2 - Brussels Studies Institute
Transcription
2 - Brussels Studies Institute
ECOLE URBAINE GOUVERNANCE URBAINE QUE DEVIENNENT LES VILLES EUROPÉENNES Patrick Le Galès, FBA Directeur de recherche au CNRS, Centre d’études européennes de Sciences Po, Doyen Ecole Urbaine de Sciences Po Chaire 2016 Brussels Studies Institute et Citydev.brussels 2 4 Leçons Villes européennes et de question de gouvernance Mobilité, ségrégation sociale de réseaux, Pas un architecte, ni un urbaniste, sciences sociales Spécialisation Diapos en français en anglais Série de texte 07/03/2016 Argument Comment gouverner des sociétés plus mobiles, concurrentielles, interdépendantes, capitalistes ? Echecs de gouvernance, de politiques publiques Transformations des démocraties : exigence de transparence et de participation, inégalités, changement d’échelle, Evolution de la régulation politique ? Blame avoidance Gouvernance/instruments Questions renouvelées Comment gouverner des sociétés fragmentées et plus inégales ? Quel rôle pour la régulation politique ? A quel niveau ? Comment créer de la capacité d’action collective ? Quelle efficacité pour les politiques publiques ? Que devient l’Etat ? Le petit Prince Comment est gouvernée l’économie ? Est ce que le néolibéralisme explique la montée en puissance d’une gouvernance dépolitisée ? 4 Patrick Le Galès 5 La gouvernance n’est pas tout I) que deviennent les villes européennes ? II) Gouvernance urbaine 07/03/2016 INTRODUCTION 6 07/03/2016 Definitions : des lieux et des liens (Pierre Veltz) 7 Cities and metropolis are places including a population (stable or mobile), trjectoires historiques territories, with a concentration of buidlings, and localised social, economic processes. They are defined in terms of size, aggregation of housing, differentiated division of labor, and the density of interaction, particular social spatial configuration. 07/03/2016 Metropole : multiplicateur d’interactions 8 accumulation and concentration (density) of individuals, groups, buildings, infrastructures, social relations (formal or informal), representations, organisations, institutions and political projects. Dense interactions create all sorts of conflicts, of problems, of organisation. Cities and urban regions are political beasts more or less democratic, more or less governed and regulated by policies, by markets, informal arrangements, political elites, corporations, NGO’s, community groups, institutions, social movements, state officials, churches or gangs and mafias. .. 07/03/2016 Agency 9 They are built, organized and managed by people, usually in organizations and institutions, who have ideas about how to make them change, how to control and exercise authority, how to develop services and foster prosperity and quality of life and/or to exclude various people. 07/03/2016 The urban land nexus 10 Economic geographers stress that a key dimension in most cities is density ie the dense spatial polarization of many types of activity, crowded together on urban land. these activities – productive, religious residential, military, symbolic, consumerist, leisure, and so on — cannot co-locate on the head of a pin, there has to be some mechanism for sorting them into an organized city. They need to be organized into a land use pattern reflecting power relations, efficiency concerns. 07/03/2016 Scales, Rescaling processes 11 The urban question is always a question of scale and unit of analysis. Except in the old days of the city surrounded by walls like in China or in Rome or later in Europe, the question of the limits of the city, of the urban space are always to be discussed. Scales overlap. Urban scholars work on neighbourhoods, city centres, peripheries, suburbs, metropolis, urban region, city networks, the state, the world. I) Que deviennent les villes européennes ? 12 Livre 2002 « Le retour des villes européennes » Origines : 80’s : déclin des villes ? Fin du marxisme ? Europe ? Los Angelès ? Global cities ? 90’s comment comparer ? 07/03/2016 Villes européennes : est ce que cela a un sens ? 13 Argument du livre : Europe c’est des territoires, Etats et politiques publiques, la révolution industrielle, un rapport à la religion Fading charm or collective actor of the European governance ? Conclusion of the book : European way or the American way (markets, mobility, specialisation, inequalities) 07/03/2016 14 07/03/2016 Patrick Le Galès 15 1) Une tentative de conceptualisation 16 The European city model : European cities are not American/Global/undifferentiated cities, Bagnasco/Le Galès A neo weberian/Tilly conceptualisation : state and cities A european comparative Political economy distinct from the Chicago School, the marxist tradition or post modern sociology ie capitalism, states and societies, social movements, global cities, Los angeles European comparative social sciences and history 07/03/2016 European cities The relative long-term stability of the European urban system Its original structure—with a concentration of medium-sized cities—and the remains of its physical form. Cities as distinctive characteristics of European societies municipalities European cities European cities, are still structured and