Ressources Chimie generale Ch2
Transcription
Ressources Chimie generale Ch2
1 ! "# $% * $+ * ! . ! / .$ ! & & $% *. ) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! & " &$ ' () $ , $ ) ** $ " .$ * & . & &$ 0 , " $% $% & $ 1 $% & $ . $ ) ** $ $. * & *" 4) $ & *" ( & *". . $ % 2 & $ " - & & & & . $ % 2 . 5 % 22 $% 2 * $ & *" ( " .$ * & 3 %. $% *. ) & *" ( . " $ & $ " 1$ & ** $ . & *" ( 2 , 6,6, 7.2 , 6, , 8 6,9, . & &$ 0 6,:, & $ " ,6, 7.2 , , , .$ ,9, *" ( ,:, *" ( & *" ( & *". " , , , - , ! 9,6, 9, , 9,9, 9,:, 9,; , . 7." & * / .& " / .& " / .& " " $ $ $ . & *". " , & *" ( ., $ " .& " , , , 3 6,6, 7.2 " # $ & * $ "4& * .& %& $ - , , , < @ " " # , @ $ $ " "4& * .& %& AB " % 2 (. " ( * - $ =6> 9? & " . $ $% & " % ( " 3 %. * .& $% +$ * 9 $ " C 4 6,6, 7.2 &$ & .* 2 1 * $.2 & C &$ / .$ " " @ , C / ) .& " ' &$ " * # $ 3 ( ) , . $ 3 ' 5 6,6, 7.2 % $.2 + , " $ " % - & E *" 2 & D & . " &0 ) . /%! 9 CF &G @ & / , @& % - " * 1 2 +$ $ .2. & .) * . 36* , 06 " ) . /%! - & . " & & .& & . .& &0 * 2 - ) (" *. * , 06 6 6, , 3 "4& " " & " H D , 4 . 1 1 7 & # + & * 2 $ . 1 %. & & & . .1 3 $%. #G . $% & $ * *". (& & = $ $ . " * $ ) ) ? #G @ =E F'&G?&,=E7F' &G?$ ' =E F '&G? ,=E F'&G? I &G @ & & $ .2. & .) 36* , #G @ E F&,E7F$ ' E F ,E F 51 I & & (" *. 06 7 * , 06 6, , 6 ( J * K L " 6 =" .$ * D ?$ - .) ). $ - L EL F ≤ EJ F ' 6M J ( EL F ≤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≤E .) ) "# % "# C 6 & 36O $ - E 0 "% F≤E " "# 0 ≤ "# 0 6 "# "# C F ' 6MM " ≤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≥ 6M9 6M:, $ - . & & , 1 # ≥ 6M9 6M: . & $ . & & , 1 # ≤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→ C 9 9 =6? ( *" ?1 3 &, 4) $ $ .) ) " ." $. " % " + $ % C C C C . 21 . & 0 . 2 0 . 2 . 2 N - $% I E CF 9 " 1 $." $ - @ @& @0 )& $ $ " ≤ U1; % &$ 2 22 6,:, 9 % I % " % & + $ " ' + " + ≥ U1; " + & $ % % " & ≤ 6M0U1; * , % , $ 7 E & 9 . CF @ E 9 CF 6 $% CE 9 7 9 CF 6 &E @E 9 0F CF @ E E 9 0F CE 9 $ 2 C " $ $ - & *" $ " . & $ " " & . " CF E C 9 2 .) ) 061 $% * . $% . 21 . E 9 CF 1 % " .) ) . & . 21 . E 9 CF6, . CF & * . & =6? = ? 0F @E 0F V &, V # @ M $ $ & E 9 CF @&C# ' & " - , 23 6,:, 9 ! % ( *" ?1 3 & $ " ' + $% & & * =% ( . & → C =6? % " + $ % 0 C 9 .) ) " ." $. 0 & " &, 4) $ $ 0 0 2 C 0 C . & . 21 . 2 . 2 . 2 N - $% I E 1 $." 