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1
RO 5 5 3
Dr. A. Vallance Jones
Herzberq Institute of Astrophysics
National Research Council
OTTAWA. ON
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Physics in Canada
La Physique au Canada
Vol. 49, N o . 2
M a r c h / m a r s 1993
Page No.
A Brief History of Heavy W a t e r
by C. W a l t h a m
81
Professionalism a n d t h e Canadian Association of Physicists: Status Report 1992
by The CAP C o m m i t t e e o n Professionalism
97
Duties and Procedures of t h e CAP Executive, C o u n c i l a n d Division Chairs
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Fonctions et M o d a l i t é s d ' A c t i o n de l'Exécutif, d u Conseil et des Présidents
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R.M. Lees a n d P. Kirkby
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A Brief History of Force
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The CAP 1992 I n c o m e Survey
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Trends in Postgraduate Enrolments in Physics at Canadian Universities
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knew
EDITORIAL
Physics Departments in Canadian Universities
-- Can small be beautiful?
The search for truth is never easy. Take for example a
statement from the Sub-Committee on Professional
Concerns of the American Physical Society some nineteen
years ago which said that "physics is done almost
exclusively at a few large prestigious universities or
institutions and graduate students should be enrolled in
these as opposed to others". Was, or is this true? If so, is
there any future for small physics departments in the United
States, Canada, or elsewhere?
A letter published in Physics Today in 1975 addressed this
topic. It reviewed reasons as to why both small and large
departments should continue to exist. W.A. Sibley of
Oklahoma State University, while not emphasizing that
small is beautiful, produced statistics indicating that a
critical mass of five to eight active researchers is needed in
order to generate an excellent program in a particular
research area. His review showed conclusively that since
the average size of a small physics department in North
America comprises 25 faculty members, such a department
might embrace at most three separate areas of physics.
Clearly every department requires a strategic plan or
mission related to its development and strengths, but in
essence, clear priorities for growth are required, and with a
faculty complement of 25, three significant research areas
can be accommodated and identified.
Is a physics department with 25 members viable and
competitive? If not, the question asked in the original
article is still appropriate, namely: "Quo vadis - small
physics departments?"
• * § t
•
In Canada, most graduate departments lie in the twenties to
forties population-of-faculty bracket. Many seem somewhat
less than viable and less than competitive - but this may in
reality not be the case.
Is there any evidence that
University Physics Departments still have a major role to
play in higher education, research and technological
development?
Perhaps, just a glimmer of hope and
encouragement may be found in a recent report emanating
from the United Kingdom.
The Times
Higher
Education
Supplement
of
December 18, 1992, has included within its pages a review
of the Third Research Assessment of British Universities by
the Universities Funding Council (1989) and a prognosis for
the future health of all listed institutions.
78 Physics in Canada
March 1993 .
The British funding scene is rather different to that in
Canada, but the rules of the game are clear. Firstly, the
British Government reserves the right to "rate" the
performance of research universities and institutions funded
by the government on a regular basis.
The 1992
assessment, following those of 1986 and 1989, has
examined the performance of 172 universities and colleges,
and around 43,000 researchers have been assessed by
62 panels of experts. In competing, universities entered
only active staff faculty researchers, and each researcher in
turn entered his or her two "best" research articles or books
in addition to two other pieces of evidence of public
exhibition or performance. The total number of publications
or books per department over the assessment period was
also made available to the Council, as was the number of
graduate students per department and future research
plans. Research funding, £600 million currently in total, will
be distributed over the next three years on the basis of the
present Funding Council Assessment.
All entries in the competition were assessed according to a
5-point scale of excellence. Promotion from a 4 in 1989 to
a 5 in 1992 was seen to open up the gates to a limited
financial paradise; to drop from a 5 to a 4 was likely to
prove an unmitigated disaster. To be awarded a rating of
1 would be the kiss of death for any research prospects
that a department might have had.
What relevance can this analysis of research in a foreign
country have to the question of small physics departments
in Canada and North America as outlined before? Basically,
a great deal, which is where the results of the British
analysis are most startling. Whereas eleven departments of
physics have succeeded in winning the big enchilada - a 5
on the assessment scale - at least five were not either large
or particularly well-endowed units.
Of course, the
Universities of Cambridge and Oxford were there with their
hundred plus or minus faculty. But equally in the list were
departments from Universities with 28 (Warwick),
34.8 (Queen's, Belfast), 25.0 (Heriot-Watt, Edinburgh),
30.0 (Nottingham), and 29.5 (Liverpool). Whether or not
one approves of a means of assessment of this kind, it
seems apparent that even today well structured forward
looking "small" departments of physics can still compare
with the best, whether or not "big science" and "centers of
excellence" act as a magnet for many of their students.
Small departments, it therefore appears, while not
necessarily beautiful or attractive, may still be effective in
both the training of students and in the advancement of
science. May we all find the right recipe.
J.S.C. McKee
LETTERS / LETTRES
RE: JOULE - "JOWL" OR "JEWEL"
The reprinting of Dr. Duckworth's poem of 1961 in the
current issue of 'Physics in Canada" in which he gives a
pronunciation of Joule's name to rhyme with "Jool" or
"Jewel" struck a chord in my memory. 1 Some 55 years
ago as a mnemonic we had to learn at school the
following jingle:
These facts you'll learn at your school
Concerning Messrs Thomson and Joule
They allowed compressed gas
Through a small hole to pass
And behold, the gas became cool.
This relates, of course, to the Joule-Thomson
(Joule-Kelvin) effect and as with Dr. Duckworth's
Presidential Poem of yester year, makes Joule rhyme
with "school" or "cool".
Clearly I had been brought up in ignorance of the
brewing traditions of the Mid-West of England2,3, but
long before 1990 we had been instructed that the proper
pronunciation was "Jowl" because this appears in the
1959 edition of Shortley and Williams. 4 I would be very
surprised were there not to be a much earlier
pronunciation directive as I understand "Jowl" was how
Joule himself pronounced it. Meanwhile, it is too late
for me to change so I will continue as in the poem
above.
R.D. Connor
1
H.E. D u c k w o r t h , Physics in Canada, 4 9 , No. 1, 1993, p. 4 ;
17 No. 4 , 1961.
2
Peter Kirkby, Ibid 4 8 No. 4 , 1 9 9 2 , p. 184
3
J.S.C. McKee, ibid.
4
George Shortley and Dudley Williams, Principles of College
Physics, p. 103, Prentice Hall, 1953.
IMPORTANT EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENTS
Physics departments are reminded of the opportunity you have to publish a specially written profile
of your department in Physics in Canada. These historical records should not exceed four full
journal pages, including photographs and figures. Articles will be accepted on a first submitted, first
published basis.
Corporate members are reminded that the 1993 July issue of Physics in Canada will include a
section for "Corporate Member Profiles". The profile should be not exceed one full journal page,
including photographs and figures. In order to make the publishing deadline, please submit your
entry t o Dr. P.S. Vincett, c/o the CAP Office (fax: 6 1 3 - 2 3 8 - 1 6 7 7 ) by 1993 May 3 1 .
The second theme issue of Physics in Canada is scheduled for the 1993 September issue.
Dr. W.R. Peltier will be the Honorary Editor for this issue. A n y letters or opinions appropriate for
inclusion in this "Physics and the Environment" issue should be sent to the Editor of Physics in
Canada by 1993 July 3 1 . Suggestions for further theme issues will be welcome.
Contributors to Physics in Canada are reminded that reprints of published articles are available at
modest cost from the CAP Office and should be ordered prior to publication, if possible. See cost
schedule in this issue.
mars 1993
79
IN
MEMORIAM
IAN RALPH DAGG (1928-1993)
It is with great sorrow that we write to inform the physics
community in Canada of the sudden death of
Ian Ralph Dagg, Chair of the Department of Physics at the
University of Waterloo. He collapsed after a game of tennis
on Friday, January 29, 1993, and never regained
consciousness.
Ian was born in Winnipeg on March 20, 1928. He studied
physics and mathematics at the University of Manitoba,
graduating in 1949. He obtained an M.Sc. in infrared
physics at Pennsylvania State University in 1950, and then
proceeded to the University of Toronto for doctoral studies
in the same area, under the supervision of M.F. Crawford,
earning his Ph.D. in 1953. After a further year at Toronto,
he went to Oxford University on a National Research
Council postdoctoral fellowship, collaborating
with
H.W. Thompson. On his return to Canada, he worked in
the applied acoustics group at NRC in Ottawa from 1955 to
1959.
