Physics in Canada La Physique au Canada Vol. 40, N° 1,1984

Physics in Canada
La Physique au Canada
Vol. 40, N° 1,1984
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Physics in
Canada
La Physique
au Canada
The Bulletin of
The Canadian Association
of Physicists
Vol. 40 No. 1
January 1984
Bulletin de
l'Association canadienne
des physiciens
Vol. 40 N° 1
Janvier 1984
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Laurent G. Caron
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Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1
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R. F r a s e r C o d e
Physics Department, University of Toronto,
Erindale Coll R 4039, Mississauga. Ontario L5L 1C6
(416) 828-5353
G.A. Daigle
Conseil national de recherches du Canada, Div. de physique,
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TABLE O F
CONTENTS/SOMMAIRE
Editorial; Letters/Lettres; Cartoon
2
Collaboration in Geophysics — Canada and the U.S.A. 1948-1955
by N.C. Gerson
3
Women in Physics
by W.J. Megaw
8
Corporate Members Conference 1984
9
Physique électrochimique : Historique, étendue et perspectives
par Ashok K. Vijh
10
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian
Universities in 1983/Doctorats décernés en physique
dans les universités canadiennes, 1983
15
Congrès ACP 1984 CAP Congress
General Information/Renseignements généraux
17
Call for Abstracts/Appel de Résumés
18
Sample Abstract/Résumé type
19
Advance Registration/Pré-inscription
Abstract forms/formulaires
centre
Formules de logement/Accommodation Forms
Subject index for abstracts/Cote du sujet des résumés
25
Instructions for Posters/Instructions concernant les posters
25
19th Canadian Undergraduate Physics Conference/
19^ Conférence canadienne d'étudiants en physique
27
CAP affairs/Affaires de l'ACP
1983-84 CAP Committees
29
Official CAP Delegates to Other Organizations
30
Canadian Physicists/Physiciens canadiens
30
Calendar/Calendrier
30
Books Received/Livres reçus
31
Book Reviews/Critiques des livres
32
Corporate Members/Membres corporatifs
38
Front Cover
The only hotel in town, Churchill, November 1946. See article on p. 3.
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canadienne des physiciens IVK4. All rights reserved
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ISSN 0031-9147
2
Physics in Canada
Letters/Lettres
Editorial
O n e of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n P h y s i c s in C a n a d a a n d M a c l e a n s
m a g a z i n e is t h e r a t i o of r e a d e r s t o a u t h o r s . O n e of t h e a i m s of t h e
E d i t o r i a l B o a r d is t o raise this r a t i o o v e r t h e critical v a l u e of u n i t y ,
p a r t l y by e d i t i n g s u b m i s s i o n s w h i c h o n receipt h a v e a r a t i o
a l r e a d y less t h a n u n i t y , a n d p a r t l y by i n d i c a t i n g a r t i c l e s w h i c h
B o a r d m e m b e r s a r e t h e m s e l v e s i n t e r e s t e d in r e a d i n g . I n d e e d , we
have recently noted s o m e encouraging indications that other
p e o p l e a r e a c t u a l l y r e a d i n g s o m e of t h e c o n t e n t s of Physics in
Canada.
A n o t h e r of o u r a i m s h a s b e e n t o i n c r e a s e t h e a m o u n t of n e w s , in
p a r t i c u l a r n e w s of t h e D i v i s i o n s of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n . In this t a s k we
h a v e t o p l a y a p a s s i v e r o l e as t r a n s m i t t e r of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n sent
t o us, s i n c e we a r e all p a r t - t i m e e d i t o r s a n d c a n n o t d e v o t e t h e
a m o u n t of t i m e w h i c h w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y t o f o l l o w t h e activities
of every D i v i s i o n of t h e C A P . O u r m e s s a g e t o D i v i s i o n a l o f f i c i a l s
is: we w e l c o m e n e w s of y o u r activities, b u t we h a v e t o rely o n y o u
t o s e n d it t o us. R e m e m b e r t h a t t h o s e o u t s i d e y o u r D i v i s i o n will
a l s o be i n t e r e s t e d , a n d t h a t it w o u l d be a pity t o let t h e results of
y o u r e f f o r t s slip i n t o o b l i v i o n u n r e c o r d e d .
Well, you know what they say, "A picture is worth a thousand words".
No, no; Canada is bilingual, "A picture is worth two thousand words".
I a m g r a t e f u l t o M r . O ' F a r r e l l f o r p o i n t i n g o u t t h e e r r o r in my
recent c a r t o o n . T h e O l d C h i n e s e p r o v e r b s h o u l d a c t u a l l y r e a d
" O n e p i c t u r e is w o r t h m o r e t h a n ten t h o u s a n d w o r d s " . T h i s
n u m b e r a l s o a g r e e s with t h e s e n t i m e n t of T u r g e n e v " A p i c t u r e
s h o w s m e at a g l a n c e w h a t it t a k e s d o z e n s of p a g e s of a b o o k t o
e x p o u n d " . T h i s a g r e e s with t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s of M r . O ' F a r r e l l .
G. Daigle
M r . O ' F a r r e l l h a s p o i n t e d o u t o n l y o n e of t h e s e r i o u s i n a c c u r a c i e s
in t h e p r o v e r b s we t a k e f o r g r a n t e d . A special c o m m i t t e e of
c o n c e r n e d C A P m e m b e r s c o u l d p e r h a p s t a k e s t e p s t o rectify this
s i t u a t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e " A stitch in t i m e saves n i n e " c o u l d be
a m e n d e d t o i n c l u d e a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n in t h e q u o t e d n u m b e r ,
a n d t h e c o r r e c t SI u n i t s c o u l d be i n s e r t e d i n t o " y o u c a n n o t
get a q u a r t i n t o a pint p o t " . S u r f a c e C a n a d a w o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y
w a n t t o t a k e issue with " N a t u r e a b h o r s a v a c u u m " a n d t h e
a s t r o n o m e r s with " L o v e m a k e s the w o r l d g o r o u n d " . P e r h a p s t h e
c o m m i t t e e c o u l d t a k e as its m o t t o " I f t h e C A P fits, w e a r i t " .
Editor
PAUSE
G O T O 105. . . W e will return to your p r o g r a m a f t e r this short word
f r o m our s p o n s o r . . . T W O ! T W O M I N T S IN O N E !
PAUSE
G O T O 105. . . Nous serons de retour à votre p r o g r a m m e après c e t t e
c o u r t e p a u s e publicitaire. . . B E N V O Y O N S D O N C ! . . . C E L L E
Q U ' O N PRÉFÈRE. . .
La Physique au Canada
3
Collaboration in Geophysics — Canada and the United States 1948-1955
by N.C. Gerson
877 Oakdale Circle, Millersville, MD, 21108
1.
Introduction
It m a y be of interest t o o u t l i n e t h e a c t i o n s t h a t led t o a n era of
m a t e r i a l a d v a n c e s in g e o p h y s i c s in N o r t h A m e r i c a in t h e 1950's.
S o m e of t h e s e a r o s e f r o m a c o n s c i o u s a t t e m p t to h a r n e s s t a l e n t
a n d t o strive t o w a r d s a d v a n c i n g t h e f r o n t i e r s of k n o w l e d g e in
u p p e r a t m o s p h e r i c physics. T o a c c o m p l i s h this e n d o n e vital aspect
w a s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a s t i m u l a t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t f o r r e s e a r c h .
O n l y in this f a s h i o n c o u l d a c a d r e of k n o w l e d g e a b l e , m o t i v a t e d
y o u n g e r i n d i v i d u a l s , w h o c o u l d s u p p l y t h e n e e d e d c r e a t i v i t y , be
a s s e m b l e d . It w a s m y g o o d f o r t u n e t o be a b l e t o p a r t i c i p a t e a n d in
s o m e s m a l l w a y t o i n f l u e n c e t h a t e f f o r t , especially d u r i n g t h e
p e r i o d 1948-1955.
T h e a c c o u n t which f o l l o w s t r a c e s the d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e overall
p r o g r a m a n d t h e r e a s o n s t h a t b r o u g h t it a b o u t . H o w e v e r , b e f o r e
d e s c r i b i n g t h e m in d e t a i l , s o m e b a c k g r o u n d c o m m e n t s l e a d i n g t o
my involvement seem pertinent.
M y field w a s physics, a n d a f t e r g r a d u a t i n g , I b e c a m e involved with
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l t h e r m o d y n a m i c s . O n e d a y in 1946 as I w a s h a p p i l y
s l a v i n g a w a y , a n old p r o f e s s o r of m i n e a p p e a r e d in t h e o f f i c e a n d
t o l d my b o s s t h a t I s h o u l d w o r k f o r h i m . In t h e e n s u i n g t h r e e
h o u r d i s c u s s i o n they b o t h t o t a l l y i g n o r e d me. H o w e v e r , I did
l e a r n f o r t h e first t i m e t h a t my b o s s a p p r e c i a t e d me. T h e net result
of this d e b a t e w a s m y t r a n s f e r f r o m t h e U.S. W e a t h e r B u r e a u t o
t h e U S A F W a t s o n L a b o r a t o r i e s at F o r t M o n m o u t h , a n d t h e n c e f o r t h t o my p r e o c c u p a t i o n with e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c s .
Five w e e k s a f t e r t h a t m e e t i n g , o n a M o n d a y m o r n i n g , I left W a s h i n g t o n f o r N e w J e r s e y . I p r o m i s e d m y t e a r f u l wife t h a t I w o u l d
r e t u r n F r i d a y a f t e r w o r k . O n W e d n e s d a y I w a s given 120-day
travel o r d e r s (later e x t e n d e d f o r a n o t h e r 120 d a y s ) f o r l o c a t i o n s
t h a t f o r t h e m o s t p a r t I h a d n e v e r h e a r d of; O t t a w a , W i n n i p e g ,
G i m l i , P o r t a g e la P r a i r i e , H a m l i n , E d m o n t o n , C h u r c h i l l . B a k e r
L a k e , Y e l l o w k n i f e , N o r m a n Wells a n d " C I P A P . " I n e v e r k n e w
t h e English f o r this a c r o n y m , but it m e a n t " w h e r e v e r else o r d e r e d . "
M y w o r k i n v o l v e d a n e v a l u a t i o n of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l L F L o r a n
C h a i n , a j o i n t R C A F - U S A F p r o j e c t in s o u t h w e s t e r n C a n a d a .
It o r i g i n a l l y h a d t h e n a m e M u s k O x , t h e n M u s k C a l f , a n d t h e n
a variety of d e r i v a t i v e s . T h e t r a n s m i t t e r s were l o c a t e d at N o r t h
B a t t l e f o r d , G i m l i a n d D a w s o n C r e e k . All o t h e r sites were m o n i t o r s
of o n e t y p e o r a n o t h e r . In a d d i t i o n , several B29s were e m p l o y e d
to check o p e r a t i o n a l p e r f o r m a n c e f r o m t h e N o r t h Pole t o B e r m u d a .
B e c a u s e of its s t a b i l i t y , reliability a n d a c c u r a c i e s , t h e c o n c e p t was
a d o p t e d a n d exists t o d a y as t h e L o r a n C 100 K H z h y p e r b o l i c
navigational system.
I w a s o n e of t w o m e n w h o s p e n t six m o n t h s c r i s s - c r o s s i n g C a n a d a
( a n d A l a s k a ) , visiting all f i x e d sites, a n d c h e c k i n g t h e reliability
a n d a c c u r a c y of t h e s y s t e m . I finally s a w my wife a g a i n a few d a y s
b e f o r e C h r i s t m a s , 1946, a n d a l s o f o r t h e first time, my t h r e e m o n t h
o l d s o n . W h e n my wife l e a r n e d t h a t I h a d a l m o s t c r a s h l a n d e d o n
t h e f r o z e n G r e a t Slave L a k e o n l y a b o u t o n e week earlier, she
d e c r e e d t h a t I leave t h e j o b .
M y b o s s , C o l . G e o r g e H i g g i n s o n , c o u n t e r e d with a n o t h e r o f f e r ;
e v a l u a t e t h e L F L o r a n r e c o r d s a n d t h e 180 K H z noise d a t a being
o b t a i n e d . S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , R a l p h C o l e , D i r e c t o r of t h e L a b o r a t o r i e s , e n c o u r a g e d me to complete
a m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e in physics
at N e w Y o r k U n i v e r s i t y . W a t s o n L a b o r a t o r i e s split in 1948;
m o s t of t h e U n i t s were m o v e d t o G r i f f i s s A i r F o r c e Base a n d
b e c a m e k n o w n as t h e R o m e A i r D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r . F o u r L a b o r a t o r i e s i n c l u d i n g mine, (all m a i n l y o n p a p e r ) w e r e o r d e r e d
t o M a s s a c h u s s e t t s w h e r e we f o u n d e d t h e G e o p h y s i c s R e s e a r c h
D i r e c t o r a t e of t h e U S A F C a m b r i d g e R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s .
2. Initial
Planning
M y i n v o l v e m e n t in U n i t e d S t a t e s - C a n a d i a n c o l l a b o r a t i o n in
g e o p h y s i c s b e g a n in 1948, b e f o r e o u r g r o u p m o v e d t o M a s s a c h u setts. By t h a t t i m e , I h a d a l r e a d y c o m p l e t e d m y thesis, " N o c t u r n a l
I o n i z a t i o n in t h e I o n o s p h e r e , " ( l a t e r p u b l i s h e d in the R e v i e w s of
of M o d e r n Physics) u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e of D r s . H a u r w i t z a n d
K o r f f of N Y U . A l s o , I h a d b e e n a s k e d t o h e a d an E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
Propagation L a b o r a t o r y and develop a research p r o g r a m for
U S A F . T o assist m e , a s e c r e t a r y a n d an o f f i c e were p r o v i d e d .
D e v e l o p m e n t of the overall p r o g r a m r e q u i r e d a b o u t seven m o n t h s .
1 was given very wide l a t i t u d e in d e c i d i n g w h a t t o p i c s t o i n c l u d e
or exclude. T h e long term objectives were i m p r o v e d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
( m a i n l y r a d i o b u t a l s o o t h e r f r e q u e n c i e s ) p r o p a g a t i o n in t h e
terrestrial a t m o s p h e r e . O p e r a t i o n a l difficulties a r o s e f r o m t h e
g e n e r a l u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y of t h e received intensity, f r o m t h e o n s e t
of p o l a r b l a c k o u t s at high l a t i t u d e s , o r f r o m t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s
of f a d i n g .
T h e s e p r o b l e m s a r i s e b e c a u s e t h e m e d i u m , the a t m o s p h e r e , is a
fluid in a c o n s t a n t state of flux. W e did not k n o w t h e energy s o u r c e s
a n d s i n k s o r their t i m e v a r i a b i l i t y . ( W e still d o n o t . ) W e did n o t
u n d e r s t a n d t h e d y n a m i c s i n v o l v e d , t h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y of i n c o m i n g
p a r t i c l e s , o r the s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s o l a r r a d i a t i o n . I felt
t h a t as a first a p p r o a c h a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e a t m o s p h e r e ,
t h r o u g h which the man m a d e radiation travelled, was needed. I
was most reluctant and refused, to a d o p t the then s t a n d a r d proc e d u r e f o r e x a m i n i n g p r o p a g a t i o n : establish a t r a n s m i t t e r at p o i n t
A a n d a receiver at p o i n t B, o p e r a t e b o t h l'or a m o n t h o r a y e a r a t
the prescribed frequency, a n d then obtain diurnal a n d m o n t h l y
statistics. I c o m p l a i n e d t h a t we c o u l d repeat this p r o c e d u r e f o r e v e r
w h e n e v e r A a n d B " w e r e m o v e d 10 m e t e r s " a n d still n e v e r k n o w
what caused the differences.
U S A F w a s i n v o l v e d with f r e q u e n c i e s f r o m k H z t h r o u g h G H z
i n t o i n f r a r e d . T h e i n t e r a c t i n g m e d i u m f o r G H z a n d IR w a s p r i n cipally t h e t r o p o s p h e r e , a n d f o r t h e r e m a i n i n g f r e q u e n c i e s , primarily t h e i o n o s p h e r e . H o w e v e r , since m o s t e m p h a s i s was in t h e
b a n d V L F t o V H F , I r e n a m e d the l a b o r a t o r y , " I o n o s p h e r i c Physics
L a b o r a t o r y . " It c o n t a i n e d f o u r S e c t i o n s ; I o n o s p h e r i c Physics,
A u r o r a l Physics, I n f r a r e d , a n d R a d i o M e t e o r o l o g y . G e o m a g n e t i c s ,
e x c i t a t i o n a l p r o c e s s e s a n d s o l a r terrestrial r e l a t i o n s h i p s were
implicitly i n c l u d e d . E m p h a s i s h a d been given t o t h e a u r o r a b e c a u s e
of t h e p o l a r b l a c k o u t p r o b l e m . At a later time, t h e R a d i o M e t e o rological Section m o v e d elsewhere, a n d f o r it I s u b s t i t u t e d a G e o magnetics Section.
3.
Implementation
It s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t f r o m the b e g i n n i n g 1 h a d t w o e n o r m o u s
a d v a n t a g e s . B e c a u s e of t h e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r my thesis, I k n e w
i o n o s p h e r i c a n d u p p e r a t m o s p h e r i c physics, a n d a l r e a d y h a d c o m piled a list of d e f i c i e n c i e s w h i c h s h o u l d be a t t a c k e d . ( H e l m u t
L a n d s b e r g later induced me t o publish a p o r t i o n as " S o m e Unsolved
P r o b l e m s in A t m o s p h e r i c P h y s i c s , " in " A d v a n c e s in G e o p h y s i c s . " )
S e c o n d l y , I h a d very s t r o n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b a c k i n g w i t h i n U S A F ,
a n d w a s well a w a r e of their p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s .
T o i m p l e m e n t the p r o g r a m , a d o u b l e p r o n g e d a p p r o a c h w a s
chosen — both in-house a n d contractual efforts which c o m p l e m e n t e d
e a c h o t h e r . I felt t h a t t h e i n t e r n a l staff (yet to be h i r e d ) m u s t be
a c t i v e r e s e a r c h e r s in t h e i r o w n right if they were t o g u i d e any
University effort.
T h e initial m o v e s f r o m p l a n n i n g t o i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o c c u r e d d u r i n g
s p r i n g a n d fall. 1948. In this a c c o u n t , t h e s e c o n d a c t i o n will be
4
Physics in Canada
Memorandum written by F / L J.H. Gidman, Northwest Air Command RCAF,
Edmonton after the flight from Norman Wells to Hay River (December 4, 1946)
Notes on Special T r i p by Air, N o r m a n Wells to Yellowknife,
N W T , Beachcraft #1396, leaving N o r m a n Wells 1000 h o u r s
4 D e c . / 4 6 ( t e m p e r a t u r e N o r m a n Wells - 48 degrees below
zero). C r e w C a p t a i n — S / L S a n d e r s o n , C O # 6 C o m m . Fit;
Co-Pilot — F / O L. Bell #6 C o m m . Fit; Aircraft Mechanic —
L A C N. Zanusse; Passengers — F / L J . H . G i d m a n ; M r . S.
G e r s o n (U.S. — C a n a d i a n L o r a n Expert); L A C M e l a n s o n
(Chef.)
After take-off at N o r m a n Wells, we headed on course according t o flight plan f o r Yellowknife direct, n o n - s t o p . After
l'/2 h o u r s flying, we ran into zero visibility (fog), which
increased in density as we p r o c e e d e d a n d it was then discovered t h a t there had been s o m e e r r o r in navigation calculations a n d that we were s o m e considerable distance N o r t h
of o u r true t r a c k .
A f t e r 3'A h o u r s flying, we finally raised what we t h o u g h t to
be the N o r t h - W e s t s h o r e of G r e a t Slave L a k e , but we could
not distinguish or orient ourselves with the s h o r e line. We
immediately s w u n g t o a N o r t h e r l y direction a n d proceeded
apparently to a point midway between Ray and Fort Radium,
when it was decided to b a c k - t r a c k a n d fly S o u t h .
A f t e r flying 50 minutes in this direction, the Settlement of
Providence l o o m e d u p a h e a d . Incidentally, we were flying
at a ceiling of 50 to 200 feet with severe icing c o n d i t i o n s
creeping in. T h e port a n d s t a r b o a r d c a r b u r e t o r heater c o n trols were n o w iced a n d unserviceable, as also was o u r Air
Speed I n d i c a t o r , being completely iced in the pilot tube, the
Air Speed I n d i c a t o r s h o w i n g zero miles per h o u r .
W e s w u n g again in a direction which we considered was
t o w a r d Yellowknife, but almost immediately got off track
once m o r e . By this time, the gas in three of the f o u r t a n k s
was e x p e n d e d a n d we were well into the f o u r t h . Again we
changed o u r course a n d without any r a d i o aid whatsoever
(the r a d i o in the A i r c r a f t h a d in the m e a n t i m e gone unserviceable), we headed in what seemed to be the right direction
for H a y River a n d a f t e r several minutes m o r e flying, a n
a b a n d o n e d air strip l o o m e d up which we identified as Providence, a n d at n o height at all, we a t t e m p t e d a landing on
this strip in an a t m o s p h e r e which developed into a very
u n p l e a s a n t s n o w s t o r m , a n d b e a r i n g in mind we had no
indication of air speed whatsoever as the air speed indicator
was s h o w i n g c o n t i n u o u s zero reading all the way, we ap-
described first. W h e n originally asked to head the Electromagnetic
P r o p a g a t i o n L a b o r a t o r y , I h a d been given an existing c o n t r a c t
with Pennsylvania State University (then Pennsylvania State
College). I paid little a t t e n t i o n to the c o n t r a c t because it was of
the r a d i o w a v e p r o p a g a t i o n type a n d was generally c o n c e r n e d with
i o n o s p h e r i c reflection coefficients. However, as the time for
i m p l e m e n t a t i n g my p r o g r a m a p p r o a c h e d , 1 w o n d e r e d w h e t h e r
the desired research into ionospheric physics could be initiated
there.
D u r i n g my visit to Penn State, I indicated t o A . H . Waynick my
intention of s c r a p p i n g the existing effort a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g a new
one devoted to an e x a m i n a t i o n of the physics, p h o t o c h e m i s t r y a n d
d y n a m i c s of the ionosphere. He agreed, but t o insure that he
u n d e r s t o o d my views, I repeated them in detail b e f o r e Eric Walker,
then C h a i r m a n of the E E D e p a r t m e n t . I also i n f o r m e d both that
in d u e time I desired a C o n f e r e n c e on I o n o s p h e r i c Physics, a n d
asked w h e t h e r the College would act as host. If so, I w o u l d p r o vide the f u n d i n g a n d supply details later. T h e outline of p r o b l e m s
b r o u g h t to Penn State were those culled from a larger list assembled
while engaged in my thesis. W e also included an experimental
study of the lower ionosphere.
p r o a c h e d the field on a wing a n d t o u c h e d to o u r surprise,
the b o t t o m t h r o u g h s n o w drift at least 4' in d e p t h . We
b o u n c e d s o m e 40' a n d slid d o w n the r u n w a y still a i r b o u m e ,
m u c h to o u r a m a z e m e n t , as we had all expected the Aircraft
to o v e r t u r n on its b a c k , and on the instant we ran out of
field. S / L S a n d e r s o n in c o n t r o l , opened b o t h throttles wide
a n d we cleared the tree t o p s at the end of the r u n w a y by
several inches (very nice work). In the knowledge that we
n o w had p o w e r in spite of the fact that the Air Speed Indicator was reading zero, we again g r o p e d a l o n g the S o u t h
s h o r e of the Lake. T h e time, incidentally, was a few m i n u t e s
past two, a n d o u r gas supply was r u n n i n g low. W e flew
t h r o u g h a period of time which seemed as t h o u g h it would
t a k e us into the d a r k n e s s .
W e finally crossed the m o u t h of the Hay River a n d the small
settlement. N o w with less than 10 gallons of gas left in o u r
last t a n k , we once m o r e g r o p e d a r o u n d in an a t t e m p t to
locate the air strip (the weather in the meantime was becoming
absolutely filthy, definitely zero-zero). With an o u t - d a t e d
chart, o u r orientation with g r o u n d resulted in absolute failure
to locate the field, a n d so tracking back a l o n g the shore line
once m o r e t o the Settlement with n o altitude in a last desperate effort, we reached the Air Strip at H a y River. In the
m e a n t i m e , the A e r o d r o m e A t t e n d a n t had closed the circuit
to the revolving beacon, s h o w i n g great presence of m i n d
a n d with the aid of the b e a c o n , the Pilot headed the Aircraft low a n d directly over the area. We had now less than
five gallons of gas in the last tank a n d we literally screwed
a r o u n d on a wing in o r d e r to a p p r o a c h the leaside of the
field. We slipped in a n d m a d e a beautiful landing, a f t e r
f o u r h o u r s , 55 minutes in the air.
T h e trip to Yellowknife was c o m p l e t e d from H a y River the
m o r n i n g of 5 D e c e m b e r , without incident.
T h e C a p t a i n of the ship should be c o m m e n d e d on his coolness d u r i n g this whole period of h a z a r d o u s o p e r a t i o n , c o n sidering all the circumstances — impossible weather, unserviceable flying i n s t r u m e n t s a n d absolutely n o r a d i o c o m m u nication, piloting the Aircraft under his charge t o a safe
landing in that p o r t i o n of the N W T over which he had never
flown before.
^ ^
4. C a n a d i a n
Participation
In retrospect, the earliest steps taken to prosecute the p r o g r a m
b o u n d me inextricably into the a t m o s p h e r i c research e f f o r t s of
C a n a d a . I n the spring of 1948 I h a d c o n t a c t e d D r . Cullwick,
then at the D e f e n s e Research B o a r d , a b o u t s p o n s o r i n g a u r o r a l
research (at the University of S a s k a t c h e w a n ) a n d r a d i o meteorological investigations (at McGill University). Cullwick a r r a n g e d
a meeting at the old N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e H e a d q u a r t e r s building t o
include himself, D o n McKinley of the N a t i o n a l Research Council,
B a l f o u r C u r r i e of S a s k a t o o n , S t u a r t Marshall of M o n t r e a l a n d
myself.
We discussed the i n a u g u r a t i o n of a r a t h e r large a u r o r a l research
e f f o r t at the University of S a s k a t c h e w a n a n d t h e a u g m e n t a t i o n
of r a d i o meteorological studies at McGill. M o r e specifically, my
p r o p o s a l s c o n t a i n e d for S a s k a t o o n : (1) a detailed a u r o r a l spectroscopic p r o g r a m involving o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d analyses, a n d (2)
a r a d i o a u r o r a l o b s e r v a t i o n a l a n d analytical p r o g r a m . A F C R L
would support the former outright, a n d M ould supply the equipment
a n d seek D R B f u n d i n g for the latter. For McGill, the p r o p o s a l
was to increase a n d strengthen their p r o g r a m in precipitation
La Physique au Canada
physics, rain size d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d a s s o c i a t e d topics.
would supply a radar and furnish funding.
AFCRL
McKinley, Marshall a n d Cullwick were enthusiastic. McKinley
w a n t e d a n a d d i t i o n a l r a d a r f o r N R C s o t h a t he c o u l d e x p a n d his
r a d a r s t u d i e s of m e t e o r s . (I a g r e e d . ) C u r r i e t h o u g h t t h a t the r a d a r
o b s e r v a t i o n s might ( c o u l d ? ) fail a n d s e e m e d r e l u c t a n t t o a g r e e . O n
this p o i n t we d e c i d e d t o review t h e m a t t e r the next w o r k i n g d a y
a f t e r everyone had had a chance to think things over. Marshall
was delighted a n d accepted on the spot. (The r a d a r for McGill was
o f t h e n o d d i n g t y p e , called t h e " t i p s y n i n e " — T P S 9 . A F C R L
provided f u n d i n g for what b e c a m e the " S t o r m y W e a t h e r " project
of M c G i l l . ) In t h e f o l l o w i n g m e e t i n g , all a g r e e d with t h e
proposals. I now had more paper work.
First C l a s s T r a v e l , B a k e r L a k e , N o v e m b e r 1946. Ice three feet thick
5. T h e A u r o r a l
Program
S o m e t i m e e l a p s e d b e f o r e I a r r i v e d at S a s k a t o o n with an o u t l i n e
(essentially a s h o p p i n g list) of s p e c t r o s c o p i c a n d r a d a r r e s e a r c h
t o p i c s t h a t s h o u l d be p u r s u e d . T h e m a j o r i t e m s i n c l u d e d a c c u r a t e
identifications, t e m p e r a t u r e d e d u c t i o n s f r o m t h e nitrogen r o t a t i o n a l
lines, a l t i t u d e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ( u s i n g C u r r i e ' s o b s e r v a t i o n s at
C h e s t e r f i e l d Inlet d u r i n g 1932), o b s e r v a t i o n s of sunlit a u r o r a ,
s p e c t r a of " a u r o r a l p r i m a r i e s , " c o r r e l a t i o n of o p t i c a l a n d r a d a r
o b s e r v a t i o n s , e m i s s i o n a l t i t u d e s , a n d e l e c t r o n d e n s i t i e s in i o n i z e d
a u r o r a . Petrie h a d a few a d d i t i o n a l items which we i n c o r p o r a t e d .
T h e t h r e e of us, in t w o h a l f - d a y s e s s i o n s , went o v e r t h e i t e m s
m e t h o d i c a l l y a n d in s o m e detail. F o r e a c h t o p i c we c o n s i d e r e d t h e
feasibility, v a l u e , m e t h o d of a t t a c k a n d the n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t .
It w a s o b v i o u s t h a t f o r a d e f i n i t i v e i n d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e a u r o r a l
a n d airglow emissions additional Hat field Schmidt c a m e r a s (designed
by A. Meinel of Y e r k e s O b s e r v a t o r y ) w e r e n e e d e d . I a g r e e d t o
h a v e him c o n s t r u c t t h e s e c a m e r a s f o r b o t h S a s k a t o o n a n d o u r
i n t e r n a l s t u d i e s at A F C R L .
D u r i n g t h e visit. I m a d e the u s u a l i n s p e c t i o n s ; the l a b o r a t o r i e s of
t h e Physics D e p a r t m e n t , the s p e c t r o s c o p e s , t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n
o n t h e r o o f a n d in t h e field. A g a i n I b e c a m e a c q u a i n t e d w ith t h e
o p e r a t i o n of e q u i p m e n t o u t d o o r s d u r i n g c o l d w i n t e r s . O n leaving
S a s k a t o o n several d a y s l a t e r . I h a d t h e distinct i m p r e s s i o n t h a t
b o t h C u r r i e a n d Petrie w e r e o v e r w h e l m e d by t h e p r o s p e c t s ( S o m e
y e a r s later, the U p p e r A t m o s p h e r i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e w a s e s t a b lished at the U n i v e r s i t y . C u r r i e used t o i n t r o d u c e m e as its g r a n d father.)
Back in M a s s a c h u s e t t s , I p r e p a r e d a c o n t r a c t of c o n s i d e r a b l e
flexibility to c o v e r n o t o n l y t h e p a t h s t h a t we felt were c l e a r b u t
a l s o t h o s e t h a t i n v a r i a b l y a r e u n c o v e r e d by o n g o i n g r e s e a r c h .
F u r t h e r , t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e s t u d i e s w o u l d not be s u b j e c t to wild
f u n d i n g g y r a t i o n s , I o b t a i n e d a five y e a r c o n t r a c t — e i t h e r t h e
o n l y o n e , o r o n e of a very f e w , of t h a t d u r a t i o n ever issued bv
AFCRL.
Ice fishing, B a k e r L a k e , N o v e m b e r 1946 T h e fish was for the sled
dogs. We ate canned vegetables, canned hot d o g s , canned b u t t e r , etc.
It m a y be of interest at this p o i n t to n o t e my r a t i o n a l e f o r c o n c e n t r a t i n g a u r o r a l r e s e a r c h at t h e University of S a s k a t c h e w a n . T h e
a n s w e r is relatively s i m p l e ; c o m p e t e n c e a n d l o c a t i o n . 1 h a d a
f a v o r i t e p h r a s e at t h a t time: " y o u d o not fish in t h e d e s e r t . " T h u s ,
1 did n o t b e c o m e i n v o l v e d with t h e e f f o r t s at C o r n e l l o r C o l g a t e .
W i t h respect t o the U n i v e r s i t y of A l a s k a , a l t h o u g h t h e l o c a t i o n
was g o o d , specialists were a b s e n t a n d could not be readily a t t r a c t e d .
I n d e e d , I m a d e a c o n s c i o u s e f f o r t o n a trial basis a n d s h i p p e d o n e
of t h e identical 106 M H z r a d a r (that h a d been d i s p a t c h e d t o
S a s k a t o o n ) t o the G e o p h y s i c a l I n s t i t u t e , F a i r b a n k s . In a d d i t i o n ,
f u n d i n g w a s p r o v i d e d . T h e results were d i s a p p o i n t i n g a n d I terminated our involvement.
A n u n e x p e c t e d d e v e l o p m e n t later o c c u r r e d that c a u s e d m e s o m e
w o r r y . Bill Petrie's wife never liked t h e w i n t e r s at S a s k a t o o n ,
a n d he finally d e p a r t e d f o r t h e w a r m e r c l i m a t e of O t t a w a a n d
D R B . A f t e r t h e m o v e he pressed m e t o t r a n s f e r t h e Hat field
S c h m i d t s to D R B so that he c o u l d use t h e m at C h u r c h i l l . 1 felt,
h o w e v e r , t h a t they s h o u l d r e m a i n at t h e U n i v e r s i t y w h e r e t h e r e
w a s a v i b r a n t a n d i n t e r e s t e d staff a n d a s o u r c e of a c t i v e g r a d u a t e
s t u d e n t s . I a m not c e r t a i n t h a t Bill e v e r fully a c c e p t e d or liked t h e
decision t o retain t h e e q u i p m e n t at S a s k a t o o n .
6. E x c i t a t i o n
Mechanisms
A n o t a b l e lack of i n f o r m a t i o n , t h a t o b s c u r e d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
a t m o s p h e r i c e m i s s i o n s p e c t r a , existed in t h e e x c i t a t i o n t r a n s i t i o n s
i n v o l v e d . T h e r e w a s little o n g o i n g r e s e a r c h in this field. It s e e m e d
to m e t h a t physics h a d b y - p a s s e d relatively low e n e r g y a t o m i c a n d
m o l e c u l a r r e a c t i o n s a n d collisional p r o c e s s e s a n d h a d i n s t e a d
r u s h e d pell mell i n t o e x a m i n i n g high e n e r g y n u c l e a r i n t e r a c t i o n s .
( T h e r e a s o n s were o b v i o u s . ) F u r t h e r , past l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s f o r
a t m o s p h e r i c species h a d been s p o t t y a n d unsystematic. Possibly the
m o s t recent l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s relevant to a t m o s p h e r i c e m i s s i o n s
w e r e t h o s e of K a p l a n at U C L A a n d V e g a r d in O s l o (on n i t r o g e n
s p e c t r a a n d a f t e r g l o w s ) . C u r r e n t w o r k w a s essentially a b s e n t . In
e f f e c t , t h e r e w a s n o c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t in this field.
5
6
Physics in Canada
W h i l e p o n d e r i n g o n this e x p e r i m e n t a l d e f i c i e n c y , 1 s t u m b l e d
u p o n a y o u n g enthusiastic investigator w h o was delivering a paper
o n this t o p i c at t h e a n n u a l i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o s c o p y m e e t i n g s of O h i o
State University. I was impressed a n d , after thinking about the
matter over a weekend, telephoned him. He was R.W. Nicholls
of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of W e s t e r n O n t a r i o .
In this c a s e t h e o b j e c t i v e s w e r e easier t o d e s c r i b e . A l s o , it h e l p e d
c o n s i d e r a b l y since I k n e w w h a t I w a n t e d , a n d he h a d it. W e discussed the possible experiments, goals, and laboratory equipment.
