándose en que se han registrado
cambios radicales en Ia demando de mano
de obra, Ia naturaleza del trabajo o las actitudes personales ante el empteo.
PARADOS DE LARGA DURACION
Para Ia OtT los desemplados de larga
duraciOn pudieran convertirse en "margina-
dos" econOmicos permanentes, porque
cuando estas personas pierden sus competencias profesionales, observa el informe,
aumentar las tasas de crecimiento
econOmico, mediante una combinaciOn de
potiticas de expansiOn y de medidas destinadas a lomentar Ia productividad. Concretamente, ella implica reducir las tasas de intorés, en un ambiente de moderaciOn de las
asoiraciones salariales, y desplegar esfuerzo concertados para superar Ia escasez de
mano de obra calificada;
apticar mecanismos de Iucha contra Ia
inflación, entre los que podria figurar Ia mejora de Ia coordinaciOn de los procedimientos
de negociaciOn, entre los que podria figurar
Ia mejora de Ia coordinaciOn de los procedimientos de negociaciOn salarial y Ia cancertaciOn de una pacto social més sOlido;
C) perfeccionar las polfticas relativas al
mercado de trabajo, incluidas Ia reforma de
los sistemas de subsidios par desempleo y
los programas de transferencia do prestaciones, Ia aplicaciOn de subsidios a los empleos
de baja remuneraciOn y de deducciones tnbutarias en funciOn de Ia plantilla, destinadas
a estimular Ia contrataciOn de desempleadas
de larga duraciOn.
-
Uruguay
D
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Montevideo, Mattes 26 de Noviembre de 1996
KN £LIO
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cado laboral mundial.
Adetnis dcl gran nUme- aquellos que penenecen a
so de desempieados. is Or. la OCDE. ci nilmero tie los
ganizociOn inicrnacional que no tienen trabajo Cs de
del Trahojo destaca una ca-
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do sepuede hacer pars icdud ci cmpieo y de qua
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quc ci gran aumento de los mis dcl loper demo.
Por cilo. Ia OIl oboga
Los zonas urbanas de
liamados trabajadores p0bres agrave los probiemas Argentina. Bolivia. Ecua- porquc "ci concepto dO
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cmpieo. convenicnsoeiaies y econOmicos pro- dor. Jamaica. MOsico.
vocados por las silas tasos Uruguay y Venezuela at lemente actualizado, siga
vieron especialmente alec- siendo Un objetivo central
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solucionea
financiem isask depermith'aI SCRA qime settee. era
soisancin. lo cad Li ,ntiirLa agrcgar unos 3W anilonesdeddaslaas*a elaño 2000.
Las coleiiios de La oasis ascacona pusscnm ii us-
km banca,io raendno al horde dcl cvlapsa' drb,do a
Lsratirndadefondosporurmos 8.000 susillonz de dairies
an plan de iahemcnso
kciialobBgddBCRA aapi
El 8CM poso en mocha usia e4 de aqizndod
i'asiia" provista con 5.000 millonesdeddlrivs en rsvdeosdisponiblesen case di qua zalle am nuemo mama.
priori FM! o,auidead qua "no ra di csperer' quc cue
thiema "sea ,obusta' "Si., conue Las caneros bancosios en peligro. ci monioperdido pos ci pilbilco ía cause
dekaisis de 1995) es de aprurimodarnente 1.6 es" dcl
P18, calcuió ci FM!.
En rate sesuido. sedate qua "no son rcciq,e,ubles"
ntre3)y 3.500 sniliones di dóiarcs qua ci 8CM dma-
#ibuyuasistiralosbancosafeaadospomlacnsss.
"5db La raised di los 124 bancos yfinancseros
exisUsuesa principios di 1996 seguiriinfuncwnando en
an perdxio di ass a cinco attos' advixid.
El Imbajo dii FMI subrnyti iguaL.nen:e qur "on
iota.! di cerca de 2.500 millones di dolores :endrut qua
soils di fondos ptlblicos porn flnwiciar los cserresy psiraiiacionesde bancosprovinciales".