UNIVERSITY NEWS /
ECHOS DES UNIVERSITÉS
York University - CRESS
A Festschrift symposium was held Dec. 14-15, 1992 at
York University to mark the 27 years which Ralph Nicholls
has spent since 1965, as founding director of the Centre for
Research in Earth and Space Science and its graduate
programme. He was also the founding Chairman of the
York Physics Department. In July 1992, he passed the
directorship
of
CRESS on to the
"troika"
of
Prof. Gordon Shepherd,
Prof. J o h n Miller,
and
Prof. Gary Jarvis (who is also the current Director of the
Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science), who will
steer CRESS for the next two years into its next phase. It
currently has a full time and adjunct faculty complement
of 46, and 42 graduate students. Ralph Nicholls remains as
Distinguished Research Professor of Physics.
On December 14th, 17 papers were given by past and
present research studnets from the U.W 0. (1948-1965)
and York (1965-) periods. Contributors came from faculty
positions at U.W.O., Windsor, Saskatchewan, York, NASA
Headquarters, NASA Ames Research Centre, and AVCO,
Mass.,
Barringer
Research, etc.,
to
provide a
thought-provoking mixture of reminiscence and science.
At that point Ian joined the fledgling University of Waterloo
as an assistant professor of physics. In his 33-year career
here, during which he was promoted to associate professor
in 1951 and to full professor in 1968, he served as
undergraduate advisor, graduate officer, and director of the
Guelph-Waterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics. He
became Chair of the Department of Physics in 1988 and
was voted a second term in 1991. He was also active in
the Faculty Association and the Senate, and served on
several committees at the department, faculty and
university levels.
Dec. 15th was devoted to considerations of the place of
research centres in Universities to assist in the planning of
the evolution of CRESS into the 21st century. Stimulating
reviews were provided by senior representatives of the
Canadian Space Agency, the Atmospheric Environment
Service, NASA HQ, The Canada Centre for Remote Sensing,
The Canadian Institute for Planetary Sciences, The
Premier's Council on Economic Renewal, Ontario and
NSERC.
Ian had a long research collaboration with the late
Glyn Reesor
in
microwave
physics,
particularly
collision-induced absorption in liquids and compressed
gases.
He later extended these studies to higher
frequencies, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
supplemented by far-infrared laser measurements. From
these results, estimates of electric quadrupole and
higher-order moments of many a molecule were obtained.
Ian published over 60 research papers during his career,
mostly in the Canadian Journal of Physics. He was a highly
regarded expert in his field and participated in many
conferences. He had recently been invited to speak at a
NATO advanced workshop, to be held in Banff in August,
1993.
Ian had a zest for life and a love of people. He will be
remembered
as a supremely
approachable,
fair,
open-minded, unpretentious and caring person, whose many
admirable qualities included great common sense, a concern
for justice, a warm sense of humour and superb
interpersonal skills.
Ian was a dedicated, versatile and popular lecturer, who
took keen personal interest in his students and was always
ready to spend extra time to help them individually. In his
early years at Waterloo, he put a great deal of effort into
developing courses and setting up laboratories.
His
specialty in teaching was optics, which led him to write and
publish a text on Matrix Optics.
8 0 Physics in Canada
March 1993 .
A memorial service for Ian, attended by close to
500 colleagues and friends, was held at the University of
Waterloo on Friday, February 12, 1993. A memorial
scholarship fund has been established in his name as a
tribute to this highly respected and much-loved scholar and
leader.
We are sure that lan's many friends across Canada will
wish to join his colleagues at Waterloo in extending our
sincere condolences and heartfelt sympathy to his wife,
Anne, and their children, Hugh, Ian and Mary, during this
time of great shock and grief. We all share their deep sense
of loss.
Raj Pathria (Acting Chair), Tony Anderson
Department of Physics, University of Waterloo
A BRIEF HISTORY OF HEAVY WATER
by Chris Waltham
Physics Department, University of B.C.
INTRODUCTION
As a member of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)
collaboration and therefore the user of 1000 tons of
borrowed Canadian heavy water'11,1 began to wonder how
I became part-heir to such a legacy. What follows is an
attempt to answer that specific question.
PREHISTORY
Deuterium (the significant ingredient of heavy water) was
formed about 10 minutes after the Big Bang, along with
most of the light elements presently in the universe. More
recently, 2.5 billion years ago, most of the deuterium atoms
on the earth were incorporated into water molecules. As a
small isotopic fraction of natural hydrogen (0.015%),
deuterium existed then, as now, mostly in the form of HDO
molecules. And this is the way things remained until 1931.
amounts of water were already being electrolyzed as part
of the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia for
nitrogen fertilizer. Jomar Brun, Head of Hydrogen Research
at Norsk Hydro, and Leif Tronstad, a lecturer from
Trondheim, drew up a plan for industrial production of
heavy water which was accepted by Axel Aubert, the
plant's managing director'8, p 821. By January 1935, the first
production of more than 99% pure heavy water was
available at lOKr (about 50 cents) per gram, a tenth of the
American price.
About this time, in 1934, the idea of producing heavy water
in Trail, B.C. was first discussed in correspondence
between the NRC and Cominco171. The Trail plant was the
largest producer of electrolytic hydrogen in North America;
it was used for making ammonia for the fertilizer and
explosives industries.
MORE THAN JUST A CURIOSITY
DISCOVERY
Deuterium was discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey and
collaborators121. The search was initiated in response to a
persistent discrepancy between the average atomic weight
of hydrogen and Aston's mass spectrometer measurements.
Large amounts of liquid hydrogen were distilled until the
deuterium could be identified spectroscopically in the
remaining liquid. The isotopic concentration achieved was
a factor of five. The measured fraction of the heavy
isotope in natural hydrogen was sufficient to account for
the discrepancy in masses.
EARLY MANUFACTURE
The first concention of deuterium in water was achieved by
Washburn and Urey in 1932'31 using electrolysis; the light
isotope of hydrogen was preferentially evolved, leaving
behind water enriched in deuterium. The effect depends on
the difference in dissociation rates of an H + ion and a
D + ion from water and the neutralization rates of these
hydrated ions. Separation factors of about six can be
obtained14- p'271, for which it is necessary to electrolyze
2700 litres of natural water to obtain one litre of water
enriched in deuterium by 10%; this requires 320 MW-hours
of electrical energy.
By repeating the process of
electrolysis, pure heavy water can be produced; this is a
conceptually simple method but it is enormously expensive.
Interest in the heavy water started to emerge soon after its
first production by Lewis and MacDonald151 as its analytical
potential in chemistry and biology, as well as nuclear
physics, became apparent. Small amounts (grams) for
scientific use were available in the United States by 1933.
The conditions for large-scale production (kg) existed at
Norsk Hydro's plant in Rjukan, Norway, where large
In January 1939 Hahn and Strassman in Berlin18' suggested
that thermal neutron-induced fission of uranium could
release secondary neutrons. These could go on to produce
a chain reaction provided they were slowed down
(moderated) to thermal energies to increase their chance of
causing further fission.
By April, Fredéréric Joliot and his colleagues Hans von
Halban and Lew Kowarski from the Collège de France had
observed these secondary neutrons. They found that
blocks of uranium oxide showed increased fission activity
when immersed in ordinary water' 9 '. However, absorption
of neutrons on hydrogen prevented a self-sustaining chain
reaction.
Across the Atlantic, Fermi and Szilard at Columbia
University examined alternative moderators and quickly
decided on ultra-pure graphite'10, p811. Work on carbon was
also begun by George Laurence at NRC in Ottawa (later
joined by B. Weldon Sargent from Queen's)' 11 " 21,fl . Szilard
started to persuade all physicists working on fission to
cease publishing; he sent a cable to Joliot on April 6th
requesting a delay in further publications "in view of
possible misuse in Europe"'10' p58 '. Joliot refused, but it
made little difference as he was soon overtaken by other
events.