organized within European states: in particular, welfare states. The state and Europe protect the city including in terms of resources. Dynamism of european cities : projects, investments, demographic growth (some exceptions, in the UK, Italy), decentralisation reforms, more mayors size European cities were becoming more European The institutionalization of the EU is creating rules, norms, procedures, repertoires, and public policies that have an impact on cities. The EU also is a powerful agent of legitimization. By designing urban public policies and agree ‘a Europe of cities’, supporting transnational networks Robust European cities A mix of public services and private firms, including a robust body of middle class and lower-middle class public-sector workers, who constitute a firm pillar of the social structure. 60 % of public investments (not in the UK) is controlled by local or urban government in the EU Despite increasing social tensions, inequalities, even riots at times, European cites have resources, identities, and political legitimacy, and it is not appropriate to describe them as dual cities. 187 0 (en viro n) 191 3 193 7 196 0 199 4 200 0 200 6 (en viro n) (en viro n) GrandeBretagn e 9,4 12,7 30 32,2 42,9 39 , 1 44,1 France 12,6 17 29 34,6 54,9 51 , 6 53,5 10 14,8 42,4 32,4 49 45,1 45,7 Italie 11,9 11,1 24,5 30,1 53,9 46,2 50,1 USA 3,9 1,8 8,6 27 33,5 Allemag ne 29 the continuing representation of the city as a whole and the increased legitimacy of political elites in sustaining and re-inventing this presentation. Political leaders Planning, strategic project Modes of governance Restructured goverments Services and policies Less clientelism and day to day management More strategic authorities Capacité d’action collective back to the usual suspects European cities : urban governance, competition, flagship projects, construction, utility network, Agencies, Coordination : contracts, chartes, strategies, partnership Urban oligarchies ? Favourable context for corruption, urban growth coalitions/urban regime 24 Patrick Le Galès Not an apology of the model 25 Migration Riots and inequalities Ethnic and religious discriminations Lack of housing, pressure on social housing Embourgeoisements, gentrification Peri urbanisation, sprawl 07/03/2016 Future of European cities after 50 years of single market ? 26 ‘Of cities like Amsterdam, Antwerp, Barcelona, Brussels, Copenhagen, Dublin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Lisbon, Liverpool, Lyons, Manchester, Marseilles, Munich, Naples, Newcastle, Nuremberg, Stockholm, Stuttgart, Turin and Vienna, half must either grow or decline: expanding to become one of the six or seven European urban giants, or declining into provincial insignificance … The carnage will likely be most pronounced among the mid-sized cities of Germany and the United Kingdom.’ Patrick Le Galès Political mechanisms of urban decline : role of middle classes 27 As Europe overall becomes less urban but its few largest cities grow, the cultural divide between city and suburb will likely grow, and political support for the needs of cities generally may well decline – as has clearly occurred since the 1960’s in the US’ (Rogowski 1998: 23). Less public investments and redistribution in cities Patrick Le Galès Two scenarios 28 Rise of megacities in Europe and the carnage of medium sized cities, Continuous growth of globalising medium sized European cities, Patrick Le Galès 2) European cities so what ? 29 Before the crisis Strong discussion about the category and the thesis After, post, neo, hybrid neo liberal……. Nuanced thesis, strong model, current transformations 07/03/2016 European cities as strategic collective actors (also in oriental European and in the UK) 30 Since 2002, development of urban projects, massive investment in renovation, collective strategies, not to mention vision Strengthening of governance capacity, even in the UK (Manchester, elected mayors…) Lots of new investments : transport, museums, city centres, local welfare, sport,leisure, consumption, environment, technological clusters, strong mobilisation Localising social policies Classic model still operating, implementation of national policies 07/03/2016 Criticisms …before the crisis (1) 31 Shrinking cities : german criticism : not much in Europe, except some industrial agglomerations and in Italy (before the crisis) No demographic decline, continuous growth in most cases even if they are not megapolis 07/03/2016 Cities versus the metropolis, the urban region (2) 32 Clearly rise of networks in urban regions : Italian research, Ruhr, netherlands, Lyon urban region, some strong developments hence the limits of the idea of city or metropolis, or combination of the two, influence of transport More developments in the urban region but the centre still massively relevant (political behaviour, housing prices, embourgeoisement of centres, start ups…) More connections : France, Paris and regional capitals, more integration and interpendence Also rescaling the idea of the city : grand Paris, Lyon Urban governance : still strengthening of metropolitan governments in some cases (northern europe, eastern europe, France, even