T h e v a r i o u s scientific, c o n t r a c t u a l a n d f u n d i n g details were
essentially a g r e e d u p o n p r i o r t o t h e e n d of a t w e n t y m i n u t e c o n v e r s a t i o n . It r e m a i n e d o n l y t o f o r m a l i z e t h e m in v a r i o u s c o r r e s p o n d a n c e a n d a c t i o n s . J u s t b e f o r e c o n c l u d i n g , a n d a l m o s t as a n
a f t e r t h o u g h t , N i c h o l l s t h o u g h t of his " c h a i n of c o m m a n d . " H e
a s k e d m e t o b r o a c h t h e p o t e n t i a l c o n t r a c t with his D e p a r t m e n t
C h a i r m a n , A . D . M i s e n e r . A s e p a r a t e t e l e p h o n e call a f e w m i n u t e s
later settled t h e m a t t e r . M i s e n e r r e m a i n e d a s t a u n c h b a c k e r of t h e
project. Nicholls a n d I owed him a great debt for absorbing or
d e f l e c t i n g s o m e of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e j e t s a m t h a t i n v a r i a b l y
s u r f a c e s in university c o n t r a c t s .
7. C o m m e n t s f r o m
DRB
W i t h i n a f e w m o n t h s a f t e r t h e c o n t r a c t with N i c h o l l s at U W O ,
" r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s " t o l d m e t h a t F r a n k D a v i e s w a s u p s e t . H e felt
that I was p o u r i n g t o o much m o n e y into C a n a d i a n Universities
a n d w h e t t i n g their a p p e t i t e s i n t o r e q u e s t i n g m o r e s u p p o r t t h a n
necessary f r o m the Defence Research Board. (As an example,
c o n s i d e r t h e c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t y of S a s k a t c h e w a n f o r
a u r o r a l r e s e a r c h . I p r o v i d e d $30K a n n u a l l y , g u a r a n t e e d f o r five
y e a r s , f o r t h e s p e c t r o s c o p i c e n d e a v o r s . In its w i s d o m , D R B
provided $3K. reapplied for annually, for the associated r a d a r
studies. N o t e , that the p e r i o d was 1949.) F r a n k felt t h a t my f u n d i n g
w a s t o o high a n d c o v e r e d t o o m a n y C a n a d i a n Universities.
A b o o k c o u l d be w r i t t e n o n t h e w i s d o m a n d f o r e s i g h t , e n u n c i a t e d
in a W e l s h a c c e n t , by F r a n k T. D a v i e s . H e r e , h o w e v e r , let m e
n o t e in p a s s i n g t h a t this f o r c e f u l a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l physicist d i d
m u c h f o r C a n a d a . W e first met in 1946 at t h e g r e a t m e t r o p o l i s of
P o r t a g e la Prairie, w h e r e I w a s t h e n w o r k i n g . F r a n k a r r i v e d at t h e
R C A F s t a t i o n a n d installed a n i o n o s o n d e in the s a m e r o o m that
c o n t a i n e d t h e L F L o r a n e q u i m e n t of W a t s o n L a b o r a t o r i e s . I later
o p e r a t e d his s o u n d e r c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g t h e Perseids m e t e o r
s h o w e r p e r i o d , s e e k i n g s e c h o e s f r o m the ionized m e t e o r rails —
t o n o avail.
O u r meeting sparked a long, w a r m , simpatico relationship that
e n d e d with his u n t i m e l y d e a t h . H e a n d J o o s , t h e g r e a t G e r m a n
physicist, t a u g h t m e all I ever k n e w a b o u t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of
r e s e a r c h . T h r o u g h t h e y e a r s we met i r r e g u l a r l y b u t f r e q u e n t l y . My
wife a n d I w e r e in O t t a w a d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i v e m e e t i n g of t h e
C a n a d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n of Physicists ( M a y 1948, S t a n d i s h H o t e l ,
s p o n s o r e d by N R C ) . F r a n k b r o u g h t us t h e r e as his guests, a n d
a l o n g t h e w a y e x p l a i n e d w h y t h e m e e t i n g h a d t o be held in H u l l .
" Y o u see N a t , " he s a i d , " O t t a w a is d r y , a n d n o o n e w o u l d c o m e
unless t h e r e w a s b o o z e . " ( H e w a s right.) I a l w a y s r e g r e t t e d n o t
h a v i n g s i g n e d u p as a c h a r t e r m e m b e r .
A f t e r he h a d f o r m e d t h e D e f e n c e R e s e a r c h T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
E s t a b l i s h m e n t at Shirley Bay, he i n v a r i a b l y s o u g h t m e o u t d u r i n g
my v a r i o u s visits. In a d d i t i o n t o d i s c u s s i o n s o n p u r e l y scientific
o r t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m s (e.g., t h e i o n o s p h e r e o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n s )
he b r o u g h t in o t h e r m a t t e r s that a f f e c t e d us b o t h ; i n s p i r i n g a n d
m o t i v a t i n g r e s e a r c h e r s , t h e life cycle of a r e s e a r c h o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
a n d even t h e v a l u e of a l o u n g e . He h a d a n i n f e c t i o u s h u m o u r a n d
a l w a y s p r o v i d e d m e with i n t e r e s t i n g t i d b i t s , t h a t 1 h a v e o f t e n
q u o t e d t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s . I o w e m u c h t o h i m a n d his wise c o u n s e l .
8. T h e
Conferences
D u r i n g t h e very earliest p r o g r a m p l a n n i n g s t a g e s , w h e n my only
s t a f f w a s my s e c r e t a r y , I w a s very m u c h a w a r e o f t h e " d e a r t h
of k n o w l e d g e " in t h e field. It s e e m e d t o m e t h a t t h e s p o n s o r s h i p
of scientific C o n f e r e n c e s o n v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of o u r interest w a s
vitally n e e d e d . M y a r g u m e n t , w h i c h U S A F b o u g h t , w a s t h a t n o n s u p p o r t e d r e s e a r c h e r s w o u l d be d r a w n i n t o e x p a n d i n g their e f f o r t s
i n t o u p p e r a t m o s p h e r i c physics w i t h o u t direct s u p p o r t . A l s o , the
s t i m u l a t i o n a n d c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s e n g e n d e r e d by a C o n f e r e n c e
w o u l d m o r e actively m o t i v a t e r e s e a r c h e r s u n d e r o u r direct s u p p o r t .
O n this basis I t h e n initiated a n u m b e r of s e m i n a r - t y p e C o n f e r e n c e s
c o n s t r a i n e d to m y fields of interest. T h e first t w o , the C o n f e r e n c e
on Ionospheric Propagation, and the Conference on Ionospheric
Physics, w e r e held at P e n n S t a t e . T h e t h i r d in this series w a s t h e
C o n f e r e n c e o n A u r o r a l Physics, held at U W O . T h e f o u r t h , a
C o n f e r e n c e o n M i c r o w a v e M e t e o r o l o g y , w a s c o n v e n e d at M c G i l l ,
a n d t h e f i f t h , o n E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c P r o p a g a t i o n , at N Y U .
P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e first f o u r were p u b l i s h e d as G e o p h y s i c a l
R e s e a r c h P a p e r s by A F C R L , a n d of the fifth in " P u r e a n d
Applied Mathematics."
( A f t e r t h e first C o n f e r e n c e , Lloyd B e r k n e r w a n t e d m e t o host
f u t u r e C o n f e r e n c e s u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e I n s t i t u t e of R a d i o
E n g i n e e r s o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Scientific R a d i o U n i o n . I resisted,
feeling that t h e distinctive n a t u r e a n d t h r u s t of o u r C o n f e r e n c e s
w o u l d be lost. My o b j e c t i v e w a s the s t i m u l a t i o n of r e s e a r c h o n
u p p e r a t m o s p h e r i c physics. I felt t h a t the C o m m i t t e e s t r u c t u r e of
t h e I R E a n d U R S I c o u l d d i l u t e t h e effect. M y goal w a s a c o n c e n t r a t e d , in d e p t h review of l h e s t a t e of k n o w l e d g e , t h e b e t t e r
t o d e f i n e t h e deficiencies a n d c h a r t t h e next s t e p s t o be f o l l o w e d .
I a l s o r e m e m b e r e d F r a n k D a v i e s , " N o C o m m i t t e e ever w o n a
Nobel Prize.")
T h e C o n f e r e n c e o n A u r o r a l Physics at U W O w a s a r e s o u n d i n g
success, a n d p r o b a b l y t h e mosl o u t s t a n d i n g of all t h a t I w a s e v e r
a s s o c i a t e d with. T h e l o c a t i o n w a s i n f l u e n c e d by n o n - s c i e n t i f i c
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I really w a n t e d t h e C o n f e r e n c e held at S a s k a t o o n ,
but m a n y of t h e p r o p o s e d invitees were E u r o p e a n . T h e e x t r a
travel c o s t s l o o m e d as a f a c t o r A l s o , m o r e scientific t a l e n t w o u l d
h a v e b e e n d r a i n e d a w a y f r o m t h e r e s e a r c h t e a m at U S t h a n at
U W O . F u r t h e r , M i s e n e r w a s g o o d at inveigling o t h e r s t o assist
in a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . It w a s u p o n t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s that the C o n f e r e n c e w a s held in L o n d o n r a t h e r t h a n in S a s k a t o o n .
E v e r y m a j o r r e s e a r c h e r in the field, except V e g a r d , w a s p r e s e n t :
Barbier, i m p o s i n g a n d dignified; C h a p m a n , i m p e r i o u s a n d h a u g h t y ;
A l f v e n , c h e e r f u l a n d i m p e r t u r b a b l e ; Bates, witty a n d s h a r p ;
M a s s e y , quiet a n d r e s e r v e d ; S t o r m e r , v e n e r a b l e a n d w a r m ; T a Yu
W u , f o r m a l a n d c o r r e c t ; E. Vassy, p r o f e s s o r i a l a n d effective;
H e r m a n , c a r e f u l a n d weighty; H e r z b e r g , i m p e c c a b l e a n d precise.
T h e r e were t h e y o u n g s t e r s to w h o m t h e t o r c h w o u l d pass;
Forsyth, H u n t e n , Nicholls, Meinel, Vallance Jones, Montalbetti,
D o n a h u e , D a l g a r n o , Bowles, J o h n s o n a n d o t h e r s . ( C h a p m a n
a l w a y s called m e M a j o r G e r s o n ; he n e v e r realized t h a t a f t e r six
years in t h e N a t i o n a l G u a r d I h a d o n l y a t t a i n e d t h e r a n k of
corporal.)
S t o r m e r , the o l d e s t , w a s d e e m e d t h e m o s t c h a r m i n g . N o t only was
he viewed as a s y m b o l of the d e d i c a t e d r e s e a r c h e r f o r e g o i n g the
c o m f o r t s of t h e University f o r t h e h a z a r d o u s n e s s of t h e A r c t i c
of t h e 1920s, but a l s o as the link t o B i r k e l a n d a n d t h e a u r o r a l
p i o n e e r s of t h e p a s t . It was S t o r m e r w h o h a d o b t a i n e d t h e p h o t o g r a p h s f o r t r i a n g u l a t i n g a l t i t u d e s of t h e l o w e r b o r d e r s of t h e
a u r o r a . It w a s S t o r m e r , t o o , w h o h a d l a b o r i o u s l y c a l c u l a t e d , by
h a n d , t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s of c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s a p p r o a c h i n g a m a g n e tized s p h e r e (or terrella); results later utilized in c h a r a c t e r i z i n g
a l l o w a b l e a n d f o r b i d d e n p a t h s f o r c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n r e a c h i n g the
e a r t h . S t o r m e r ' s " m o u s e " trick h a d t o be r e p e a t e d until all h a d
seen it. H e f o l d e d a h a n d k e r c h i e f in t h e p a l m of his h a n d ; w h e n he
o p e n e d his fist t h e f o l d e d c l o t h literally l e a p e d f o r w a r d .
T h e C o n f e r e n c e i n c l u d e d all a s p e c t s of the a u r o r a l p r o b l e m as I
knew t h e m at t h a t time. A l f v e n a n d C h a p m a n p r e s e n t e d d i f f e r e n t
views o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e a u r o r a , with A l f v e n i n t r o d u c i n g the
p r e s e n c e of electrical fields. C h a p m a n s t r o n g l y d i s a g r e e d . T o
La Physique au Canada
i n s u r e t h a t all p r e s e n t clearly a p p r e c i a t e d t h e s h a r p d i v e r g e n c e in
t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s . I c h a n g e d t h e a g e n d a a n d a r r a n g e d a special
" d e b a t e " t h a t m o r e clearly e x p r e s s e d their d i f f e r e n c e s . M i s e n e r
c a j o l e d t h e city i n t o h o s t i n g a d i n n e r f o r us.
T h e f o r m a l C o n f e r e n c e w a s f o l l o w e d by a n i n f o r m a l C o l l o q u i u m
a t t e n d e d only by e x p e r t s a n d a c t i v e r e s e a r c h e r s in t h e field. (I h a d
instituted this practice f o l l o w i n g t h e s e c o n d P e n n State
Conference,
a n d t h e C o l l o q u i u m o n M e s o s p h e r i c Physics w a s held at A F C R L
in C a m b r i d g e . T h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e w a s f o l l o w e d at U W O . ) Its
p u r p o s e w a s to a l l o w f r a n k d i s c u s s i o n s , t o s u r f a c e p r i v a t e views
w h i c h c o u l d d i f f e r f r o m p u b l i c o n e s , a n d t o s t i m u l a t e t h o u g h t by
t h e clash o f ideas. T h u s , a f t e r m o s t C o n f e r e n c e a t t e n d e e s h a d left,
we held a t w o - d a y r o u n d table f o r u m of f o u r sessions in a b a s e m e n t
r o o m of the newly c o n s t r u c t e d University library. Misener a r r a n g e d
f o r a p h o t o g r a p h o f this g r o u p . A s u m m a r y of t h e C o l l o q u i u m
w a s p u b l i s h e d in t h e J o u r n a l of t h e F r a n k l i n I n s t i t u t e .
T h e e x c i t e m e n t a n d e x h i l a r a t i o n p r o v i d e d by t h e C o n f e r e n c e o n
A u r o r a l Physics w a s t r u l y r e m a r k a b l e . T h e i n c r e a s e d e n t h u s i a s m
a m o n g t h e a c t i v e r e s e a r c h e r s c o u l d never h a v e been p u r c h a s e d
with d o l l a r s .
Field intensity m e a s u r e m e n t s . D a w s o n C r e e k , S e p t . 1947.
9. E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l
Particles and
Geomagnetics
M y m a i n t h r u s t s to this p o i n t h a d b e e n in a e r o - a n d i o n o s p h e r i c physics, involving the ionosphere, a u r o r a , a n d troposphere; the
practical goal was improved radio wave propagation. Polar c o m m u n i c a t i o n s p r o b l e m s at H i g h F r e q u e n c i e s ( 3 — 3 0 M H z ) w e r e
well k n o w n , a n d I h a d e x p e r i e n c e d t h e m myself w h e n s t r a n d e d
at B a k e r L a k e , N o r m a n Wells a n d C h u r c h i l l . T h e y w e r e g e n e r a l l y
u n p r e d i c t a b l e in o n s e t , l o c a t i o n a n d d u r a t i o n , b u t it w a s k n o w n
t h a t at t i m e s their p r e s e n c e c o u l d be a s s o c i a t e d with t h e p r e s e n c e
of a u r o r a s . A q u e s t i o n t h a t g n a w e d at m e w a s w h e t h e r a p r e c u r s o r
c o u l d be f o u n d w h i c h w o u l d p r o v i d e w a r n i n g of a n i m p e n d i n g
H F blackout.
M y a t t e n t i o n t u r n e d m o r e fully to g e o m a g n e t i c s a n d extraterrestrial
p a r t i c l e s a f t e r t h e R a d i o M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Section h a d m o v e d t o
a n o t h e r L a b o r a t o r y w i t h i n A F C R L . W i t h respect t o t h e latter, I
had noticed that s o m e polar a b s o r p t i o n events correlated with
a b r u p t c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n increases, I w o n d e r e d w h e t h e r an e x a m i n a t i o n of i n c o m i n g s o l a r c o r p u s c l e s m i g h t p r o v i d e a p r e c u r s o r t o
a n a b s o r p t i o n p e r i o d . J o h n S i m p s o n at the U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o
has been u s i n g n e u t r o n m o n i t o r s t o m e a s u r e increases in t h e s o l a r
c o m p o n e n t of c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n . It s e e m e d logical to e x p l o r e this
t e c h n i q u e f u r t h e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y since n e u t r o n m o n i t o r s m e a s u r e d
the low energy c o m p o n e n t of c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n ; i.e., that c o m p o n e n t
e m a n a t i n g f r o m t h e s u n . T h e c o n t r a c t s u b s e q u e n t l y let with
h i m at U C h a d this o b j e c t i v e in m i n d . It a l s o i n c l u d e d a
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n e q u a t o r o b t a i n e d by
utilising an a i r c r a f t b o r n e m o n i t o r t o d e t e r m i n e the l a t i t u d i n a l
m i n i m a (in n e u t r o n intensities) d e t e r m i n e d at a n u m b e r of
different longitudes.
7
T h e p r o b l e m relative t o g e o m a g n e t i c s was m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d :
p r a c t i c a l l y n o r e s e a r c h in g e o m a g n e t i c s was u n d e r w a y in N o r t h
A m e r i c a , with t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e small e f f o r t by H a r r y Vestine
at the C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t i o n of W a s h i n g t o n . T h e f o r e f r o n t of g e o m a g n e t i c r e s e a r c h w a s e l s e w h e r e ; u n d e r Bartells in G e r m a n y a n d
N a g a t a in J a p a n . I visited several U.S. Universities " s i z i n g u p "
interest a n d c o m p e t e n c e . Rice U n i v e r s i t y h a d a m a g n e t o m e t e r ,
examined sporadically, on c a m p u s but that s u m m a r i z e d their
interest.
At this time, t h e N a t i o n a l Committees
for the International G e o physical Y e a r of 1957-58 were o r g a n i z i n g . I w a s a p p o i n t e d t o t h e
U . S . N . C . f o r t h e I G Y a n d b e c a m e S e c r e t a r y a n d S e c r e t a r y of its
Executive Committee.
D u r i n g several meetings at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l
level, 1 discussed this d e f i c i e n c y with Bartells of t h e U n i v e r s i t y
of G o t t i n g e n at s o m e length. I t h e n a s k e d w h e t h e r he c o u l d
r e c o m m e n d o n e of his t h o r o u g h l y competent
students who would
be willing t o w o r k in a C a n a d i a n o r U.S. University. I w o u l d
i n s u r e f u n d i n g . T h i s s t u d e n t m u s t be o u t s t a n d i n g in g e o m a g n e t i c s
a n d , by o s m o s i s , s h o u l d a t t e m p t t o interest his a s s o c i a t e s . Bartells
s o u n d e d o u t his protegees, a n d advised me that o n e n a m e d S c h m i d t
w a s b o t h s u i t a b l e a n d willing t o m a k e t h e m o v e . In the m e a n t i m e ,
1 a p p r o a c h e d T u z o W i l s o n , h e a d of t h e G e o p h y s i c a l I n s t i t u t e o f
t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r he w o u l d be
willing t o b e c o m e i n v o l v e d with g e o m a g n e t i c s . H e w a s a n d a
contract was written.
A p r o b l e m a r o s e w h e n S c h m i d t c h a n g e d his m i n d a n d d e c i d e d n o t
t o w o r k in N o r t h A m e r i c a . Bartells w a s e m b a r a s s e d but c o u l d
p r o v i d e n o r e p l a c e m e n t . I t h e n p u r s u e d t h e m a t t e r with N a g a t a
of t h e University of T o k y o — d u r i n g o n e I G Y m e e t i n g in R o m e ,
Italy, a n d o v e r a C h i n e s e meal t h a t he a l w a y s loved. H e w a s
i n t e r e s t e d a n d p r o m i s e d t o t h i n k it o v e r . T i m e p a s s e d a n d I w r o t e
him o n several o c c a s i o n s . Finally he c h o s e T . O b a y a s h i . T h e
J a p a n e s e G o v e r n m e n t p a i d f o r his t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o V a n c o u v e r
but n o t o n e yen m o r e , ( T h e i r e c o n o m y w a s t o o s t r a p p e d . ) He
a r r i v e d t h e r e essentially penniless. F r o m t h e c o n t r a c t . T u z o
a d v a n c e d h i m t r a v e l e x p e n s e s t o T o r o n t o . W h e n I later a s k e d
N a g a t a w h y his selection p r o c e s s h a d t a k e n s o long, he replied
that J a p a n e s e h o n o r w o u l d be at s t a k e , a n d he h a d t o i n s u r e
himself t h a t o n l y the m o s t o u t s t a n d i n g s t u d e n t h a d been selected.
H e c o u l d h a r d l y h a v e m a d e a b e t t e r choice.
Since O b a y a s h i k n e w n o E n g l i s h , 1 w a i t e d a p e r i o d of m o n t h s
b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g t o visit U T . T h e r e w as n o d o u b t that O b a y a s h i
k n e w g e o m a g n e t i c s . H o w e v e r , d u r i n g his c o n v e r s a t i o n s with m e
I c o u l d n e v e r d e c i d e w h e t h e r he w a s s p e a k i n g J a p a n e s e with a n
English a c c e n t , or E n g l i s h with a J a p a n e s e a c c e n t . H e w a s o n e o f
the m o s t o u t s t a n d i n g r e s e a r c h e r s at U T . H e typically a r r i v e d at
w o r k at t h e u s u a l t i m e , but f r e q u e n t l y w o r k e d until 3 A M b e f o r e
q u i t t i n g . T h e f a c u l t y i n d i v i d u a l a s s i g n e d by T u z o t o o v e r s e e
Obayashi was Jacobs. Once when I was chatting with him, J a c o b s
told m e t h a t he w a s a h a r d rock g e o p h y s i c i s t , did not w a n t t o
b e c o m e i n v o l v e d with g e o m a g n e t i s m , a n d w a s not g o i n g t o . D e s pite t h e fact that these c o m m e n t s left m e with great misgivings,
J a c o b s did b e c o m e seriously i n t e r e s t e d . H e a n d O b a y a s h i a t t a i n e d
i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e p u t a t i o n s in this field.
10.
Postlogue
T h e results of all these e f f o r t s w e r e i m p r e s s i v e . At M c G i l l t h e
S t o r m y W e a t h e r g r o u p b e c a m e f a m o u s f o r its o u t s t a n d i n g a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s in p r e c i p i t a t i o n physics. At S a s k a t o o n , t h e investigations on the optical a n d r a d i o a u r o r a s m a d e C a n a d a the leading
n a t i o n in this field; t h e w o r k h a d s h i f t e d t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y
of a u r o r a l physics f r o m S c a n d i n a v i a to N o r t h A m e r i c a . T h e
careful work experimentally clarifying transitional probabilities
b r o u g h t r e c o g n i t i o n a n d a c c l a i m t o N i c h o l l s , his a s s o c i a t e s a n d
U W O . A n d . at T o r o n t o , J a c o b s f i n a l l y d i d interest h i m s e l f in
geomagnetics and became an international expert.
It is a t r i b u t e t o all i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d ( i n c l u d i n g m a n y n o t
n a m e d ) , a n d a m a t t e r of s o m e a w e to m e , t h a t t h e s e f o u r c o n t r a c t s
8
Physics in Canada
t r a i n e d a g e n e r a t i o n of a t m o s p h e r i c p h y s i c i s t s , a d v a n c e d t h e
f r o n t i e r s of k n o w l e d g e , b r o u g h t f a m e t o t h e i r U n i v e r s i t i e s a n d
b r o u g h t r e k n o w n t o C a n a d a . L o o k i n g b a c k , 1 t e n d t o a s c r i b e this
r e m a r k a b l e r e c o r d t o t h r e e c a u s e s , t h e first t w o of w h i c h a r e
m i n o r . F i r s t l y , I h a d j u s t c o m p l e t e d m y thesis a n d I s a w c e r t a i n
o b v i o u s d e f i c i e n c i e s in t h e field. S e c o n d l y , I w a s a s k e d t o e s t a b l i s h
a r e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y in this very field a n d w a s given very s t r o n g
b a c k i n g a n d e x t r e m e l a t i t u d e in i m p l e m e n t i n g my p r o g r a m . N o
one questioned my decisions. Thirdly, I was able to find bright,
c o m p e t e n t a n d v i g o r o u s physicists. T h e y p e r f o r m e d t h e w o r k a n d
t h e y p r o v i d e d t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s . P e r h a p s I s u p p l i e d t h e seed
a n d t h e w a t e r i n g , b u t they d e s e r v e t h e c r e d i t .
A g a i n I r e m e m b e r F r a n k D a v i e s . " N a t , in p h y s i c s if y o u w a n t
s o m e t h i n g d o n e well, f i n d a b r i g h t y o u n g lad a n d b a c k h i m . Y o u
c a n a l w a y s f i n d p l e n t y of m e d i o c r e c h a p s , but they w o n ' t get y o u
a n y w h e r e . " I h a d o n l y f o l l o w e d his a d v i c e ; all o f us r e a p e d t h e
benefits.
11. Associated
Comments
T h e U S N C w a s f o r m e d in 1953, a n d t h e C a n a d i a n C o m m i t t e e f o r
t h e I G Y s o m e w h a t l a t e r . In a d d i t i o n t o b e i n g o n t h e p a r e n t C o m m i t t e e itself, I w a s a c t i v e in t h e P a n e l s a n d lesser C o m m i t t e e s .
T h u s , I w a s d e s i g n a t e d C h a i r m a n f o r t h e first t w o A n t a r c t i c C o m m i t t e e s a n d a l s o vice C h a i r m a n of t h e A r c t i c C o m m i t t e e . C o n s i d e r a b l e c o o r d i n a t i o n w a s n e e d e d , particularly a m o n g the n a t i o n a l
p o l a r C o m m i t t e e s to i n s u r e t h a t a globally c o m p r e h e n s i v e investigation eventuated. These meetings again b r o u g h t me into cont a c t with B a l f o u r C u r r i e , D o n R o s e a n d T u z o W i l s o n at the m o r e
f o r m a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l g a t h e r i n g s in E u r o p e . C u r r i e w a s e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y h e l p f u l in assisting m e as 1 p r e p a r e d the A r c t i c O c e a n
Basin p r o g r a m f o r t h e U N S C .
Several isolated items m a y be m e n t i o n e d . D o n R o s e ' s specialty
a t N R C w a s c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n . I visited him in F e b r u a r y 1956 ( t o
c o o r d i n a t e v a r i o u s activities) a n d f o u n d his l a b o r a t o r y in s o m e
d i s a r r a y . " T h e e q u i p m e n t was n o t w o r k i n g , " a n d t h e e l e c t r o n i c s
w a s spread o u t o n t h e bench as the individuals meticulously c h e c k e d
e a c h circuit to f i n d a n d fix t h e t r o u b l e . A b o u t n o o n t h e S e c r e t a r y
b r o u g h t in an " u r g e n t " m e s s a g e s t a t i n g t h a t the m o s t extensive
c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n event in history w a s n o w in p r o g r e s s , h a v i n g
b e g u n several h o u r s a g o — at the t i m e t h e t e c h n i c i a n s c o n c l u d e d
t h a t t h e e q u i p m e n t w a s not w o r k i n g .
A s i m i l a r " f i r s t t h o u g h t " later o c c u r r e d t o V a n A l l e n , w h e n he
e x a m i n e d t h e t e l e m e t r y f r o m his c o s m i c r a d i a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t
a b o a r d t h e E x p l o r e r . A f t e r first believing that his e q u i p m e n t w a s
m a l f u n c t i o n i n g , h e l a t e r realized t h a t the s e n s o r s were s w a m p e d
a n d t h a t t h e c a u s e m u s t lie in t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e high e n e r g y
r a d i a t i o n belts. Luckily he c o u l d n o t t a m p e r with his e q u i p m e n t .
A n o t h e r item c o n c e r n s F r a n k D a v i e s . A f t e r the i n i t i a t i o n of t h e
I G Y , he c o n f i d e d t o m e t h a t he w o u l d like very m u c h t o revisit
t h e A n t a r c t i c . It b e c a m e a p p a r e n t that he did n o t w a n t t o m a k e
a f o r m a l r e q u e s t h i m s e l f , but w o u l d relish an i n v i t a t i o n . I s p o k e
to Lloyd Berkner, w h o enthusiastically agreed, and F r a n k was
s u b s e q u e n t l y invited. H o w e v e r , b e c a u s e of t h e p r e s s u r e of o t h e r
m a t t e r s , he did not m a k e t h e trip.
Finally, 1 should mention that after acquiring a suitable staff,
I a s s i g n e d v a r i o u s i n d i v i d u a l s t o m o n i t o r the c o n t r a c t s ; D. A t l a s
f o r M c G i l l , W . Pfister f o r P e n n State, N. Oliver f o r t h e University
of S a s k a t c h e w a n , F. Innes f o r U W O a n d L. K a t z f o r the University
of T o r o n t o .
Women in Physics
by W.J. Megaw
Department of Physics, York University
I h a v e t h e privilege of b e i n g C h a i r m a n of a D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c s
in w h i c h t h e r e a r e 25 f a c u l t y m e m b e r s , of w h o m o n e is a w o m a n ,
4 0 g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s i n c l u d i n g t w o w o m e n , a n d we p r o d u c e
a b o u t a d o z e n p h y s i c s g r a d u a t e s every y e a r i n c l u d i n g , if we a r e
l u c k y , o n e o r t w o w o m e n . T h e r e s e e m s t o be a big i m b a l a n c e
s o m e w h e r e . F r o m d i s c u s s i o n s with my c o l l e a g u e s in o t h e r O n t a r i o
U n i v e r s i t i e s I b e l i e v e t h a t this s i t u a t i o n is r e p r o d u c e d , with
m i n o r variations, right across the Province. T h e pattern seems
t o be r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t in o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s of t h e F a c u l t y o f
S c i e n c e at Y o r k . T h r e e o u t of twelve c h e m i s t r y g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s
a r e w o m e n a n d half of t h e g r a d u a t i n g b a c h e l o r ' s class will typically
be w o m e n . In b i o l o g y 27 o u t of 54 g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s a r e w o m e n .
O f all e n t r a n t s t o Y o r k 5 1 % a r e w o m e n a n d o u t of all g r a d u a t e
s t u d e n t s at Y o r k , 3 6 % a r e w o m e n . It s e e m s t h e r e f o r e t h a t physics
as a discipline is f a i l i n g t o a t t r a c t its s h a r e of half t h e p o p u l a t i o n
of university s t u d e n t s .
I h a v e t h o u g h t a lot a b o u t this p r o b l e m in t h e last y e a r o r
believe t h a t w o m e n in g e n e r a l m a k e first class physicists a n d
a n x i o u s t o d o s o m e t h i n g t o r e d r e s s t h e b a l a n c e as f a r as my
d e p a r t m e n t is c o n c e r n e d . It s e e m e d sensible t o g o t o t h e
s c h o o l physics t e a c h e r s a n d seek an e x p l a n a t i o n t h e r e .
so. I
I am
own
high
I f o u n d an explanation, but not a reason. The same situation
exists in t h e high s c h o o l s . I a m t o l d t h a t a typical g r a d e 11 b i o l o g y
class will be split m o r e o r less e q u a l l y b e t w e e n t h e sexes, t h a t a
c h e m i s t r y class will p e r h a p s b e 40(7r girls a n d a p h y s i c s class 10%.
T h u s b i o l o g y is a p p a r e n t l y c o n s i d e r e d ( a m o n g w o m e n ) t o be a n
a p p r o p r i a t e subject for study, chemistry moderately respectable
a n d physics q u i t e b e y o n d t h e pale. I c a n n o t really see w h y this
s h o u l d be. A s u p e r f i c i a l l o o k at the s u b j e c t s w o u l d suggest t h a t
a q u i t e d i f f e r e n t p r i o r i t y might prevail — a f t e r all to t h e g r a d e
7 o r 8 s t u d e n t b i o l o g y is m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d with c u t t i n g u p w o r m s
o r f r o g s a n d c h e m i s t r y with evil s m e l l i n g gases a n d n o x i o u s
liquids while physics is the o n l y o n e of t h e t h r e e with a n y p r e t e n s i o n s to hygiene o r civilised society, so t h e p h e n o m e n o n c a n n o t
be a s c r i b e d t o m o r e delicate sensibilities. It has been s u g g e s t e d
to m e t h a t t h e r e is a w i d e s p r e a d belief a m o n g s c h o o l c o u n s e l l o r s
t h a t physics is ' t o o d i f f i c u l t f o r w o m e n ' b u t 1 c a n n o t believe t h a t
s u c h a s t a t e m e n t c o u l d ever be t a k e n seriously in this d a y a n d
age.
At Y o r k we h a v e a s y s t e m , of w h i c h I a p p r o v e b u t t h e first y e a r
s t u d e n t s c e r t a i n l y d o n o t , t h a t all science s t u d e n t s h a v e t o t a k e at
least o n e social science a n d o n e h u m a n i t i e s c o u r s e . C o n v e r s e l y
all n o n - s c i e n c e s t u d e n t s h a v e t o t a k e a N a t u r a l Science c o u r s e ,
typically a t first y e a r level. T h e s e c o u r s e s a r e n o n trivial a n d it
is a s o u r c e of s a t i s f a c t i o n t o t h e science p r o f e s s o r s t e a c h i n g t h e m
t h a t while t h e s t u d e n t s , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , t a k e t h e m a g a i n s t
t h e i r will a n d o n l y b e c a u s e they a r e f o r c e d to, by t h e e n d of t h e
c o u r s e a high p r o p o r t i o n of I h e m a r e kind e n o u g h t o say t h a t
they a r e glad they h a d been m a d e t o t a k e t h e c o u r s e . I h a p p e n t o
teach o n e of t h e s e large c o u r s e s a n d I find it r a t h e r d e p r e s s i n g t o
be a b l e t o i d e n t i f y p e r h a p s 50 s t u d e n t s p e r y e a r (equally split
b e t w e e n t h e sexes) w h o , in my view, w o u l d h a v e m a d e g o o d
scientists if o n l y s o m e t h i n g h a d not t u r n e d t h e m off earlier in
t h e i r s c h o o l c a r e e r s . Even m o r e d e p r e s s i n g is the fact t h a t t h e r e
are p r o b a b l y 20 e a c h y e a r w h o h a v e b e e n t u r n e d o n t o t h e e x t e n t
t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o w like t o b e c o m e scientists except t h a t it is
t o o late, unless they a r e p r e p a r e d t o s p e n d at least o n e y e a r , a n d
p r o b a b l y t w o . d o i n g r e m e d i a l w o r k t o c o v e r not only t h e physics
they h a v e missed, b u t , even m o r e s o , all t h e m a t h . I t h i n k t h a t
p e r h a p s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n f o r w o m e n not e n t e r i n g
La Physique au Canada
PLAN TO ATTEND THE CAP CORPORATE MEMBERS CONFERENCE
sponsored by the Division of Industrial and Applied Physics on
HIGH-TECH INDUSTRY - THE CHALLENGE AHEAD
Wednesday April 25, 1984
Delta Hotel, Ottawa
The future prosperity of Canada will be to a great extent dependent u p o n the existence
here of productive and internationally competitive high-technology industries. For this
meeting we are inviting senior representatives f r o m a number of key industrial sectors to
present their views on the present status and future developments in their field.
Speakers will include:
Stuart L. Smith, Chairman,
Science Council
of Canada
Fred J. Kee, Director,
Research Division
Ontario
Hydro
W . A . Cochrane, Chairman,
Connaught
Laboratories
Limited
A. Curran, President,
SED Systems
Inc.
physics is t h a t t h e y h a v e s o m e h o w a c q u i r e d t h e idea t h a t they
a r e ' n o g o o d at m a t h ' .