Sometime in early summer, the Paris team alighted on the
idea of using heavy water111, p,3°' as a moderator. Deuterium
was known to have a much lower absorption cross section
for neutrons than ordinary hydrogen1121 and its low mass
makes it an almost ideal moderator. Use of heavy water
would thus make a self-sustaining chain reaction more
accessible. This idea did not appear in the regular literature,
and it is not clear who did the theoretical work and at what
depth. The theorist Francis Perrin was working on the
mars 1993
81
fission problem with Joliot's group, but in the last work he
published before the fall of France he was still discussing
the use of hydrogen as a moderator1131. By January 1940
the group had decided to press ahead with heavy water
almost exclusively.
Kowarski later took credit for
championing this ideal14,p'1741.
We now know a natural uranium reactor is possible with
only three practical moderators: heavy water, ultra-pure
graphite, and beryllium. Heavy water is by far the best, but
in 1939 it was not available in very large quantities.
Graphite was more convenient, being very common, but it
had to be extremely pure. The purity of a graphite
moderator is crucial as natural impurities tend to be highly
efficient neutron absorbers.
Early measurements of
absorption cross-sections
made by Joliot1151 and
independently by Walter Bothe and Peter Jensen11811 in
Heidelberg were much too large for this reason. Thus
carbon was rejected in Europe and this precipitated a fight
for the Norwegian heavy water.
After moving to Chicago, Enrico Fermi used 40 tons of
uranium and uranium oxide and 385 tons of ultra-pure
graphite to build his pile. It achieved the first self-sustaining
chain reaction on 2nd December 1942.
LA BATAILLE DE L'EAU LOURDE2
As the commercial and military potential of heavy water
sank in, French military intelligence (the Deuxième Bureau)
learned that there was considerable German interest in not
only obtaining existing Norwegian stocks, but in a contract
for large and regular supplies18,181.
In March 1940, Lieutenant Allier of the Deuxième Bureau
left Paris for Oslo to meet with Axel Aubert of Norsk Hydro.
After a few days an agreement between the two men
ensured that France was to have not only the 185kg of
heavy water then at Rjukan, immediately, but also a priority
claim to the plant's entire output.
Allier suspected he was a target for German agents, and
took the precaution of double-booking himself and his cargo
on both a flight to Scotland, and on one to Amsterdam. It
seems his fears were justified, as Luftwaffe aircraft forced
the Amsterdam flight to land in Hamburg, where it was
thoroughly examined. Allier and his 26 cans of heavy water
landed safely in Scotland; then he travelled to the French
Military Mission in London, and eventually across the
Channel. The heavy water was installed in a special air raid
shelter in the Collège de France.
1.
This paper, which was not published until 1 9 4 4 . was followed in
Zeitschrift fur Physik by an article by Jensen alone 1171 describing
neutron slowing in carbon, H ? 0 and D 2 0 , with no reference to fission.
This journal appears to have been available in North America at the
time.
2.
Name of a French film describing the affair, made in 1 9 4 9 with the
scientists playing themselves.
82
Physics in Canada
March 1993 .
In the summer of 1940, as France faced defeat, Dautry, the
French Armaments Minister, ordered Joliot to ensure that
his cans of heavy water did not fall into enemy hands. He
put his wife and one-year-old daughter in the front of the
car, one gram of Marie Curie's radium in the back, and, to
minimize any possible danger from radiation, the cans of
heavy water in between. Upon arrival, Haitian was allowed
to lodge the cans in the safety of the town's women's
prison. The following morning, after they had been moved
for safety to the condemned cell of the prison in nearby
Riom, Halban began to set up a new laboratory in a small
villa. Shortly afterwards, the rest of the Collège de France
team arrived and a small celebratory luncheon was
organized at which the coming work could be discussed.
This was interrupted by the arrival of Allier who announced
that no further experiments would be possible as the
government had ordered the heavy water evacuated from
France, along with the scientists.
The evacuation was to be through the port of Bordeaux.
Here Halban found the Broompark, a British coaler. They
were met by the Earl of Suffolk, liaison officer in France
from the British Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, who was charged with rescuing rare machine
tools, $10M worth of industrial diamonds, fifty French
scientists, and the heavy water. The cargo was strapped
to pallets on deck which would float free in the event of the
ship being sunk, and thus make rescue a possibility.
Joliot chose to remain in France and, after a difficult period
in charge of the Collège de France cyclotron (the only one
in Europe and thus the object of intense German interest)
went underground and became a leader of the Resistance.
Meanwhile in Bordeaux, the harbour was bombed, and the
Broompark sailed down the Gironde estuary amid chaos.
The ship next to her was sunk by a mine.
(When
questioned about the heavy water, Joliot said it was on this
ship). Eventually the heavy water reached London, where
it was deposited in Wormwood Scrubs prison. It was later
moved to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, where
the Collège de France team were setting up to continue
their experiments.
WORLD WAR II: THE WESTERN ALLIES
A team coalesced in Cambridge around Hans von Halban
and Lew Kowarski.
By 1941 their experiments with
uranium oxide and the 185kg of heavy water had shown
sufficient increase in neutron and fission activity to predict
that with 3-6 tons of heavy water, a self-sustaining chain
reaction could be achieved120, p4311. A plan for industrial
production of heavy water in Britain by I.C.I, was shelved
in favour of an approach to the United States for supplies.
However, once the United States joined hostilities and the
centre of gravity of fission research moved inexorably
westwards, it was decided that the Cambridge team should
move across the Atlantic. Chicago was the first choice as
that was the site of Compton's group, but this was not
possible due to American concerns about citizenship {some
of the Cambridge team were citizens of Axis nations) and
ties with I.C.I, (a rival chemical conglomerate to DuPont,
chief industrial partner to the American effort)111-p501.
Canada was a workable alternative and had the advantage
that some fission work had already been initiated there by
Laurence and Sargent. Montreal was chosen and in early
1943, the team, families, equipment, uranium and heavy
water made the journey while the Battle of the Atlantic was
raging. Once in Montreal, they were to interact freely, at
least in theory, with Met Lab team in Chicago. Detailed
theoretical work on a prototype heavy water/uranium
reaction was begun in Montreal by George Volkoff following
the work of Fermi and Wigner on a carbon moderated
reactor1191.
The Americans had noted the British request for a heavy
water supply in 1941, and Urey and Hugh Taylor of
Princeton had suggested the Consolidated Mining and
Smelting Company of Trail as a likely source120-p 1921. The
Canadian National Defence Research Committee offered the
company $10 a pound for high grade heavy water; at the
time the American product cost $1,130 a pound171.
In July 1942 it was clear the cost of Project No.9, as it was
known, was going to be enormous, but the U.S.
Government agreed to pay for it, with the acquiescence of
C.D. Howe, the Canadian Minister for Munitions and
Supply.
The final cost was $2.8M, and the annual
operating costs about $700K. The company produced the
heavy water for the American nuclear effort at cost, and did
so from 1944 until 1955 when the plant became
uneconomical compared to the large U.S. plants which were
by then in production1211.
Cominco had produced electrolytic hydrogen since 1930 in
a $10M plant consisting of 3,215 cells (see fig. 1)
consuming 75MW of hydro-electric power.
This is
described in "The Cominco Story" (1953)1221 with no
reference to heavy water production, which was still
classified at the time of publication. To the electrolysis
plant was added a tower where initial concentration was
effected by D/H exchange on a nickel catalyst; this
"P-9 Tower" still stands (see cover of this issue). The
catalytic exchange method used at Trail had been
developed by Urey and von Grosse124, p 891. It depends on
the fact that, when isotopic equilibrium is established
between hydrogen gas and water, the water contains 3 or
4 times as much deuterium as does the gas.
H 2 0 + HD
Fig. 1 A few of the 3 , 2 1 5 electrolytic cells at the Trail plant.
(B.C. Archives and Records Service
Catalogue
No. N W 6 6 9 C 7 3 3 V . 3 0 - 3 2 / 2 )
HJOElectrolysis
HJO..
N i Catalyst
H
In November 1942, C.J. Mackenzie of the NRC requested
that the MOntreal goup receive the first year's output from
Trail, about 6 tons. The American response was positive,
but with so many strings attached111-p 851 that the resulting
strain on relations between the two groups brought
collaboration to a halt for a year.