the UK) Urban democracy 07/03/2016 Capitalism destroys european cities ? (3) 33 Marxist and postmodern critique of the category and modelisation, and political regulation. Brenner : capitalism leads state to reorganise spaces, urban governance for capitalist accumulation 07/03/2016 A Quantum Leap in Public Debt (Wolfgang streeck, MPI) Public Debt in Percent of GDP (2014 projected) 250 246 200 172 152 150 Japan 129 129 119 100 50 114 98 94 France 57 51 Germany 0 1996 U.S. UK 41 34 Italy 2002 2008 2014 A neo liberal european city ? (4) 35 Neo liberalism and urban studies The 3 amigos, Peck, Brenner, theodore Liberalism is an attempt to reconcile the search for private interest with the making of the collective good, emphasising the autonomy of the individuals in part guaranteed by the states (including property rights of course) and the rule of law. 07/03/2016 Neo liberalism after or against liberalism 36 Liberalism is an attempt to reconcile the search for private interest with the making of the collective good, emphasising the autonomy of the individuals in part guaranteed by the states (including property rights of course) and the rule of law. Market failures States and collective goods 07/03/2016 Neo liberalism 37 The market is seen as always good and a superior form of social and economic organisations, and an end in itself. there is no such thing as market failures The role of the state is central to extend property rights and to enforce market logics. That includes coercion and violence. The mobilisation of the authority of the state is required to force a change in the conduct of conduct, to impose the creation of a new political and social order 07/03/2016 38 In neo liberalism, the question of the articulation between individual interest and the general interest is simple : the maximisation of individuals interest more or less automatically results in the maximisation of the general interest. “Depoliticisation General competition in all domains is seen as a universal norm The conception of freedom has moved from autonomy to the disciplined self governed calculating entrepreneurial homo economicus who may be incentivised by rules neo liberals ignore the threat to freedom and the ressources accumulated by the large firms, their capacity to constrain the democratic process and to edict regulations in their favour, including to limit competition 07/03/2016 European cities not neo liberal 39 Austerity : Strong variation, strong limits in many countries Limits of neo liberalisation except in the UK Constraints on individuals, PPP, cuts Developmental logics The local welfare state is under financial pressure, not disappearing UK exception 07/03/2016 3) Pressure on European cities 40 Does it still make sense in particular after the crisis, time for the « economic scenario ? » More globalisation processes, more large firms, more financiarisation of capitalism, more mega cities Argument : the transformation of European cities is less dependent upon their own capacity for collective action within a favourable political and economic environment : rather state restructuring, large firms and mobility 07/03/2016 EU : decline of territorial cohesion priority ESDP : marginal Regional funds Urban programme, Urbact EU competition dynamics versus territorial cohesion Horizontal europeanisation : work in progress 41 Patrick Le Galès Europe large metropolis 42 Istanbul : mega projects, financial quarters, new bridges, from 15 to 20 million Moscow London Paris 07/03/2016 London 43 Europe’s escalator region Financial capital 1.5 million immigrants in about 15 years About 3 million born outside the UK About 30 billion investment last year Billionaires of all countries UNITE (B.Johnson) 200 towers in construction 07/03/2016 Arguments 44 Changing scales Marginalisation of EU policies States reconfiguration Economic crisis Technological change 07/03/2016 More diverse urban societies 45 More migrations Tensions, conflicts, riots…even in Sweden ! Transnational spaces Mobility Ageing society Some gated communities 07/03/2016 A different environment Globalization processes, rescaling Mobilities, demography, ageing State restructuring, in debt, fiscal crisis of the state (Streeck), slow growth Globalised financialised capitalism : very large firms Technological transformation, innovation, internet and proximity Neo liberalism ideology, pressure towards a market society Cities : des lieux et des liens, disconnections Conclusion Metropolitan growth does not mean global cities or nothing Spread and growth of urban regions does not mean the end of cities Globalisation does not mean urban convergence Spatial segregation is also a question of middle classes 47 Patrick Le Galès Individual choices of those groups are also influence by collective choices on public investment Political processes are central : how to govern cities which are more diverse, with more immigration and to keep some collective dynamism (fears, extreme right) EU : a bad cycle, what comes next ? 48 Patrick Le Galès Conclusion 49 Un modèle robuste, Très fort pendant 25 ans, Erosion Crises : migrations, réfugiés, crise éco Environnementales Jury is still out 07/03/2016