T h e r e a s o n t h a t this c a n h a p p e n is, I t h i n k , b e c a u s e we a l l o w o u r
s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s t u d e n t s t o c h o o s e freely b e t w e e n a large n u m b e r
of a v a i l a b l e c o u r s e s . W e f o n d l y believe t h a t they k n o w w h a t is
g o o d f o r t h e m . I s u b m i t t h a t n o t h i n g is f u r t h e r f r o m t h e t r u t h .
I believe t h a t m o s t s t u d e n t s are, as 1 w a s at t h a t age, n a t u r a l l y
lazy, a n d will c h o o s e t h o s e c o u r s e s in w h i c h they will get t h e
best grades with the least effort. This can be the only e x p l a n a t i o n
f o r t h e large n u m b e r s of s t u d e n t s I see w h o a s s u r e m e t h a t they
h a v e d r o p p e d m a t h in g r a d e 8, c h e m i s t r y in g r a d e 7 a n d physics
p r o b a b l y in k i n d e r g a r t e n . I believe t h a t we d o o u r s t u d e n t s a
g r e a t disservice first of all in c o n v i n c i n g t h e m that e d u c a t i o n
s h o u l d be easy a n d s e c o n d l y in p e r s u a d i n g t h e m , as we s e e m t o
be d o i n g , t h a t t h e best d i r e c t i o n t o follow is t h e line of least
resistance.
It is t h e w o m e n s t u d e n t s a b o u t w h o m I w o r r y m o s t . Not only is
p h y s i c s m i s s i n g o u t o n a large n u m b e r of p o t e n t i a l physicists, but
a l s o m a n y girls a r e b e i n g p r e d e s t i n e d f o r c a r e e r s in which they
will be b a r r e d f r o m t h o s e t e c h n i c a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l fields w h e r e
t h e highest i n c r e a s e s in rates of e m p l o y m e n t a n d pay a r e p r e d i c t e d
t o o c c u r o v e r t h e next d e c a d e . In a recent r e p o r t t h e C a n a d i a n
S c h o o l T r u s t e e s A s s o c i a t i o n h a r s h l y criticised t e a c h e r s a n d
guidance counsellors (male and female) for sex-tvping courses
a n d c a r e e r s ' w h i c h a f f e c t s t h e p e r c e p t i o n girls a n d b o y s h a v e of
w h a t they s h o u l d d o , t a k e a n d become".
I d o believe, h o w e v e r , t h a t t h o s e s t u d e n t s w h o p e r s e v e r e a n d g o
o n t o d o g r a d e II a n d 13 physics a r e very well served by t h e
physics t e a c h e r s . I k n o w m a n y of t h e m very well a n d they a r e
excellent. W h a t I a m b e m o a n i n g is the fact that physics loses a
lot of p o t e n t i a l l y a b l e s t u d e n t s b e c a u s e they d o , at g r a d e s 9 a n d 10,
s t a r t d r o p p i n g t h e c o u r s e s w i t h o u t w h i c h they c a n n e v e r a s p i r e
t o be a physicist.
W h a t c a n we d o a b o u t this s i t u a t i o n ? T h e l o n g t e r m s o l u t i o n is
t o r e v o l u t i o n i s e t h e t e a c h i n g of physics ( a n d . i n d e e d , of science)
in t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s . M o s t of the t e a c h e r s in t h e s y s t e m
h a v e h a d n o f o r m a l t r a i n i n g in science t h e m s e l v e s , let a l o n e in
h o w to teach it. It s e e m s t o m e essential t h a t in-service u n i v e r s i t y
c o u r s e s in science a n d its t e a c h i n g s h o u l d be o r g a n i s e d f o r e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l t e a c h e r s a n d a c c r e d i t e d by the M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n .
T h e t r o u b l e is t h a t t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m p a y s lip service t o b e i n g
interested in science e d u c a t i o n but I a m c o n v i n c e d that it is p u r s u i n g
t h e s h a d o w r a t h e r t h a n t h e s u b s t a n c e . Science F a i r s a r e f u n but
I h a v e n e v e r been c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e y h o l d a lot of e d u c a t i o n a l
v a l u e f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f s t u d e n t s — in fact I believe t h a t they
intimidate most students (and also their parents) rather than
excite their interest.
In t h e s h o r t t e r m I believe t h a t we must g r a b t h e interest of t h e
s t u d e n t s early, not later t h a n g r a d e 9. At Y o r k I try t o d o this by
o r g a n i s i n g a n n u a l lectures, r a t h e r o n t h e style of t h e R o y a l
I n s t i t u t i o n C h r i s t m a s lectures ' d e s i g n e d f o r a j u v e n i l e a u d i t o r y ' .
W e restrict tickets t o ten g r a d e n i n e a n d ten s t u d e n t s (with t w o
t e a c h e r s ) f r o m e a c h s c h o o l a n d we ask t h e t e a c h e r s , w h e r e p o s sible, t o b r i n g e q u a l n u m b e r s of girls a n d boys. S o f a r they h a v e
w o r k e d very well a n d we a t t r a c t an e n t h u s i a s t i c a u d i e n c e of
400-500 t o h e a r s p e a k e r s s u c h as J e a r l W a l k e r , Vince S c h a e f e r ,
R o b e r t G r e e n l e r a n d T . H . J e o n g . I think t h e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t is
that these a r e not j u s t well k n o w n physicists, they a r e physicists
w h o h a v e a g e n u i n e c o m m i t m e n t t o exciting t h e interest of y o u n g
people.
I a l s o i n t e n d t o c o p y an idea w h i c h w a s first tried o u t at t h e
U n i v e r s i t y of M a n c h e s t e r in 1982 w h e r e a t h r e e d a y c o u r s e —
' W o m e n in Physics' — was held f o r sixty 16 year old girls. A c c o r d i n g
to Professor Willmott 'the course was a deliberate attempt to
c a t c h 16 y e a r o l d s with ability in b o t h A r t s a n d Science t o c o u n t e r b a l a n c e social a n d p a r e n t a l p r e s s u r e s t o f o l l o w t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
f e m i n i n e p a t t e r n of o p t i n g f o r the A r t s . ' J u d g i n g f r o m t h e c o m m e n t s of t h e girls a f t e r w a r d s t h e c o u r s e w a s a great success.
' T h e c o u r s e b r o u g h t o u t how closely p h y s i c s is r e l a t e d to t h e
w o r l d we live in'. ' T h e c o u r s e has m a d e m e a w a r e of t h e j o b
p r o s p e c t s f o r w o m e n in science a n d has m a d e m e c h a n g e my m i n d
to t a k e a c o u r s e in Science r a t h e r t h a n A r t s ' . "I c a m e t o t h e c o u r s e
not s u r e w h e t h e r 1 w a s g o i n g t o c a r r y o n w ith physics, n o w I know
t h a t I will'. 'I bet m a n y b o y s w o u l d be e n v i o u s of girls b e i n g
a l l o w e d o n this c o u r s e ' . ' B e f o r e 1 c a m e h e r e I h a d n e v e r met a n y
o t h e r girls with a n interest in P h y s i c s ' . ' T h a n k y o u f o r a w o n d e r f u l
t i m e . . . . I've b e e n h o m e f o r t w o h o u r s a n d M u m a n d D a d a r e
now p e r f e c t l y s u r e how a p u l s a r works."
I i n t e n d t o r u n a s i m i l a r w o r k s h o p f o r g r a d e 9 girls in J u n e 1984
a n d an a d d i t i o n a l o n e f o r H i g h S c h o o l C o u n s e l l o r s . T h e y will
h a v e lectures a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s o n e x c i t i n g a s p e c t s of physics,
h a v e l a b sessions in w h i c h they will d o readily u n d e r s t a n d a b l e
but i l l u m i n a t i n g e x p e r i m e n t s , h e a r t a l k s by w o m e n w h o a r e
p u r s u i n g i n t e r e s t i n g a n d r e w a r d i n g c a r e e r s in physics a n d h a v e
i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n sessions with these w o m e n . S o m e h o w we
m u s t get t h e m e s s a g e a c r o s s t h a t m a n y w o m e n a r e m i s s i n g o u t
by n e g l e c t i n g t o c o n s i d e r t h e possibility of b e c o m i n g a physicist.
T h i s is j u s t a s t a r t .
9
10
Physics in Canada
Physique électrochimique : Historique, étendue et perspectives
par Ashok K. Vijh*
Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ'), Varennes (Québec), Canada, JOL 2P0
T h e i n t e r a c t i o n of m o d e m e l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y w i t h solid s t a t e
p h y s i c s h a s g e n e r a t e d a vast a r e a of r e s e a r c h e n d e a v o r
called e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l p h y s i c s : it a t t e m p t s t o i n v e s t i g a t e
t h e c h a r g e t r a n s f e r e v e n t s in r e l a t i o n t o t h e solid s t a t e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e e l e c t r o d e s , e l e c t r o l y t e s a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
interfaces involved.
T h e b i r t h of t h e s u b j e c t is t r a c e d t o F a r a d a y a n d B e c q u e r e l
and further seminal developments are due to R.W. Gurney,
N . F . M o t t a n d C . W a g n e r . T h e p r o g r e s s in t h e fifties a n d
sixties c o n c e n t r a t e d o n m a n y p r o b l e m s i n c l u d i n g e l e c t r o c a t a l y s i s , e l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y of s e m i c o n d u c t o r s , i n s u l a t i n g
a n o d i c o x i d e s , ionic solids a n d l i q u i d s ; all of t h e s e a r e still
v i g o r o u s a r e a s of f u n d a m e n t a l r e s e a r c h a n d i n n o v a t i v e
i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . R e c e n t e x p l o s i v e r e s e a r c h activity
has included p h o t o e l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y , solid electrolytes
(including intercalation c o m p o u n d s a n d polymeric electrolytes), o x i d e s a n d o x i d e f i l m s , q u a n t u m e l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y
a n d e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l s u r f a c e science. T h e e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l
p h y s i c s h a s a l s o m a d e s i g n i f i c a n t i n - r o a d s in s o m e a r e a s of
g e o p h y s i c s a n d a p p l i e d p h y s i c s in electrical e n g i n e e r i n g .
A b i r d ' s e y e - v i e w of t h e s e r e s e a r c h t o p i c s is p r e s e n t e d a n d
s o m e i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l p h y s i c s a r e
e n c a p s u l a t e d at t h e e n d of T a b l e 1.
(essentiellement u n c o n d u c t e u r ionique). Un s c h é m a de la s t r u c t u r e
de la c o u c h e d o u b l e se f o r m a n t e n t r e u n e é l e c t r o d e m é t a l l i q u e et
u n e s o l u t i o n d ' é l e c t r o l y t e est d o n n é à la f i g u r e I.
Les é l e c t r o d e s p o u v a n t être c o n s t i t u é e s de divers m é t a u x , s e m i c o n d u c t e u r s o u m a t é r i a u x c o m p o s i t e s , et les électrolytes p o u v a n t
se t r o u v e r d a n s divers états ( a q u e u x , solide, f o n d u , g a z e u x , etc.), il
s ' e n s u i t qu'il existe u n e g r a n d e variété d ' i n t e r f a c e s à t r a v e r s lesquelles des r é a c t i o n s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s p e u v e n t se p r o d u i r e . Le
t a b l e a u 2 c i - d e s s o u s , d ' a p r è s Vijh (1), m o n t r e la g r a n d e v a r i é t é d e
ces i n t e r f a c e s .
Il existe u n e différence f o n d a m e n t a l e e n t r e la s t r u c t u r e de l'interface
et le profil d e t e n s i o n d ' é l e c t r o d e d a n s u n e i n t e r p h a s e m é t a l /
s o l u t i o n et ceux d ' u n e i n t e r p h a s e s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r / é l e c t r o l y t e .
D a n s le cas d ' u n e é l e c t r o d e métallique, t o u t e la t e n s i o n d ' é l e c t r o d e
Définition et domaine d'application
Compact layer
La p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e est le v a s t e d o m a i n e d e r e c h e r c h e
qui a p o u r objet l'étude des propriétés électrochimiques des matér i a u x à la l u m i è r e des p r o p r i é t é s d e l'état solide. Elle e x p l o r e d o n c
l ' i n t e r a c t i o n d e s p h é n o m è n e s d e t r a n s f e r t d e c h a r g e s d a n s les
s o l i d e s et à l e u r s u r f a c e en t e r m e s d e p a r a m è t r e s et d e c o n s i d é r a t i o n s d é f i n i s s a n t l e u r c o m p o r t e m e n t à l'état solide. Le t a b l e a u 1
é n u m è r e les p r i n c i p a u x d o m a i n e s d e la p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e .
Gouy-Chapman
diffuse layer
Tableau 1 — Principaux domaines de la physique électrochimique
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electrochimie des semi-conducteurs
Electrochimie des isolants (p. ex. l'anthracène)
Croissance anodique d'oxydes sur métaux et sur semi-conducteurs
Réactions sur surfaces démétallisées
Electrocataiyse par des métaux
Chimie physique des interfaces : couche double et thermodynamique
électrochimique
Rôle des défauts des réseaux cristallins dans le dépôt électrolytique de
métaux et dans les réactions de dissolution
Electrolytes solides : la glace
Niveaux d'énergie dans les solides et les électrolytes
Electrobiophysique
Etude quantique des transferts de charges
Photoélectrochimie
Transport ionique à travers des membranes
Applications; p. ex., piles à combustibles; batteries: dispositifs à
électrolyte solide ; corrosion ; condensateurs électrolytiques ; dispositifs
métal/oxyde; procédés électrolytiques de production de l'aluminium,
du chlore, du fluor, de l'hydrogène, etc. : production photoélectrochimique de combustibles synthétiques, tels l'hydrogène; cellules
photovoltaïques électrochimiques; membranes industrielles; colloïdes.
La p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e m o d e r n e s ' i n t é r e s s e b e a u c o u p a u x
m é c a n i s m e s d e s r é a c t i o n s d ' é l e c t r o d e aux i n t e r f a c e s é l e c t r o d e /
électrolyte. Le siège d e ces r é a c t i o n s est l'interphase a p p e l é e c o u c h e
d o u b l e , q u i se f o r m e l o r s q u ' u n e é l e c t r o d e ( e s s e n t i e l l e m e n t u n
c o n d u c t e u r é l e c t r o n i q u e ) vient en c o n t a c t a v e c l ' é l e c t r o l y t e
Neutral
molecule
Outer.
^ Helmholtz layer
Inner/
The double layer
and
reactant adsorption
Fig. 1 Représentation schématique de la couche double à l'interface
métal-électrolyte 4
* Maître de recherche, IREQ, et professeur invité. INRS-Énergie. Varennes (Québec), Canada. JOL 2P0
La Physique au Canada
se m a n i f e s t e d u c ô t é solution d e l ' i n t e r f a c e et p e u t servir à faire
f r a n c h i r a u x c o r p s r é a g i s s a n t s la b a r r i è r e d ' é n e r g i e d ' a c t i v a t i o n
d o n t o n s u p p o s e l'existence d a n s la c o u c h e d o u b l e . D a n s le cas
d'une interphase semi-conducteur/électrolyte, du moins dans une
s i t u a t i o n idéale, u n e p a r t i e s u b s t a n t i e l l e de la c h u t e de t e n s i o n
i n t e r f a c i a l e se p r o d u i t d u c ô t é solide de l ' i n t e r f a c e , d a n s la r é g i o n
d e c h a r g e d ' e s p a c e . La s t r u c t u r e de l ' i n t e r f a c e s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r /
é l e c t r o l y t e est illustrée à la f i g u r e 2.
T a b l e a u 2 — I n t e r f a c e s é l e c t r o d e / é l e c t r o l y t e dans les r é a c t i o n s
électrochimiques
U n e s u r f a c e d é m é t a l l i s é e (voir t a b l e a u 2) r é s u l t e d ' u n e r é a c t i o n
de l ' é l e c t r o d e m é t a l l i q u e a v e c l ' é l e c t r o l y t e d e f a ç o n à f o r m e r un
film s o l i d e n o n m é t a l l i q u e à la s u r f a c e d e l ' é l e c t r o d e . U n e p a r t i e
de la c h u t e de t e n s i o n i n t e r f a c i a l e se p r o d u i t à l ' i n t é r i e u r d e ce
film, t o u t c o m m e p o u r l ' i n t e r f a c e s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r / é l e c t r o l y t e , et
le t r a n s f e r t d e c h a r g e s p a r c h a m p é l e c t r i q u e à l ' i n t é r i e u r de ce f i l m
peut m o d i f i e r la c i n é t i q u e des r é a c t i o n s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s se p r o d u i s a n t à l ' é l e c t r o d e d é m é t a l l i s é e . La figure 3 illustre le profil de
t e n s i o n d ' é l e c t r o d e d ' u n e é l e c t r o d e d é m é t a l l i s é e (Ni r e c o u v e r t
d ' u n film é p a i s d e NiF2>.
Surface démétallisée
U n e m o n o g r a p h i e c r i t i q u e détaillée p o r t a n t s u r la p h y s i q u e
é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e a d é j à été p u b l i é e p a r V i j h 2 . N o u s p r é s e n t e r o n s
ici un s y n o p s i s d e cet i m p o r t a n t d o m a i n e de la c h i m i e p h y s i q u e .
T o u t en v i s a n t à e m b r a s s e r l ' e n s e m b l e d e ce v a s t e d o m a i n e , n o u s
a c c o r d e r o n s u n e a t t e n t i o n spéciale à ses a s p e c t s h i s t o r i q u e s et à
ses p e r s p e c t i v e s f u t u r e s .
Électrodes
Métal
Semi-conducteur
11
Électrolytes (ou « l'équivalent »)
Electrolyte aqueux
Électrolyte non aqueux
Sel fondu
Électrolyte solide
Liquide isolant
Plasmas
<• Vide .»
NOTES :
1. Les plasmas sont des espèces chimiques chargées en phase gazeuse;
il convient de les considérer comme des électrolytes gazeux.
2. « L'équivalent » s'applique au vide qui. en pratique, est un plasma à
basse pression, c'est-à-dire un vide contaminé parties microparticules
chargées et des ions libérés dans l'espace vide par les électrodes soumises
au vide dans les conditions types des applications électrotechniques,
par exemple, les arcs, interrupteurs et disjoncteurs sous vide, etc.
3. Une électrode est essentiellement un conducteur électronique, tandis
qu'un électrolyte est un conducteur ionique. Un liquide isolant est par
conséquent un électrolyte en raison des impuretés toujours présentes;
de même, le vide est un électrolyte gazeux car il se comporte comme un
plasma à basse pression.
Origines de la physique électrochimique
Surface
O n o u b l i e p a r f o i s q u e F a r a d a y a été le p è r e n o n s e u l e m e n t d e
l ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e , m a i s aussi d e la p h y s i q u e des solides. C ' e s t lui
q u i , en 1833, d é c o u v r i t la classe de m a t é r i a u x q u e l ' o n a p p e l l e les
s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r s ; il o b s e r v a en effet q u e le s u l f u r e d ' a r g e n t
avait un c o e f f i c i e n t d e t e m p é r a t u r e de la résistivité n é g a t i f . Ses
r e c h e r c h e s o n t m o n t r é q u ' a u x basses t e m p é r a t u r e s , le s u l f u r e
d ' a r g e n t se c o m p o r t a i t c o m m e un i s o l a n t , t a n d i s q u ' à t e m p é r a t u r e
plus élevée, il p r é s e n t a i t u n e f o r t e c o n d u c t i v i t é é l e c t r i q u e ,
c o m p a r a b l e à celle d e s m é t a u x 3 .
IHP OHP
semiconductor
Mit
semiconductor
space charge
4>b
4>s
t> 2
<t>s
»•
Fig. 2 S t r u c t u r e de l ' i n t e r f a c e s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r / é l e c t r o l y t e 2
Les d e u x disciplines n ' o n t t o u t e f o i s pu être r é u n i e s q u ' a v e c les
t r a v a u x de Becquerel s u r l'effet p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e en 1839 3 . Becquerel
a m o n t r é q u e si l ' u n e des d e u x é l e c t r o d e s i d e n t i q u e s i m m e r g é e s
d a n s un électrolyte c o m m u n est s o u m i s e à u n é c l a i r e m e n t a p p r o prié, il se p r o d u i t u n e v a r i a t i o n de la t e n s i o n électrique. C e t t e
o b s e r v a t i o n p e u t d o n c être c o n s i d é r é e c o m m e l ' o r i g i n e d e la
physique électrochimique.
U n e idée fausse, l a r g e m e n t r é p a n d u e , v e u t q u e le seul d o m a i n e
c o m m u n d e l ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e et de la p h y s i q u e des solides soit
celui d e « l ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e des s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r s ». Il est vrai q u e
ce d o m a i n e d e r e c h e r c h e a été a p p r o f o n d i p a r les spécialistes des
s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r s . T o u t e f o i s , o n se rend de mieux en m i e u x c o m p t e
q u ' u n n o m b r e d e plus en plus g r a n d de p h é n o m è n e s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s , p a r exemple sur les m é t a u x (avec ou s a n s film superficiel)
p e u v e n t s ' i n t e r p r é t e r à la l u m i è r e des c o n c e p t s d e l'état s o l i d e 2 .
C o m m e la p l u p a r t d e s r é a c t i o n s d ' é l e c t r o d e se p r o d u i s e n t a u
c o n t a c t d ' u n e p h a s e s o l i d e q u e l c o n q u e , il est évident q u e t o u t e
i n t e r p r é t a t i o n qui ne p r e n d pas en c o m p t e les p r o p r i é t é s de c e t t e
p h a s e s o l i d e ( m é t a l , s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r o u film n o n m é t a l l i q u e ) est
p o u r le m o i n s i n c o m p l è t e . C e point d e vue, q u i est la p i e r r e
a n g u l a i r e d e la p e n s é e m o d e r n e d a n s le d o m a i n e de la c a t a l y s e
hétérogène, acquiert de plus en plus d ' i m p o r t a n c e en électrocatalyse.
Helmholtz
double
layer
Fig. 3 Profil de tension d ' é l e c t r o d e d ' u n e é l e c t r o d e d é m é t a l l i s é e
(Ni recouvert d'un film épais de N i F 2 > 1 4
Il existe au m o i n s u n g r a n d d o m a i n e de la p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e
a u q u e l les spécialistes de l'état solide et des m a t é r i a u x o n t a p p o r t é
line c o n t r i b u t i o n s i g n i f i c a t i v e d e p u i s u n c e r t a i n n o m b r e d ' a n n é e s ,
et c'est celui de l ' o x y d a t i o n a n o d i q u e des m é t a u x p o u r f o r m e r
des o x y d e s . P l u s i e u r s c h e r c h e u r s d e g r a n d r e n o m ont c o n t r i b u é à
d i f f u s e r u n e a b o n d a n t e i n f o r m a t i o n s u r ce s u j e t . Les d i v e r s
a s p e c t s d e leurs r e c h e r c h e s o n t aussi été p r é s e n t é s d a n s les
excellentes é t u d e s citées c i - d e s s o u s . Il i m p o r t e d e bien c o m p r e n d r e
l ' o x y d a t i o n a n o d i q u e , c a r en plus d e sa v a l e u r s c i e n t i f i q u e p r o p r e ,
elle p e r m e t d ' é l u c i d e r les m é c a n i s m e s des r é a c t i o n s d ' é l e c t r o d e
d a n s d e n o m b r e u s e s a p p l i c a t i o n s industrielles, telles l ' o x y d a t i o n
12
Physics in Canada
d e s u b s t a n c e s o r g a n i q u e s s u r m é t a u x p l a t i n é s d a n s les piles à
c o m b u s t i b l e s ; la c o r r o s i o n et la p r o t e c t i o n des m é t a u x ; les
c o n d e n s a t e u r s é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s et divers d i s p o s i t i f s s p é c i a u x d e
connexion constitués d'oxydes anodiques a m o r p h e s recouvrant
c e r t a i n s m é t a u x , etc.
m é t a l l i q u e s , les v a l e u r s de D e ] s o n t e x t r ê m e m e n t élevées p o u r le
métal nu, m a i s b e a u c o u p m o i n s élevées ( i n c o n n u e s ) p o u r le métal
revêtu d ' u n film c h i m i s o r b é ou d ' u n e c o u c h e s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e
(c'est-à-dire u n e é l e c t r o d e démétallisée), ce qui est p r e s q u e
t o u j o u r s le cas.
Transferts de charges à travers les interfaces
semi-conducteur/électrolyte 1 2 4 9
C o m m e le m o n t r e le t a b l e a u 2, il est p o s s i b l e d e réaliser u n g r a n d
n o m b r e d ' i n t e r f a c e s p r é s e n t a n t des c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s c i n é t i q u e s
d i f f é r e n t e s , bien q u e f o n d a m e n t a l e m e n t , la f o r m u l a t i o n d e s
é q u a t i o n s c i n é t i q u e s soit très s e m b l a b l e d a n s t o u s les cas. M ê m e
d a n s celui des é l e c t r o d e s s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s , o n p e u t o b t e n i r
diverses c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s c i n é t i q u e s 2 . N o u s ne d o n n o n s ici q u ' u n
a p e r ç u d e la c i n é t i q u e des c a s les p l u s s i m p l e s d e r é a c t i o n s
é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s s u r s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r s . Le lecteur t r o u v e r a u n e
i n f o r m a t i o n plus détaillée d a n s les é t u d e s citées en r é f é r e n c e s ' 2,4 ~ 9 .
P o u r é t u d i e r les e f f e t s d e l ' é l e c t r o d e s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s u r la
cinétique du transfert de charges à travers une interface semic o n d u c t e u r / s o l u t i o n , considérons une réaction du type
A + é - A "
(l)
d a n s l a q u e l l e la vitesse de r é a c t i o n est d u p r e m i e r d e g r é p a r
r a p p o r t à la c o n c e n t r a t i o n d ' é l e c t r o n s à la s u r f a c e , c ' e s t - à - d i r e
d a n s la z o n e de r é a c t i o n .
La c o n c e n t r a t i o n s u p e r f i c i e l l e d ' é l e c t r o n s , n s , d a n s u n s e m i c o n d u c t e u r est reliée à la c o n c e n t r a t i o n d ' é l e c t r o n s d a n s la m a s s e ,
n„, s u i v a n t l ' é q u a t i o n
n s = n„ e x p ( - e ( 0 b - 0 s ) / k T )
(2)
d a n s l a q u e l l e 0 b - 0 S (voir f i g u r e 2) est la g r a n d e u r de la c h u t e
d e t e n s i o n d a n s la r é g i o n d e c h a r g e d ' e s p a c e , à l ' i n t é r i e u r d u
s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r . D a n s l ' e x e m p l e s i m p l e p r o p o s é ici, la vitesse de
r é a c t i o n o u la d e n s i t é d e c o u r a n t , i, est a l o r s
i = [ A ] n„ e x p ( - e ( 0 h - 0 s ) / k T )
(3)
Si l ' o n p r e n d le l o g a r i t h m e et q u e l ' o n d i f f é r e n c i e , en s u p p o s a n t
q u e [ A ] et nQ s o n t c o n s t a n t s , o n o b t i e n t
S (0„ - 0S) _-2,3 kT
5 log i
e
D e m ê m e , si la vitesse d e r é a c t i o n est d u p r e m i e r d e g r é p a r r a p p o r t
à la c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e t r o u s , o n o b t i e n t d ' u n e f a ç o n s i m i l a i r e
l ' é q u a t i o n d e la vitesse de r é a c t i o n
i oc
Po
exp (e(0„ - 0 s ) / k T )
(4)
et la p e n t e c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e c o r r e s p o n d a n t e est
5 (0h - 0S)
8 log i
=
2,3 k T
e
Q u a n d des c o u r a n t s d e s a t u r a t i o n limitent la vitesse d e r é a c t i o n à
l ' é l e c t r o d e s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e , o n p e u t a u g m e n t e r c e t t e vitesse en
é c l a i r a n t la s u r f a c e d e l ' é l e c t r o d e a v e c u n e l u m i è r e a y a n t u n e
é n e r g i e p l u s g r a n d e q u e la l a r g e u r d e la b a n d e i n t e r d i t e . La
vitesse d e r é a c t i o n a u g m e n t e p a r c e q u e l ' é c l a i r e m e n t réduit la
c h u t e d e t e n s i o n ( 0 b - 0 S ) , en e x c i t a n t à la s u r f a c e d u s e m i c o n d u c t e u r d e s é l e c t r o n s q u i p a s s e n t d e la b a n d e d e v a l e n c e à la
b a n d e de conduction.
Quelques secteurs de pointe
La r e c h e r c h e se p o u r s u i t a c t i v e m e n t en p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e
et ce d o m a i n e recèle d ' é n o r m e s possibilités p o u r l ' a v e n i r . O n
trouvera ci-dessous un aperçu de quelques secteurs de recherche
importants.
Photoélectrochimie
Le s e c t e u r o ù il se fait a c t u e l l e m e n t le plus de r e c h e r c h e est celui
d e la p h o t o é l e c t r o c h i m i e . L ' e s s o r récent d e ce s e c t e u r d e r e c h e r c h e
a été p r o v o q u é p a r u n article d e H o n d a et F u j i s h i m a p u b l i é en
1972 1 , et la p r o l i f é r a t i o n d ' a r t i c l e s p u b l i é s d e p u i s s u r ce sujet est
p h é n o m é n a l e . Q u e l q u e s articles d e s y n t h è s e et d e r e c h e r c h e s
o r i g i n a l e s s o n t d o n n é s en r é f é r e n c e s 11 1 6 . L ' o b j e c t i f d e c e t t e
activité de r e c h e r c h e est de t r o u v e r u n m o y e n d e c a p t e r l'énergie
l u m i n e u s e d u soleil au m o y e n de dispositifs p h o t o é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s .
La crise de l'énergie d e 1973, d é c l e n c h é e peu a p r è s la p u b l i c a t i o n
d e l'article d e H o n d a et F u j i s h i m a , a c o n t r i b u é à c a n a l i s e r les
f o n d s et les e f f o r t s d e r e c h e r c h e d a n s ce s e c t e u r a u d a c i e u x .
F o n d a m e n t a l e m e n t , l ' é n e r g i e l u m i n e u s e d u soleil p e u t être c a p t é e
p a r d e u x t y p e s de d i s p o s i t i f s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s : la cellule p h o t o électrolytique, d a n s laquelle la lumière solaire a l i m e n t e e n t i è r e m e n t
ou en p a r t i e u n e r é a c t i o n é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s e r v a n t à d é c o m p o s e r , p a r
e x e m p l e , d e l'eau en o x y g è n e et en h y d r o g è n e ; et la cellule p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e , d a n s laquelle la l u m i è r e s o l a i r e est
t r a n s f o r m é e en électricité.
U n e cellule p h o t o é l e c t r o l y t i q u e simplifiée est illustrée à la f i g u r e
4. L ' a n o d e , éclairée, est c o n s t i t u é e d ' u n s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r . L o r s q u e
E n s ' a p p u y a n t s u r les idées d e G u r n e y , G e r i s c h e r 6 a é t u d i é les
r é a c t i o n s s u r é l e c t r o d e s s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s en t e r m e s d e d e n s i t é
d e s f o n c t i o n s d ' é t a t des p h a s e s à t r a v e r s lesquelles se p r o d u i t le
transfert de charges. Par exemple, pour une réaction cathodique,
la vitesse d e r é a c t i o n ( c ' e s t - à - d i r e le c o u r a n t i) p e u t s ' é c r i r e 2 :
+oo
r = e J iT(E) D d ( E ) f ( E - E F e l ) D r c t l ( u f ( E F r c d o s - E ) d E
-oo
(5)
D a n s cette é q u a t i o n , e r e p r é s e n t e la c h a r g e é l e c t r o n i q u e ; Dci et
Dretio* s o n t les d e n s i t é s d e s f o n c t i o n s d ' é t a t p o u r l ' é l e c t r o d e et
l ' é l e c t r o l y t e r e s p e c t i v e m e n t ; f ( E - E, d ) et f(E, r c d m - E) s o n t les
f o n c t i o n s d e d i s t r i b u t i o n d e F e r m i p o u r l ' é l e c t r o d e et l ' é l e c t r o l y t e
( c ' e s t - à - d i r e les e s p è c e s r é a g i s s a n t e s ) r e s p e c t i v e m e n t . Le t e r m e
l T ( E ) r e p r é s e n t e le f a c t e u r d e f r é q u e n c e , q u i est le p r o d u i t d e d e u x
t e r m e s : la f r é q u e n c e d ' a r r i v é e des é l e c t r o n s à l ' i n t e r f a c e é l e c t r o d e /
électrolyte et la p r o b a b i l i t é d ' e f f e t t u n n e l à t r a v e r s la b a r r i è r e d e
potentiel e n t r e les d e u x phases. L ' é q u a t i o n (5) v a u t p o u r n ' i m p o r t e
q u e l l e é l e c t r o d e , m ê m e si e n g é n é r a l elle s ' a p p l i q u e aux r é a c t i o n s
d ' é l e c t r o d e s s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s . D a n s les cas des é l e c t r o d e s
Anode
Reactions: H2O — - H z + V 2
Cathode
O2
on the anode: 2 h * + 2 0 H ~ — 1 / 2 O 2 + H2O
on the cathode: 2e" + 2 H * — H 2
Fig. 4 S c h é m a d ' u n e cellule à p h o t o é l e c t r o l y s e 1
4
La Physique au Canada
l ' é l e c t r o d e s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e a b s o r b e u n p h o t o n de l u m i è r e , il se
crée u n e p a i r e é l e c t r o n - t r o u q u i se s é p a r e à l ' i n t e r f a c e s e m i c o n d u c t e u r / é l e c t r o l y t e . Les t r o u s m i g r e n t à la s u r f a c e d e l ' a n o d e
et réagissent avec des i o n s O H p o u r d o n n e r d e l ' o x y g è n e . Les
é l e c t r o n s p a s s e n t d a n s le circuit e x t é r i e u r p o u r se r e n d r e à la
c a t h o d e d e p l a t i n e , o ù ils réagissent a v e c des p r o t o n s p o u r d o n n e r
d e l ' h y d r o g è n e . Le f a i b l e r e n d e m e n t de la c o n v e r s i o n (0,5 à 1 % )
et l ' i n s t a b i l i t é des é l e c t r o d e s s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s sont les p r i n c i p a u x
p r o b l è m e s qu'il reste à r é s o u d r e .
Les cellules p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s r e s s e m b l e n t a u x
cellules p h o t o é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s . s a u f q u ' u n seul c o u p l e r é d o x
p r é d o m i n e d a n s l ' é l e c t r o l y t e , de s o r t e q u e les d e u x r é a c t i o n s
d ' é l e c t r o d e s o n t l'inverse l ' u n e de l ' a u t r e , soit
Red + t + — O x + ( r é a c t i o n à l ' a n o d e )
et O x + + e~ — Red ( r é a c t i o n à la c a t h o d e )
(6)
(7)
D a n s ces é q u a t i o n s , t + et e~ d é s i g n e n t un t r o u et un é l e c t r o n
r e s p e c t i v e m e n t . L ' é l e c t r o l y t e ne subit a u c u n e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
c h i m i q u e nette. L ' é n e r g i e l u m i n e u s e a b s o r b é e a u g m e n t e l ' é n e r g i e
libre des é l e c t r o n s d e l ' é l e c t r o d e s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e ; le travail utile
est p r o d u i t p a r les é l e c t r o n s t r a v e r s a n t le circuit e x t é r i e u r p o u r
e n t r e t e n i r les d e u x r é a c t i o n s . P o u r ces cellules, o n a signalé u n
r e n d e m e n t d e c o n v e r s i o n a t t e i g n a n t 10 % ; la stabilité des électrodes
s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s ne p r é s e n t e p a s un p r o b l è m e aussi sérieux.