2°'
|H2
Depletion
Enrichment
N i Catalyst
HDO + H2
Development work had been done at Columbia and
Princeton in 1941. It was found that a catalyst was
necessary and Hugh Taylor established nickel as a likely
candidate124, " 189) . The flow chart is shown in figure 2.
Many stages of enrichment can be achieved before the
necessity of power-consuming electrolysis123, p1321, and thus
the Trail operation was as efficient as was possible with the
techniques of the day.
\h2
I
N i Catalyst
H
p]
f^
Fig. 2 A schematic flow chart of the catalytic method of
producing heavy water used at Trail in the 40s and 50s.
In fact the Americans had decided on a full-scale program
to produce plutonium with a heavy water reactor, and
DuPont eventually built three additional plants on their own
soil, in West Virginia, Indiana and Alabama111, p501. These
used the fractional distillation technique124, p 1881, which relies
on the fact that light water is preferentially evaporated near
its boiling point (heavy water boils at 101 °C). This method
is very simple but very heavy on power.
mars 1993
83
In the late summer of 1943, the Chicago group were given
permission to build their own heavy water pile at
Argonne120, p 2741. Heavy water production started in January
1944 and was sufficient for the Argonne pile - the first
heavy water/natural uranium reactor - to go critical on
15 May of that year. Ironically, the project was directed by
Walter Zinn, a native of Kitchener, Ontario111, p'1311.
In April 1944 the rift between the Montreal group and the
Americans was patched up. American assistance, partly in
the form of Trail heavy water, was assured for the
construction of a Canadian pile. The chosen site was
Chalk River. The first director of the new laboratory was to
be John Cockroft, although he was replaced before the first
pile went critical by W.B. Lewis, who went on to dominate
the Canadian nuclear scene for decaded111-"1461. Both men
had a background of radar research and development in
Britain earlier in the war.
The pilot pile was known as the NRX, and the 10 MW
design was completed in July 1944. However, it was not
to be the first Canadian reactor. Lew Kowarski proposed
building a smaller zero-energy pile making use of American
experience at Argonne.
Thus, ZEEP (Zero-energy
experimental pile) was built, by Section 6 of Chalk River's
Nuclear Physics Division; Kowarski was Section Head3 and
B.W. Sargent was Acting Division Head111'*1711. Criticality
was achieved in September 1945. NRX was completed and
went critical in July 1947.
In France in 1945 Allier obtained a promise from Norway
that France would receive the first five tons of heavy water
produced once the Norsk Hydro plant got started again.
The original 185kg, on loan since 1940 and still in use in
Canada, was finally paid for125-p 2991. After ZEEP, Kowarski
returned to France and built that country's first pile, ZOE
(Zero Oxide Eau Lourde) in the old prison at Châtillon.
Criticality was achieved on 15th December 1948 125 " 3291.
WORLD WAR II: GERMANY
In contrast to the Allied effort, heavy water was central to
Heisenberg's rather ambiguous fission program in
Germany1281.
A large-scale industrial effort like that
mounted in the United States for isotope separation was
impossible, and the entire program centred on a small
amount of unenriched uranium and Norwegian heavy water.
By February 1940 Heisenberg and his team had measured
the absorption cross-section for neutrons in heavy water
and calculated the critical size for a reactor. Then there
was some early success: in May 1942 the first neutron
increase (13%) in a heavy water/uranium pile, the L-IV, was
observed by Dôpel and Heisenberg in Leipzig. However, on
28th February 1943, Norwegian saboteurs guided by
Tronstad (in London) and Brun (locally) destroyed the Rjukan
electrolysis plant, with the loss of 500kg of heavy water.
The plant was repaired, but about a year later, on
20th February 1944, the last shipment of heavy water from
Rjukan to Germany was lost when the ferry carrying it
across Lake Tinnsjô was also sabotaged.
In 1943 K. Geib in Leuna developed the dual temperature
exchange sulphide process for heavy water production.
This method is now favoured for the initial concentration up
to the level of about 10%1271. The process relies on the
following reaction:
H20(liquid) + HDS(gas) ** HDO(liquid) + H2S(gas)
Deuterium enrichment in the water increases as the
temperature decreases'4, p 251. This method has two big
advantages over the Trail method. The use of hydrogen
sulphide eliminates the need for a catalyst, and the dual
temperature aspect means that the hydrogen sulphide is
maintained in a closed loop (see fig. 3) and no electrolytic
regeneration of hydrogen4 is required128-p-1771. This is now
the most economical way of producing the initial
enrichment of heavy water.
Unfortunately Geib was not able to benefit from his work;
in 1945 he was taken to the USSR, and made the mistake
of applying for asylum in Canada, giving the name of
Professor E.W.R. Steacie as a reference. Officials at the
Canadian Embassy told him to come back the next day and
that was the last time he was seen'28, p 284'.
(A creative approach to the separation of heavy water was
taken by the chain-smoking Fritz Houtermans, a reluctant
member of the German fission effort. He convinced his
superiors that he could extract it from Macedonian
tobacco - tobacco being a very rare commodity at the time.
After he had smoked the first bag delivered, a request for
a second bag almost got him fired1291.)
More experimental reactors were built in various places,
including the G-ll, made of uranium cubes embedded in
heavy ice to avoid neutron absorption in support material.
Finally the exigencies of war took Heisenberg and his team
to Haigerloch, near the Swiss Border, where they hoped
they could work in relative peace.
h
March 1993 .
Hot
o —
H
2
0
(depleted)
h
h
A n anonymous reviewer of this article c o m m e n t e d on the
bitterness K o w a r s k i caused by claiming and receiving credit
for the success of ZEEP.
2
2
0 —
2
TH2S
s |
Cold
v
- * - h
/
2
o
(enriched)
Fig. 3 The Dual-Temperature Sulphide Process of Geib.
The laboratory was constructed in the side of a cliff
beneath an old church. They were still trying to achieve
criticality with the B-VIII reactor when the first contact was
made with American forces: the fact-finding "Alsos" group.
Always mindful of post-war commercial competition and the
fact that Haigerloch was to be in the French zone, the
Americans dynamited the laboratory before handing the
region over to their allies, who were already in the town.
An idea to blow up the church on top of the cliff to cover
the evidence was prevented by an impassioned plea from
the pastor126- p2561.
(It should be noted however that
Goudsmit in his book about the Alsos mission1301 suggests
that the reason for the destruction was the mistaken belief
amongst the Army members of Alsos that the German
nuclear program was still a military threat.)
WORLD WAR II: THE SOVIET UNION
From 1942 the Soviet Union1311 was kept informed of
developments among the Western Allies by Klaus Fuchs'
reports. In the middle of the war they requested heavy
water supplies from the United States; the request was
denied.
Although small amounts were produced by electrolysis at
Chirchik and Dniepropetrovsk before the war, large scale
production did not start until afterwards. Their first heavy
water reactor, a 500kW research instrument at the
Thermotechnical Institute, went critical in April 1949.
PRODUCTION FOR THE CANDU PROGRAM
Since NRX went critical in 1947 at 10MW, it has been
progressively upgraded in power. It is now rated at 40MW
and is the oldest reactor in operation today. Initially,
however, its life expectancy was only 5 years, and the NRU
was conceived as its replacement. The NRU was a 200MW
design and went critical in 1957. The intention was that it
should make money selling plutonium to the United States
Atomic Energy Commission; this did not occur, but the NRU
is still operating as a research reactor and for isotope
production.
Following this and experience with the three demonstration
power reactors which followed, Ontario Hydro and Atomic
Energy of Canada Ltd. (AECL) at Chalk River decided in
1964 to proceed with a commercial reactor program. This,
as is well known, was based on the CANDU
(Canadian-Deuterium-Uranium)
design, whose unique
properties are described in detail in many references.
The first CANDU station was planned for Pickering, Ontario,
and it became necessary to have a large-scale Canadian
supply of heavy water.
Contracts were signed with
Deuterium of Canada Ltd. and Canadian General Electric for
building plants at Glace Bay and Port Hawkesbury,
respectively, each with a capacity of 400 tons/year.
The dual temperature method also works for the
hydrogen/water system, but a catalyst is still needed.