9 CF " @ "# C $ $ - 0F @# 'E )& $ " @ # '& ≥ W 1; * 2 24 6,:, 9 ! % I % " % + ≤ W 1; " + & $ $ E 0F @ 0F 6 % .) ) 0F , 6 0F 6 7 &E @E F 0F @ E . 2 .) ) 061 0 $ 0 $% $ 2 " & *" $ & " " $ $ . & " . 21 . " 0F CE E " . $% . E % & ≤ 6M0U1; * , % , $% * 0F 1 % . E " . & . 21 . E & $ " ' + " 7 & E 0F FCE @E 9 C &, V # @ M $ & * $ . & =6? = ? CF 9 CF & E 9 CF # ' @&C & " - , 25 6,:, 9 9 % ( *" ?1 3 " ." $. & &$ + $ " ' + $% * & & " $. & & " 9 " &$ 2 &, "" * " $ $ =% &$ ( *. $ $ , $ "# "# "# 6: 0 &$ " .& 2 $ @ @ . & . & C M 2 " "4& " ." % &$ " . " 2 $. " 2 0 * & $.& /. 2 . & " . $ * , 26 6,:, 9 9 % & + $%. #=6? @ E - * & 9 C CF'E 2 F @ # @ 6M0"# 0 C ( I 2 4 F @ &0( ≈ & & E # @E - * $ & E . 3 . 2 ( " . $ 7 FE 9 &0( I 7 0 → & &0( (& $ " ' + C 7 & & F @ &0( ' * . 0FE 9 2 " $ . ( YY & CF'E ' F≈ $ '& $% I " @ X ="# V ) &? . *" # @E 0FE 9 CF'E F@ '=& V ? $% I C # , V# ,&27@ M 6,:, 9 : % ( *" ?1 3 " ." $. & &$ & $ " + ' $% * & & &, " $. * & " 9 " 2 "" " $ = % ** *. & $ $ , $ 9 " . & $ "# C C "# M "# 6: 0 2 &$ " .& 2 $ @ @ . & "4& " " . 2 " ." $. % &$ " 2 * & $.& /. 2 " . . & $ * , 28 6,:, 9 : % & & + $%. → 0F'E C & &0( (& I . CFE #=6? @ E C 7 $ " ' 2 F @ # '# @ 6M="# 0 C ( 0"# ? 3 . 2 ( " . - * " 7 & E F @ &0( ≈ & E $ & # @ E FE 9 CF'E I " 7 & E F @ &0( CFE # '# @ E - * 2 ' " 4 * . ( YY & CF @ # ' CF ≈ &, '# $% I 2 ' *" CF @ E 0F @ Z E 0F'E F @ Z '=& V Z ? $% I $ $ . " @ X ="# C "# C ) &? . # Z C # ,Z V# ,& @ M - & @ # 'Z 29 6,:, 9 = % + 0 ="# ?, $. * & &$ "" " $ & " 0 $ & *" + & "" . &, 0 ="# ? 0 ' " ' % &$ $ & " 6 *. $ $ . & " ." $. " , " $ $ "# C 9 0 "# M "# 6 0 2 &$ " .& 2 $ @ @ . & 0 $ " + $% $ & 0 & "4& 0 0 " ." % &$ "# 6: 0 0 " . " 2 & $.& " 2 & $.& $. " 2 /. 2 . & 0 " . * $ * , 30 6,:, 9 = % & + → . & & # ,# F@E 6 @ ,E 0F'E 7% I 6 $ 7 " $ 0 C 0 C 0F'E 2 0F 0 ( " ." E FE C & &0 ( 7 . #=6? @ E 0 $ $ " + $%. 3 . 2 & @# '# 6 3 . 2 ( $. *" " $ , 0F 0F , ,E " $." 0F'E @ X ="# & & " & & *" I3 . 2 % " $ . & → → $" 6 $ $ 0 F@ ,E C "# ? & & 0 C C 0F'E F@ $ . & % 3& 9 C 0 , $. . 2 .!2 1 2 # # '# 31 6 6,:, # ,3 & $ " ' R 61M,6M0U * , 06 Y & Y ; 1M ,6M0 * , 06 $ % .) ) $ . " + " % " ? 6 " ' " ' @0 )& @ X ="# V "; % 4@ A 6 " @ X ="# 6 C "# # "> 6 ? " ) &? " *" + $% " @ "# C )& @ X ="# C "# C " + ) &? . & /, 32 6,:, 9 B % + 2 " + &$ 2 &$ 2 *. ) " ." $. $.& " D ). . . 3 &$ 2 2 " + &$ $ " ) *. $ $ . & "" . " .&.$ ** *. ) &$ 2 & & K ) . & K ) . & 33