D e u x a u t r e s p a r a m è t r e s , en plus d e la stabilité é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e ,
s o n t c r i t i q u e s en ce qui c o n c e r n e les é l e c t r o d e s s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s
e m p l o y é e s d a n s ces d e u x d i s p o s i t i f s . Le p r e m i e r , la l a r g e u r d e
b a n d e i n t e r d i t e , d é t e r m i n e les c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s d ' a b s o r p t i o n et,
p a r t a n t , le r e n d e m e n t m a x i m a l t h é o r i q u e de la c o n v e r s i o n . Le
s e c o n d , le p o t e n t i e l de b a n d e plate, d é t e r m i n e la t e n s i o n p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e m a x i m a l e des cellules p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s ;
d a n s le cas des cellules p h o t o é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s , il i n f l u e s u r le r e n d e m e n t d e la c o n v e r s i o n en d é t e r m i n a n t la p o l a r i s a t i o n e x t e r n e
nécessaire.
Electrochimie
quantique
IJn i m p o r t a n t d o m a i n e d e r e c h e r c h e f o n d a m e n t a l e en p h y s i q u e
1
é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e est celui d e l ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e q u a n t i q u e
. La
r e c h e r c h e p o r t e s u r p l u s i e u r s t h è m e s . Les t r a n s f e r t s de p r o t o n s
d a n s l ' e a u , la glace et les é l e c t r o l y t e s e x t r ê m e m e n t d i l u é s s o u l è v e n t
de n o m b r e u x p r o b l è m e s d ' i n t e r p r é t a t i o n se r a t t a c h a n t à la m é c a n i q u e q u a n t i q u e . U n a u t r e t h è m e i m p o r t a n t est celui des t r a n s f e r t s
protoniques aux interfaces. Gerischer a d o n n é une interprétation
des r é a c t i o n s s u r é l e c t r o d e s s e m i - c o n d u c t r i c e s qui fait a p p e l a u
l a n g a g e de la m é c a n i q u e q u a n t i q u e , a p p r o f o n d i s s a n t ainsi les
idées o r i g i n a l e s d e G u r n e y s u r u n e e x p l i c a t i o n q u a n t i q u e des
r é a c t i o n s d e t r a n s f e r t d e c h a r g e s . L ' e f f e t t u n n e l des é l e c t r o n s suides é l e c t r o d e s r e v ê t u e s d ' u n f i l m d ' o x y d e a aussi été é t u d i é .
L ' a s p e c t d e l ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e q u a n t i q u e q u i fait a c t u e l l e m e n t
l ' o b j e t des r e c h e r c h e s les plus intensives est l ' é t u d e des plasmons
s u r les s u r f a c e s m é t a l l i q u e s en g é n é r a l et s u r les é l e c t r o d e s en
p a r t i c u l i e r . Les p l a s m o n s s o n t d e s o s c i l l a t i o n s q u a n t i f i é e s de
p l a s m a à la s u r f a c e d ' u n m é t a l , s o n gaz é l e c t r o n i q u e s u b i s s a n t
d e s o s c i l l a t i o n s collectives.
p a r suite des i n t e r a c t i o n s de C o u l o m b
d e ce g a z é l e c t r o n i q u e a v e c les ions p o s i t i f s d u réseau cristallin.
La f r é q u e n c e de ces o s c i l l a t i o n s est d e l ' o r d r e de l() 15 H z 2 2 .
Électrolytes
solides
Le s e c t e u r le p l u s p a s s i o n n a n t d e r e c h e r c h e d a n s le v a s t e d o m a i n e
des é l e c t r o l y t e s solides est celui des c o m p o s é s i n t e r c a l a i r e s , i^ui
présentent un intérêt d a n s le d o m a i n e des batteries rechargeables '
Les p r o g r è s de la b a t t e r i e au s o d i u m / s o u f r e o n t p e r m i s d e s o u t e n i r
la r e c h e r c h e s u r les é l e c t r o l y t e s à b a s e d ' a l u m i n e - / 5 . A c t u e l l e m e n t ,
la r e c h e r c h e se c o n c e n t r e s u r les électrolytes p o l y p h a s é s , c o n s t i t u é s
d ' u n m é l a n g e d ' u n e p h a s e a s s u r a n t la c o n d u c t i o n i o n i q u e et d ' u n e
p h a s e n o n c o n d u c t r i c e , p a r e x e m p l e , u n m é l a n g e de Lil et de
y - A b O a ; o n croit q u e ces m é l a n g e s a m é l i o r e n t la c o n d u c t i v i t é
i o n i q u e . La r e c h e r c h e s u r les b a t t e r i e s a aussi p e r m i s d ' é t u d i e r
13
d i v e r s a u t r e s é l e c t r o l y t e s solides . D ' u n p o i n t d e v u e plus f o n d a m e n t a l , M a c d o n a l d a p u b l i é des a n a l y s e s t h é o r i q u e s r i g o u r e u s e s
s u r les e f f e t s i n t e r f a c i a u x reliés à la p o l a r i s a t i o n d ' é l e c t r o d e d e s
conducteurs ioniques26.
P h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e et
biologie
La p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s ' i n t é r e s s e d e p u i s f o r t l o n g t e m p s
à b o n n o m b r e de p r o b l è m e s d e la b i o l o g i e . D è s 1928, L u n d
p r o p o s a i t l ' h y p o t h è s e selon laquelle les c h a m p s é l e c t r i q u e s
o b s e r v é s d a n s les cellules é t a i e n t c a u s é s p a r d e s d i f f é r e n c e s d e
p o t e n t i e l d ' é l e c t r o d e e n t r e e n z y m e s o x y d a n t e s 2 7 . C e t t e idée a été
a p p r o f o n d i e p a r J a h n en 196 2 2 8 , puis s o u m i s e à u n e é t u d e q u a n t i t a t i v e p a r C o p e 2 9 ; ce d e r n i e r a aussi é l a b o r é u n e t h é o r i e des
t r a n s f e r t s é l e c t r o n i q u e s d a n s les m o l é c u l e s p r o t é i q u e s qui fait
a p p e l à la c i n é t i q u e d e l'état solide, et u n e t h é o r i e de la c o n d u c t i o n
des ions à t r a v e r s les m e m b r a n e s . Il a d e plus p u b l i é u n e excellente s y n t h è s e s u r la p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e des s y s t è m e s
b i o l o g i q u e s 3 0 . D e c o u r t e s é t u d e s d e s p r i n c i p a u x s u j e t s de r e c h e r c h e de la b i o p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s o n t m e n t i o n n é e s en
r é f é r e n c e s 1 ' . U n e m e n t i o n spéciale d o i t être f a i t e ici d e s idées
de Mitchell s u r la p r o t i c i t é et les r é a c t i o n s d e d é p l a c e m e n t
p r o t o n i q u e en b i o l o g i e , et leur a n a l o | i e avec les p r i n c i p e s d e la
pile à c o m b u s t i b l e s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e
; ces t r a v a u x o n t valu à
leur a u t e u r le prix N o b e l de c h i m i e de 1978. W o o d b u r y et ses
c o l l a b o r a t e u r s o n t p u b l i é u n e s y n t h è s e des p r i n c i p a u x t h è m e s
de r e c h e r c h e d a n s ce d o m a i n e 3 2 .
Electrochimie des
matériaux
M ê m e si t o u s les p h é n o m è n e s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s a y a n t des r a p p o r t s
très é t r o i t s a v e c la p h y s i q u e des solides ( c ' e s t - à - d i r e la p h y s i q u e
é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e ) p e u v e n t ê t r e r e g r o u p é s s o u s le t i t r e « é l e c t r o c h i m i e d e s m a t é r i a u x », ce d e r n i e r s e c t e u r e n g l o b e u n g r a n d
n o m b r e de q u e s t i o n s qui ne p e u v e n t s a n s i n c o n v é n i e n t être
classées d a n s les s e c t e u r s d é j à e x a m i n é s . Le s u j e t d e r e c h e r c h e
le plus r e m a r q u a b l e d e ce s e c t e u r est celui des o x y d e s s u r m é t a u x ,
alliages et s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r s , o b t e n u s p a r c r o i s s a n c e a n o d i q u e
d a n s un é l e c t r o l y t e l i q u i d e o u g a z e u x ( p a r e x e m p l e u n p l a s m a ) .
Ces oxydes et films d ' o x y d e s résultent de t r a n s f e r t s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s
de c h a r g e s , t a n t é l e c t r o n i q u e s q u ' i o n i q u e s , et p r é s e n t e n t un
intérêt d a n s les d o m a i n e s s u i v a n t s : é l e c t r o c a t a l y s e et c a t a l y s e s u r
o x y d e s ; polissage a n o d i q u e des m é t a u x ; c é r a m i q u e s d ' o x y d e s ;
électrolytes d ' o x y d e s s o l i d e s ; f i l m s r é s u l t a n t d e r é a c t i o n s de
corrosion; propriétés diélectriques; rectification; claquage
électrique; electroluminescence ; propriétés mécaniques; caract é r i s t i q u e s t r i b o l o g i q u e s ( p a r e x e m p l e , d u r e t é , f r o t t e m e n t et
u s u r e ) ; p r o p r i é t é s m a g n é t i q u e s ; c o m p o r t e m e n t o p t i q u e ; verres
d ' o x y d e s ; c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s c o l l o ï d a l e s et i n t e r f a c i a l e s des s u s p e n s i o n s d ' o x y d e s d a n s des milieux a q u e u x et n o n a q u e u x ; b a r r i è r e s
d e p o t e n t i e l et p r o b l è m e s d ' é p i t a x i e a u x i n t e r f a c e s m é t a l / o x y d e ;
c a r a c t é r i s t i q u e s c h i m i q u e s et d e d i s s o l u t i o n des o x y d e s ( p a r
e x e m p l e , i m p o r t a n c e d e l ' h y d r a t a t i o n et de la d i s s o l u t i o n d a n s la
d o n a t i o n et la lixiviation des m i n e r a i s ) ; divers p r o c é d é s et p r o d u i t s
i n d u s t r i e l s , tels les b a t t e r i e s , les c o n d e n s a t e u r s é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s ,
les s y s t è m e s M O S et assimilés, les m a t é r i a u x d i é l e c t r i q u e s et
i s o l a n t s , les d i s p o s i t i f s à c o u c h e s minces, la t e c h n o l o g i e n u c l é a i r e
et les s y s t è m e s d e c o n v e r s i o n et de s t o c k a g e de l'énergie. O n
t r o u v e r a d a n s des o u v r a g e s d e s y n t h è s e
line i n f o r m a t i o n
a p p r o p r i é e s u r le v a s t e d o m a i n e de r e c h e r c h e q u e c o n s t i t u e n t
les o x y d e s et les films d ' o x y d e s . M e n t i o n n o n s plus s p é c i a l e m e n t
les m a t é r i a u x p o u r é l e c t r o d e s h a u t e m e n t c a t a l v t i q u e s et r é s i s t a n t s
à la c o r r o s i o n , à b a s e d ' o x y d e s , m a i n t e n a n t l a r g e m e n t utilisés
d a n s l ' i n d u s t r i e des h a l o g é n u r e s a l c a l i n s ; il s'agit des a n o d e s
dimensionnellement stables ( D S A ) . constituées d ' u n mélange
de TiÛ2 et d e R 1 1 O 2 . Ces é l e c t r o d e s r e p r é s e n t e n t u n e réelle i n n o v a tion qui a p e r m i s d e r é a l i s e r des é c o n o m i e s c o n s i d é r a b l e s d ' é n e r g i e
dans l'industrie du chlore.
L ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e des m a t é r i a u x t r o u v e aussi des a p p l i c a t i o n s en
g é o p h y s i q u e 4 . O n a en effet p r o p o s é un m o d è l e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e
p o u r e x p l i q u e r la f o r m a t i o n des d é p ô t s p r o f o n d s de m i n e r a i d e
14
Physics in Canada
fer. Les p r i n c i p e s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s o n t aussi servi à la p r o s p e c t i o n
g é o p h y s i q u e , à e x p l i q u e r la f o r m a t i o n des d é p ô t s d e m i n e r a i s
s u l f u r é s et à l ' a n a l y s e des g r a d i e n t s d ' o x y d o - r é d u c t i o n d a n s les
d é p ô t s d e m i n e r a i . La g e n è s e des d é p ô t s m i n é r a u x a été e x p l i q u é e
à l ' a i d e d e la t h é o r i e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e ; o n a pu m o n t r e r q u e des
différences de potentiel électrique d a n s u n minerai s u l f u r é p o u v a i e n t
p r o v o q u e r un d é p l a c e m e n t des m é t a u x et i n f l u e r ainsi s u r la
d i s t r i b u t i o n des é l é m e n t s c h i m i q u e s d a n s les r o c h e s . O n t r o u v e r a
en r é f é r e n c e s 4 , 3 6 d ' a u t r e s i n f o r m a t i o n s s u r les divers a s p e c t s d e la
géophysique électrochimique.
P l u s i e u r s a s p e c t s d e la p h y s i q u e a p p l i q u é e et de l ' é l e c t r o t e c h n i q u e
p e u v e n t aussi ê t r e c o n s i d é r é s c o m m e des p h é n o m è n e s p h y s i c o é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s d e t r a n s f e r t d e c h a r g e s 4 . O n a d é c r i t 4 les p r o priétés é l e c t r i q u e s des films i s o l a n t s o b t e n u s p a r d é p ô t a n o d i q u e
s u r les m é t a u x dits d e s o u p a p e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e . O n a aussi é l u c i d é
la n a t u r e des r é a c t i o n s é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e s e n t r e les é l e c t r o d e s
m é t a l l i q u e s et le SF6, p e n d a n t la d é c o m p o s i t i o n d u SF6 s o u s
l'effet d ' u n e i n t e r r u p t i o n d ' u n c o u r a n t c o n t i n u d a n s les c o n d i t i o n s
s i m u l é e s d e f o n c t i o n n e m e n t en d i s j o n c t e u r . O n a é v a l u é l ' o r d r e
de g r a n d e u r des c h u t e s d e t e n s i o n c a t h o d i q u e o b s e r v é e s d a n s les
a r c s é l e c t r i q u e s en utilisant u n m o d è l e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e d e l ' i n t e r f a c e m é t a l / p l a s m a . Les e f f e t s d ' é l e c t r o d e d a n s le vide p e u v e n t
ê t r e i n t e r p r é t é s à la l u m i è r e de la p h y s i q u e des solides t a n t en
l ' a b s e n c e q u ' e n p r é s e n c e d ' o x y d e s superficiels. Les e f f e t s i n t e r f a c i a u x p r é d o m i n a n t s d a n s les s y s t è m e s m é t a l / p o l y m è r e / m é t a l
s o n t d e n a t u r e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e 3 7 . D e m ê m e , l ' o r i g i n e des s i g n a u x
é l e c t r i q u e s o b s e r v é s s u r les é l e c t r o d e s m é t a l l i q u e s p e n d a n t la
d é t o n a t i o n d u n i t r o m é t h a n e a été reliée à des r é a c t i o n s é l e c t r o chimiques à l'interface métal/électrolyte38. Une théorie électroc h i m i q u e p e r m e t t a n t d ' e x p l i q u e r le c l a q u a g e d i é l e c t r i q u e des
solides i o n i q u e s i d é a u x , c ' e s t - à - d i r e des h a l o g é n u r e s alcalins, a
été p r o p o s é e . D e m ê m e , l ' o r d r e d e g r a n d e u r des t e n s i o n s limites
d e c o n t o u r n e m e n t o b s e r v é e s s u r des p l a q u e s d e SiÛ2 c o n t a m i n é e s
p a r le sel a été précisé en f a i s a n t a p p e l à l ' é l e c t r o c h i m i e de l'état
solide40.
Les p r i n c i p e s d e la p h y s i q u e des s o l i d e s o n t aussi été a p p l i q u é s
a u x s o l u t i o n s é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s . Ainsi, o n a pu faire r e s s o r t i r c e r t a i n e s
a n a l o g i e s f o n d a m e n t a l e s e n t r e les m a t é r i a u x solides, f o n d u s et
a q u e u x , et le c o n c e p t d e n i v e a u x d ' é n e r g i e p o u r les électrolytes a
été mis en r a p p o r t a v e c la t h é o r i e des b a n d e s p o u r les s o l i d e s 4 1 .
U n tel t r a i t e m e n t m e t en r e l a t i o n les f o n d e m e n t s c o n c e p t u e l s
s u i v a n t s : les idées d e G u r n e y 4 2 s u r les n i v e a u x p r o t o n i q u e s
o c c u p é s et libres d a n s les s o l u t i o n s d ' é l e c t r o l y t e s ; l ' a p p r o c h e de
R o s e 4 3 s u r les n i v e a u x é l e c t r o n i q u e s d a n s les solides et les é l e c t r o l y t e s ; les a n a l o g i e s d e F u l l e r 4 4 e n t r e les s e m i - c o n d u c t e u r s et les
s o l u t i o n s é l e c t r o l y t i q u e s ; les p r o p r i é t é s des sels f o n d u s selon
B o c k r i s et ses c o l l a b o r a t e u r s 4 5 ; et l ' a p p l i c a t i o n industrielle d e ces
c o n c e p t s à la c o r r o s i o n (et à la p r o t e c t i o n ) d e l ' a l u m i n i u m et d u
m a g n é s i u m d a n s l ' e a u , selon V e r m i l y e a 4 6 .
En c o n c l u s i o n , la p h y s i q u e é l e c t r o c h i m i q u e p r é s e n t e d e n o m b r e u x
d é f i s à ceux qui s ' i n t é r e s s e n t à la c h i m i e p h y s i q u e des t r a n s f e r t s
d e c h a r g e s , t a n t d u p o i n t de v u e d e la c i n é t i q u e c l a s s i q u e q u e d e
la m é c a n i q u e q u a n t i q u e . Elle o f f r e aussi d e n o m b r e u s e s possibilités
d e r e c h e r c h e s i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a i r e s d a n s l ' i m p o r t a n t s e c t e u r d e la
c o n v e r s i o n et d u s t o c k a g e de l'énergie, p a r e x e m p l e à l ' a i d e de
dispositifs photoélectrochimiques.
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La Physique au Canada
15
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian Universities in 1983
Doctorats décernés en physique dans les universités canadiennes, 1983
UNIVERSITY O F VICTORIA
UNIVERSITY O F
J o h n C A R M I N A T I , E x a c t S o l u t i o n s of t h e E i n s t e i n a n d E i n s t e i n M a x w e l l Field E q u a t i o n . ( F . I . C o o p e r s t o c k ) , N o v e m b e r 1982,
n o w at t h e D e p a r t m e n t of A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of
Waterloo.
P. S K A L I N S K I , C o l l i s i o n a l r e l a x a t i o n of m u l t i p o l e m o m e n t s in
4 2 P p o t a s s i u m a t o m s , (L. K r a u s e ) , O c t o b e r 1982, n o w at U n i versity of W i n d s o r a n d will be at S C I N T R F . X s t a r t i n g J a n u a r y
1984.'
D o u g l a s W. F O R B E S , T h e D i s t r i b u t i o n of Spiral S t r u c t u r e T r a c e r s
in t h e R e g i o n of t h e G a l a x y Between L o n g i t u d e s 30° a n d 70°,
( J . B . T a t u m ) . M a y 1983, n o w at L a u r e n t i a n U n i v e r s i t y .
R . J . N I E F E R , T i m e - r e s o l v e d laser s p e c t r o s c o p y of H g j molecules,
(L. K r a u s e ) J u n e 1983, n o w at t h e University of W i n d s o r .
C h r i s t o p h e r L. M O R B E Y . Brightest M e m b e r s of Rich a n d P o o r
C l u s t e r s of G a l a x i e s , ( F . D . A . H a r t w i c k ) , M a y 1983, e m p l o y e d
at t h e D o m i n i o n A s t r o p h y s i c a l O b s e r v a t o r y . V i c t o r i a , B.C.
T H E UNIVERSITY O F BRITISH
COLUMBIA
S p r i n g 1983 C o n v o c a t i o n :
Juliet W. B R O S I N G , M e a s u r e m e n t s of Cell Survival at L o w D o s e s
of R a d i a t i o n , ( L l o y d S k a r s g a r d / B r a n k o Palcic). M a y 1982. now
P D F at R o c h e s t e r U n i v e r s i t y .
Fall 1983 C o n v o c a t i o n :
WINDSOR
H . W . D A S S E N , E x c i t a t i o n s t u d i e s in t h e r a r e gases a n d s i m p l e
m o l e c u l e s u s i n g a high r e s o l u t i o n e l e c t r o n s p e c t r o m e t e r , ( J . W .
M c C o n k e y ) , O c t o b e r 1983, n o w at N R C .
UNIVERSITY O F
GUEI.PII
J . C A N A D A Y , I o n i c t r a n s p o r t s t u d i e s of a n o d i c G a A s a n d
G a A s / m e t a l layer o x i d e s , ( C . W . F i s c h e r ) , April, 1983, n o w at
E n e r g y , M i n e s & R e s o u r c e s , O t t a w a since April 1983.
J . D . S U L L I V A N . T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e fluid s t a t e s of c h l o r i n e
(P. A. Egelstal'f). M a y , 1983, n o w at Physics, University of G u e l p h ,
since M a y 1983.
Y. G R A T I O N , L o w - F r e q u e n c y Vorticitv W a v e s O v e r S t r o n g
T o p o g r a p h y , (P. L e B l o n d ) , N o v . 1983, t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n at the
D e p t . of O c e a n o g r a p h y , U. of Q u e b e c , R i m o u s k i .
Fall 1982
M.R. M O R R O W , Magnetic Resonance on A t o m i c H y d r o g e n
C o n f i n e d b y L i q u i d H e l i u m Walls, ( W . H a r d y ) . N o v . 1983, now
K i l l a m - P D F at G u e l p h University.
M. M I L L E R . T h e Y o u n g C l u s t e r N G C 6383, ( M . P . F i t z G e r a l d ) ,
c u r r e n t l y residing in W i n n i p e g , M a n i t o b a .
UNIVERSITY O F
WATERLOO
S p r i n g 1983
S I M O N FRASER
UNIVERSITY
R . D . A I J D A S , A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of p h o t o e l e c t r o c h e n i i c a l s o l a r
cells u t i l i z i n g MoS2 e l e c t r o d e s , ( J . C . Irwin), A u g u s t 1983.
S.K. B O S E , E l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e of liquid a n d a m o r p h o u s iron,
( L . E . B a l l e n t i n e ) , M a r c h 1983, P D F at U n i v . G u e l p h .
G . C . S C O T T , C h a r g e d e n s i t y w a v e t r a n s i t i o n in t h e t r a n s i t i o n
m e t a l d i c h a l c o g e n i d e s , (A.S. A r r o t t ) , J u l y 1981. P D F at Q u e e n ' s
U n i v e r s i t y , D e p t . of B i o c h e m i s t r y .
C . W I N T E R . M a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e e f f e c t s in t e c h n i c a l m a g n e t i s m :
M a n g a n e s e B i s m u t h ( M n B i ) a n d T e r f e n o l ( T b . 2 7 D y . 7 3 F e 2 ) , (A.S.
A r r o t t ) , D e c e m b e r 1982. N S E R C P o s t d o c t o r a l F e l l o w s h i p . S i m o n
Fraser University.
UNIVERSITY O F
ALBERTA
P . J . K E I . A M I S , A t t e n u a t i o n of Seismic W a v e s a n d G e n e r a l i z e d
R a y T h e o r y , ( E . R . K a n a s e w i c h ) , N o v e m b e r 1982. now w ith D o m e
Petroleum Ltd.. Calgary.
A. Z E N A R 1 . N u c l e a r M e d i c i n e T o m o g r a p h y with Special Reference
to the P h o / C o n Multi-plane I m a g e r , (J. S c r i m g e r a n d D. S h e p p a r d ) ,
M a y 1983, now at W . W . C r o s s C a n c e r I n s t i t u t e , E d m o n t o n .
P . C . S U L L I V A N , Spin Polarized Electron T u n n e l i n g in M a n g a n e s e
Alloys, (J.S. Rogers), M a y 1983. now P o s t - d o c t o r a l F e l l o w , M c G i l l
University.
T H E UNIVERSITY O F
CALGARY
J . A . T U S Z Y N S K I . A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e E f f e c t i v e O p e r a t o r T e c h n i q u e in C r y s t a l Field T h e o r y . ( C h a t t e r j e e ) J u n e 1983, now at
M e m o r i a l U n i v e r s i t y , St. J o h n ' s . N e w f o u n d l a n d .
S . K . L A I , E l e c t r o n i c S t r u c t u r e of M e t a l s . ( S . F . W a n g ) , c u r r e n t l y
e m p l o y e d by N a t i o n a l C e n t r a l University, T i w a n as A s s o c i a t e
Professor.
C . J . I . M O O R E , R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the Electrical P r o p e r t i e s of
A m o r p h o u s T h i n F i l m s of Z i n c T e l l l u r i d e . Z i n c S e l e n i d e a n d
Silicon, ( D . E . B r o d i e ) , c u r r e n t l y e m p l o y e d by University of
W a t e r l o o , D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c s , as R e s e a r c h A s s i s t a n t
Professor.
M( MASTER
UNIVERSITY
D a n i e l T. C A S S 1 D Y , H i g h Sensitivity M e a s u r e m e n t s with T u n a b l e
D i o d e L a s e r s . (J. Reid). N o v e m b e r , 1982, now at C a n a d i a n
Research Centre. Ottawa.
M. A m i n u l I S L A M . D e t e r m i n a t i o n of N u c l i d i c R a t i o s in G e o logical S a m p l e s with N e u t r o n C a p t u r e G a m m a R a y s ( W . V .
P r e s t w i c h ) , J u l y , 1982, r e t u r n e d t o B a n g l a d e s h .
G l e n n H . C H A P M A N , T h e Cu,i- y l Ag s InS 2 ( i- M Se2, P e n t e n a r y
c h a l c o p y r i t e A l l o y , ( B . K . G a r s i d e ) , O c t o b e r , 1982, now a t M . I . I.
Lincoln Labs.
A l b e r t G . L E E , T h e E n e r g y Level o f ' " C s , ( R . G . S u m m e r s - G i l l ) ,
O c t o b e r 1982. n o w at A E C L . P i n a w a .
C h i n h D A N G , D y n a m i c s of D i s c h a r g e - E x c i t e d C O ; L a s e r s ,
(J. R e i d / B . K . G a r s i d e ) , J a n u a r y 1983. n o w at Q u e b e c H y d r o .
W i n g - Y e e L.EE, D y n a m i c s of a D i s c h a r g e - E x c i t e d XeCI
( L . A . Ballik), F e b r u a r y , 1983. e m p l o y m e n t u n k n o w n .
Laser,
T h o m a s C O U S I N S . Monochromatic Photoneutron Spectroscopy,
( T . J . K e n n e t t ) , April 1983, now at D e f e n c e R e s e a r c h E s t a b l i s h ment, Ottawa.
16
Physics in Canada
UNIVERSITY O F T O R O N T O
Department of Medical Biophysics
J.F. Y O U N G , Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structure, ( H . M .
V a n Driel), D e c e m b e r 1983, n o w with N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l ,
Ottawa, Ont.
M . A R D I T I . A n n u l a r a r r a y s in M e d i c a l U l t r a s o u n d I m a g i n g ,
(J.W. H u n t / S . Foster), January,
1982. D e v e l o p i n g n e w
u l t r a s o u n d devices a t S R I I n t e r n a t i o n a l , M e n l o P a r k , C a l i f o r n i a .
J . W O N G , A n e w a p p r o a c h t o p h o t o n d o s e c a l c u l a t i o n s in
radiotherapy treatment planning, (R.M. Henkelman), August,
1982. I n v o l v e d in r a d i a t i o n t r a n s p o r t in p a t i e n t s at t h e E d w a r d
M a l l i n c k r o d t I n s t i t u t e of R a d i o l o g y , St. L o u i s , M i s s o u r i .
B. R U T T . E n e r g y d e p e n d e n t t e c h n i q u e s in d i a g n o s t i c r a d i o l o g y ,
( A . F e n s t e r ) , J a n u a r y , 1983. P r e s e n t l y c o n d u c t i n g X - r a y i m a g i n g
r e s e a r c h at the U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , S a n F r a n c i s c o .
QUEEN'S
UNIVERSITY
Francis G U I L L O N , " H e a t Transfer between P h o n o n s and Quasip a r t i c l e s in D i l u t e M i x t u r e s of ' H e in 4 H e b e l o w 100 m K " ( J . P .
H a r r i s o n ) , degree r e q u i r e m e n t s c o m p l e t e d D e c e m b e r , 1982, d e g r e e
a w a r d e d M a y , 1983, N S E R C P o s t d o c t o r a l F e l l o w s h i p at N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y , E v a n s t o n , Illinois, U S A .
ÉCOLE
POLYTECHNIQUE
Y. D E M E R S , E f f e t o p t o g a l v a n i q u e et e n r i c h i s s e m e n t i s o t o p i q u e
d'états a t o m i q u e s d a n s une cathode creuse d ' u r a n i u m , ( J . M .
G a g n é ) , mai 1983, M P B T e c h n o l o g i e .
UNIVERSITY O F TORONTO
Department of Physics
I.S.L. B A L B A A , S u p e r c o n d u c t i v i t y in t h e N i o b i u m - D e u t e r i u m
a n d P a l l a d i u m - H y d r o g e n S y s t e m s in R e l a t i o n t o t h e i r P h a s e
D i a g r a m s , ( F . D . M a n c h e s t e r ) , D e c e m b e r 1983, n o w with O n t a r i o
Research F o u n d a t i o n , Sheridan Pk, Mississauga, Ont.
K. H 1 G U C H I , A G l o b a l C a r b o n Cycle M o d e l , ( R . E . M u n n ) ,
J u n e 1983, n o w at A t m o s p h e r i c E n v i r o n m e n t Service, G o v e r n m e n t of C a n a d a , D o w n s v i e w , O n t .
G . P . K L A A S S E N , T h e T r a n s i t i o n t o T u r b u l e n c e in S t a b l y S t r a tified Parallel F l o w s , ( W . R . Peltier), F e b r u a r y 1983, n o w in t h e
A d v i s o r y Studies P r o g r a m , a t the N a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n f o r A t m o s pheric research, Boulder, C o l o r a d o , USA.
V . T . K O S L O W S K Y , Precise Relative M e a s u r e m e n t s of S u p e r allowed-Beta-Decay F T Values: Implications for Analogue
S y m m e t r y B r e a k i n g , ( R . E . A z u m a ) , D e c e m b e r 1983, n o w N S E R C
P o s t d o c t o r a t e Fellow at G e s e l l s c h a f t f u e r S c h w e r I o n e n F o r s c h u n g ,
D a r m s t a d , W. G e r m a n y .
C. L E M A I R E . P r o t o n Spin R e l a x a t i o n in A m m o n i a a n d in H y d r o gen H e l i u m a n d H y d r o g e n A r g o n G a s Mixtures, ( R . L . A r m s t r o n g ) ,
D e c e m b e r 1983, d e s t i n a t i o n n o t k n o w n yet.
UNIVERSITÉ DE
MONTRÉAL
L. D A L L A 1 R E , E f f e t d e la t e m p é r a t u r e s u r la m a g n é t o - r é s i s t a n c e
l o n g i t u d i n a l e d u c u i v r e en s a t u r a t i o n et d a n s l ' a p p r o x i m a t i o n d e
d i f f u s i o n d i f f u s e (J. D e s t r y ) n o v e m b r e 1983.
Y. S A I N T - A U B I N , T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s de B a c k l u n d p o u r les m o d è l e s
sigma à valeurs d a n s les espaces symétriques Riemanniens (J. Patéra),
n o v e m b r e 1982.
CONCORDIA
UNIVERSITY
N o r m a n R o b e r t L E W I S , C a l c u l a t i o n of S p i n - H a m i l t o n i a n P a r a m e t e r s f o r G d , + D o p i n g I s o s t r u c t u r a l Series o f R a r e - E a r t h M e t a l
Trichloride Hexahydrates a n d Trifluorides, (Dr. S.K. Misra),
J u n e 1982, n o w at V a n i e r C o l l e g e ( S n o w d o n C a m p u s ) .
M i c h e l a n g e l o B A R B O N E , Physics a n d C o n t r o l A s s e s s m e n t of A n
850 M W ( e ) - L e u - C a n d u - P H W R e a c t o r , ( D r . N . W . E d d y ) , S e p t e m b e r 1982, recently at P r i n c t o n T o k o m a k facility.
K.R. M A L T M A N , D e u t e r o n o m y : The T w o Nucléon Force f r o m
a C o n s t i t u e n t P o i n t of View, (N. I s g u r ) , J u n e 1983, n o w P o s t d o c t o r a t e F e l l o w at U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, C A , U S A .
McGILL
G . N . O R D , Lattice Decorations a n d Percolation Theory, (S.G.
W h i t t i n g t o n ) , J u n e 1983, N o w P o s t d o c t o r a t e F e l l o w at D e p t . o f
Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. U.S.A.
P a u l E. D E S M I E R , R a c a h a l g e b r a f o r S U ( 2 ) in a p o i n t g r o u p
basis: finite s u b g r o u p p o l y n o m i a l b a s e s f o r S U ( 3 ) ( R . T . S h a r p )
N o v e m b e r 1982. P r e s e n t l y Civilian D e f e n c e Scientist, M a r i t i m e
C o m m a n d H e a d q u a r t e r s , F M O H a l i f a x , N.S.
P.S. P A R K , T h e A p p l i c a t i o n of S t r e t c h e d S P ( 3 , R ) A p p r o x i m a t i o n
t o t h e R a r e E a r t h Nuclei a n d t h e C o m p a r i s o n s of S P ( 3 , R ) L o w e s t
Weight States, ( D . J . R o w e ) n o w P o s t d o c t o r a t e Fellow at University
of S u s s e x , D e p t . of M a t h e m a t i c s a n d Physics, B r i g h t o n , U n i t e d
K i n g d o m , D e c e m b e r 1983.
B.O. P I C H , T h e T h o r i u m A n o m a l y , (T.E. Drake), J u n e
n o w e n r o l l e d in M e d i c a l S c h o o l , U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o .
1983,
D . B . P I T M A N , L i f e t i m e M e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e D \ F* a n d V c \
( J . D . P r e n t i c e ) J u n e 1983, n o w N S E R C P o s t d o c t o r a t e F e l l o w
at C E R N , G e n e v a , S w i t z e r l a n d .
E . F . J . T A L B O T , S o m e R i g o r o u s R e s u l t s in t h e T h e o r y of Bose
L i q u i d s , ( P . A . G r i f f i n ) D e c e m b e r 1983, n o w N S E R C P o s t d o c t o r a t e
F e l l o w in D e p t . of Physics, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a at S a n t a
Barbara, U.S.A.
R . C - H . T A M , M o t i o n a l N a r r o w i n g in R o t a t i o n a l R a m a n S p e c t r a
of G a s e o u s N 2 , C O , C 0 2 a n d H C L , ( A . D . M a y ) , F e b r u a r y 1983,
n o w with U l t r a L a s e r t e c h , Inc. T o r o n t o , O n t .
S. Y E N , E l e c t r o n a n d P r o t o n S c a t t e r i n g f r o m : 8 Si, ( T . E . D r a k e ) ,
J u n e 1983, n o w R e s e a r c h Scientist at T R I U M F , U n i v e r s i t y of
British C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r .
UNIVERSITY
A . P O I R I E R , E l e c t r o n i c R a m a n S p e c t r o s c o p y of I r o n D o p e d
M g O . ( D . W a l s h ) N o v e m b e r 1982. P r e s e n t l y N S E R C I n d u s t r i a l
R e s e a r c h F e l l o w at M P B T e c h n o l o g y , M o n t r e a l
D . B A I L E Y , N e u t r i n o C h a r m P r o d u c t i o n a n d a Limit t o N e u t r i n o
Oscillations (J. T r i s c h u k ) J u n e 1983. N S E R C P o s t d o c t o r a l Fellow
a n d Scientific A s s o c i a t e at C E R N , G e n e v a , S w i t z e r l a n d .
L. L E W I S , T h e o r e t i c a l S t u d i e s of t h e S t r u c t u r e of Metallic G l a s s e s
(R. H a r r i s ) J u n e 1983. N S E R C P o s t d o c t o r a l Fellow in t h e Physics
D e p a r t m e n t Cornell University, U.S.A.