Port Hawkesbury began to produce heavy water in 1970,
initially with considerable difficulty because of hydraulic
instability on the sieve trays used for hydrogen
sulphide/water contact. However, the plant was producing
substantial amounts by 1972. Glace Bay experienced
overwhelming problems and the project was taken over by
AECL in 1970. After an almost total rebuilding of the plant,
production began in 1976 with substantial production
sustained from 1978 to 1985, when both Glace Bay and
Port Hawkesbuiry were closed because they were producing
more heavy water than the market could absorb.
In 1969, with rapidly increasing projections of the size of
the CANDU program, a third plant was established on
Lake Huron in Ontario where it could take advantage of
cheap steam produced by the CANDU reactors at the Bruce
site. The first, Bruce "A", an 800 ton/year unit, began
production in 1973 and operated at high capacity from
1974. Originally an AECL project, this plant was bought by
Ontario Hydro during construction. In rapid succession,
Hydro committed three more almost identical plants at this
site but one was quickly cancelled and one subsequently
mothballed before completion as projections of demand
were reduced. The second, "B" plant was commissioned in
1979 and operated smoothly from 1981. In 1984, the
older "A" plant was closed to bring supply and demand into
balance. The "B" plant continues to operate very reliably.
In all of these plants, heavy water is concentrated to
10-20% by three stages of dual temperature exchange
between water and hydrogen sulphide. The exchange
towers consist of a cold column at 30°C above a hot
column at 130°C with heat exchangers between the two.
Water flows down through both columns while hydrogen
sulphide is bubbled up and mixed with the water on sieve
trays. Water is enriched as it flows down the cold tower,
at the bottom of which it meets hot enriched H2S (which
moves to the top of the cold column and is then recycled at
the bottom of the hot column). The towers are 60m in
diameter'4-p 251.
Fractional distillation completes the enrichment. The final
purity is 99.8%, "reactor-grade", the concentration where
absorption of thermal neutrons on the deuterium equals that
on the remaining hydrogen'271. This method is in contrast to
that used at Trail where exchange on a nickel catalyst was
used for initial concentration (the sulphide method had not
then been developed) and electrolysis was used for final
enrichment because of the abundance of hydro-electric
power in south-eastern B.C.
SOLAR NEUTRINOS
The advantages of heavy water as a detection medium for
the high energy neutrinos from the Sun was recognized in
1966 by Kelly and Uberall'331. It is the loosely bound
neutron in the deuterium which not only gives a relatively
large cross-section for neutrino interactions but also allows
some measure of discrimination between different types of
neutrino'11. However, in 1966, a heavy water solar neutrino
detector was impractical because of the cost of the
material.
mars 1993
85
Twenty years later a whole industry based on heavy water
reactors had been built up in Canada. The result was a
reserve of heavy water sufficient for a solar neutrino
detector: 1000 tons. Thus in 1984, the late Herb Chen of
U.C. Irvine and George Ewan of Queen's were able to make
the first serious proposal of what will eventually become
the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory1341.
10. Spencer Weart and Gertrud Weiss Szilard, "Leo Szilard: His
Version of the Facts" MIT Press, 1978.
It is heavy water from Bruce which has been allocated to
the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. The virgin water (i.e. it
has never been through a reactor and so the natural tritium
content is not enhanced) belongs to Ontario Hydro but has
been swapped for used AECL water from Port Hawkesbury;
physicists from AECL are a part of the SNO collaboration.
The book value of this heavy water is $300 per litre.
13. F. Perrin, Comptes Rendus 2 0 8 , 1 3 9 4 (1 May 1939) and
1 5 7 3 (15 May 1939).
CONCLUSION
16. W . Bothe and P. Jensen, "Die Absorption thermischer
Neutronen in K o h l e n s t o f f " , Z. Phys. 122, 7 4 9 ( 1 9 4 4 ) .
Heavy water has been known to us for 61 years. It has
already had a very colourful history in nuclear physics,
which I have attempted to describe. It has also had a
quieter one in chemistry and biology which I have not
touched upon. The next few years should see the first
heavy water neutrino observatory taking data. One can
only speculate what other uses may be found after that for
this singular material.
11. Wilfrid Eggleston, "Canada's Nuclear S t o r y " , Clarke Irwin,
1965.
12. J.R. Dunning, G.B. Pegram, G.A. Fink and D.P. Mitchell,
Phys. Rev. 4 8 , 2 6 5 ( 1 9 3 5 ) .
14. L. Kowarski in " A t o m i c Bomb Scientists:
Memoirs
1 9 3 9 - 4 5 " , edited by J . J . Ermenc, Meckler, ( 1 9 8 9 ) .
15. F. Joliot, Confidential report to the French Minister of
Armaments, 1 9 4 0 (cited in 16)).
17. P. Jensen, "Die Bremsung v o n Neutronen in Kohlenstoff,
W a s s e r u n d s c h w e r e m W a s s e r " , Z . Phys. 1 2 2 , 7 6 6 ( 1 9 4 4 ) .
18. Ronald Clark, "The Greatest Power on Earth", Sidgwick &
Jackson, 1980.
19. B.W. Sargent in "The Science and Engineering of Nuclear
P o w e r " , Vol.2, ed. C. Goodman, Addison Wesley (Reading,
Mass.), 1949.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Professor Maurice Pryce of
U.B.C. for valuable historical discussions, Dr. Alistair Miller
of Chalk River for information on the CANDU heavy water
production program, andCominco's Public Relations Officer,
Richard Fish, for his assistance regarding the history of
Project 9. The photographs are reproduced with permission
from the Cominco Magazine.
Thanks also to many
colleagues who have read and commented on this article.
REFERENCES
1.
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory special issue, Physics
Canada, M a r c h 1 9 9 2 .
in
2.
H.C. Urey, F.G. Brickwedde and G.M. Murphy,
Rev. 4 0 , 1 ( 1 9 3 2 ) .
3.
E.W. Washburn and H.C. Urey, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 18,
4 9 6 (1932).
4.
5.
Phys.
G.R. Choppin and J . Rydberg, "Nuclear Chemistry: Theory
and Applications", Pergamon ( 1 9 8 0 ) .
G.N. Lewis and R.T. MacDonald, J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 55,
1297 ( 1 9 3 3 ) .
6.
M . Goldsmith, "F. Joliot-Curie", Lawrence and Wishart
(London) 1 9 7 6 .
7.
Craig D. A n d r e w s , " H o w Cominco Served the Manhattan
Project", Cominco Magazine, May 1970, p. 14.
8.
O. Hahn and F. Strassman, Naturwissenschaften, 2 7 , 89
(1939).
9.
H. v o n Halban, F. Joliot and L. Kowarski, Nature 1 4 3 , 4 7 0
and 6 8 0 ( 1 9 3 9 ) .
March 1993 .
20. Margaret Gowing, "Britain and Atomic Energy 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 " ,
Macmillan (London) 1964.
2 1 . "Postscript
to
Project
November 1 9 5 6 , p.4.
9",
Cominco
Magazine,
22. "The Cominco Story", Consolidated Mining and Smelting
Co. Ltd., 1 9 5 3 .
23. K. Cohen, "The Theory of Isotope Separation", McGraw Hill
(New York) 1 9 5 1 .
24. H.D. Smyth, " A t o m i c Energy for Military Purposes" (The
" S m y t h Report"), Princeton U.P., 1946.
25. B. Goldschmidt, " A t o m i c Rivals", Rutgers U.P., 1990.
26. David Irving, "The Virus House", William Kimber, 1967.
27. "Heavy W a t e r " , Ontario Hydro, 1984.
28. D.J. Carswell, "Introduction to Nuclear Chsmistry" Elsevier
(Amsterdam), 1967.
29. I . B .
Khriplovich,
"The
Eventful
Life
Fritz Houtermans",Physics Today 4 5 , 2 9 (July 1992).
of
30. S. Goudsmit, " A l s o s " , Henry Schuman, 1947.
31. A . Kramish, " A t o m i c Energy in the Soviet Union", Stanford
U.P., 1959.
32. J.L. Gray in "Proceedings of the Nuclear Power and Fusion
Programs of the Canadian Nuclear S o c i e t y " , Montreal, May
1987, p . 1 0 .
33. F.J. Kelly and H. Clberall, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 145 (1966).
34. H.H. Chen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5 5 , 1 6 3 4 (1S85).
SCIENCE POLICY
The Hillbillies of Science Taking stock of the national scientific lobby
(Reprinted with permission from The Science Bulletin. 1 9 9 2 September,
Vol. 4. No. 7)
Terminally naive.
Innocents in a game of hardball.
Arrogant.
Non-existent.
Such are the descriptions of the scientific community's
lobby in Ottawa.
Shocking?
Not really. The community is notoriously nescient about
the nature of the political game. Closeted in their decaying
laboratories, they cling to a belief that their case is so valid,
so inherently logical, it doesn't even have to be made; only
a cretin would fail to see the truth and beauty of it all.
But that, say some of Ottawa's top lobbyists, is science's
first mistake.
Scientists are "probably right" that their case is self-evident,
says the granddaddy of Canadian lobbyists. Bill Neville.
"But every supplicant before government believes that.
And they all have some greater truth to them."
Neville, co-founder of Ottawa's first lobbying firm, president
of the Neville Group and, until recently, B.C.'s hired gun for
the KAON Factory project, adds that "it's not enough to go
in there and simply say you've got to support me because
what I'm doing is good and important. I mean, if we
funded everything that was good and important, we'd have
a $500B deficit."
Scientists are "handicapping themselves if they don't
understand how the system is functioning," adds
Government Policy Consultants senior v.p. Patrick Ross.
"More and more groups are coming to government carrying
their message and some of them are becoming increasingly
sophisticated," he adds. "You've got information overload
and systemic dysfunction. And anybody wanting to have
an impact on that, whether it's a private company or an
industry association, whatever group it is, has got to
understand the system and what its deficiencies are and
how it functions. And they're going to have to be properly
structured and funded to do the job."
But scientists have a block when it comes to lobbying, says
Ian Lee, director of the Carleton U. Centre for the Study of
Business-Government-NGO Relations.
"They see it as
somehow vulgar, dirty, unsavoury, beneath them,
uncivilized."
How damaging is that?
Rather notably. Minister for Science Dr. William Winegard
says there's no question the absence of a strong lobby
hampers efforts to generate monies for S&T programs.
"Within government, there are scarcer and scarcer
resources and you can't sit around the table without every
minister having extraordinarily good programs that they
would like to get off the ground.
I congratulate my
colleagues for their understanding of science and how
important it is in today's context but I'm sure they would
have felt much happier if there had been a powerful voice
saying, 'We need this because'."
Winegard adds a strong lobby would also aid in raising S&T
awareness and help to define national S&T priorities.
"None of us, scientists included, like to rate one thing
against another, particularly if they are in different fields.
But ultimately, that's what's going to have to happen."
When projects like KAON are placed on the table, "It would
be very nice to have some national advice from a group, in
terms of priorities. But I suspect, unfortunately, we're a
long way away from that yet."
Just where, then, is the scientific lobby?
Currently, there are about 2,800 registered lobbyists in
Canada, 800 of which are "Tier I" lobbyists hired
case-by-case to persuade Ottawa to change specific
legislation and regulations or to award grants and contracts.
Another 2000 "Tier II" hillbillies besiege Parliament on
behalf of assocations or interest groups.
Tier I lobbyists are required to disclose the subject matter
of their interventions: in 1991, S&T ranked as the fifth
most frequent
lobbying
undertaking,
with some
2,213 registrations.
Tier II lobbyists aren't required to register their interventions
because they're generally involved in the promotion of all
policies related to their area of operations. Yet, among the
2000 Tier II lobbyists there isn't a national science body on
the order of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the
American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Britain's
Royal Society, or any of its European equivalents. In fact,
to understand the fragmented nature of the Canadian lobby,
it's necessary to view its social, medical and natural science
components separately.
Social scientists effective
Social scientists are by far the most effective and organized
of the lot, reflecting perhaps the reality that they've long
had to fight for every cent they could get. They're
represented by the Social Science Federation of Canada
(SSFC, which is comprised of some 25 societies and
67 universities. Funded through membership fees ($6/head
and fixed rates per university) and through contributions
from the Social Sciences & Humanities Research Council,
the 50-year-old SSFC has a full-time government relations
officer and a $629,000 operating budget. But less than
half of that is devoted to lobbying efforts.
Biomedical scientists are represented by the Can. Federation
of Biological Societies (CFBS), an umbrella group created in
1957 and comprised of 17 societies and roughly
6000 scientists. The CFBS devotes about 40% of its
$383,000/yr budget to "science policy development." But
mars 1 9 9 3
87
it hasn't a full-time lobbyist and its primary function is to
organize an annual multi-disciplinary scientific gathering.
It's not enough to go in there and
simply say you've got to support me
because what I'm doing is good and
important.
I mean, if we funded
everything
that
was good
and
important in this country, we'd have a
$500B deficit.
Natural scientists, the nation's largest bloc, are essentially
unrepresented on the Hill, although a few learned societies,
like the Can. Assoc. of Physicists, are based in Ottawa and
technically operate as advocates for their respective
disciplines. But their activities are largely confined to
disseminating research, organizing scientific conferences
and S&T awareness campaigns in schools. Most do not
view lobbying as anything vaguely like a primary function.
Beyond that, science is indirectly represented by campaigns
mounted by related organizations like the Assoc. of
Universities & Colleges of Canada, the Can. Assoc. of
University Teachers, the Can. Council of Professional
Engineers, and to some degree, by the more effective
industry associations like the Information Technology
Association of Canada.
To the extent a scientific umbrella group exists, it is the
16-year-old National Consortium of Scientific & Educational
Societies
(NCSES),
an
"informal
coalition"
of
35 associations which operates on a shoe-string budget and
confines its activities to organizing an annual meeting and
an annual four-day parade, by 100s of scientists, through
parliamentary offices.
Highly fractured
In short, the science lobby in Canada is highly fractured, if
not incoherent. As NCSES president Dr. Bernard Philogène
says, it's "virtually non-existent" and characterized by
notions that lobbying is someone else's responsibility and
that the cost of advocacy shouldn't come out of scientific
pockets.
"Canadian scientists are all for more efforts to get
government to support science. But when you ask for their
participation, it becomes a problem. I don't hesitate to say
this because I wish Canadian scientists would realize that
unless you put more resources into such a lobbying effort,
the results are going to be proportional to the amount of
financial support that is given."
But perhaps as insidious is the belief that scientists do not
have to justify their cause, that someone else should be
doing that for them because they're far too busy conducting
research. (Nowhere is that political naiveté more often
expressed than in constant demands that the nation's three
granting councils do more lobbying, even though, as arm's
length agencies of government, they're essentially
precluded from doing so.)
March 1993 .
Typical are the arguments
of
CFBS president
Dr. Nicole Bégin-Heick, who contends science's real need is
to develop public awareness campaigns to combat scientific
illiteracy. "If we as scientists are always the ones who are
lobbying, it really becomes self-serving. 1 think we really
need to have other people speak on our behalf. We need,
for instance, to have Canadian industry recognize the need
for research in Canada or speak out on our behalf."
Yet, while well-intentioned and pertinent (in the sense that
it accurately reflects the need to create an economy driven
by S&T innovation), that attitude is precisely where the
scientific community fails, according to lobbying experts.
Everyone's case has to be "justified", says Government
Consultants Int'l v.p. Scott Proudfoot. "The cash cow that
used to be there isn't going to be there in the future. So
you have to look for other sources of funding and maximize
your opportunities, the ones that are available. But you
gotta realize it's going to be very difficult to make that
share grow. And a lot of times what you are engaged in is
basically defensive maneuvering, to try and keep it from
shrinking too much."
Do it yourself
Moreover, that justification is best made by people who are
actually in the field because they're the only ones who truly
believe in the legitimacy of their case, says Harry Near,
president of Near Consultants & Associates and managing
partner in Earnscliffe Strategy Group.
"Nothing replaces hands-on representation by members of
the association. The most effective associations, the most
effective companies, are those who do it themselves, not
people who delegate it off to consultants or lobbyists.
... Quite candidly, it's more credible."
Neville adds that "many groups can use some professional
assistance in developing strategies. But in the end, you've
got to present your own case. You don't hire a guy to
carry the ball for you."
What then are the preconditions for an effective lobby?
The response is almost universal. Scientists must form an
umbrella association to represent their interests and they
must spend the money to set up shop properly, in Ottawa.