G . M A R L E A U , P o l a r i z e d L e p t o n - P r o t o n S c a t t e r i n g in Q u a n t u m
C h r o m o d y n a m i c s (C.S. L a m ) J u n e 1983. A t t a c h é d e r e c h e r c h e .
D é p a r t e m e n t de génie nucléaire. Ecole P o l y t e c h n i q u e , M o n t r é a l
K. O X O R N . T h e S t r u c t u r e of U n s t a b l e Nuclei in the gga Shell
(S.K. M a r k ) J u n e 1983. P l a c e m e n t u n d e c i d e d .
E. S H A H B A Z I A N . R a d i a t i v e D e c a y s of rj, p, w . rj\ M e s o n s
P r o d u c e d in t h e R e a c t i o n 7r~p— M e s o n s ' rj a t 8.35 G e V / c (P.
P a t e l ) J u n e 1983. S y s t e m P r o g r a m m e r , I n f o - M a r t Inc., T o r o n t o .
continued on p. 28
La Physique au Canada
17
Congrès A C P '84 C A P Congress
Université de Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Q u é b e c
June 18-20 juin
GENERAL
INFORMATION
RENSEIGNEMENTS
GÉNÉRAUX
T h e U n i v e r s i t é d e S h e r b r o o k e is p r o u d t o be y o u r host f o r t h e 39th
a n n u a l C o n g r e s s of t h e C a n a d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n of Physicists, J u n e
18 to 20, 1984.
L'Université de S h e r b r o o k e est h e u r e u s e d ' ê t r e l ' h ô t e d u 39" c o n g r è s
a n n u e l d e l ' A s s o c i a t i o n c a n a d i e n n e des p h y s i c i e n s d u 18 a u 20
j u i n 1984.
S h e r b r o o k e is in the heart of t h e Eastern T o w n s h i p s , within a rolling
hill l a n d s c a p e s o m e 145 k m f r o m M o n t r é a l . T h e w e a t h e r in J u n e is
v a r i a b l e . B r i n g w a r m c l o t h i n g especially f o r t h e o u t d o o r activities.
S h e r b r o o k e est sise a u c œ u r de l'Estrie, d a n s u n e r é g i o n v a l l o n n é e
à q u e l q u e 145 k m de M o n t r é a l . La t e m p é r a t u r e en j u i n est c h a n g e a n t e . Pensez d o n c a u x v ê t e m e n t s c h a u d s , s u r t o u t p o u r les activités
extérieures.
T h e region is flourishing in c r a f t w o r k of all kinds, in fine restaurants
and boutiques.
A longer stay in Q u é b e c this y e a r w o u l d be p a r t i c u l a r l y interesting.
T h e tall s h i p s t h a t a r e g o i n g t o t a k e p a r t in t h e festivities c o m m e m o r a t i n g the 450th a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e A t l a n t i c c r o s s i n g by J a c q u e s
C a r t i e r will be o p e n to visitors in Q u é b e c city h a r b o u r f r o m J u n e 25
to 30. D o n ' t f o r g e t a l s o t h a t every m a j o r city in Q u é b e c will h o l d
o u t d o o r p o p u l a r festivities o n the S t - J e a n n a t i o n a l h o l i d a y o n June
24. T h i n k of y o u r h o t e l r e s e r v a t i o n s well in a d v a n c e .
TRAVEL T O
La région est riche en artisans, en r e s t a u r a n t s de h a u t e g a s t r o n o m i e
et en b o u t i q u e s .
V o u s p o u r r e z en p r o f i t e r p o u r r a l l o n g e r v o t r e s é j o u r a u Q u é b e c
afin d e visiter les g r a n d s voiliers qui t r a v e r s e r o n t l ' A t l a n t i q u e en
1984 en l ' h o n n e u r d u 450 e a n n i v e r s a i r e de l ' a r r i v é e d e J a c q u e s
C a r t i e r . Il s e r o n t d a n s le p o r t de Q u é b e c d u 25 a u 30 j u i n . Il y a u r a
é g a l e m e n t d e g r a n d e s fêtes p o p u l a i r e s d a n s t o u t e s les g r a n d e s
villes d u Q u é b e c à la S t - J e a n , le 24 j u i n . Il f a u d r a réserver vos hôtels
longtemps d'avance.
SHERBROOKE
D e l e g a t e s travelling by a u t o m o b i l e s h o u l d t a k e a u t o r o u t e 10 (a toll
r o a d ) f r o m M o n t r é a l o r 55 f r o m D r u m m o n d v i l l e . T h e S h e r b r o o k e
exit is via h i g h w a y 410 w h i c h b r i n g s y o u to t h e d o o r s t e p of t h e
c a m p u s on boulevard Université.
TRANSPORT À SHERBROOKE
C e u x q u i v i e n d r o n t en v o i t u r e p r e n d r o n t l ' a u t o r o u t e 10 à p é a g e
d e M o n t r é a l ou 55 d e D r u m m o n d v i l l e . La s o r t i e de S h e r b r o o k e via
la r o u t e 410 v o u s m è n e r a au b o u l e v a r d U n i v e r s i t é à q u e l q u e s
minutes du campus.
T h o s e c o m i n g by air will be l a n d i n g at D o r v a l a i r p o r t in M o n t r é a l
( n o r t h - a m e r i c a n flights). A special b u s service is b e i n g o r g a n i z e d
f r o m Dorval to the University on S u n d a y a f t e r n o o n and evening,
J u n e 17. Buses will d e p a r t every t w o h o u r s b e t w e e n 2:00 p . m . a n d
8:00 p . m . ( l o o k f o r signs at t h e a i r p o r t ) . T h e f a r e will be $20.(X) per
p e r s o n , o n e w a y . A n y o n e a r r i v i n g at M i r a b e l a i r p o r t can t a k e a
b u s t o D o r v a l a i r p o r t . In o r d e r to e n s u r e a seat on t h e c h a r t e r b u s ,
it is imperative t h a t you fill in t h e l o w e r p a r t of t h e a d v a n c e
r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r m , i n d i c a t i n g y o u r (light n u m b e r a n d a r r i v a l t i m e
at D o r v a l a i r p o r t a n d s e n d it in b e f o r e M a y 31, 1984. A r e t u r n
service t o D o r v a l a i r p o r t o n W e d n e s d a y e v e n i n g ( a r o u n d 6:00
p . m . ) a n d T h u r s d a y m o r n i n g ( a r o u n d 9:00 a . m . ) , is a l s o b e i n g
arranged.
P o u r les g e n s v o y a g e a n t p a r a v i o n , v o u s d e v r e z v o u s r e n d r e à
l ' a é r o p o r t de D o r v a l à M o n t r é a l (vols n o r d - a m é r i c a i n s ) . N o u s
v o u s o f f r i r o n s un service d ' a u t o c a r spécial D o r v a l - U n i v e r s i t é
de S h e r b r o o k e l ' a p r è s - m i d i et le soir d u d i m a n c h e 17 juin. Il y a u r a
des d é p a r t s de 14 h à 20 h à t o u t e s les d e u x h e u r e s (surveillez les
a f f i c h e s à l ' a é r o p o r t ) . Le f o r f a i t aller sera d e $20.00 p a r p e r s o n n e
( p o u r ceux qui a r r i v e r a i e n t à l ' a é r o p o r t d e M i r a b e l , il y a u n c a r
M i r a b e l - D o r v a l ) . P o u r vous a s s u r e r une place, il est i m p é r a t i f d e
n o u s r e t o u r n e r la p a r t i e d u b a s d u f o r m u l a i r e d e p r é - i n s c r i p t i o n en
s p é c i f i a n t l ' h e u r e d e l ' a r r i v é e d e v o t r e vol à D o r v a l , a u plus t a r d le
31 m a i . 1984. N o u s p r é v o y o n s é g a l e m e n t un r e t o u r le m e r c r e d i soir
(vers 18 h 00) et le j e u d i en d é b u t d e m a t i n é e (vers 9 h 00).
T h o s e n o t u s i n g this special b u s service will have to be p r e p a r e d t o
t a k e t h e l i m o u s i n e f r o m D o r v a l t o the d o w n t o w n h o t e l s ($5.00)
t h e n t h e s u b w a y ($0.80) o r a taxi ($3.00) t o t h e V o y a g e u r b u s
t e r m i n a l . T h e a l t e r n a t i v e is a taxi ($17.00). F r o m tile t e r m i n a l ,
t a k e t h e e x p r e s s b u s t o S h e r b r o o k e ($14.00) t h e n a taxi ($6.00)
f r o m t h e S h e r b r o o k e t e r m i n a l t o the U n i v e r s i t é d e S h e r b r o o k e .
P o u r ceux qui ne v o y a g e r o n t pas p a r ce service nolisé il f a u d r a vous
résigner à p r e n d r e la l i m o u s i n e d e D o r v a l vers le c e n t r e ville ($5.00)
puis le m é t r o ($0.80) ou le taxi ($3.00) vers le t e r m i n u s d ' a u t o b u s
V o y a g e u r . L ' a l t e r n a t i v e est un taxi ($17.00). D u t e r m i n u s , v o u s
d e v e z p r e n d r e l ' a u t o b u s r a p i d e p o u r S h e r b r o o k e ($14.00) et d u
t e r m i n u s à S h e r b r o o k e , un taxi ($6.00) pour l ' U n i v e r s i t é .
REGISTRATION
INSCRIPTION
T h e r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r t h e Congress and on-campus
accommodation
will t a k e place in t h e l o b b y of the Faculty of E d u c a t i o n . O n S u n d a y ,
t h e desk will be o p e n f r o m 3:00 to 10:30 p . m . O n week d a y s , it will
be 8:30 a . m . - 4:00 p . m . A d v a n c e p a y m e n t of r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r the
C o n g r e s s a n d t h e o n - c a m p u s r e s i d e n c e will greatly a c c e l e r a t e
processing.
L ' i n s c r i p t i o n au c o n g r è s ainsi q u ' a u x résidences d u c a m p u s se fera
d a n s le hall d ' e n t r é e de la F a c u l t é d ' é d u c a t i o n . Le d i m a n c h e ,
l'accueil se f e r a d e 15 h 00 à 22 h 30. S u r s e m a i n e ce sera d e 8 h 30
à 16 h 00. V o t r e p a i e m e n t a v e c la p r é - i n s c r i p t i o n a u c o n g r è s et
a u x résidences a c c é l é r e r a g r a n d e m e n t les c h o s e s .
PARKING
STATIONNEMENT
T h e r e is a d a i l y fee of $1.00 f o r a n a u t o m o b i l e . T h e p e r m i t is p u r c h a s e d at t h e c a m p u s e n t r a n c e b o o t h . R e g i s t r a n t s s t a y i n g o n
c a m p u s will be a b l e to p u r c h a s e p e r m i t s at the r e c e p t i o n desk in the
l o b b y of the F a c u l t y of E d u c a t i o n . T h e s e p e r m i t s entitle t h e b e a r e r
t o p a r k his a u t o m o b i l e o n the lots identified by a yellow sign.
Il en c o û t e $1.00 p a r j o u r p o u r u n e a u t o m o b i l e . Le p e r m i s q u o t i d i e n
s ' a c h è t e à la g u é r i t e à l ' e n t r é e d u c a m p u s . C e u x qui h a b i t e r o n t a u x
résidences p o u r r o n t r e n o u v e l e r leur p e r m i s à l'accueil au hall d e la
F a c u l t é d ' é d u c a t i o n . Ces p e r m i s d o n n e n t le d r o i t aux aires i d e n tifiées p a r des a f f i c h e s j a u n e s .
18
Physics in Canada
Call for Abstracts
Appel de Résumés
CAP Congress 1984
Congrès ACP 1984
NB. Most contributed papers will be presented in Poster Sessions. See
poster instructions on p. —.
En général les communications seront présentées dans des séances
de démonstration. Voir les instructions à la page —.
Rules on Abstracts
Règles de présentation
1.
1.
N o r m a l e m e n t , un prticipant ne peut présenter
q u ' u n e seule c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
A participant usually is permitted t o present orally o n l y o n e
c o n t r i b u t e d paper.
oralement
2.
T h e abstract must be o n e paragraph, single spaced, elite type
(12 c h a r a c t e r s / i n c h ) , t o fit i n t o an area 12.0 c m wide a n d
10.5 c m long. T y p e with a c a r b o n ribbon or a fresh black cloth
ribbon. Blank f o r m s have been p r o v i d e d at the center o f this
issue. Further sheets are available at the C A P o f f i c e or an
identical sheet in w h i c h the center frame is d r a w n with an
Eagle Sky Blue 740'/2 pencil can be prepared locally, using a
g o o d quality white paper.
2.
Le résumé doit c o m p o r t e r un seul paragraphe dactylographié
avec caractère élite à simple intervalle, limité à 12.0 c m . de
largeur et 10.5 cm. de hauteur. Se servir d'un ruban c a r b o n n e
o u d'un ruban de soie noir neuf et de b o n n e qualité et utiliser
les f o r m u l e s ci-incluses. D e s copies supplémentaires sont
d i s p o n i b l e s au secrétariat de l ' A C P o u encore faire des
f o r m u l e s identiques sur papier blanc de b o n n e qualité en
traçant le cadre au crayon bleu Eagle "Sky Blue" 740'/2.
3.
Indent the first line 8 spaces, t o a l l o w for a p r o g r a m n u m b e r
t o be inserted later. Start with the title, capitalize the first
letters o f i m p o r t a n t w o r d s , a n d underline. N e x t , type the
a u t h o r ( s ) name(s), all in capitals. F o l l o w with the abbreviated
n a m e o f the a u t h o r ' s professional affiliation, with initial
letters capitalized, a n d underline. After a d a s h , the text
follows immediately.
3.
Sur la première ligne, après 8 espaces laissées libres p o u r
l'insertion ultérieure d'un n u m é r o , o n doit inscrire le titre en
écrivant en majuscule la première lettre des m o t s i m p o r t a n t s
et souligner. Ensuite, en majuscules, le(s) n o m ( s ) d'auteur(s).
Puis inscrire et souligner le n o m abrégé de l'institution (seule
la première lettre en majuscule). Le texte d o i t suivre i m m é diatement sans aller à la ligne mais après un tiret.
4.
Leave o n e blank line between the text a n d the f o o t n o t e s . F o r
the title and byline use the superscript s y m b o l s '*', f o r the
text, the superscript numerals' 2 1 .
4.
Laisser en blanc l'espace d'une ligne entre le texte et les
renvois. Pour la d i s p o s i t i o n des renvois dans l'entête, utiliser
'*', et dans le texte utiliser' 2 '.
5.
I n d i c a t e o n t h e a b s t r a c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s u b j e c t index a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e list a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e s e i n s t r u c t i o n s . If a p p l i c a b l e , a l s o
i n d i c a t e a p p r o p r i a t e session h e a d i n g s f o r y o u r p a p e r .
5.
Indiquer sur la feuille du résumé, la cote appropriée se
rapportant au sujet, telle que d o n n é e dans la liste qui a c c o m pagne ces règles de présentation. Si jugé nécessaire, indiquer
aussi la séance appropriée pour votre c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
6.
O v e r h e a d p r o j e c t o r s only will be p r o v i d e d w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e ,
6.
Seuls des retroprojecteurs s e r o n t d i s p o n i b l e s le cas é c h é a n t ,
à m o i n s q u e le b e s o i n d ' u n a u t r e f o r m a t soit e x p r e s s é m e n t
i n d i q u é s u r la feuille d u r é s u m é .
unless a special r e q u e s t is m a d e . T h i s a n d a n y o t h e r r e q u e s t s
s h o u l d be i n d i c a t e d o n t h e a b s t r a c t .
7.
8.
Submit the abstract in triplicate. All instructions must be o n
the abstract; d o not s e n d a n a c c o m p a n y i n g letter.
7.
On doit fournir 3 exemplaires de c h a q u e résumé. T o u t e s les
instructions d o i v e n t être sur la feuille d u résumé. N ' e n v o y e r
a u c u n e lettre pour a c c o m p a g n e r celui-ci.
8.
Les résumés ne se c o n f o r m a n t pas à ces règles de présentation
pourront être exclus du p r o g r a m m e .
Failure t o c o m p l y with these instructions is likely t o result in
the e x c l u s i o n o f y o u r abstract.
A b s t r a c t s m u s t be in t h e C A P O f f i c e
by the Deadline Date:
D a t e limite p o u r r é c e p t i o n des r é s u m é s
au bureau de l ' A C P :
March 23, 1984
le 23 mars 1984
S e n d a b s t r a c t s t o : / E n v o y e r les r é s u m é s à :
G.C.
Program
1984/CAP
Hanna
Chairman
Congress
c / o Canadian Association of
151 S t a t e r S t . , S u i t e
Ottawa, Ontario
KIP
Physicists
805
5H3
La Physique au Canada
SAMPLE
ABSTRACT
Congrès ACP 1984 CAP Congress
Université de Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Québec, June 18-20 juin
Subject Index
Cote d u sujet
C A P Subject Division
Division de l ' A C P
A p p r o p r i a t e Session
Séance appropriée
1.
2.
Analysis of a Satellite Collision.* A.A. ABLE,
BARBARA B. BERNSTEIN and C.C. COSTEAU, Inst. Casual Sci.
U. of Upper Ungava - An attempt is made to explain the
severe orbital perturbations suffered recently by the
two Canadian satellites, ARCAIRE and MUSICAL. It
appears that this event and the subsequent loss of the
spacecraft was due to some kind of collision. Previous
analysis5 has established that the collision was
neither inelastic nor one involving significant
gravitational forces. The present paper explores by
computer simulation a third possibility - that the
interaction involved coulomb forces. One spacecraft
was emerging from a long period of darkness and the
other had been continuously illuminated so that the
satellites may have been oppositely charged. The
analysis shows that a close encounter of this third
kind did not occur and therefore that the demise of
the satellites is still unexplained.
Can. J. App. Serendip.,
Bernstein B.B. and Able, A.A.
23,
456
(1978).
^Supported by the Nat. Soc. for Enhanced Refuse Control.
12.0 c m .
Projection
U
C ]
Requirements
From:
De :
Overhead
Other (Specify)
_
Special I n s t r u c t i o n s (if a n y )
I n s t r u c t i o n s s p é c i a l e s (s'il y en a )
Signature.
Name/Nom.
Address/Adresse.
Heading
20
Physics in Canada
ACCOMMODATION
HÉBERGEMENT
On campus
Sur le campus
T h e c a m p u s residences can a c c o m m o d a t e all delegates. T h e r a t e f o r
a single r o o m will be $25.00 p e r d a y a n d f o r a d o u b l e r o o m $17.00
p e r d a y p e r p e r s o n , with c e n t r a l w a s h r o o m facilities. These rates
include breakfast.
Les résidences d u c a m p u s p e u v e n t accueillir t o u s les c o n g r e s s i s t e s .
Le prix p o u r u n e c h a m b r e s i m p l e sera d e $25.00 p a r j o u r et celui
d ' u n e c h a m b r e d o u b l e sera d e $17.00 p a r p e r s o n n e p a r j o u r . Les
salles d e b a i n s o n t c e n t r a l e s . Ces tarifs incluent le petit déjeuner.
T h o s e p e r s o n s w i s h i n g t o stay o n c a m p u s m u s t r e t u r n t h e o n c a m p u s a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r m before May 20, 1984. In o r d e r to speed
u p y o u r residence r e g i s t r a t i o n , we ask t h a t you send the full a m o u n t
f o r y o u r stay a l o n g with t h e f o r m . T h i s will be r e f u n d a b l e except
f o r t h e p r i c e of o n e n i g h t . R e g i s t r a t i o n f o r o n - c a m p u s h o u s i n g will
b e in t h e e n t r a n c e hall of the F a c u l t y of E d u c a t i o n . W e shall p r o v i d e
t r a n s p o r t b e t w e e n t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n a r e a a n d t h e residences o n
S u n d a y a n d o n M o n d a y m o r n i n g . P e o p l e a r r i v i n g a f t e r registration
hours s h o u l d go d i r e c t l y t o t h e r e s i d e n c e r e c e p t i o n . N o credit c a r d s
are accepted.
Les p e r s o n n e s désireuses d e loger a u x résidences d o i v e n t n o u s
r e t o u r n e r le f o r m u l a i r e de l o g e m e n t d û m e n t r e m p l i d'ici le 20 mai
1984. A f i n d ' a c c é l é r e r v o t r e i n s c r i p t i o n a u x résidences n o u s v o u s
d e m a n d o n s d ' y inclure u n c h è q u e p o u r couv rir le m o n t a n t d e v o t r e
s é j o u r . C e m o n t a n t sera r e m b o u r s a b l e sauf p o u r le prix d ' u n e nuit.
L ' i n s c r i p t i o n a u x résidences se fera à l'accueil, d a n s le hall d ' e n t r é e
de la F a c u l t é d ' é d u c a t i o n . Il y a u r a u n e n a v e t t e e n t r e l'accueil et
les résidences le d i m a n c h e et le lundi m a t i n . Les p e r s o n n e s d é s i r a n t
p r e n d r e p o s s e s s i o n d e leur c h a m b r e en dehors des heures de permanence à l'inscription p o u r r o n t le faire d i r e c t e m e n t a u x résidences.
Les c a r t e s d e crédit ne s e r o n t p a s a c c e p t é e s .
Hors campus
Off-campus
A r r a n g e m e n t s h a v e been m a d e with t w o h o t e l s in S h e r b r o o k e .
T h e s e a r e o n t h e city b u s lines a n d a r e w i t h i n 5 k m of c a m p u s . T h e
m o t e l l ' E r m i t a g e is t h e closer at $34.00 f o r a single a n d $40.00 f o r
a d o u b l e r o o m . T h e y serve b r e a k f a s t o n l y (at e x t r a cost). T h e
A u b e r g e des G o u v e r n e u r s is very m o d e r n a n d l u x u r i o u s . T h e
r a t e s a r e $45.00 f o r single o r d o u b l e o c c u p a n c y . T h e o f f - c a m p u s
a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r m m u s t be sent directly t o t h e h o t e l of y o u r
c h o i c e b e f o r e May 20, 1984 with t h e r e q u i r e d d e p o s i t .
D e s a r r a n g e m e n t s o n t été pris avec d e u x h ô t e l s d e S h e r b r o o k e .
C e s h ô t e l s s o n t desservis p a r les a u t o b u s d e ville et s o n t en d e ç à de
5 k m d u c a m p u s . Le m o t e l l ' E r m i t a g e est le p l u s p r è s à $34.00
p o u r u n e c h a m b r e s i m p l e et $40.00 p o u r u n e d o u b l e . O n y sert le
petit d é j e u n e r s e u l e m e n t (avec s u p p l é m e n t ) . L ' A u b e r g e des G o u v e r n e u r s est très m o d e r n e et o f f r e t o u s les services. Le prix est d e
$45.00 p a r j o u r p o u r u n e c h a m b r e s i m p l e o u d o u b l e . Il f a u t
e n v o y e r le f o r m u l a i r e d ' h é b e r g e m e n t d i r e c t e m e n t à l ' h ô t e l d e
v o t r e c h o i x d ' i c i le 20 m a i 1984 avec le d é p ô t a p p r o p r i é .
Camping
Camping
M o u n t O r f o r d P r o v i n c i a l P a r k h a s c h a r m i n g c a m p i n g facilities o n
t h e s h o r e s of a lake. It is s o m e 20 m i n u t e s f r o m c a m p u s b y c a r . If
y o u wish t o r o u g h it y o u m a y b e i n t e r e s t e d in this a l t e r n a t i v e . T h e
b a n q u e t will be held q u i t e close by. T a k e t h e C h e r r y R i v e r exit
N o . 118 o n a u t o r o u t e 10. Y o u c a n m a k e r e s e r v a t i o n s by calling
(819) 843-9855. T h e sites cost a r o u n d $10.00 p e r d a y . *
Le p a r c d u M o n t O r f o r d a u n c a m p i n g des p l u s p i t t o r e s q u e s a u
Q u é b e c . Il est s i t u é à 20 m i n u t e s en a u t o m o b i l e d u c a m p u s . Si
v o u s êtes h a r d i s , v o u s serez s a n s d o u t e s é d u i t s p a r cette p e r s p e c tive. Le b a n q u e t a u r a d ' a i l l e u r s lieu t o u t près d e là. P r e n e z la
s o r t i e 118 d i r e c t i o n C h e r r y River s u r l ' a u t o r o u t e 10. V o u s p o u v e z
réserver en a p p e l a n t (819) 8 4 3 - 9 8 5 5 . Les e m p l a c e m e n t s c o û t e n t
a u t o u r de $10.00 par j o u r .
SOCIAL
ACTIVITÉS S O C I A L E S
EVENTS
A s we h a v e t o m a k e a f i r m c o m m i t m e n t f o r t h e M o n d a y a n d
T u e s d a y social e v e n t s in e a r l y J u n e , we u r g e y o u t o reserve y o u r
tickets by sending the required amount a l o n g with t h e a d v a n c e regist r a t i o n f o r m . W e c a n n o t g u a r a n t e e places o t h e r w i s e .
Welcome cocktail
T h e r e will b e a m o o n l i g h t r e c e p t i o n o n S u n d a y e v e n i n g f r o m
8:00 t o 11:00 p . m .
Méchoui
W e a r e o r g a n i z i n g a m é c h o u i (an i n f o r m a l d i n n e r o f l a m b r o a s t e d
o v e r a fire) o n M o n d a y J u n e 18 at 6:00 p . m . o n t h e c a m p u s l a w n .
T h e price will be $15.00, i n c l u d i n g s u n s e t !
Concert
T h e m é c h o u i will be f o l l o w e d by a c o n c e r t in t h e F a c u l t y of
E d u c a t i o n a u d i t o r i u m . T h e H e r i t a g e c h o i r will t a k e y o u o n a t o u r
of Q u é b e c . T h e a d m i s s i o n will be $4.00.
Banquet
T h e b a n q u e t will be held o n T u e s d a y at t h e O r f o r d A r t s C e n t r e
o v e r l o o k i n g b e a u t i f u l M o u n t O r f o r d . It it a very c h a r m i n g place
t o relax in a n a t u r a l setting. T h e r e will be a cash b a r b e t w e e n 6:00
a n d 8:00 p . m . T h e b a n q u e t will f o l l o w a n d will cost $25.00 p e r
person, including wine.
P u i s q u e n o u s d e v o n s p r e n d r e des e n g a g e m e n t s f e r m e s tôt en j u i n
p o u r les activités d e g r o u p e des lundi et m a r d i soirs, n o u s v o u s
s u g g é r o n s d e réserver vos billets d ' a v a n c e en joignant les montants
appropriés à v o t r e f o r m u l a i r e d e p r é - i n s c r i p t i o n . N o u s ne p o u r r o n s
a s s u r e r d e place à ceux qui ne le f e r o n t pas.
Cocktail de bienvenue
Il y a u r a u n e r é c e p t i o n le d i m a n c h e soir de 20 h 00 à 23 h 00 s u r
l'agora.
Méchoui
N o u s o r g a n i s e r o n s u n m é c h o u i (dîner c h a m p ê t r e à l ' a g n e a u rôti à
la b r o c h e ) le lundi 18 j u i n à 18 h 00 sur les p e l o u s e s d u c a m p u s .
Le prix sera d ' e n v i r o n $15.00 p a r p e r s o n n e , c o u c h e r d e soleil inclus.
Concert
Le m é c h o u i sera suivi d ' u n c o n c e r t à l ' a m p h i t h é â t r e d e la F a c u l t é
d ' é d u c a t i o n . Le c h œ u r H é r i t a g e v o u s e m m è n e r a à t r a v e r s le
Q u é b e c . Le prix d ' e n t r é e sera de $4.00.
Banquet
Le b a n q u e t a u r a lieu le m a r d i a u C e n t r e
d u m o n t O r f o r d . C ' e s t un e n d r o i t t o u t
p o u r r e z v o u s d é l a s s e r en pleine n a t u r e .
s u r les p e l o u s e s de 18 h 0 0 à 20 h 00. Le
$25.00 d u c o u v e r t , vin inclus.
d'art d'Orford, à l'ombre
à fait c h a r m a n t où v o u s
Il y a u r a u n b a r p a y a n t
b a n q u e t s u i v r a et c o û t e r a
Wednesday evening social
Mercredi soir
W e shall o r g a n i z e a g r o u p activity o n W e d n e s d a y e v e n i n g f o r t h o s e
w h o a r e i n t e r e s t e d . Y o u will be c o n s u l t e d in t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n a r e a .
N o u s o r g a n i s e r o n s u n e s o r t i e le m e r c r e d i soir p o u r ceux q u i le
s o u h a i t e r o n t . V o u s serez c o n s u l t é s à l'accueil.
ADVANCE
REGISTRATION
CAP C O N G R E S S
June 18-20
Please
return the top part
with your registration
Congrès A C P '84
D é p a r t e m e n t de physique
Université de S h e r b r o o k e
S H E R B R O O K E , Québec
J1K
Please make check payable
to: Université
and banquet fees
84
before May 20, 1984 to:
2E1
de Sherbrooke
(ACP
'84).
Status:
Member C A P
Non-Member
•
•
Invited Speaker
G r a d u a t e Student
•
•
Undergraduate
High School Teacher
•
•
P l e a s e print n a m e s e x a c t l y the w a y you wish them to a p p e a r on the n a m e t a g s !
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Address:
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Address:
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registration
fees:
C A P M e m b e r s a n d Invited Speakers
Non-Members
$50
$65
Teachers, G r a d u a t e and
U n d e r g r a d u a t e Students $15
C o m p a n i o n s $5
IMPORTANT
•
•
•
I enclose $ 2 5 . 0 0 / p e r s o n to reserve
I enclose $ 15.00/person to reserve
I enclose $ 4 . 0 0 / p e r s o n to reserve
place(s) at the b a n q u e t
ticket(s) to the méchoui
ticket(s) f o r the concert
Please cut here
Please return this bottom
part before May 31, 1984 to:
Congrès A C P '84
D é p a r t e m e n t de physique
Université de S h e r b r o o k e
S H E R B R O O K E , Québec
J1K
2R1
I wish to reserve
seat(s) for the D o r v a l - S h e r b r o o k e bus.
I shall arrive S u n d a y on flight no.
at
(hour)
I plan to m a k e use of the return service on D Wednesday evening
• Thursday morning
PRE-INSCRIPTION
CONGRÈS ACP
18-20 juin
Retourner
la partie
supérieure
avec vos frais
d'inscription
84
avant le 20 mai 1984 à :
Congrès A C P '84
D é p a r t e m e n t de physique
Université de S h e r b r o o k e
S H E R B R O O K E , Québec J1K 2R1
Faire le chèque au nom de : Université
de Sherbrooke
(ACP
'84).
Statut:
M e m b r e de l ' A C P
Non-membre
•
•
C o n f é r e n c i e r invité
e
E t u d i a n t de 1er cycle
Enseignant au secondaire
•
e
E t u d i a n t de 2 , 3 cycle
•
•
•
Veuillez inscrire votre nom tel que vous le désirez sur votre macaron!
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entend
vous accompagner,
veuillez
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cette
section
Adresse :
Téléphone:
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M e m b r e s de l ' A C P et conférenciers invités
Non membres
$50
$65
Enseignants au secondaire, é t u d i a n t s
des 1 er , 2e et 3e cycles $15
C o n j o i n t ( e ) s $5
IMPORTANT
• J ' i n c l u s $ 2 5 . 0 0 / p e r s o n n e p o u r m ' a s s u r e r de
• J ' i n c l u s $ 1 5 . 0 0 / p e r s o n n e p o u r m ' a s s u r e r de
CH J'inclus $ 4 . 0 0 / p e r s o n n e p o u r m ' a s s u r e r de _
_ billet(s) p o u r le b a n q u e t
_ billet(s) p o u r le méchoui
billet(s) p o u r le concert
S.V.P. détacher ici
Veuillez retourner
la partie
inférieure
avant le 31 mai 1984 à :
Congrès A C P '84
Département de physique
Université de Sherbrooke
S H E R B R O O K E , Québec J1K 2RI
Je désire
place(s) sur l ' a u t o c a r D o r v a l - S h e r b r o o k e .
J ' a r r i v e r a i le d i m a n c h e p a r le vol no.
à
(heure)
Je s o u h a i t e utiliser votre service p o u r le r e t o u r le • mercredi soir
ou l e d jeudi matin
Congrès ACP 1984 CAP Congress
Université de Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Québec, June 18-20 juin
Subject Index
C o t e du sujet
C A P Subject D i v i s i o n
D i v i s i o n de l ' A C P
A p p r o p r i a t e Session H e a d i n g
Séance appropriée
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
Projection
l—l
•
Requirements
From:
De :
Overhead
Other ( S p e c i f y )
_
Special Instructions (if a n y )
Instructions spéciales (s'il y en a)
Signature.
Name/Nom.
Address/Adresse.
Congrès ACP 1984 CAP Congress
Université de Sherbrooke
Sherbrooke, Québec, June 18-29 juin
Subject Index
Cote du sujet
C A P Subject Division
Division de l ' A C P
A p p r o p r i a t e Session
Séance appropriée
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
Projection Requirements
From:
De :
Overhead
•
Other (Specify)
Special I n s t r u c t i o n s (if a n y )
I n s t r u c t i o n s s p é c i a l e s (s'il y en a )
Signature
_
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Address/Adresse.
Heading
Congrès ACP '84 CAP Congress
18-20 juin
June 18-20
Hébergement sur le campus — on-campus accommodation
M./Mad.
Mr/Ms
prénoni/given names
nom/surname
Adresse/Address
Téléphone/Telephone
domicile/home
bureau/office
Veuillez me réserver
Please reserve
c h a m b r e ( s ) simple(s) à $ 2 5 . 0 0 / j o u r avec petit déjeuner
room(s) single occupancy at $25.()0/day with b r e a k f a s t
c h a m b r e ( s ) double(s) à $ 1 7 . ( ) 0 / p e r s o n n e / j o u r avec petit déjeuner
room(s) d o u b l e o c c u p a n c y at $ 1 7 . 0 ( ) / p e r s o n / d a y with b r e a k f a s t
p o u r les soirs d u /
for the evenings of
au/to
Mesure d'économie de temps
Time saver
Afin d'accélérer votre inscription, ce f o r m u l a i r e devrait être a c c o m p a g n é du m o n t a n t total de votre séjour. La première nuit
n'est pas r e m b o u r s a b l e . Faire le chèque à l'ordre de : Université de S h e r b r o o k e ( A C P '84).
In o r d e r to speed u p y o u r registration, please enclose the full a m o u n t of y o u r stay. The first night will not be r e f u n d e d .
M a k e c h e q u e payable to: Université de S h e r b r o o k e ( A C P '84).
Veuillez retourner ce f o r m u l a i r e et votre chèque avant le 20 mai 1984 à :
Please return this form with your cheque before m a y 20, 1984 to:
C o n g r è s A C l ' '84
D é p a r t e m e n t de physique
U n i v e r s i t é de S h e r b r o o k e
S H E R B R O O K E ( Q u é b e c ) J 1 K 2R1
Congrès de l'association Canadienne des physiciens
Canadian Association of Physicists Congress
du 18 au 20 juin 1984/June 18-20, 1984
Sherbrooke
L O G E M E N T H O R S - C A M P U S — FORMULAIRE DE RESERVATION
O F F - C A M P U S A C C O M M O D A T I O N — RESERVATION FORM
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remplir
le formulaire
et le retourner
à l'hôtel
de votre choix avant le 20 mai
1984.
P l e a s e fill o u t this f o r m a n d mail t o the hotel o f y o u r c h o i c e by M a y 2 0 , 1984.
M./Mad.
Mr/Ms _
/Venom/First name
Adresse/
iVom/Surname
Address
Téléphone/Telephone
Résidence/Home
Auberge des Gouverneurs
3131, King Ouest
Sherbrooke, Québec
J 1 L 1C8
Tél. ( 8 1 9 ) 5 6 5 - 0 4 6 4
Hôtel l'Ermitage
1888, K i n g O u e s t
Sherbrooke, Québec
J1J 2 E 2
Tél. ( 8 1 9 ) 5 6 9 - 5 5 5 1
V e u i l l e z r é s e r v e r / P l e a s e reserve.
Arrivée/Arrivai
Départ/Departure
Bureau/Office
1 chambre 1 lit/
Single
$45.00
1 chambre 2 lits/
Twin
$45.00
Les e n f a n t s c o u c h e n t g r a t u i t e m e n t
d a n s la c h a m b r e des parents.
N o charge f o r children s t a y i n g in
parent's r o o m .
1 chambre 1 lit/
Single
1 pers.
$34.00
2 pers.
$38.00
1 chambre 2 lits/
Twin
2 pers.
$40.00
$ 4 . 0 0 o u $ 6 . 0 0 de p l u s par p e r s o n n e
additionnelle.
$ 4 . 0 0 or $ 6 . 0 0 per p e r s o n extra
chambre(s) p o u r / r o o m ( s ) for
a.m. le/on
p.m.
a.m. l e / o n
p.m.
personnes/persons.
juin/June.
juin/June.
Les retardataires ( a p r è s 18 h 0 0 ) d e v r o n t c o n f i r m e r par carte d e crédit ( n u m é r o et d a t e d ' e x p i r a t i o n ) o u payer d ' a v a n c e p o u r
la p r e m i è r e nuit.
Late arrivals ( a f t e r 6 p . m . ) require c o n f i r m a t i o n by credit card n u m b e r a n d e x p i r a t i o n date or first night's d e p o s i t .
SIGNATURE
La Physique au Canada
25
C O T E DU S U J E T D E S R E S U M E S
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Astrophysics
Atmospheric a n d space physics
E l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e of a t o m s a n d m o l e c u l e s ; T h e o r y
A t o m i c s p e c t r a a n d i n t e r a c t i o n s with p h o t o n s
Molecular spectra a n d interactions with p h o t o n s
A t o m i c a n d molecular collision processes a n d interactions
Experimentally derived i n f o r m a t i o n on a t o m s a n d molecules
S t u d i e s of s p e c i a l a t o m s a n d m o l e c u l e s
O p t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of solids
E l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of solids
M a g n e t i c p r o p e r t i e s of s o l i d s
Surfaces, thin films a n d whiskers
Low temperature physics
Lattice dynamics
Phase transitions
Liquids
Nuclear fission a n d p h o t o n u c l e a r reactions
Nuclear structure
Nuclear reactions and scattering
O p t i c s a n d lasers
Particle physics
Fluid dynamics
Plasma physics
Theoretical physics
Statistical physics a n d t h e r m o d y n a m i c s
A c o u s t i c s , classical o p t i c s a n d e l e c t r o m a g n e t i s m
Instrumentation and experimental techniques
Industrial and applied physics
Education and training
Astrophysique
A é r o n o m i e et p h y s i q u e de l ' e s p a c e
S t r u c t u r e é l e c t r o n i q u e des a t o m e s et m o l é c u l e s ; T h é o r i e
S p e c t r e s a t o m i q u e s et i n t e r a c t i o n s a v e c les p h o t o n s
S p e c t r e s m o l é c u l a i r e s et i n t e r a c t i o n s a v e c les p h o t o n s
M é c a n i s m e s d e c o l l i s i o n et d ' i n t e r a c t i o n a t o m i q u e s et m o l é culaires
I n f o r m a t i o n d é d u i t e d ' e x p é r i e n c e s s u r les a t o m e s et m o l é cules
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
E t u d e s d ' a t o m e s et d e m o l é c u l e s p a r t i c u l i e r s
État solide, propriétés optiques
Etat solide, propriétés électriques
Etat solide, propriétés m a g n é t i q u e s
S u r f a c e , c o u c h e s m i n c e s et w h i s k e r s
Physique à basses t e m p é r a t u r e s
D y n a m i q u e s des r é s e a u x
C h a n g e m e n t de phase
Liquides
F i s s i o n et r é a c t i o n s p h o t o n u c l é a i r e s
Structure nucléaire
R é a c t i o n s et d i f f u s i o n s n u c l é a i r e s
O p t i q u e et lasers
P h y s i q u e des p a r t i c u l e s é l é m e n t a i r e s
D y n a m i q u e des f l u i d e s
P h y s i q u e des p l a s m a s
Physique théorique
P h y s i q u e s t a t i s t i q u e et t h e r m o d y n a m i q u e
A c o u s t i q u e , o p t i q u e c l a s s i q u e et é l e c t r o m a g n é t i s m e
I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n et t e c h n i q u e s e x p é r i m e n t a l e s
P h y s i q u e i n d u s t r i e l l e et a p p l i q u é e
Enseignement
Instructions and Arrangements for Poster Presentation
Instructions et renseignements concernant la présentation
de Posters
P o s t e r s will be o r g a n i z e d i n t o s e c t i o n s b y s u b j e c t a r e a a n d
a n u m b e r of s e c t i o n s will be l o c a t e d in t h e s a m e r o o m .
L e s s é a n c e s d e d é m o n s t r a t i o n s e r o n t r é p a r t i e s en s e c t i o n s
p a r s u j e t , et u n c e r t a i n n o m b r e d e s e c t i o n s s e r o n t g r o u p é e s
d a n s la m ê m e pièce.
T h e p o s t e r b o a r d s will be v e r t i c a l , 1.2 m high a n d 2 m in
l e n g t h . T a b l e s p a c e a n d t w o c h a i r s will b e p l a c e d n e a r e a c h
b o a r d . P o s t e r p i n s will b e a v a i l a b l e .
T h e title of t h e p a p e r , t h e a u t h o r s a n d t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s h o u l d
be d i s p l a y e d c l e a r l y in l e t t e r i n g a t least o n c e i n c h h i g h . T h e
text s h o u l d i n c l u d e a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e t o p i c , a g e n e r a l
o u t l i n e of t h e w o r k a n d a c o n c l u s i o n . D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s is
best left f o r t h e p r i v a t e d i s c u s s i o n s t h a t t h e p o s t e r itself
will i n i t i a t e .
A u t h o r s a r e a s k e d t o h a v e t h e i r p o s t e r s m o u n t e d by
em
9:00 a . m . f o r e a c h session a nu du t,uo ri emmiouvae tuhm
u bweifuo ir ec
5:30 p . m . t h e s a m e d a y . At least o n e a u t h o r is r e q u e s t e d t o
s t a n d by t h e p o s t e r d u r i n g a d e s i g n a t e d p e r i o d of t h e
session.
Les p a n n e a u x s e r o n t v e r t i c a u x et m e s u r e r o n t 1,2 m d e
h a u t e u r s u r 2 m d e l o n g u e u r . U n e t a b l e et d e u x c h a i s e s
s e r o n t p l a c é e s p r è s d e c h a q u e p o s t e r . O n f o u r n i r a des
punaises.
L e titre d e la p r é s e n t a t i o n , d e m ê m e q u e les n o m s des
a u t e u r s et celui d e l ' i n s t i t u t i o n , d o i v e n t ê t r e b i e n à la v u e , en
lettres d ' a u m o i n s u n p o u c e d e h a u t e u r . L e d o c u m e n t d o i t
c o m p r e n d r e u n e i n t r o d u c t i o n , les g r a n d e s lignes d u t r a v a i l
et u n e c o n c l u s i o n . P o u r l ' a n a l y s e d é t a i l l é e , il v a u t m i e u x
a t t e n d r e les d i s c u s s i o n s p r i v é e s q u e le p o s t e r l u i - m ê m e
suscitera.
O n d e m a n d e a u x a u t e u r s d e v o i r à ce q u e leurs p o s t e r s
s o i e n t m o n t é s a v a n t 9 h p o u r c h a q u e s é a n c e p u i s d e les f a i r e
d é m o n t e r a v a n t 17 h 30 le m ê m e j o u r . A u m o i n s u n a u t e u r
d o i t ê t r e s u r p l a c e d u r a n t u n e p e r i o d e spécifiée d e la s é a n c e .
26
Physics in Canada
MEALS
REPAS
T h e c a m p u s cafeteria will be open for b r e a k f a s t a n d lunch. T h e
S o m m e t r e s t a u r a n t a n d b a r (adjacent to the cafeteria) will be o p e n
for lunch a n d dinner. Those w h o d o not wish to attend the méchoui
or the b a n q u e t can go to the S o m m e t o r o n e of the o f f - c a m p u s
dining places.
La cafétéria du c a m p u s sera ouverte p o u r le petit d é j e u n e r et le
déjeuner. Le r e s t a u r a n t le S o m m e t et son bar ( a d j a c e n t à la cafétéria) sera ouvert p o u r le déjeuner et le dîner. Les p e r s o n n e s qui
n ' i r o n t pas au méchoui ou au b a n q u e t p o u r r o n t aller au S o m m e t
ou à un r e s t a u r a n t hors c a m p u s .
COMPANIONS'
PROGRAMME DES C O N J O I N T S
PROGRAM
W e a r e p l a n n i n g a n u m b e r of t o u r s within the Eastern T o w n s h i p s
for c o m p a n i o n s : the C o a t i c o o k gorge, the Québec village of yesteryear, the St-Benoit a b b e y , artisans, outings. T h e Participants will
be asked to cover travel a n d e n t r a n c e fees. Registration for the
c o m p a n i o n ' s p r o g r a m will be in the general registration area, in the
l o b b y of the Faculty of E d u c a t i o n . T h e g a t h e r i n g place will be the
residence salon where coffee will be available.
N o u s p r é v o y o n s plusieurs visites d a n s l'Estrie p o u r les c o n j o i n t s :
les gorges de C o a t i c o o k , le village québécois d ' a n t a n , l ' a b b a y e
St-Benoit, les artisans, les sentiers de n a t u r e . Il en c o û t e r a le
t r a n s p o r t et les forfaits d ' e n t r é e aux e n d r o i t s c o m m e r c i a u x . L'inscription des c o n j o i n t s se fera sur les lieux, au hall de la Faculté
d'éducation. Le point de rassemblement sera au salon des résidences
où il y a u r a un café en p e r m a n e n c e .
SPORTS
SPORTS
Sailing a n d c a n o e i n g addicts will be able t o rent e q u i p m e n t a n d
try out o u r lakes a n d rivers. T h e r e is also a nice golf course in
M o u n t O r f o r d Park.
Les a m a t e u r s de voile ou de canot p o u r r o n t louer le matériel et
s'en d o n n e r à coeur joie sur nos lacs et rivières. Il y a aussi du golf
au Parc du m o n t O r f o r d .
T h e university sports center will be open t o all for a daily user's fee
of $3.00. It is possible t o swim or play b a d m i n t o n , s q u a s h . . .
E q u i p m e n t can be rented.
Le centre sportif de l'Université est disponible p o u r un forfait
quotidien de $3.00. Vous p o u r r e z y faire de la n a t a t i o n ou d u
b a d m i n t o n , s q u a s h , etc. . . Les raquettes peuvent être louées.
T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r of n a t u r e trails on the m o u n t a i n behind the
campus.
Il y a de n o m b r e u x sentiers de n a t u r e d a n s la m o n t a g n e derrière
l'Université.
P o u r tout renseignement, veuillez vous addresser à
F o r i n f o r m a t i o n , please c o n t a c t :
L . G . C a r o n , président
C o m i t é d ' o r g a n i s a t i o n locale
A C P '84
D é p a r t e m e n t de physique
Université de S h e r b r o o k e
S h e r b r o o k e , Q u é b e c J1K 2R1
Tel.: (819) 565-3588
La Physique au Canada
19TH CANADIAN U N D E R G R A D U A T E
19
e
PHYSICS
27
CONFERENCE
C O N F E R E N C E C A N A D I E N N E D ' É T U D I A N T S EN P H Y S I Q U E
T h e 19th C a n a d i a n U n d e r g r a d u a t e Physics C o n f e r e n c e / 1 9 e
C o n f é r e n c e c a n a d i e n n e d ' é t u d i a n t s en P h y s i q u e t o o k p l a c e o n
O c t o b e r 20-23, 1983. T h e C o n f e r e n c e , h o s t e d by P h y s i c s s t u d e n t s
f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , p r o v e d s u c c e s s f u l in m a n y w a y s .
As billed, it was a n i n f o r m a t i v e , e d u c a t i o n a l , a n d relaxing but busy
w e e k e n d f o r a b o u t 140 physics s t u d e n t s f r o m a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y .
T h e C o n f e r e n c e ' s p r i m a r y p u r p o s e is t o e x p o s e C a n a d i a n u n d e r g r a d u a t e Physics s t u d e n t s to o n g o i n g research p e r f o r m e d by invited
s p e a k e r s a n d fellow s t u d e n t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , it a l l o w s s t u d e n t s
i n v o l v e d in r e s e a r c h t o m e e t a n d t o p r e s e n t their o w n t a l k s .
T h e r e w e r e ten invited s p e a k e r s f r o m d i v e r s e fields, i n c l u d i n g
O c e a n o g r a p h y , Black H o l e s , C o n d e n s e d M a t t e r Physics, Spect r o s c o p y , Physics a n d E v o l u t i o n , P h a s e T r a n s i t i o n s a n d C a n a d i a n
Astronomy.
L e c t u r e s w e r e n o t t h e o n l y item o n this y e a r ' s a g e n d a . T h e r e w e r e
a l s o t o u r s of s o m e of T o r o n t o a r e a ' s p h y s i c a l r e s e a r c h a n d
a p p l i c a t i o n c e n t r e s . Places t o visit i n c l u d e d t h e P i c k e r i n g N u c l e a r
Generating Station, Environment C a n a d a ' s Research Labs, and
t h e D a v i d D u n l a p O b s e r v a t o r y . S o m e of us d i d b r a v e t h e n e a r z e r o f r e e z i n g w e a t h e r t o t a k e a l o o k t h r o u g h the o b s e r v a t o r y ' s
47" telescope. T h e r e w e r e a l s o t o u r s of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of
T o r o n t o , a n d its Physics L a b o r a t o r i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h o s e interested.
N e w a s p e c t s of t h e c o n f e r e n c e w e r e p o s t e r sessions a n d a n essay
w r i t i n g c o n t e s t . T h o u g h p o s t e r s w e r e few this y e a r , they were well
received a n d s h o u l d be f u r t h e r e m p h a s i z e d in f u t u r e c o n f e r e n c e s .
T h e response to the
Theodore Hsu from
Velocity R e l a t i o n in
at t h e c o n f e r e n c e as
essay c o n t e s t w a s e n c o u r a g i n g . T h e w i n n e r .
Queen's University, wrote on " A New Aget h e S o l a r N e i g h b o u r h o o d " , a n d p r e s e n t e d it
well. C o n g r a t u l a t i o n s T e d !
O u t s i d e t h e lecture halls, s t u d e n t s h a d a c h a n c e t o s p e a k w ith guest
s p e a k e r s o n an i n d i v i d u a l basis. T h e y a l s o g o t a c q u a i n t e d — disc o v e r i n g t h a t physics is p h y s i c s r e g a r d l e s s of w h e r e it is s t u d i e d .
F r i e n d s h i p s were s t r u c k , especially d u r i n g t h e strolls d o w n Y o n g e
Street, a n d d i s c u s s i o n s in t h e late night h o u r s .
S o m e i m p o r t a n t issues were also b r o u g h t u p f o r discussion. W o m e n
in Physics w a s a m a j o r issue for f e m a l e d e l e g a t e s . T h e y p o n d e r e d
t h e possibility of c o n d u c t i n g r e s e a r c h i n t o w h y w o m e n " w e r e
t u r n e d o f f ' t h e s t u d y of Physics a n d h o w this m i g h t be r e m e d i e d .
T h e C A P a l s o c o n d u c t e d a survey o n possibly o r g a n i z i n g a s t u d e n t
division. Suggestions as to the needs a n d activities of such a division
were sought.
A m a j o r d i s a p p o i n t m e n t w a s t h e a b s e n c e of invited s p e a k e r . D r .
A l e x a n d e r Bazilevsky f r o m t h e M o s c o w A c a d e m y of Science.
D e l e g a t e s signed a n o t e of regret at missing his c o n t r i b u t i o n t o
the Conference.
General impressions about the Conference? There was definitely
good representation from across C a n a d a . Students bailed from
t h e U n i v e r s i t y of N e w B r u n s w i c k , t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y of British
C o l u m b i a . L a c k i n g , h o w e v e r , w as a g o o d Q u e b e c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .
A c c o m o d a t i o n s were excellent. T h e S u t t o n Place H o t e l s e e m e d
s o m e w h a t expensive and luxurious for poor university students,
but p r o v e d to be t h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l hotel a v a i l a b l e a n d w a s
certainly e n j o y e d .
All in all the 19th C U P C / 1 9 ' C C E P w a s a t r e m e n d o u s success.
Congratulations to Lian Zerafa and Glenn S t a r k m a n , co-chairp e r s o n s of t h e o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e , a n d all t h e o t h e r University
of T o r o n t o P h y s i c s s t u d e n t s w h o p u t m a n y s a c r i f i c i n g h o u r s i n t o
m a k i n g this c o n f e r e n c e a success. G r e a t j o b g u y s !
28
Physics in Canada
H o p i n g t o see y o u all t h e r e !
Reina L a m o t h e , D e p a r t m e n t Physics/Astronomy,
Université L a u r e n t i e n n e / L a u r e n t i a n University,
S u d b u r y , O n t a r i o , P 3 E 2C6.
G o o d luck t o next y e a r ' s h o s t s , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N e w B r u n s w i c k .
I n f o r m a t i o n o n next y e a r ' s C o n f e r e n c e c a n be o b t a i n e d f r o m :
Ian H a r t l e y , U n i v e r s i t y of N e w B r u n s w i c k , P . O . Box 4400,
Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3.
continued from p. 16
UNIVERSITÉ
LAVAL
Yuan-neng XU, "Shift-and-rotation invariant pattern recognition"
( H e n r i - H . A r s e n a u l t ) , j u i n 1983, E n g i n e e r of R a d i o t e c h n i q u e —
T h e Sian Research Institute of R a d i o T e c h n o l o g y , X i a n ,
République de Chine.
C l a u d e J A C Q U E S , " E t u d e d e l ' a l u m i n i u m , d u fer, d u c o b a l t et d u
nickel p a r la s p e c t r o s c o p i c de f a i s c e a u x d ' i o n s r a p i d e s " ( E m i l e
J. K n y s t a u t a s ) , m a r s 1984. c h e r c h e u r à la Division d e P h y s i q u e ,
E t a l o n s d ' é l e c t r i c i t é et d e t e m p s . C o n s e i l N a t i o n a l d e R e c h e r c h e s
du C a n a d a , O t t a w a .
Gilles J O N C A S , " C i n é m a t i q u e et d y n a m i q u e de l ' h y d r o g è n e ionisé
et n e u t r e de la n é b u l e u s e S 1 4 2 " ( J e a n - R e n é R o y ) , m a r s 1984,
stagiaire post-doctoral. Observatoire de Marseille, France.
H a m i d N A S R A L L A H , " S p e c t r o s c o p i c d ' é l e c i r o i o n i s a t i o n des
h a l o g é n u r e s d ' h y d r o g è n e " ( P a u l M a r m e t ) , j u i n 1983, (est r e p a r t i
dans son pays au Liban).
M E M O R I A L UNIVERSITY O F
Jean J . A . C O U T U R E , " H o l o g r a p h i e multiplex : contribution à
l'étude d u p r o b l è m e d e l'efficacité d i f f r a c t i o n n e l l e des h o l o g r a m m e s
c o m p o s i t e s " ( R o g e r - A . L e s s a r d ) , n o v e m b r e 1983, p r o f e s s e u r d e
physique, C E G E P de St-Georges de Beauce, Québec.
P a u l G . G I L L A R D , A s p e c t s of
A b s o r p t i o n of M o l e c u l a r H y d r o g e n
M a y 1983, n o w with D e p a r t m e n t of
University of N e w f o u n d l a n d , since
NEWFOUNDLAND
Collision-Induced Infrared
a n d D e u t e r i u m (S.P. R e d d y ) .
C o m p u t e r Sciences, M e m o r i a l
S e p t e m b e r , 1978.
La Physique au Canada
CAP Affairs/Affaires de l'ACP
1983-84 CAP C O M M U T E E S AND REPRESENTATIVES TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
1. Science Policy
B P. Stoicheff (c)
A.R. Crawford
G.C. Hanna
12. Honorary Advisory Council of Past Presidents
T.W. Johnston
W.G. Unruh
2. Editorial Board — Physics in Canada
J. Rolfe, Editor
G. Daigle
M.L. Jento
E.H Hara
J.A. Nilson
J.P. Svenne
R.R. Parsons
L.G. Caron
R.F. Code
3. Publications
G. Rostoker (c)
D.D. Betts
W.R. Datars
C. Delisle
L. de Sobrino
P.A. Forsyth
J.P. Franck
R R. Haering
G. Herzberg
N. Isgur
W. Israel
B.K. Jennings
J.W.C. Johns
T.W. Johnston
A.V. Jones
P. Kitching
P.D. Marchand
P. Marmet
D.F. Measday
M. Razavy
P R. Wallace
4. Membership
B.C. Gregory (c)
M.L. Jento
5. Awards
J . P Carbotte (c)
B. Margolis
W. Israel
6. Annual Meeting —
G.C. Manna (c)
D. Venkatesan
J.W. McConkey
Z. Hajnal
A.J. Berlinsky
D. W O . Rogers
D.W.L. Sprung
T.F.W. Embleton
A.E. Litherland
J.M. Robson
Program
J.S.C. McKee
J-M. Gagné
G. Karl
W. Brouwer
H.A. Baldis
P.J. O'Donnel
P. Kirkby
P R. Norton
L.G. Caron
A.I. Carswell
7. Annual Meeting — Local Arrangements
L.G. Caron (c)
J. Lefaivre
A. Lemieux
M. Aubin
M. Poirier
A. Caillé
P.-A. Simard
C. Carlone
A.-M. Tremblay
J.D.N. Cheeke
S. Jandl
Secondary School Physics Examination
A.E. Curzon (c)
with power to add
Nominating
A.R. Crawford (c)
B P. Stoicheff
A.I. Carswell
10.
11. Corporate Members
A.I. Carswell (c)
P. Kirkby
J.-P. Monchalio
G.G. Cloutier
A.T. Stewart
ILL. Welsh
A.H. Morrish
R.J.A. Levesque
H.E. Johns
R.R. Haering
P.A. Forsyth
C.C. Costain
P. Marmet
E.R. Pounder
G.M. Volkoff
L. Katz
P. Lorrain
R.E. Bell
J.M. Robson
H E. Petch
M P . Bachynski
D.D. Betts
E.W. Vogt
13. Physics and Society
A.I. Carswell (c)
G.C. Hanna
R.E. Bell
G . G . Cloutier
T.W. Johnston
L. Ti*ainor
14. Teller Committee
Members to be appointed by the Executive « h e n required.
15, Committee of University Physics Department
J.T. Weaver (c)
J.C. Irwin
W.P. Alford
R.G Johnson
C.S. Kalman
E. Auld
A.N Kamal
R.E. Azuma
D P Krauel
A.S. Biffi
M.A.R. LeBlanc
J-R. Brindle
R.M. Lees
A. Caillé
J. Lit
M.G. Calkin
L.A. Copley
C. MacLatchy
J.H. de Leeuw
M.P. Madan
C. Deniers
S.K. Mark
M.H. Edwards
T. Mathews
J.D. Fernie
J.H. Matthews
K. Fillmore
W.J. Megaw
L. Greenherg
R. Montalbetti
J. Grindlay
A.H. Morrish
E D. Hal I man
R.W. Nicholls
R.W. Ollerhead
B.G. Hogg
Heads
G. Paquette
V.V. Paranjape
D A. Pink
D.H. Rendell
P. Richard
T. Richard
J.L. Rood
J-P. Saint-Dizier
M. Schlesinger
R C. Shukla
C.V. Stager
E. Stanley
M.J. Stott
M. Suquet
D.A. Thompson
R. Tremblay
D.L. Williams
W.G. Wong
16. Employment Opportunities
A.I. Carswell (c)
17. Committee on the Ontario Engineers' Act
G.C. Hanna (c)
P. Kirkbv
R. H off
18. Directory of Canadian Physicists
H. Kiel te
W.A. Pieczonka
R.J.A. Levesque
Membership Campaign
G.C. Hanna (c)
M.ll. Hawton
C D. Anger
G.R. Hebert
G. Beaudet
J-L. Lachambre
L.G. Caron
M P. Madan
A.I. Carswell
M.M. Pintar
R.M. Clements
M.A. Preston
E.W. Fenton
S.P. Reddy
R. Frindt
D.S. Rosner
A.R. Crawford (c)
D.C. Rose
J.S. Marshall
A.D. Misener
G.C. Laurence
G.M. Shrum
J.L. Kerwin
B.W. Sargent
G. Herzberg
R.H. Hay
H E. Duckworth
R. Roy
D.W.L. Sprung
K.G. Standing
R.R. Turkington
F.L. Weichman
F. Weil
A. Weingartshol'er
M. Zuckermann
A. Yelon
L. Bertrand
M.J. Stott (c)
W.J.L. Buyers
G. Crawford
M.L. Jento
D. Kerfoot
A. Martin
19. Ad Hoc Committee on Professionalism
M. Pintar (c)
K. Breitman
R. Nicholls
20. Women in Physics
A. McMillan (c)
I. Buckewitz
J.E. Haltiwell
M.A. Jenkins
M.J. Stott
P. Kirkhv
M.L. Jento
W.J. Megaw
R. Petrovich
J.D. Prentice
21. Committee on Division of Students
G.C. Hanna (c)
L. Zerafa
B.C. Gregory
Power to add
22. Committe on Radiation Standards:
P.F. O'Brien
S.(i, C'henery
D.V. Cormack
A..I. Rainbow
J.A. Rawlinson
29
30
Physics in Canada
OFFICIAL CAP DELEGATES TO OTHER
ORGANIZATIONS
1. Canadian Committee for I U P A P
R.H. March
P. Marmet
H.M. Skarsgard
2. Youth Science Foundation
R.J.W. Hodgson
3. International Organization for Medical Physics
R.L. Clarke
M. Cohen
4. Canadian Commission for UNESCO
W. Brouwer
5. CNC/International Union of Crystallography
W.J.L. Buyers
Educational Trust Fund Trustees
A.R. Crawford (c)
R.E. Bell
E f f e c t i v e J u l y 1, 1983, D r s . R . F . E g e r t o n , M . E . E v a n s , F. H r o n
E . N y l a n d a n d H . S . Sherif w e r e p r o m o t e d t o P r o f e s s o r .
A p p o i n t e d t o f a c u l t y p o s i t i o n s at t h e A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r level
are D r . Z . W . Gortel (University of W a r s a w ) a n d Dr. B. A. C a m p b e l l
(McGill).
N e w P o s t - d o c t o r a l F e l l o w s a n d / o r R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s this y e a r
include D r . A r v i n d S. I n a m d a r ( A b a s a h e b G a r w a r e College, P o o n a )
w o r k i n g with t h e A s t r o p h y s i c s G r o u p ; D r . B. L e n o a c h ( D u b l i n
I n s t i t u t e f o r A d v a n c e d S t u d i e s ) in t h e I n s t i t u t e of E a r t h a n d
P l a n e t a r y Physics; D r . M. H u g i ( I n d i a n a C y c l o t r o n Facility) a n d
D r . J . Wesick (University of M a r y l a n d ) w o r k i n g with the T R I U M F
g r o u p of t h e N u c l e a r R e s e a r c h C e n t r e ; D r . K. K a d o w a k i ( O s a k a
U n i v e r s i t y ) in t h e L o w T e m p e r a t u r e a n d Solid S t a t e G r o u p ;
D r . M. Schweizer (University of Zurich), D r . C . Wright (Australian
N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y ) , D r . M. N a k a h a r a ( K y o t o U n i v e r s i t y ) a n d
D r . T . T o y o d a ( S U N Y - B u f f a l o ) a t the T h e o r e t i c a l Physics
Institute.
J. Fletcher
SPECIAL A N N O U N C E M E N T
T h e C A P is p l e a s e d t o a n n o u n c e t h e f o r m a t i o n of a C o m m i t t e e
t o E n c o u r a g e W o m e n in Physics. T h e m a i n t h r u s t of t h e p r o g r a m
will be e d u c a t i o n a l . Initially this g r o u p will:
— E n s u r e C A P p a r t i c i p a t i o n in c a r e e r e v e n t s at high s c h o o l s a n d
universities to provide role models to encourage y o u n g w o m e n to
c o n s i d e r c a r e e r s in p h y s i c s .
— E n c o u r a g e w o m e n physicists t o t a k e an a c t i v e r o l e in t h e i r
profession.
— P u b l i c i z e c a r e e r s in p h y s i c s f o r w o m e n .
If y o u h a v e i d e a s o r p r o g r a m s in p l a c e t o e n c o u r a g e w o m e n in
physics, p l e a s e c o n t a c t A n n M c M i l l a n , RR 1, P u s l i n c h , NOB 2 J 0
o r call (416) 231-4111 ext 6055.
At L a u r e n t i a n U n i v e r s i t y . . . D r . R i z w a n H a q h a s j o i n e d t h e
f a c u l t y as of S e p t e m b e r 1983. D r . H a q ' s r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n s n u c l e a r
e n e r g y level m o d e l c a l c u l a t i o n s , a n d he c o m e s f r o m a p o s t d o c t o r a l at T h e U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o .
D r . D o u g l a s F o r b e s h a s j o i n e d t h e d e p a r t m e n t as a p o s t d o c t o r a l
f e l l o w in A s t r o n o m y . H e has recently o b t a i n e d a P h . D . at t h e
U n i v e r s i t y of V i c t o r i a , a n d is w o r k i n g with D r . D a v i d T u r n e r o n
t o p i c s in t h e a r e a of s t a r c l u s t e r s a n d s t a r a s s o c i a t i o n s .
D r . D o u g H a l l m a n h a s b e g u n a 3 y e a r t e r m as C h a i r m a n of t h e
D e p a r t m e n t of Physics a n d A s t r o n o m y , effective J u l y 1983.
At O n t a r i o H y d r o , R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n . . . D r . M i k k A n y a s - W e i s s
h a s b e e n a p p o i n t e d S e c t i o n H e a d of t h e Science S e c t i o n , e f f e c t i v e
1 O c t o b e r 1983.
Calendar/Calendrier
NOTICE OF
MEETING
T h e a n n u a l D A M P m e e t i n g will be held in T o r o n t o , o n O c t o b e r
26 a n d 27 a n d will be j o i n t l y s p o n s o r e d by t h e U n i v e r s i t i e s of
T o r o n t o a n d Y o r k . T h e m e e t i n g will be in c o m m e m o r a t i o n of
D r . Boris S t o i c h e f f o n his 6 0 t h b i r t h d a y . S u g g e s t i o n s f o r invited
s p e a k e r s o r t o p i c s a r e e a g e r l y s o u g h t . R e p l y to: D r . A . D . M a y ,
D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o ,
M 5 S I A 7 ; o r to: D r . G . R . H e b e r t , D e p a r t m e n t of Physics, Y o r k
U n i v e r s i t y , 4700 Keele S t r e e t , D o w n s v i e w , O n t a r i o . M 3 J 1P3.
Canadian Physicists
Physiciens canadiens
STEACIE PRIZE FOR
1983
T h e T r u s t e e s of t h e E . W . R . S t e a c i e M e m o r i a l F u n d a r e p l e a s e d
t o a n n o u n c e t h a t P r o f e s s o r W i l l i a m G . U n r u h of t h e D e p a r t m e n t
of P h y s i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of British C o l u m b i a h a s b e e n a w a r d e d t h e
Steacie Prize 1983 f o r his d i s t i n g u i s h e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e o r e t i c a l
physics.
At t h e U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a . . . M e m b e r s of t h e d e p a r t m e n t o n
leave d u r i n g 1983-84 a r e D r . M . E . E v a n s ( C e n t r e G é o l o g i q u e et
Géophysique, Montpellier, France), Dr. W.K. Dawson ( T R I U M F ) ,
D r . H . J . K r e u z e r ( D a l h o u s i e ) , D r . H. Schiff ( U . of A l b e r t a ) ,
D r . D . M . S h e p p a r d ( U n i v e r s i t é d e Paris à S A C L A Y ) a n d D r . R . F .
Egerton (Cambridge, England).
1984 S T U D E N T C O N F E R E N C E O N N U C L E A R
AND ENGINEERING
SCIENCE
S p o n s o r e d by t h e C a n a d i a n N u c l e a r A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e C a n a d i a n
N u c l e a r Society a n d M c M a s t e r U n i v e r s i t y , t h e C o n f e r e n c e will
be held 1984 M a r c h 16-17 at M c M a s t e r U n i v e r s i t y , H a m i l t o n ,
Ontario.
For further information contact:
D o u g l a s R. W y m a n
Chairman, Organizing Committee
1984 S t u d e n t C o n f e r e n c e o n
N u c l e a r Science a n d E n g i n e e r i n g
D e p a r t m e n t of E n g i n e e r i n g Physics
M c M a s t e r University
Hamilton, Ontario
L8S 4 M 1
1984 C G U M E E T I N G
WITH
CMOS
In 1984, C G U will meet j o i n t l y with t h e C a n a d i a n M e t e o r o l o g i c a l
a n d O c e a n o g r a p h i c Society in H a l i f a x ( M a y 29 - J u n e 1). W h i l e
t h e t h e m e of t h e m e e t i n g is " T h e M a r i n e E n v i r o n m e n t :
A t m o s p h e r e , O c e a n a n d L i t h o s p h e r e " , please be a s s u r e d t h a t
p a p e r s o n all a s p e c t s of g e o p h y s i c s will be w e l c o m e d . C G U
m e e t i n g s h a v e a l w a y s s p a n n e d a w i d e r a n g e of disciplines; this is
o n e of their s t r e n g t h s .
W e h o p e t h a t y o u will c o m e a n d c o n t r i b u t e t o a s t i m u l a t i n g p r o g r a m . R e m e m b e r , t o o , the excellence of N o v a S c o t i a l o b s t e r s !
P. A d r i a n C a m f i e l d , S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r
La Physique au Canada 39
Books Received/Livres
reçus
The following books have recently been received for
review.
Readers are invited to write reviews of books
of interest to them.
Books may be requested from the
Book Review Editor. J.P. Svenne, Department of Physics,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2,
telephone (204) 474-9856.
Fourier Optics:
An Introduction, by E.G. Steward.
John Wiley & Sons (F.llis Horwood) , 1983; pp. 185.
Price:
U.S. $24.95.
Non-Equilibrium
Entropy
and
Irreversibility,
by
G. Lindblad.
D.Reidel Publishing Co., 1983; pp. ix +
166. Price:
U.S. $29.50.
Temperature, by T.J. Quinn.
Academic Press,
x + 416.
Price:
135.00, U.S.
$58.00.
1983; pp.
A First Course in Analytical Mechanics, by K. Rossberg.
John Wiley & Son, 1983; pp. xii + 291.
Price:
U.S.
$28.95.
00 General
and
0 ptics,
Experimental
Gravitation
Quantum
Measurement Theory.
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced
Study Institute, Aug. 1981, Bad Windsheim, Germany.
P. Meystre and M.O. Scully, eds. Plenum Press, 1983,
CONF; pp xi + 701. Price: U.S. $95.00.
Soli tons, by P.G. Drazin.
Cambridge University Press,
1983; pp. viii + 136. Price: U.S. $15.95 (paper).
tO Elementary Partiales and Fields
Field Theory in Elementary Particles.
Proceedings of
Orbis
Scientiae
1982,
Jan.
18-21.
Coral
Gables,
Florida.
B.
Kurnsunoglu
and
A.
Perlmutter,
eds.
Plenum Press, 1983, CONF; pp. ix + 469.
Price:
U.S.
$65.00.
Unification of the Fundamental Particle Interactions
II.
Proceedings of the Europhysics Study Conference,
Erice, Italy, Oct. 1981. J. Ellis and S. Ferrara, eds.