That includes a full-time lobbyist, adequate administrative
staff and all the features of a modern office, from
computers to sophisticated telecommunications equipment.
That's important, first and foremost, for reasons of profile.
In fact, many lobbyists express amazement that a
well-educated, generally articulate population, which
survives on government largesse, has only a nominal
presence on the federal scene and such a pathetic
understanding of the political system, while groups from
environmentalists to women are playing the game more
efficiently.
The business lobby has "done a really good job convincing
government that they speak for their members," Proudfoot
notes. "That's really the key to their success in the sense
that government sits there and says, look, if I want to know
what business is thinking, there are poeple I should talk to.
If I want to know what scientists are thinking, who do I talk
to? I mean, you know Tom D'Aquino speaks for the big
guys, corporate interests. You know Bob White speaks for
labor.
You know (Ovide) Mercredi speaks for status
Indians. Who speaks for science?"
"People have to see you as a player in the process that can
help them do their job," Ross adds. "If you're just one
other irritant to have to deal with every six months, they'd
rather not. So you have to bring something to the table.
It's not a one-way flow.
It's hard work and it's
perseverance."
A regular day-to-day presence is vital, Near says. "It's
always better to have established contacts with political
and bureaucratic people in Ottawa, in the areas that are
more likely to be of relevance to you, before you are into a
crisis situation. You've got a level of credibility, as opposed
to a cold call."
"It's not something you do on a one-shot basis on the day
the issue blows up and hits the paper because by that
point, the game's over," Lee says. "In fact, there's an old
saying ... if you have to lobby the politicians, it's becaue
you've already lost the issue. It's a last resort grasping at
straws if you are lobbying Parliament."
The short and sweet reality is that
lobbying costs money, a good deal of
it.
Most consultants say the bare minimum for setting up shop
is $350,000-$500,000/yr. But the alternative, hiring a firm
on a project-by-project basis, can be as expensive. (It's
impossible to precisely fix the cost of such a hired gun.
The lobbyists all wsay it depends on so many variables -the nature of the relationship, the issue, the number of
consulting hours involved -- that they can't project a range
of costs.)
Whatever the alternative, the short and sweet reality is that
lobbying costs money, a good deal of it.
How does science stack up on that score?
Well, even the Cadillac (well, maybe the sedan) of science
lobbies, the SSFC, spends half that kind of cash ($500,000)
on advocacy. "If we had that kind of money, I think we
could do some extraordinary things, says executive-director
Marcel Lauzière.
There's no question "more money is needed," says
Dr. Clement Gauthier, science policy officer for the CFBS
and NCSES, which in 1991 collected $4,475 in membership
fees and is now looking to implement a four-fold increase in
revenues.
$4,475?
A four-fold increase?
That isn't even lunch money for some of the lobbying
factories or powerful advocacy groups in town.
But perhaps as problematic as the funding problem is the
community's inability act in anything like a cohesive
fashion.
Lee notes that from a policy-making perspective, one of the
"most useful functions of a lobby group is that it does
aggregate interests and irons out arguments and
contradictions, internally, before they approach the policy
makers."
Ineffective
"So long as scientists don't take that next step they will
remain ineffective in terms of representing their views to
government," he adds. But currently, "they're not even at
the mechanics stage. They are at the premobilization
stage."
On that score, the biomedical community is one step up on
the natural sciences, as the Assoc. of Can. Medical
Colleges, the CFBS, the Can. Society of Clinical
Investigators and as many as seven other groups are soon
expected to appoint Gauthier to a full-time lobbyist post.
But it remains to be seen how well-funded the operation will
be. And there are disturbing signs the CFBS itself rests on
shaky foundations. Philogène says it's now struggling to
hold scientists who once belonged to the former Biological
Council of Canada within the umbrella.
The natural
science-oriented biologists joined their bio-medical cousins
under the umbrella only a few years ago but "people are
already talking about leaving.
There is no national
consciousness."
Adds Gauthier, "the will to remain together is probably more
important than the money."
On the natural sciences side, the situation is even more
dismal.
The NCSES simply hasn't the resources or the mandate to
play the game. As an informal coalition, its sole lobbying
effort appears to be its annual foray into MPs' offices,
which
Gauthier
defends
as
an
effective
$100,000 $ 120,000 "in-kind contribution (i.e., time) by the
nation's scientists.
But most lobbyists say that sort of sporadic effort is
essentially meaningless. Moreover, the central message of
the campaign that the granting councils are under-funded is
the sort of complaint that doesn't sell in Ottawa.
As Neville notes, "many professional communities feel so
strongly about their own causes. And in a genuine way,
I don't say that critically. But they are not very astute in
understanding that the key to successful government
relations is to match your interests to the government's.
And the second part of that equation is just as important;
that is, you've got to shape and express your self-interest
in a way that has some appeal, some relationship to the
government's
agenda
and some appeal to
the
mars 1993
89
decision-makers, in terms of positive benefit to them as
well. To go in and say, I want you to do this, because it's
good for me, period, is seldom a very effective way to
lobby government."
But long before the community mounts an effective lobbby
strategy, most consultants say it must first devise an
administrative structure to develop and articulate its
objectives.
"There's no way it will succeed," argues Jeffrey Crelinsten,
former executive-director of the defunct Can. Assoc. for the
Advancement of Science, which collapsed in the mid-1980s
for the usual array of reasons:
underfunding,
disorganization, ideological squabbling. "We could never
agree on specific goals and objectives."
"Will all (Canadian scientists) support one organization, with
money, whose mandate is to lobby? I think no. Because
they all have different interests and different needs."
National academy
A few years ago, it had been hoped the august Royal
Society of Canada would slowly descend from its ethereal
heights to play such a role. In fact, when Winegard
announced a $5M/5yr windfall for the body, (see Bulletin,
July/89), one of the explicit elements of the package was
that it develop its role as a national academy.
But little has been done on that front. The Society has
been so busy with other things, (the development of a
program to evaluate research productivity, the promotion of
women in scholarship, an S&T public awareness campaign,
and ongoing coordination of the Global Climate Change
Program), "we haven't been able to focus on this particular
part yet," says executive-director Michael Dence.
Dence also stresses the Society "would not consider itself
as a lobby group" and must "be conscious that just within
our own membership, we cover a broad spectrum of
interests."
Yet, while the Society is working to create a science policy
group to replace the defunct Science Council of Canada, it
must "evolve its own niche," he adds. "Just how we will
work to try and pull things together in Canada is the
challenge really."
In short, the Society would not dream of becoming a hard
lobby. But that's not really surprising because, as one
scientists says, "it is 'above' politics. They wouldn't sully
their hands."
Beyond that half-hearted attempt to create a national
academy lies an embryonic bid to create a Federation of
Associations of S&T. The movement is led largely by
Philogène but even he believes there's little hope of
success.
"I do not think, at this time, that if you ask Canadian
scientists, whatever their discipline, to be a member of a
national body, you would get a very good response.
Scientists in general, in Canada, identify more with their
specialized organizations, the Canadian Society of
Phytology or Entomology, that kind of thing ... People tend
to congregate around their parish, so to speak."
But they are not very astute in
understanding
that
the
key
to
successful government relations is to
match
your
interests
to
the
government's
March 1993 .
Yet how is it that the SSFC is able to mount a unified front
despite the fact that it too represents a disparate
community, from psychologists to historians? Government
relations officer Carol Martin says there's a natural
commonality of interests: the need to improve funding
levels and to ensure that federal policy is developed with
input from the scientists themselves. "A coalition gives
them a much greater voice."
Wouldn't the same be true for physicists and chemists, or
engineers and scientists?
Proudfoot speculates specialization is at the root of the
natural scientists' inability to develop a unified voice.
"Everyone has got their own little discipline, which means
everyone has got their own little project and that's what
interests them. To go from that situation, to comment on
a series of general policies that may be seen in the long run
to do them some benefit, and to be actively involved in
promoting those policies, might be a bit of a stretch."
"They act in an ad hoc manner, each competing for their
own special projects", adds Michael Coates, senior v.p. of
lobbying factory Hill & Knowlton.