Plenum Press, 1983, CONF; pp. ix + 527.
Price:
U.S.
$69.50.
The Unity of the Fundamental Interactions.
Proceedings
of the International School of Subnuclear
Physics,
July-Aug.,
1981,
Erice,
Italy.
A.
Zichichi,
ed.
Plenum Press, 1983, CONF; pp. x + 817.
Price:
U.S.
$95.00.
Miniturization
of
High-Energy
Physics
Detectors.
Proceedings of a Meeting, Pisa, Italy.
A. Stefanini,
ed. Plenum Press, 1983, CONF; pp. xiii + 259.
Price:
U.S. $39.50.
30 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Energy
Storage
and
Redistrihtition
in
Molecules.
Proceedings of two workshops, Rielfeld, Germany, June,
1980.
J. Hinze, ed.
Plenum Press, 1983, CONF; pp.
xi + 615. Price: U.S. $85.00.
Atomic Physics of Highly Ionized Atoms.
Proceedings of
a NATO Advanced
Study Institute, Cargèse, Corsica,
June, 1982.
R. Marrus, ed.
Plenum Press, 1983, CONF;
pp. viii + 571. Price: U.S. S79.50.
The Physics of Actinide Compounds, by P. Erdos and
J.M. Robinson.
Plenum Press,
1983; pp. xi +
213.
Price:
U.S. $39.50.
Contro1 led
Phvsics
of
Atomic
and
Molecular
Thermonuclear Fusion.
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced
Study
Institute, July,
1982, Santa
Flavia,
Italy.
C.J. Joachain and D.E. Post, eds. Plenum Press, 1983,
CONF; pp. x + 576. Price: U.S. $79.50.
Dynamics, by S.N. Rasband.
John Wiley
pp. xi + 272. Price:
U.S. $32.95.
&
Sons,
1983;
SO Fluids, Plasmas and Electric Discharges
Fusion Reactor Design and Technology, vol. I & II.
Proceedings of the Third Technical Committee Meeting,
Tokyo,
Oct.,
1981.
K.
Sako,
program
chairman.
I.A.E.A., 1983, CONF; pp. 591 (v. I) + 486 (v. II).
Price:
Austrian Sch. 580.-(v. I), 480.-(v. II).
Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research,
1982.
Proceedings
of
the
Ninth
International
Conference,
Baltimore,
Spet.
1982.
IAEA,
eds.
I.A.E.A., 1983, CONF; pp. 660 + 622 + 551.
Price:
Austrian
Sch.
1260.-(v.
I),
1220.-(v.
II),
1060.-
(v.III).
60/70 Condensed Matter
Mass Transport
in Solids.
Proceedings
of
a NATO
Advanced Study Institute, June-July,
1981,
Lannion,
France, F. Bénière and C.R.A. Carlow, eds.
Plenum
Press, 1983, CONF; pp. xii + 602. Price: U.S. $85.00.
The Physics of Amorphous Solids,
Wiley {, Sons, 1983; pp. xi + 304.
by R. Zallen.
John
Price: U.S. $36.95.
Theory of the Inhomogeneous Electron Gas.
and N.H. March, eds. Plenum Press, 1983
395. Price:
U.S. $55.00.
S. Lundqvist
pp. xiii +
Advances in Superconductivity.
Proceedings of a NATO
Advanced Study Institute, July, 1982, Erice, Italy.
R. Deaver and J. Ruvalds, eds.
Plenum Press, 1983,
CONF; pp. viii + 529. Price:
U.S. $75.00.
Cross Disciplinary Physics
Thin Film Solar Cells, by K.L. Chopra
Plenum
Press, 1983; pp. xvi + 607,
$75.00.
and S.R. Das.
Price:
U.S.
and
6.
Fracture
Mechanics
of
Ceramics,
Vols.
Proceedings
of
an
International
Svmposium,
Pennsylvania, July, 1981.
R.C. Brandt, A.G. Evans,
D.P.H. Hasselman and F.F. Lange, eds.
Plenum Press,
1983, CONF;
pp. xiv +
692 + 674.
Price:
U.S.
$89.50/vol.
40 Classical Areas of Phenomenology
Austenitic Steels at Low Temperatures.
Proceedings of
the Joint
International
Cryogenics
Conference, May
1982 , Kobe, Japan.
R.P. Reed and T. Horiuchi, eds.
Plenum Press, 1983, CONF; pp. xi + 388.
Price:
U.S.
$62.50.
The Phvsics of Vibrations and Waves, 3rd edition, by
H.J. Pain.
John Wiley and Sons, 1983; pp. xvi + 416.
Price:
U.S. $41.95 (cloth), $16.95 (paper).
Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
Wiley S Sons, 1983; pp.
$46.20.
Understanding Physics, by 1..R. Rivet.
(L.R. Rivet), 1983; pp. xiv + 248.
(paper).
Energy
Storage, Compression
and Switching, Vol. ?.
Proceedings of the Second
International
Conference,
Dec. 1978, Venice, Italy.
V. Nardi, H. Sahlin and
W.H. Bostick, eds.
Plenum
Press,
1983, CONF;
pp.
xvii + 1067.
Price:
U.S. $125.00.
Regent Press
Price: £ 4.95
New Journal:
Lens Research, vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 2.
S. Lerman, ed.
Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1983; pp. xi +
220.
Subscription:
U.S.
$125.00
(institutional),
$62.50 (individual).
F.W. McLafferty, ed.
xvii + 506.
Price:
John
U.S.
Thin Film Device Applications, by K.L. Chopra and
I. Kaur.
Plenum Press, 1983; pp. xii + 300.
Price:
U.S. $42.50.
32
Physics in C a n a d a
90 Geophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Sunsets, Twilights and Evening Skies, by A. Meinel and
M. Meinel.
Cambridge University Press, 1983; pp.
163. Price: U.S. $29.95.
The Very Early Universe.
Proceedings of the Nuffield
Workshop,
June-July,
1982.
Cambridge,
U.K.
G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking and S.T.C. Siklos, eds.
Cambridge University Press, 1983, CONF; pp. vi + 480.
Price: U.S. $49.50.
Raymond Carrier,
Hôpital Notre-Dame
Montréal.
J. Osterman.
$23.00.
Ce livre est divisé en quatre parties:
E: constantes élémentaires et unités de base
T: tables
F: formules
M: mathématiques
La
section
constantes
et unités
est
relativement
standard. Les tables expriment des données en physique
mécanique, thermique, électrique, atomique, nucléaire,
en état solide, en plus des propriétés physiques de
nombreux
matériaux
et
du
tableau
périodique
des
éléments ainsi que des données sur les planètes et
quelques étoiles.
Une bonne sélection de formules physiques est présentée
dans la section F, couvrant tous les domaines de la
physique incluant l'électronique et la géophysique.
Cette section est la plus importante du livre, occupant
237 pages sur 431.
Les formules mathématiques les
l'objet
de
40
pages.
On
y
trigonométrie,
intégrales
et
différentielles etc.
Ce livre servira surtout à l'étudiant universitaire en
physique,
et
malgré
les
absences
que
j'ai
trop
longuement
discutées,
il
y
a
une
foule
de
renseignements
qui
sûrement
peuvent
servir
aux
professionnels en physique.
Un très bon volume, facile d'utilisation mais dont
l'utilité pourra dépendre de votre champ d'application.
Book Reviews
Critiques des livres
PHYSICS HANDBOOK, par C. Nordling et
Studentlitteratur, 1982; pp. 431. Prix:
En contrepartie on y retrouve l'échelle de Beaufort
pour les vents et l'état de la mer. Cette table qui à
mon
sens
appartient
aux
almanachs
nautiques
est
cependant
rehaussée
ici par
l'expression
du
flux
2
énergétique en w• m
pour les différentes vitesses de
vent.
plus courantes font
retrouve
géométrie,
dérivés,
équations
Le format 16 x 23 cm en fait un livre d'apparence
régulière. Contrairement aux "Handbooks" habituels tout
est présenté de façon très dégagée, laissant même de
grands espaces blancs pour les notes du lecteur.
Une
bonne table des matières apparait au début du livre en
plus d'une table plus subdivisée au début de chaque
section.
Un excellent index alphabétique termine le
livre. Sur la tranche un code de marques noires permet
de
retrouver
rapidement
la
section
désirée.
Je
considère que cette présentation est très attrayante et
pratique.
Evidemment, un Handbook doit se limiter et ne peut
couvrir à fond tous les domaines. On peut tout de mime
s'étonner que dans ce livre-ci on ne retrouve aucune
table
pour
les demi-vies
des
principaux
isotopes
radioactifs
et
aucun
facteur
gamma
pour
exprimer
l'intensité
de
la
radioactivité.
Pourtant
or
y
retrouve les demi-vies des particules élémentaries tels
que les leptons, hadrons, etc.
On comprend qu'un
handbook réduit ne puisse présenter les coefficients
d'atténuation
aux
radiations
pour
toutes
les
substances, mais
quelques
tables
dans
ce
domaine
pourraient apporter un complément intéressant.
Il n'y a rien sur la physique des plasmas.
11 n'y pas
de géométrie analvtique.
Pas d'ultrasons.
Pas de
micro-ondes.
Quant aux formules mathématiques, qui
sont ici, et on le comprend en nombre limité, on aurait
pu s'attendre à plus de formules générales.
Ainsi au
lieu
de
terminer
le
développement
d'identité
trigonométrique à sin 3x, j'aurais préférer terminer
avec une formule générale sin nx.
Cette remarque s'applique également aux polynomes de
Legendre et Laguerre où les formules de récurrence sont
absentes.
MORE RANDON WAI.KS IN SCIENCE.
R.L. Weber, ed.
The
Institute of Phvsics, 1982; pp. xv + 208.
Prix: U.S.
$19.50.
En 1897, c'est-à-dire à une époque sommes toutes fort
peu
lointaine,
la
Chambre
des
Représentants
de
1'Indiana étudia une certaine loi 246, introduite dans
son auguste enceinte par le très honorable T.I. Record,
et prévoyant l'adoption d'une valeur légale pour le
nombre TT. Le vénérable député, croyant sans doute
offrir a ses concitoyens une contribution valable à la
science, était semble-t-il troublé par la valeur plutôt
incongrue de cette quantité et suggérait
plusiers
moyens pour la fixer une fois pour toutes.
Par
exemple, si l'on exige que l'aire d'un cercle de rayon
'r' soit égale a celle d'un carré dont le coté est égal
a 1/4 de la circonférence de ce cercle, on obtient
(2iTr/4)2 - irr2, ce qui fixe TÎ = 4. On peut toutefois
améliorer cette valeur en exigeant que le rapport entre
la corde et l'arc déterminés par un angle de 90° dans
ce même cercle soit égal à 7/8, i.e. r /2/( ïïr/2) - 7/8,
d'où l'on tire ïï = 16 /?/7 (= 3.23).
Etc... Après
quelques
péripéties
a
travers
divers
comités
gouvernementaux (non, décidément, cette époque n'est
pas
si
lointaine) , la
Chambre
adopta
la
loi
a
l'unanimité! Elle ne fit cependant pas si belle figure
a la Chambre Haute, où elle ne put franchir le cap de
la deuxième lecture:
bien que, paraît-il, il fallut
user de beaucoup de persuasion, c'est dans l'allégresse
que ces messieurs rejetèrent la très noble proposition.
Cette
petite
histoire
est
l'un des
quelques
200
articles que l'on peut retrouver dans l'anthologie
18
compilée par Weber.
Ce livre est /f*"
contredit le
digne héritier de son prédécesseur
: si la lettre
est différente, il en a certainement conservé l'esprit.
L'ouvrage est truffé de succulentes anecdotes sur les
méandres de la recherche scientifique et de la vie
académique.
On s'y paye gentiment la tête de certains
personnages
illustres.
Les
interactions
de
la
communauté scientifique avec la société dans laquelle
elle évolue sont illustrées par de nombreuses notes a
caractère historique, souvent très amusantes, toujours
très intéressantes.
En outre, on y apprend comment
rédiger une publication scientifique, critique d'un
manuscrit de Percy Rysshe Shelley a l'appui.
On y
trouvera aussi une méthode infaillible pour imposer son
point de vue dans une discussion. Ceux qui désirent se
tenir a la fine pointe des méthodes pédagogiques liront
avec intérêt le compte-rendu sur l'utilisation des
petits chiens dans l'enseignement de la physique. On y
apprendra aussi la conception que Bloch se faisait de
l'espace ("Simply the field of linear operations") et
celle
*
que
lui
opposa
Heisenberg
("Nonsense,
space
is
Another review of this book, in English, was published
in the November, 1983 issue of Physics in Canada. (JPS)
blue and birds fly through it"). Enfin, on découvrira
comment, quand on est un chat, il est possible de
publier dans Physical Review Letters!
Il serait beaucoup trop long d'énumérer ici tous les
articles contenus dans cet ouvrage.
Une chose est
sûre:
il y en a pour tous les gouts.
Certains sont
La Physique au Canada
franchement
désopilants
mais
d'autres
portent
a
réfléchir.
Il semble en effet curieux, de nos jours,
que l'on ait pu, a une certaine époque, légiférer sur
la valeur de TT . Mais, il faut bien le dire, ce que
nous faisons aujourd'hui fera peut-être, dans quelques
décennies, le bonheur des longues soirées d'hiver de
nos petits-enfants...
A more detailed chapter 2 deals with properties of
nucléons and the nucleus, starting with size and shape
and continuing through the various quantum numbers,
magnetic
moments,
N.M.R.,
multipoles,
parity
and
nuclear statistics.
Quantum mechanical concepts are
usefully explained descriptively rather than mathematically.
1)A Random Walk in Science, R.L. Weber éd., The
Institute of Physics, Bristol and London 1973.
Chapter 3 is mos tly occupied describing the Shell and
Liquid Drop Models of the nucleus, including their
relative merits
and
supporting
evidence, but
also
contains brief outlines of the Fermi Gas, Collective
and Optical Models.
Laurent J. Lewis
Laboratory of Atomic and Solid
State Physics
Cornell University
INTRODUCTION
TO
THE
QUARK
MODEL
OF
ELEMENTARY
PARTICLES, VOL. 1. QUANTUM NUMBERS, GAUGE THEORIES AND
HADRON SPECTROSCOPY, by D. Flamm and F.
Schoberl,
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1982; pp. ix +
372. Price:
U.S. $73.50.
Over the last 20 years quarks have evolved from a
convenient classification scheme of hadrons to fundamental particles of the so called standard model of the
strong, weak, and electromagnetic
interactions.
In
their book Flamm and Schoberl give a complete overview
of quarks, their interactions, and their relation to
hadron
spectroscopy.
The book
starts
out with
a
general introduction to quarks followed in Chapter 2 by
a summary of gauge field theories, the language of
elementary particle physics.
In Chapter 3 various
phenomenological models of hadrons are introduced which
are motivated by the expected properties of quantum
chromodynamics, our candidate theory of the strong
interaction.
Finally in Chapter 4 an excellent up to
date presentation
of
constituent
quark models
are
given.
Although the book is described as an introduction
to quark models,
its detail and
its many
references to the original literature make it a useful
reference for workers in the field.
However, there were several annoying features in the
book's organization.
For example, a detailed discussion of the "axial anomaly" in gauge theories is given
in the introduction, preceding the chapter on gauge
theories.
There are also a number of typographical
errors as well as the occasional wrong or misleading
statement.
An example of the latter is the argument
regarding instantons and confinement properties (page
149) which is far from compelling yet is used
to
rationalize
a
specific
form
of
the
interquark
potential.
It would help guide the reader if instead
of being encyclopedic the authors were more selective
by including only what they thought was most relevant.
Overall the book is a useful reference for both students interested in learning about quark models and for
workers in the field of hadron spectroscopy.
Stephen Godfrey
Department of Physics
University of Toronto
ESSENTIALS
OF NUCLEAR
CHEMISTRY, by H.J.
Arnikar.
John Wiley & Sons (Halstead Press), 1982; pp. xii +
335. Price: U.S. $17.95.
I have always understood the term "Nuclear Chemistry"
to be mere slang for the area of physics pertaining to
nuclear reactions and nuclide production.
Perhaps the term has become more legitimate than T had
realized, but by my criteria,
this is a book on
physics, not chemistry.
The first chapter contains the usual introduction to
the atom, the nucleus, elementary particles and nuclear
stability,
but
continues
beyond
the
simplistic
treatment normally found in elementary texts to examine
briefly the exchange nature of the nuclear force.
Chapter A, on Radioactivity, contains material not only
of
practical
interest
(decay
schemes,
half-lives,
parent-daughter relationships, etc) but also material
generally considered too esoteric for general consumption.
This includes theories of alpha and beta decay,
and gamma emission in terms of multipole transitions
and selection rules.
As a further brief example of the
author's "one step beyond" approach, while most elementary texts "discover" the neutrino to conserve energy
during beta decay, Arnikar points out that it is also
required to conserve spin and nuclear statistics.
This chapter also reminded me of the common confusion
between the terms Isomer and Metastable, and I hereby
propose that henceforth an Isomeric Transition (I.T.)
be defined as a transition between two excited states
of the same nucleus (Isomers), regardless of half-life,
and the term Metastable and the suffix "m" (as in ^ m T c
for example) shall denote an excited state having a
"relatively long" half-life.
"Islands of Isomerism"
would then become "Islands of Metastability".
Meanwhile, chapter 5 of the book discusses nuclear
reactions, including the conservation laws obeyed, the
concept of cross-sections, the compound nucleus theory,
the
Breit-Wigner
formula,
and
Photo-,
Direct
and
Thermonuclear reactions.
Chapter 6 is devoted entirely to theories of nuclear
fission and chapter 7 to theoretical aspects of nuclear
reactors.
A lengthy chapter 8, Applications of Radioactivity,
lists some commonly used radionuclides, briefly illustrates production methods with specific examples, and
discusses separation techniques based on the SzilardChalmer's Reaction and Charged Plate Collection, before
continuing
to
applications.
These
latter
include
chemical investigations, physico-chemical and analytical applications, dating, medical, agricultural and
industrial
applications.
The
section
on
medical
applications seemed somewhat foreign to one who currently works in this field, presumably reflecting the
differences between Indian and North American practice.
I
was
also
surprised
that
the
development
of
Radioimmunoassay was attributed to Miles and Hales and
not Berson and Yalow who received a Nobel prize for it.
The final chapter is entitled radiation chemistry, but
is mostly about interactions of radiation with matter
which I've always thought was physics.
The
final
eleven pages deal with Chemical Dosimeters, Radiolysis
and Free Radicals.
Now that's chemistry!
In summary, this is a useful nuclear physics text for
anyone not specializing in nuclear physics.
In spite
of the fact that it is printed on thin, pinkish paper,
the
quality
of
reproduction
does
not
hinder
readability.
I was impressed by the author's efforts
to include the more "advanced" concepts of nuclear
physics in the simplified form to "rouse the curiosity
of
the
brighter
student".
We
are
surely
fast
approaching
the point were
quantum/wave
mechanical
concepts can no longer be dismissed as irrelevant to
the practical, everyday world of applied physics, and
such books will be increasingly valuable.
E.W. Spiers
Division of Nuclear Medicine
Toronto General Hospital
33
34
Physics in C a n a d a
ETO MULTTCENTER MOLECULAR INTEGRALS, C.W. Weatherford
and H.W. Jones, eds. D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1982;
pp. xvii + 186. Price: U.S. $37.00.
This is a book for the specialist only. It contains
reproductions of the Proceedings of the first international conference on the subject, held at Florida A.
and M. University, Tallahassee, in August 1981.
There is a one page introduction, by the Editors, which
hints at computational developments since the classical
Slater methods of the 1950's
.
The main papers deal with recent experience in the
areas of Gaussian and exponential orbitals and, in
particular, with zeta-function formalism, sphericalharmonic expansions and matrix techniques.
Interesting papers are those of E.O. Steinbaum, who
provides data on overlap integrals, R.R. Sharma, whose
tables of Slater orbitals have general utility, and
H.W. Jones who gives, computer generated, closed form
polynomial expansions for some Slater-type orbitals.
A number of tables which illustrate the convergence of
three-centre integrals in Fourier transform based
methods for evaluating exponential orbitals are given
by H.D. Todd and his co-authors, while J.D. Talman, the
only Canadian participant, discusses, and gives numerical examples of, the use of spherical Bessel transforms. His use of an analytic technique to remove a
singularity is elegant, if not particularly new.
F.E. Harris provides a useful table which indicates the
numbers of terms needed for 9D accuracy from various
computational methods for evaluating Si(x), Ci(x) and
Ei(x). This will have utility outside the special area
of the book.
Finally, the paper by H.H. Michels gives details of
actual computation times on a CRAY-I computer, and also
discusses the implications of vector processors for
spherical-harmonic
expansion techniques.
The most
interesting observation occurs on page 120 where the
spherical-harmonic technique is stated to require a
vector processor of CRAY-1 power to compete with the
Gaussian orbital method run on, for example, a CYBER
76.
It is a pity, in a book as expensive as this, and in
these days of inexpensive word processors, that neither
the Editors or the Publisher appear to have taken the
trouble to have the original papers retyped in a
uniform and acceptable format. There are wide discrepancies in the standards of setting, perhaps the worst
being that of C.C. Weatherford, one of the Editors!
1) Valence by C.A. Coulson, Oxford (1965)
A.D. Booth
Autonetics Research
Associates, Inc.
Sooke, B.C.
INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT: THE PHYSICS OF LIGHT, VISION,
AND COLOR, by Gary Waldman. Prentice-Hall, 1983; pp.
xii + 228. Price: U.S. $18.95.
The author correctly limits the text to non-technical
courses in community colleges.
Fine arts, fashion,
theatre, and photography are just a few subjects for
which this introduction is intended.
High-school
students preparing a special report and readers of
Scientific American should have no difficulties in
understanding this book.
The text is an introduction; topics range from physics
of light to the physiology of eyes and vision. Light
as particles and as waves, orbiting electron as
particles and as waves, day-time vision and night-time
vision,
additive
colour-mixing
and
subtractlve
colour-mixing,
reflection
and
refraction
are all
well-discussed and amply demonstrated by diagrams.
Outside the author's self-imposed limits, the reviewer
could
envision
explanations
to personnel
without
Hcientific knowledge concerning matters of
fmllng
colours in poorly lit rooms, the possibility of eye
strains at VDT stations, the red-to-green inversion at
traffic lights.
The four basic operations of arithmetic are the only
direct math needs, because the lens equation and
Snell's law are moved to the appendix.
Lenses,
mirrors, shadows, lasers up t:o lidar navigational
systems, and holographs are introduced in a light but
fascinating verbal manner. This adds to, rather than
subtracts from the beauty of the book. Students of the
arts have their special light, colour, and vision
needs. The efforts to understand these subjects should
not stop with this text, which should spur them on to
further studies and provide a mental vision of physical
data.
The reviewer would have liked to verify again, after so
many years, the existence of the blind spot in the eye,
but in the figure at the top of a page, the dot has
been edited away.
H. Peter Nieboj
Safety Engineering Specialist
Regina, Saskatchewan
SOUND AND SOUND SOURCES, by A. P. Dowling and J.E.
Ffowes Williams; John Wiley & Sons, 1983; pp. 321.
Price: U.S. $59.95.
The book contains 11 chapters on the theory of sound
and sound sources. The works of Raylelgh and Lighthill
provide the main references. The selection of topics,
the examples in the text, and the problems (all of them
solved) suggest that the authors have drawn on other
references and their own experience and publications.
The book would have gained tremendously in value if a
list of references would have been attached to each
chapter.
The authors expect a very good mathematical background
of
the readers:
partial differential
equations,
tensors, Fourier transforms, Bessel functions, and
Hankel functions find their proper use.
Recall aids
are given in the text. Previous knowledge of sound and
sound sources on a less mathematical level is required.
The authors show proficiency in the theory and in the
practical applications of the theory. The authors also
restrict their readership to 'engineers, designers and
academics in the field of acoustics, fluid mechanics,
vibrations and dynamics.
Undergraduate and initial
postgraduate
courses
in engineering,
physics
and
applied mathematics, as well es Government institutions, laboratories and consulting companies in
acoustics.1
The reviewer started to read the book without working
the mathematical derivations, relying simply on the
derived formulas and the verbal information, and he
found 'common sense' information which is directly
usable in a non-technical environment.
Thus, the
readership could be expanded to consultants to whom
practice counts more than theory.
However, these
consultants may wish to borrow the text from a library.
The derivation of the sound waves in the first chapter
is probably the most difficult section for the nonmathematical reader.
The reviewer agrees with the
authors that engineers, mathematicians, and physicists
get the same presentation.
H. Peter Nieboj
Safety Engineering Specialist
Regina, Saskatchewan
ENERGY:
ITS PHYSICAL IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT,
by D.W. Devins.
John Wilev & Sons, 1982; pp. xii +
572. Price: U.S. $32.95.
La Physique au C a n a d a
The intention of this book was to provide the textbook
for a course
on energy-environment
problems
which
emphasized
physical principles and the use of the
scientific method rather than providing a compendium of
relevant physics formulae. The author has attempted to
integrate physical fundamentals, applied science and
environmental ramifications in a coherent and logical
way.
The fourteen chapters are organized into four
sections:
1. Survey, 2. Energy Conversion Processes,
3. Heat
Generation
and
Management,
and
4.
Energy
Utilization.
The author has approached
these very
complex problems with the philosophical attitude of a
capitalist and a technocrat since he is prepared to
cast negative aspersions at countries who subsidize
energy research programs, and he believes that although
there are many problems created by the search for and
use of energy, there are also solutions.
I do not
share
this
attitude
since
I have concluded
after
considerable experience and reflection that the major
energy-environment problems are due to the scale of the
energy production and/or consumption.
Consequently, I
would emphasize the efficient matching of energy source
to
end
use
and
the
ethic
that
all
nonrenewable
resources,
including
fossil
fuels,
and
natural
radioactive materials, should be utilized sparingly and
carefully to ensure that they are available to as many
future generations as is humanly possible.
In short, I
am an appropriate technologist who does not believe
that what is technologically feasible is necessarily
societally desirable.
Using this attitude, the book
could
not
be
considered
as
a
responsible
text.
Nevertheless, it is well organized and included a large
number of very useful and important empirical graphs.
Unfortunately, they have been reproduced
from many
sources
so
they
exhibit
significant
stylistic
variations
that
is
annoying.
The
captions
are
frequently too terse and the text does not emphasize
the
functional
relationships
exhibited
by them
as
should be the case if the emphasis is on the scientific
method.
The discussion of physical principles
and
their application to the problems in each chapter is
carefully done.
The weakness of the text arises because the social,
economic and environmental implications of the various
possible energy scenarios are never mentioned, and the
only scenario appears to be the "business as usual"
one.
The only true solution to energy-environment
problems
is
to
develop
appropriate
or
achievable
consumption
scenarios
that
minimize
environmental
impact rather then searching unnecessarily for pseudosolutions to avoidable problems.
This text will serve
to reinforce the prevalent attitude amongst the college
generation that technology can solve any problem if
sufficient time and money is expended.
It is sad that
a potentially
good
text
should
not
challenge
its
audience to question our North American inherited, but
albeit slowly changing, mores as the energy hogs of
Spaceship Earth.
This reviewer would not recommend
this book as a text for any course, but instructors in
energy physics courses will find it a source of a great
deal of useful information.
H.A. Buckmaster
Department of Physics
The University of Calgary
INTRODUCTION
TO
DYNAMICS,
by
I.
Percival
and
D. Richards.
Cambridge University Press, 1982; pp. ix
+
228.
Price:
U.S.
$34.50
(cloth) U.S.
$14.95
(paper).
The authors restrict the required mathematical background to two-dimensional matrices, ordinary differential
equations,
and
calculus
of
functions
in
two
variables.
This means a limitation to systems of first
and second order and to Hamiltonian systems with one
degree of freedom.
The authors consider the knowledge
of Newtonian mechanics as helpful, but not needed.
Indeed, it serves only to imagine simple mechanical
systems as examples.
The
and
reviewer
unstable
found the approach from kinetics, stable
points, and velocity functions in space
and time appropriate for the modern need of exploring
similarities
and
unifying
quantities.
Diagrams
visualize, e.g., solar systems and galaxies, but the
same principles are applied to biological and chemical
reactions, to systems of growth and decrease.
The perturbation theory, as tool for analyzing actual
systems, is discussed in one short chapter rather than
being an assumed
prerequisite.
Chaotic motion and
non-linear maps occupy the final chapter.
These two
topics serve as look-out into a field of studies beyond
the scope of this book.
It is especially here that
additional references would be helpful.
The author's decision to present a wide scope with
limited mathematical tools is seen as a good choice,
but it is also seen as demanding on the instructor's
flexibility of using the same tool in different fields.
The book is well-suited as an introduction to dynamics
by Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems and to highlight
the geometry
of phase
curves
and
stability.
The
diagrams, the text, and the mathematical expressions
blend to a balanced unit.
H. Peter Nieboj
Safety Engineering Specialist
Regina, Saskatchewan
LONG-TIME PREDICTION IN DYNAMICS.
C.W. Horton Jr.,
L.E. Reichl, V.G. Szebekely, eds.
Vol. II in Non
Equilibrium
Problems
in
the Physical
Sciences
and
Biology:
I. Prigogine and G. Nicolis, Series Editors.
John Wiley & Sons, 1983; pp. xv + 496.
Price:
U.S.
$85.00.
The second in the series, this book contains useful
material for those who are already well aware of buzz
words
such
as
"chaotic",
intrinsic
stochasticity",
"period doubling" and their use in various domains,
especially plasma physics.
The book suffers overall
from the disjointed nature of a workshop proceedings,
although some presentations complement each other well.
The book is less general than the title implies, since
examples from fluids, physical chemistry, biological/
ecological systems and biochemistry are conspicious by
their absence.
A better title would have been "some
presentations
on
intrinsic
stochasticity
and
its
applications on plasma physics and beam-beam physics,
together with some ruminations on irreversibility and a
couple of soliton papers for good luck", but that would
sell fewer books.
The
soliton
papers were
amusing
but
isolated
and
specialized (a cusp soliton (Ichikawa et al.) and a
biochemical a - h e l i x soliton (Hymus et al.)).
Three of
the statistical mechanics discussions are reprises of
somewhat musty themes (reversible
irreversible?), but
I did enjoy Harold Grad's vigorous advocacy of the
"Boltzmann
hierarchy"
and
his
thought-provoking
remarks,
as
well
as
Joe
Ford's
discussion
on
coin-tossing, which has already appeared in Physics
Today
(4/83).
The
Celestial
Dynamics
section
was
disappointing and dated.
The real action (to make a
bad
pun)
is
in
the Dynamics
and
Plasma
Physics
sections; most of the well-known names are there.
The
reader who is not well versed will need his copy of
Lichtenberg
and
Lieberman's
excellent
"Regular
and
Stochastic Motion" (Springer Verlag, 1983) if he is to
follow what is going on.
The cast:
in Dynamics
(= mappings etc.) - Helleman, McKay, Green, Escande,
Lieberman and Tennyson; in Plasma Physics - Grebogi and
Kaufman, Dubin and Krommes, Ott, Horton, Molvig et al,
together with Rechester, Rosenbluth, White and Karney
(who were included in the beam-beam section for some
mysterious reason).
(A good joke for the cognoscenti:
Helleman
refers
to
period-doubling
trees
as
Feigenbaume.)
Lastly
there
were
three
papers
on
beam-beam effects in opposing-beam accelerators.
Two
of these (Kheifets and Tennyson) were too close to the
machines to be generally interesting, while the third
(Bountis et al.) looked useful but left me unsure of
the applicability of their model to real accelerator
beams.
35
36
Physics in C a n a d a
I am certainly going to study some of the articles
quite closely, in particular those by Grad, by Escande
on renormalization, by Dubin and Krommes (on using
Littlejohn's Lie transformations for magnetic
field
problems), by Horton and by Molvig et al. on plasma
turbulence and by Rechester et al. on the effects of
noise on the so-called Chirikov-Tavlor model.
Out of the twenty-four articles I reread more than half
for this review, so, on the whole, I can recommend the
book for a technical library (at $85 it is a little
dear for an individual).
Tudor Wyatt Johnston
INRS-Energie
Varennes, Quebec
INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA THEORY, by Dwight R. Nicholson.
John Wiley & Sons, 1983; pp. xii + 292.
Price:
U.S.
$29.95.
Rather than give a list of chapter headings and a few
quibbles to show how carefully I read the book, I will
share my reactions to the idea of using the book in a
course.
Plasma theory has as yet no canonical order of presentation.
One school insists on careful building of
kinetic foundations (before one is allowed to use any
plasma equations
at all) and
then rapidly
rushes
through a bewildering array of plasma phenomena at
lightning speed and minimal sophistication.
The other
school hates to keep the student waiting for the juicy
parts, says "trust us" for the kinetics, does a better
job on the introduction to the various phenomena, and
zips through the kinetics with a great deal of handwaving.
It is clear that Dwight Nicholson really belongs to the
first school, although he tries to have it both ways by
stating that his book can be used the other way be
contorting the order of the chapters.
I agree with the
contorted order (waves first, kinetics after) - which
is the usual one - purely on the ground that the
minimum
level of mathematics
for
the kinetics
is
definitely higher than for the waves etc., so students
could attack kinetics after having got into condition,
so to speak, by "working out" on the easier material.
The major problem with this book is that while each
part is excellent or acceptable there is a large
difference in levels of sophistication.
What Nicholson appears to have attempted is to write a
book comparable to Frank Chen's undergraduate text,
leave out experiments and substitute a careful graduate
level treatment of kinetics, all in 300 pages!
While
applauding a gallant effort, I feel it is better that
texts be at the appropriate level throughout.
At the graduate level I could accept Nicholson's idea
of alternative presentation order, were the level of
the
treatment
of
waves/instabilities/confinement
comparable in depth and sophistication to the level of
the treatment of kinetics (i.e. at least at that of
Schmidt or of Clemmow and Dougherty).
Were I teaching
a two-semester graduate course (assuming a previous
plasma course), I would use some other text (or my own
notes) for waves instability and confinement and lean
heavily on Nicholson for kinetic fundamentals.
I would
also go to Nicholson for solitons, turbulence, induced
scattering and the like, because he brings the students
within range of current specialized literature - an
important aspect of an introduction to theory.
If
Nicholson were to rewrite the book with only graduate
students in mind (assuming, say, an acquaintance with
Chen's text and beefing up the chapters on waves etc.)
the clarity of his prose and the excellent job he did
on the kinetics lead me believe that there, at last,
might be the graduate level introduction to plasma
theory for which I, at least, am still waiting.
Tudor Wyatt Johnston
INRS-Energie
Varennes, Quebec
AN
INITIO
CALCULATION
OF
PHONON
SPECTRA.
J.T.
Devreese, V.E. VanDoren and P.E. VanCamp, eds.
Plenum
Press, 1983; pp. viii + 303. Price: U.S. $42.50.
This book arose from a 1981 CECAM workshop of the same
title.
It consists of
thirteen
papers
under
the
general headings:
1) Semiconductors and Insulators
2) Metals and Metallic Compounds
3) Surfaces
There
end.
are
detailed
author
and
subject
indices
at
the
The book contains a mix of review articles providing
much of the theoretical framework employed in ab initio
calculations of structural energies and phonon spectra
and a guide to the literature as of 1981, and papers
detailing specific calculations.
It also contains a
few papers which seem out of place in a volume of this
title.
These are papers dealing with a shell model
calculation of the lattice dynamics of cuprite and a
molecular dynamics calculation for metallic sodium and
a paper on surface phonons.
The first four papers in this volume discuss dielectric
screening theory, the local density functional method
and the use of pseudopotentiaLs for semiconductors.
Calculations are presented
for silicon and
gallium
arsenide.
In the reviewers opinion these papers are of
particular interest because of the wide applicability
of these methods as has been demonstrated by the rapid
progress of the last two years.
The remainder of the book contains a guide to the
literature on phonons in simple metals and articles
dealing with phonons in amorphous metals, electronphonon coupling in transition metals, surface phonons
in ionic crystals, electron-phonon
interactions
on
semiconductor surfaces and the two dimensional Wigner
crystal on liquid helium.
In
all
the
book
provides
a
fairly
comprehensive
coverage of the subject as of 1981 and may be of value
to someone interested in the field.
D. Singh
Department of Physics
University of Ottawa
ELECTRONICS
WITH
DIGITAL
AND
CIRCUITS, by Richard J. Higgins.
pp. xiv + 605. Price: $29.95
ANALOG
INTEGRATED
Prentice-Hall, 1983;
If one is to keep up with the rapid explosion occurring
in the field of electronics, it almost appears that one
would have to work full time at it.
This is in spite
of the fact that the technology is becoming easier and
easier to use.
Scientists working in the lab are
finding that the availability of inexpensive microprocessors and integrated circuits is creating simple
and
easy
solutions
to
formerly
complex
problems.
However, if one has to pay for off-the-shelf equipment
to perform a given task, it is still very expensive.
If one is to conserve the steadily diminishing dollars
that are available for research it seems very attractive to learn enough about these strange "black boxes"
so that one can tie a few of them together, perhaps
hook them to a microcomputer, and thereby dismay the
equipment salesmen.
A number of so-called cookbooks
have been made available recently which are a step in
the right direction in that they lead you through
hands-on experiments to understanding the tools of the
trade.
Examples include Larsen and Rony's "Bug Books",
Melen
and
Garland's
"Understanding
IC
Op
Amps",
Lancaster's "TTL Cookbook", and the series of manuals
produced by Heath.
However, for scientists it is more
satisfying to learn some of the why attached to seeing
these devices work.
In addition, few of the applications of interest in the lab such as measurement,
control and signal processing, are adequately dealt
with.
La Physique au C a n a d a
Enter this new book by Higgins.
In one volume he
covers both analog and digital
integrated
circuit
instrumentation.
The emphasis in this text is on
applications of ICs in measurement, control, signal
generation, and signal processing.
Higgins does this
extremely well by developing the necessary background
as needed, focusing on circuit principles and theorems,
and developing general rules which will work in several
applications.
Actual details of circuit design are
avoided where possible.
However specific
industrystandard ICs are explained, and in many cases the
actual specification sheets are reproduced.
In order to learn from this text it is not necessary to
have a strong background
in either mathematics or
electronics.
This is not an engineering text.
An
introductory chapter covers the necessary material in
electronics that is required.
As far as math is
concerned, one need only be able to recognize a derivative and an integral.
Complex numbers are treated in
an appendix.
The book, consisting of 19 chapters and 4 appendices,
is divided into two parts. The first treats digital IC
electronics, and the second covers the analog topics.
In the middle is a chapter on analog to digital and
digital to analog conversion, tying the two parts
together.
Each chapter is well presented with good
diagrams and explanations.
Included at the end is a
series of problems together with a list of references.
An annotated bibliography is included at the end of the
book.
Although I have not seen it, there is also available a
separate volume of lab experiments, "Experiments with
Integrated Circuits" which would be very useful for
anyone wishing to teach a course on this subject.
The
book is readily separated into a two semester course,
one dealing with the digital theory and the other with
the analog.
It was particularly refreshing to see a treatment of
linear simulation, active filters, phase-locked loops,
and
signal
processing.
All
are
very
succinctly
treated, yet at the same time one leaves with a feeling
that he really understands what is going on.
R.J.W. Hodgson
Physics Department
University of Ottawa
THE ULTIMATE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE, by
Cambridge University Press; pp. x + 155.
$13.95.
J.N. Islam.
Price:
U.S.
This book may be roughly divided into two equal parts.
In the first Dr. Islam discusses the present structure
of the universe and how it is thought to have come
about.
Included in this are excellent treatments of
the large scale structure of the universe and stellar
evolution.
The second part deals with the future of
the universe.
Most of this part of the book is concerned with an open universe although a chapter is
devoted to the case of a closed universe.
The book
also includes a chapter on the long term prospects for
life and civilization and a very good discussion on the
stability of the proton.
It has an extensive glossary
at the end.
The book is written at a level accessible to a scientifically inclined general reader. As such, the author
has avoided mathematical arguments.
The book is very
readable but is not excessively simplified.
Dr. Islam
presents differing theories at various points in the
book pointing out which are currently favoured.
Thus
the book does not suffer from the flaw often encountered in books at this level of presenting the theory
favoured by the author as fact.
Dr. Islam points out
that the actual universe may differ considerably from a
model which we may construct.
This
is
a concise, well
organized,
balanced
and
extremely well written book.
It is not just another
cosmology book.
It is well worth reading and may be
suitable supplementary
reading
for an
introductory
astronomy course.
D. Singh
Department of Physics
University of Ottawa
37
38
Physics in Canada
Corporate Members/Membres Corporatifs
Canadian Association of Physicists
Association Canadienne des Physiciens
T h e C o r p o r a t e M e m b e r s of t h e C a n a d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n of
Physicists a r e a g r o u p of c o r p o r a t i o n s , l a b o r a t o r i e s a n d i n s t i t u tions w h o t h r o u g h their m e m b e r s h i p s u p p o r t the educational
activities of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n .
Les M e m b r e s c o r p o r a t i f s de l'Association C a n a d i e n n e des
Physiciens s o n t u n g r o u p e d e c o r p o r a t i o n s , l a b o r a t o i r e s o u
i n s t i t u t i o n s q u i s u p p o r t e n t f i n a n c i è r e m e n t les activités é d u c a t i v e s
de l'Association.
T h e e n t i r e p r o c e e d s of c o r p o r a t e m e m b e r s h i p c o n t r i b u t i o n s a r e
p a i d i n t o t h e C A P E d u c a t i o n a l T r u s t F u n d a n d a r e tax d e d u c t i b l e .
Les r e v e n u s d e leurs c o n t r i b u t i o n s d é d u c t i b l e s a u x f i n s d ' i m p ô t
s o n t e n t i è r e m e n t versés a u F o n d s E d u c a t i f d e l ' A C P .
ALLAN CRAWFORD ASSOCIATES LIMITED
ANALYTECH COMPONENTS INC.
ANATEK ELECTRONICS LTD.
AECL MEDICAL PRODUCTS
APTEC ENGINEERING LIMITED
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICE
BELL-NORTHERN RESEARCH LTD.
CAE ELECTRONICS LTD.
CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED
CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION CENTRE/WATERLOO
CTF SYSTEMS INC.
EALING SCIENTIFIC LIMITED
EDWARDS HIGH VACUUM (CANADA) LIMITED
ELECTROVERT LTD
GLENAYRE ELECTRONICS LTD
G U L F CANADA LIMITED
INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE DE L'HYDRO-QUÉBEC
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY INC.
LUMONICS INC.
MITEL CORPORATION
MOLI ENERGY LIMITED
M PB TECHNOLOGIES INC.
ONTARIO HYDRO
OPTECH INCORPORATED
OPTO-ELECTRONICS INC.
POLYSAR LIMITED
RADIONICS SCIENTIFIC INC.
SPAR AEROSPACE LIMITED
SRP CONTROL SYSTEMS LTD.
SST SCIENTIFIC CONSULTANTS INC.
XEROX RESEARCH CENTRE O F CANADA
QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY O F WATERLOO
T h e C a n a d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n of Physicists c o r d i a l l y invites interested
corporations and institutions to make application for C o r p o r a t e
m e m b e r s h i p a n d will w e l c o m e t h e i n q u i r i e s a d d r e s s e d t o t h e
Executive Secretary.
L ' A s s o c i a t i o n C a n a d i e n n e des Physiciens invite c o r d i a l e m e n t
c o r p o r a t i o n s et i n s t i t u t i o n s à faire p a r t i e des M e m b r e s C o r p o r a t i f s .
Renseignements auprès du Secrétaire Exécutif.
CANADIAN ASSOCIATION O F P H Y S I C I S T S / A S S O C I A T I O N CANADIENNE D E S
151 S l a t e r , S u i t e 805
Ottawa, Ontario
K I P 5H3
PHYSICIENS
CENTRE FOR COLD O C E A N
RESOURCES E N G I N E E R I N G
M E M O R I A L UNIVERSITY OF
NEWFOUNDLAND
SENIOR RESEARCHER
ICE PROPERTIES GROUP
A s e n i o r r e s e a r c h position, Leader of t h e Ice P r o p e r t i e s
G r o u p at C-CORE, is available for an e n g i n e e r or physical
scientist with r e s e a r c h a n d m a n a g e r i a l e x p e r i e n c e . T h e
s u c c e s s f u l candidate will be responsible for t h e development
and execution of t h e program in s e a ice r e s e a r c h w h i c h
currently investigates sea ice properties, their m e a s u r e m e n t
a n d i c e / s t r u c t u r e interaction. H e / s h e will be required to
m a n a g e t h e r e s e a r c h group, s e e k s u p p o r t for t h e p r o g r a m s
a n d d e v e l o p n e w p r o g r a m s to c o m p l e m e n t o n g o i n g
C a n a d i a n initiative in applied s e a ice r e s e a r c h T h e candid a t e s h o u l d b e familiar with C a n a d i a n cold ocean e n g i n e e r ing r e s e a r c h being u n d e r t a k e n in industry, g o v e r n m e n t
and universities.
Applicants should submit a detailed r e s u m e with t h e n a m e s
of t h r e e r e f e r e n c e s to:
Assistant Director
C CORE
Captain Robert A. Bartlett Building
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's, Newfoundland
Canada
A1B 3 X 5
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA,
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
A post-doctoral position in Mathematical Physics is available
at t h e University of Manitoba. The D e p a r t m e n t is seeking a
m a t h e m a t i c a l physicist with interest in Functional Integration and Semi-classical m e t h o d s to join a r e s e a r c h program
with T.A. Osborn. This r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m e x a m i n e s f u n d a m e n t a l p r o b l e m s in both statistical m e c h a n i c s a n d scattering theory. It is e x p e c t e d t h e a p p o i n t m e n t will begin
S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 8 4 and will initially be of a two year duration.
Both w o m e n and men are encouraged to apply. In accordance
with C a n a d i a n immigration r e q u i r e m e n t s , this advertisem e n t is directed to C a n a d i a n citizens a n d p e r m a n e n t residents. Candidates should s e n d a curriculum vitae and n a m e s
of t w o r e f e r e n c e s to :
T.A. Osborn
Department of Physics
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg. Manitoba R3T 2 N 2
Canada.
(709) 7 3 7 - 8 3 5 2
Canadian citizens. landed immigrants
or others eligible for employment in Canada at the time of the application are especially encouraged
to apply.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA
V I C T O R I A , B.C., C A N A D A
T h e D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c s invites s t u d e n t s to apply for
entry into M.Sc and Ph.D. p r o g r a m m e s in Physics. Research
areas include
Astronomy and Astrophysics (observational a n d t h e o r e t ical s t u d i e s w h i c h may b e carried out in c o n j u n c t i o n with
t h e Dominion Astrophysical Observatory at Victoria)
Condensed Matter Physics (NMR s t u d i e s of molecular
p r o p e r t i e s in solids a n d liquids)
Geophysics ( e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c induction, g e o m a g n e t i s m ,
s p a c e physics, a n d upper a t m o s p h e r e physics)
Nuclear and Particle Physics ( r e s e a r c h at TRIUMF a n d
o t h e r a c c e l e r a t o r facilities)
Physics of Fluids (Plasma studies, shock w a v e s t u d i e s , a n d
a c o u s t i c r e m o t e s e n s i n g in t h e o c e a n in c o n j u n c t i o n with
t h e Institute of O c e a n S c i e n c e s )
Theoretical Physics (general relativity, n u c l e a r a n d particle physics)
Financial a s s i s t a n c e up to $ 1 3 , 0 0 0 may be available for
exceptional s t u d e n t s .
The d e p a r t m e n t p a r t i c i p a t e s in t h e Co-operative Education
P r o g r a m m e in t h e Faculty of G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s . Physics
g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s may u n d e r t a k e studies involving work
in industry a n d g o v e r n m e n t a s part of t h e d e g r e e .
For f u r t h e r information, w r i t e to:
Chairman, Graduate Committee
Department of Physics
University of Victoria
Victoria, B.C.
Canada V 8 W 2 Y 2
INDUSTRIAL POSTDOCTORATE
FELLOWSHIPS
M P B Technologies Inc. is seeking candidates to
n o m i n a t e for Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada Industrial Postdoctorate
Fellowships.
The Fellowships will normally be tenable in the
Laboratories of M P B Technologies Inc located at
Dorval, Québec.
Projects in w h i c h
involved include:
•
•
•
•
•
successful
candidates
may
be
Electromagnetic Science and Technology
Lasers and Laser Applications
Fusion Energy ( M a g n e t i c and Inertial
Confinement)
Plasma and Space Science
Electronic Graphics and Microprocessor Applications
Salaries and other benefits are t h e s a m e as for
p e r m a n e n t staff of equivalent experience.
Interested recent graduates, individuals currently
completing postdoctoral fellowships, or candidates
w h o will graduate in the near future w i t h a background in physics, electrical engineering or computer
science are invited to w r i t e or call:
Dr. M.P. Bachynski
MPB Technologies Inc.
1725 North Service Rd.
Trans Canada Highway
Dorval Québec H9P 1J1
Tel. (514) 683-1490
The Institute of Particle Physics of C a n a d a Invites applications for several positions in experimental particle physics.
Depending on e x p e r i e n c e and qualifications t h e applicant
will be c o n s i d e r e d for a p p o i n t m e n t a s R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e
or R e s e a r c h Scientist. The Research Scientist appointm e n t is normally a s s o c i a t e d with an a c a d e m i c position at a
C a n a d i a n University participating in t h e p r o g r a m a n d
includes t h e right to hold r e s e a r c h g r a n t s and s u p e r v i s e
g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s This a p p o i n t m e n t may lead to p e r m a n e n c e a f t e r t h r e e y e a r s . S u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e s will participate in t h e experimental particle physics program through
association with Canadian University a n d National Laboratory groups. Experiments presently in operation or preparation are:
( i)
( ii)
(iii)
CONFIDENCE
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
e+e- collisions in t h e T region (ARGUS group at
DESY);
photoproduction of c h a r m e d particles in a t a g g e d
photon; b e a m (FNAL);
hadronic production of p - w a v e c h a r m o n i u m s t a t e s
a n d direct p h o t o n s (FNAL);
e+e- collisions at LEP (OPAL Group);
e - p collisions at HERA (DESY), including participation
in t h e accelerator construction;
direct photon production in t h e S P S collider at CERN;
Interested p e r s o n s a r e invited to apply, including c.v. a n d
t h e n a m e s of t h r e e r e f e r e n c e s to: D G Stairs, C h a i r m a n ,
Institute of Particle Physics, Rutherford Physics Building,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T8 C a n a d a .
Applications should be received before March 31, 1984.
IT S PART OF
EVERY SCIENTECH
LASER POWER
MEASUREMENT
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from the pioneer in laser power and
energy measuring instruments.
Results you can have confidence in time after time, in all lab
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long-term precision of better than
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the proven ability to withstand the hard knocks of day-to-day
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And, finally, you can have confidence in the Scientech method. It's
based on a National Bureau of
In a c c o r d a n c e with immigration regulations, p r e f e r e n c e
will be given to citizens or p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t s of
Canada.
Standards design, the preferred way
of measuring laser power for over
a decade. That's why most laser
research laboratories use Scientech
instruments.
Send for the Scientech catalog
giving full information on our complete line of power and energy
measuring calorimeters, indicators,
and accessories. We offer 1", 4", and
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Head Otllce
6620 Kjtimat Road
Unit 6
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L5N 268
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TRIUMF
MESON RESEARCH F A C I L I T Y
University of Alberta
Simon Fraser University
University of Victoria
University of British Columbia
Competition #418-123
DETECTOR
PHYSICIST
The Experimental Facilities Division at TRIUMF h a s an opening for a physicist to perform Innovative d e v e l o p m e n t work
in t h e field of wire c h a m b e r s , drift c h a m b e r s a n d similar
devices. Initially, t h e a p p o i n t m e n t will be for 2 y e a r s but t h e
position is a continuing o n e a n d t h e s u c c e s s f u l applicant
will be subject to consideration for a continuing appointment.
C a n d i d a t e s should h a v e a r e c e n t Ph.D. in physics a n d at
least 3 y e a r s of d e m o n s t r a t e d e x p e r i e n c e in t h e design a n d
construction of g a s e o u s detectors, with several publications
in this area. Experience in related a r e a s s u c h a s c h a m b e r
r e a d o u t s y s t e m s and data acquisition s y s t e m s is desirable.
Applications with curriculum vitae outlining e x p e r i e n c e
and r e s e a r c h interests, lists of publications a n d at least 3
letters of r e c o m m e n d a t i o n should be s e n t by March 1,
1 9 8 4 to: TRIUMF Personnel (Competition #418), 4 0 0 4
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C., C a n a d a , V6T 2A3
W e offer equal e m p l o y m e n t opportunities to qualified
male a n d f e m a l e applicants.
In a c c o r d a n c e with C a n a d i a n Immigration
r e q u i r e m e n t s , this a d v e r t i s e m e n t is directed
to Canadian citizens and p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t s
TRIUMF
MESON RESEARCH FACILITY
University of Alberta
Simon Fraser University
University of Victoria
University of British Columbia
mgi
0-5 kV : 0.5 mA
POWER SUPPLY
Competition tt 412-103
11•
I
)»
SUPPl
Y
RESEARCH
SCIENTIST AT
TRIUMF
1
!
Applications a r e invited for a University R e s e a r c h
Scientist position in e x p e r i m e n t a l i n t e r m e d i a t e e n e r g y
physics. The s u c c e s s f u l applicant will c o n t r i b u t e to t h e
r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m of t h e Simon Fraser University G r o u p
at TRIUMF's 5 0 0 M e V cyclotron facility. The c a n d i d a t e
s h o u l d have e x t e n s i v e e x p e r i e n c e in e x p e r i m e n t a l
n u c l e a r a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e e n e r g y physics, a n d h a v e a
strong interest in inelastic hadron and m e s o n scattering
NEG
0 - 5
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KV
£
The University R e s e a r c h Scientist positions a r e key
r e s e a r c h positions at TRIUMF The m i n i m u m level at
w h i c h this a p p o i n t m e n t will be m a d e is given a s follows:
The position if for a scientist with an e s t a b l i s h e d record
of l e a d e r s h i p a n d a c h i e v e m e n t in i n t e r m e d i a t e e n e r g y
physics at t h e h i g h e s t international levels of excellence.
C a n d i d a t e s will normally be e x p e c t e d to h a v e several
y e a r s of significant postdoctoral e x p e r i e n c e in s e l e c t e d
a r e a s of TRIUMF's s c i e n c e disciplines.
k
" ÀL.-" '• I
The j u d g e m e n t a b o u t l e a d e r s h i p will be b a s e d on a
record of o u t s t a n d i n g publications a n d on r e f e r e n c e s
a t t e s t i n g to t h e c a n d i d a t e ' s originality, c o m p e t e n c e ,
a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e in r e s e a r c h , placing
t h e c a n d i d a t e a m o n g t h e upper f e w p e r c e n t of h i s / h e r
peers
The position carries TRIUMF t e n u r e after a suitable
probationary period. Salary will be c o m m e n s u r a t e with
experience. C a n d i d a t e s should respond by 29 February,
1984
Please s e n d a curriculum vitae outlining
r e s e a r c h e x p e r i e n c e and interests, a n d t h e n a m e s of
t h r e e r e f e r e e s to:
Dr. O. Hausser
c / o T R I U M F Personnel (Competition # 4 1 2 )
4 0 0 4 Wesbrook Mall
Vancouver, B.C.
C A N A D A , V6T 2 A 3
W e offer equal e m p l o y m e n t opportunities to qualified
male and f e m a l e a p p l i c a n t s
In a c c o r d a n c e with C a n a d i a n Immigration
r e q u i r e m e n t s , this a d v e r t i s e m e n t is directed
to C a n a d i a n citizens a n d p e r m a n e n t
residents.
M
fflech Tr.nicl
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J
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
POSTDOCTORAL POSITION IN
EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS
A Postdoctoral position is available for r e s e a r c h in experim e n t a l n u c l e a r physics at t h e University of Manitoba
Cyclotron Laboratory.
The s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e will h a v e r e c e n t e x p e r i e n c e in
low e n e r g y or i n t e r m e d i a t e e n e r g y n u c l e a r physics a n d
will be e x p e c t e d to participate in e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s e a r c h
p r o g r a m s using t h e 2 0 - 5 0 MeV negative ion cyclotron.
B e a m s of protons, d e u t e r o n s a n d n e u t r o n s a r e available.
Current research programs emphasize charge exchange
giant r e s o n a n c e s in (n,p) reactions, proton induced fission
of light e l e m e n t s a n d s t u d i e s of n u c l e a r polarization in
direct r e a c t i o n s .
This a p p o i n t m e n t c a n be r e n e w e d a n n u a l l y (subject to t h e
u s u a l b u d g e t a r y confirmation) up to a m a x i m u m period of
t h r e e y e a r s . Salary will d e p e n d on e x p e r i e n c e with a
m i n i m u m of $ 1 9 , 0 0 0 per a n n u m .
S e n d curriculum vitae, list of publications a n d n a m e s of
t h r e e r e f e r e e s to:
Dr. W.R. Falk or Dr. N.E. Davison
Department of Physics
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, C A N A D A
R3T 2 N 2
M c M A S T E R UNIVERSITY
POST DOCTORAL FELLOWSHIPS
TEACHING FELLOWSHIPS
RESEARCH ASSOCIATESHIPS
A N D GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHiPS
Applications a r e invited for post doctoral fellowships,
t e a c h i n g fellowships, r e s e a r c h a s s o c i a t e s h i p s a n d gradua t e a s s i s t a n t s h i p s in t h e Physics D e p a r t m e n t . A r e a s of
r e s e a r c h include theoretical physics, solid s t a t e physics,
n u c l e a r physics, q u a n t u m optics, m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y ,
chemical physics a n d astrophysics. Experimental r e s e a r c h
at M c M a s t e r f e a t u r e s a t a n d e m accelerator, a s w i m m i n g pool reactor a n d t h e Institute for Materials R e s e a r c h .
Applications for post doctoral fellowships, t e a c h i n g fellowships and research associateships should include curriculum
vitae and t h e n a m e s of t h r e e r e f e r e e s .
Applicants for g r a d u a t e a s s i s t a n t s h i p s should write for
f u r t h e r information. Write :
Dr. C.V. Stager
Chairman, Department of Physics
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4 M 1
TRIUMF
TRIUMF
University of Alberta
Simon Fraser University
University of Victoria
University of British Columbia
MESON RESEARCH F A C I L I T Y
University of Alberta
Simon Fraser University
University of Victoria
University of British Columbia
MESON RESEARCH F A C I L I T Y
Competition tt 416-103
ACCELERATOR
PHYSICIST
The Cyclotron Division at TRIUMF r e q u i r e s a Physicist experienced in
accelerator d e v e l o p m e n t or o p e r a t i o n to take responsibility for i m p r o v i n g
the o p e r a t i o n a l p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e 5 0 0 M e V cyclotron, in close collaboration w i t h the o p e r a t i o n a l staff. The d u t i e s w i l l r e q u i r e k n o w l e d g e of ion
optics, b e a m diagnostics a n d c o n t r o l s , RF cavities, electrostatic and
m a g n e t i c fields, ion s o u r c e s a n d v a c u u m systems. In addition, t h e successful applicant w i l l be involved i n d e v e l o p m e n t a l effort t o w a r d n e w b e a m
capabilities a n d h i g h e r beam i n t e n s i t i e s a n d w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o w a r d the
i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e optics of t h e beam in t h e i n j e c t i o n line, the cyclotron,
and the primary external beamlines.
Candidates s h o u l d have a Ph.D. degree in Physics or E n g i n e e r i n g or
e q u i v a l e n t a n d at least t h r e e years experience in an accelerator laboratory
Salary w i l l d e p e n d u p o n q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a n d experience.
Please reply in w r i t i n g , by February 1, 1 9 8 4 , o u t l i n i n g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a n d experience to: TRIUMF Personnel, (Competition # 4 1 6 ) ,
A t t ' n : Dr. G. Dutto, Head, Cyclotron Division, 4 0 0 4 Wesbrook Mall,
Vancouver, B.C.. C A N A D A V6T 2 A 3
W e offer equal e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s to qualified
male and f e m a l e applicants. In accordance w i t h Canadian
i m m i g r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , thts a d v e r t i s e m e n t is directed
to Canadian citizens a n d p e r m a n e n t residents
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
University of A l b e r t a
Nuclear Research Centre
D e p t . of Physics
Research Associate positions with the University of Alberta in
the area of intermediate energy proton induced reactions are
available.
Experimentalists whose backgrounds and/or interests relate to
research with the 200 — 500 MeV TRIUMF cyclotron are invited
to apply The successful applicait will work at the TRIUMF
laboratory in Vancouver, British Columbia and will be eligible for
a travel allowance
The term of the appointment is one year, with renewal
considered on an annual basis. Salary will be commensurate
with experience at a minimum ol $22,000 per year
Applications with resume and thre^e letters of reference should
be directed AS SOON AS POSSIBLE to Research Associate
Search Committee. Nuclear Research Centre, The University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2N5. This
competition closes MARCH 1. 11984
We offer equal employment opportunities to qualified male
and female applicants
In accordance with Canadian Immigration require
ments this advertisement is directed to Canadian
citizens and permanent residents.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
McMASTER
UNIVERSITY
A t e r m (tenure-track) a p p o i n t m e n t at t h e A s s i s t a n t Professor level will be available from J u l y 1, 1 9 8 4 C a n d i d a t e s a r e
e x p e c t e d to h a v e o n e or m o r e y e a r s of post doctoral
e x p e r i e n c e . P r e f e r e n c e will be given to a p p l i c a n t s in
r e s e a r c h fields close to o n e of t h e p r e s e n t i n t e r e s t s of t h e
D e p a r t m e n t . T h e r e is activity in m a n y a r e a s , with major
p r o g r a m s in c o n d e n s e d m a t t e r , n u c l e a r a n d theoretical
physics. Duties will include t e a c h i n g at t h e u n d e r g r a d u a t e
a n d g r a d u a t e levels a s well a s r e s e a r c h . More information
c a n be o b t a i n e d by c o n t a c t i n g t h e d e p a r t m e n t
In a c c o r d a n c e with C a n a d i a n Immigration regulations, this
a d v e r t i s e m e n t is directed, in t h e first i n s t a n c e , to C a n a d i a n
citizens a n d p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t s
A c u r r i c u l u m vitae a n d t h e n a m e s of t h r e e r e f e r e e s s h o u l d
be s e n t by February 15, 1984, to:
Dr. Carl V. Stager
Chairman
Department of Physics
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
L8S 4 M 1
UNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEG
FACULTY POSITION
The D e p a r t m e n t of Physics invites applications for a t e n u r e
track a p p o i n t m e n t (subject to b u d g e t approval) at either
a s s i s t a n t or a s s o c i a t e p r o f e s s o r rank Duties normally
c o m m e n c e on S e p t e m b e r 1. The D e p a r t m e n t is s e a r c h i n g
for either a Ph.D. with interests in c o n d e n s e d matter physics
or theoretical physics. The University of Winnipeg h a s a
strong four year u n d e r g r a d u a t e program and, t h r o u g h an
a d j u n c t professor a r r a n g e m e n t with t h e University of
Manitoba, faculty may participate in g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s to
t h e Ph D The s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e will be expected to
participate in u n d e r g r a d u a t e t e a c h i n g a n d r e s e a r c h .
Applications, t o g e t h e r with curriculum vitae and t h e n a m e s
of t h r e e r e f e r e e s should be s u b m i t t e d a s soon a s possible
to:
Chairman, Department of Physics
University of Winnipeg
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3B 2E9
All applications received by March 1, 1 9 8 4 will be considered. In a c c o r d a n c e with C a n a d i a n Immigration req u i r e m e n t s this a d v e r t i s e m e n t is directed to C a n a d i a n
citizens and p e r m a n e n t residents.
I*
National Research
Council Canada
Conseil national
de recherches Canada
Two Experimental
Physicists
Deux physiciens
(physique
expérimentale)
The Division of Physics of the National Research Council of Canada is
engaged in various aspects of research in the physical sciences.
La Division de physique du Conseil national de recherches du Canada
mène diverses recherches en sciences physiques.
The Optics Section of the Division requires two Research Officers to
join a group involved in the study and development of techniques for
optical radiation measurements of the highest accuracy in the wavelength range 200 to 5000 nm. The group has a worldwide reputation
for expertise in radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric measurements o1 light sources, photon detectors, and transmitting materials.
The successful applicants will be required to develop new techniques
and apparatus which will enhance the laboratory facilities and maintain
them at the state-of-the-art level. This will involve the experimental
study of the physics of photon detectors and the application of modern
methods of metrology to optical radiation measurements.
La Section d'optique de la Division requiert les services de deux agents
de recherches qu'elle affectera à un groupe chargé d'étudier et de
créer des techniques de mesure des rayonnements optiques de la plus
grande précision pour des longueurs d'onde de 200 à 5 000 nm. Le
groupe jouit d'une réputation internationale pour sa compétence en
matière de mesures radiométriques. photométriques et colorimétriques
de sources de lumière de détecteurs de photons ainsi que de matériaux
réfléchissants et rayonnants. Les personnes retenues devront mettre
au point de nouvelles techniques et des appareils afin d'améliorer les
installations de laboratoire et de les maintenir à lavant-garde des
connaissances. Les travaux comporteront l'étude expérimentale des
méthodes modernes de métrologie aux mesures des rayonnements
optiques.
Applicants must have a Ph.D. degree in experimental physics with
experience in solid-state physics and/or classical optics
Salary: commensurate with qualifications.
Apply in writing to the Employment Officer National Research Council
of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6. In reply, please quote P-83-5/8.
Canada
Les candidat(e)s doivent avoir un doctorat en physique expérimentale
et expérience de la physique de l'étal solide ou de l'optique classique.
Le salaire dépendra de la formation et de l'expérience.
Prière d'adresser un curriculum complet à l'agent d'emploi. Conseil
national de recherches du Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6 Veuillez
donner la référence P-83-5/8
S A S K A T C H E W A N ACCELERATOR
LABORATORY
Emplois et stages en recherche
L'INRS-Énergie, situé à Varennes en banlieue de Montréal, est à la
recherche d'associés de recherche pour participer à des travaux reliés
au confinement magnétique. Les candidats devraient avoir un Ph. D. et
quelques années d'expérience dans les domaines suivants:
— physique des plasmas
— physique atomique et moléculaire
— optique ou laser.
Le salaire est proportionnel à l'expérience et se situe entre 29 650$ et
39 900$ annuellement.
De plus, l'INRS-Énergie offre des bourses de niveau post-doctoral pour
participer aux recherches en cours dans les domaines suivants:
— confinement magnétique
— interaction laser-matière
— énergies nouvelles.
Le montant des bourses est de 20 700$ par année. La bourse est pour
une période d'un an renouvelable une fois.
En accord avec les lois de l'immigration canadienne, la préférence ira
aux citoyens canadiens et aux résidents permanents. Prière de faire
parvenir un curriculum vitae ainsi que le nom de trois répondants à:
Jacques G. Martel, directeur
INRS-Énergie, C.P. 1020
Varennes, Québec JOL 2P0
(Tél.: (514) 468-7706)
Une brochure d'informations est disponible à l'adresse ci-haut mentionnée.
"I
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE POSITIONS
IN INTERMEDIATE ENERGY
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
A p p l i c a t i o n s a r e invited for p o s i t i o n s in e x p e r i m e n t a l n u c l e a r
p h y s i c s at t h e 3 0 0 M e V e l e c t r o n l i n e a r a c c e l e r a t o r laboratory. T h e s e r e n e w a b l e a p p o i n t m e n t s will b e m a d e initially
for a p e r i o d of t w o y e a r s . C a n d i d a t e s s h o u l d h o l d a P h . D .
d e g r e e a n d h a v e e x p e r i e n c e in n u c l e a r p h y s i c s u s i n g a c c e l e r a t o r s . T h e s e p o s i t i o n s will b e p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t r a c t i v e t o
i n d i v i d u a l s w h o a r e i n t e r e s t e d in b u i l d i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
e q u i p m e n t t h e y will u s e in t h e i r r e s e a r c h . T h e l a b o r a t o r y
itself is b e i n g u p g r a d e d w i t h t h e b u i l d i n g of a s t r e t c h e r
ring w h i c h will e n a b l e a n e w c l a s s of e x p e r i m e n t s to b e
performed.
S a l a r y r a n g e : t o 5 2 5 , 0 0 0 . In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h C a n a d i a n
i m m i g r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , first c o n s i d e r a t i o n will b e g i v e n
t o C a n a d i a n c i t i z e n s a n d / o r l a n d e d i m m i g r a n t s . This s h o u l d
not d i s c o u r a g e other applicants a s several positions a r e
available. S e n d a r é s u m é a n d t h e n a m e s of t h r e e r e f e r e e s to:
Dr. H . S . Caplan,
Director,
Accelerator Laboratory,
University of S a s k a t c h e w a n ,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
CANADA, S7N 0W0.
The Model 2 0 2 0
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T h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l of C a n a d a , S e m i c o n d u c t o r R e s e a r c h G r o u p , invites a p p l i c a t i o n s for a
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Possible research t e c h n o l o g i e s are M O V P E , M a g n e t r o n
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Le G r o u p e de r e c h e r c h e sur les S e m i c o n d u c t e u r s d u
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poste d e c h e r c h e u r scientifique, d ' u n e d u r é e m i n i m u m
de 2 ans, d a n s le d o m a i n e d e la p h y s i q u e d e s s e m i c o n d u c t e u r s e n c o u c h e s m i n c e s . Les t e c h n i q u e s utilisées sont l'épitaxie e n p h a s e v a p e u r a u x o r g a n o m é t a l l i q u e s ( M O V P E ) , la p u l v é r i s a t i o n c a t h o d i q u e
m a g n é t r o n , l'épitaxie e n p h a s e v a p e u r à basse pression
( L P V P E ) et l'évaporation par laser puisé. Les matériaux
é t u d i é s c o m p r e n n e n t Inp, G a A s , G a P et a - S i ( H ) .
A p p l i c a n t s s h o u l d be r e c e n t P h D g r a d u a t e s in related
r e s e a r c h areas.
Salary: c o m m e n s u r a t e with qualifications.
A p p l y in w r i t i n g to t h e E m p l o y m e n t O f f i c e r , N a t i o n a l
R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l of C a n a d a , O t t a w a , O n t a r i o , K 1 A
0 R 6 . In reply p l e a s e q u o t e C - 2 4 1 .
Canada
Les c a n d i d a t ( e ) s d o i v e n t avoir un d o c t o r a t récent d a n s
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Le salaire sera fonction de la formation et de l'expérience
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d ' e m p l o i , C o n s e i l n a t i o n a l d e r e c h e r c h e s du C a n a d a ,
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BV100 B e a m Valve Driver
N e w p o r t Corporation
Introducing a truly
corrosion-resistant
pulsed valve
A super-fast, externally
triggered, molecular
beam valve for
spectroscopists
100 /isec pulses of gas cooled
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bake-out temperatures up to 150°C. A variety of
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are available. Call or send for further information and we'll include our 208-page 1983-84
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f 24g
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P.O. Box 8020, Fountain Valley, CA 92728-8020
Phone (714) 963-9811
Telex 685535
24Ui =
24* (j = f h
28,200
© '
24; ( j = i )
r 2 4 j ( j = |)
(b)
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28,400
28,600
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Three-photon ionization spectrum ol cyclohexane a) At room
temperature, and b) In a free-jet Expansion Irom a BV-100 Pulsed
Molecular Beam Valve at an estimated temperature of 3°K. (Graph
courtesy of R.L. Whetten and E.R. Grant)