North-south influence
Former Science Council chairman Janet Halliwell adds there
are also geographical and cultural reasons for Canadian
science's inability to develop a "profile and a coherent voice
... members tend to join the U.S. organizations and they
give the Canadian-based organizations little time and little
money. There is a real north-south influence .... And we
don't have many stewards or leaders who think not only of
themselves but of the community. We have some, but not
many, who are a) politically astute; and b) sufficiently
confident to speak out. We tend to train our scientists and
engineers in the content, but not the context."
However, there are even more invidious reasons for the
ineffectiveness of the lobby. It is a function, in part, of the
community's attitude towards politics generally, an attitude
best reflected in the rather relentless debate as to whether
or not the interests of science are being subordinated to
those of industry under the government's economic agenda.
That attitude mystifies lobbyists. As one hired gun notes,
"I don't get it. Money is money. Somebody has to pay for
the research and who can really tell what you're doing in
your laboratory anyways?"
Yet the reality is most scientists believe that any form of
targetted federal or industrial monies constitutes a basic
threat to academic freedom. And they generally don't
accept the premise that they have an obligation to ensure
that the economy is strong enough so that Canadian's can
continue to afford to allow them to indulge their research
whims.
"The way to progress is to get into the backroom really fast
and quick and spend money on consultants and lobbyists.
That's a very hard lesson."
Nevertheless, the lobbyists argue that the government's
'prosperity initiative' represents an excellent opportunity for
scientists to make a strategic case for more funding based
on the premise that S&T innovation is a necessary
precondition to economic growth.
In theory, that shouldn't be a difficult concept for scientists
to grasp, given the inherently political nature of peer review
and the talents required to be successful at grantsmanship,
i.e., a curious ability to tell half-truths.
But the reality is, that's the nature of the game.
Salesmanship
But that's a pitch scientists shy away from. As Neville
notes, "they don't like to kind of reduce what they are
doing down to economic activity, in the sense that it's
demeaning in their eyes. But I think, given the kind of
financial situation that governments are in, you've got to be
able to offer them some pay-off, if you will."
Yet, far more comfortable, from the scientists' perspective,
is traffic in the arcane notion that politicians actually
represent the aggregate opinions of their constituents and
that, if only Canadians could be persuaded, through public
awareness campaigns, to support S&T, all would be well.
This despite evidence "that not every government policy is
supported by its citizens" as one lobbyist notes, (in perhaps
the understatement of decades).
Simply put, the era of backbench MPs having an influence
on policy and of governments representing the aggregate
interests of individuals has long since passed, Lee says.
"Since the advent of mass media, MPs have essentially
been by-passed. They are not conduits of policy demands
any longer because groups have professionalized and they
make their demands directly to the public service or through
the media. ... That isn't to say that focussing on a few key
critical ministers wouldn't work. That's a different issue."
From that perspective, the abysmal state of science's
relations with the media is equally problematic, as is
science's notorious reluctance to spend even a dollar on
communications budgets because, after all, that's one less
dollar for research. As one senior federal official says,
scientists seem "pathologically unable to recognize that
more monies can accrue from small investments in
marketing."
Yet another barrier to a unified scientific front lies in the
polite fiction (see Bulletin, April/90) that science only
supports excellence and only does so through 'impartial'
peer review.
Nowhere has that been more evident than in the reaction of
the community to the high-pressure lobbying tactics of B.C.
during the fractious KAON debate. As highly-respected
Memorial U. president and former NSERC chief Dr. Art May
noted at the time, "if KAON proceeds, the lesson will be
clear. The way to success is not to put a well-contrived
case on the table, a well-documented and well-analyzed
case, and let the peer review processes that have worked
so very well over half a century or so in this country decide.
Proudfoot notes the denial of the need for salesmanship is
surprising given that it is so prevalent within science itself;
"all you have to do is look at AIDS research. ... Why is
there more money going to AIDS than to schizophrenia?
Why does one group get more money than another? It's
not that they are not all worthwhile. It's that some group
or group of interests have been really promoting the
interests of that area of research."
Yet that points to still another barrier, i.e., the competitive
nature of science. As Coates notes, "in the end, everyone
is competing against their colleagues (for funding) on
projects."
Coates adds that while umbrella associations can advance
the cause and possibly expand the general pool of monies
available for all of science, they can't really serve as an
adequate lobby for an individual scientific project. That
requires hiring your own guns.
"To be truly effective, you almost have to advance your
own projects and needs. The problem with an umbrella
organization is that it's pretty limited to what it can do,
because of the competing interests that report through to
it."
But nearly all other lobbyists say a strong organization, with
an effective strategy, can be extraordinarily successful in
expanding the overall pie, (which scientists can then
squabble over internally).
However, "it must be able to push a specific set of policies
that they feel will help their people, either more funding, or
certain tax things, or other sort of arrangements with
government or industry or what have you," Proudfoot says.
Will all (Canadian scientists) support
one organization, with money, whose
mandate is to lobby?
/ think no.
Because they all have
different
interests and different needs
First, you must have a clearly-articulated agenda, Ross
adds. "If you don't know what you want, you shouldn't be
surprised if you don't get it. ... Structure, (i.e., a tactical
plan) follows strategy. Once you know what you want you
can put together a strategy and then any idiot can put
together a structure to help you achieve those objectives."
mars 1993
91
And once you have an agenda, you must keep the
membership in line, Near says. "Associations are only
effective if the membership buys into the objectives, so if
you have, basically, crudely put, dissension in the ranks
... everything is for naught.
So there has to be a
consistency and a discipline to try and achieve whatever it
is you are doing."
But for that dynamic to play out, an association must also
represent a political bloc. (That science does not now
constitute such a constituency is self-evident. Witness the
government's decision to axe the Science Council knowing
full well that there would be nary an outcry, let alone
serious political ramifications, see Bulletin March/92).
Need cohesive unit
As for the mechanics of the actual lobby, Neville says those
can be reduced to three simple parameters:
"issue
definition," (i.e., "framing your need in a way that is
relevant to government, to decision-makers and to the
community at large"); "political head-counting" (i.e.,
developing alliances within industry or academia); and
finally, demonstrating "that the money will be wisely and
productively used in the context that is being talked about."
"Scientists tend to skip over the first two. I always stress
that those are in sequential order. And if they don't define
the issue and mount some alliances, whether or not you've
got a grand plan is almost irrelevant because you won't get
to that stage. If you don't have a good case, the smartest
guy in the world isn't going to fix it for you. Lobbying isn't
just a fixer's business."
What it is, says Lee, is a "two-way street. The government
attempts to influence firms, trade associations or
non-governmental organizations, to accept government
policy. And likewise, firms, NGOs and trade assocations try
to influence government. So it's a mutual process. ... the
government is looking for legitimation and (in exchange) it
is willing to modify its policies."
Scientists would be "a lot further along" if they acted as a
more cohesive political unit, Proudfoot says.
They must be willing to wield "the stick" of electoral wrath,
Lee adds. "You cannot be atavistic individuals pursuing
individual interests. They have to see themselves as a
collectivity. But in a sense, they are too anarchic. I'm
being very cautious here, because I have tremendous
respect for scientists. But on the level of influencing public
policy, they are not doing very well."
Science Bulletin is an independent newsletter on Canadian
S&T policy
For subscription information, you can write to:
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or call (613) 789-6458 or (416) 855-2840.
1 9 9 3 Sustaining Membres // Membres de Soutien
A . John Alcock
H.R. A n d r e w s
J. Brian Atkinson
C. Bruce Bigham
H . A . Buckmaster
Hugh Carmichael
Laurent G. Caron
Allan I. Carswell
Robert L. Clarke
W . G . Davies
Christian D e m e r s
Gerald Dolling
Gordon W . F . Drake
Martin H. Edwards
Earl J. Fjarlie
March 1993 .
D . J . W . Geldart
William M . Gray
Geoffrey C. Hanna
John Stephen Hebron
Gerhard Herzberg
A . Hirose
Roger H o w a r d
Allan E. Jacobs
J. Larkin Kerwin
J a m e s D. King
Georgina M . Lees
Ron M . Lees
Roger A . Lessard
Alexander Lightstone
A.E. Litherland
A . David M a y
Jasper S . C . M c K e e
J-L Meunier
Raymond Michel
J.C. Douglas Milton
Allan A . Offenberger
Satti Paddi Reddy
J . M . Robson
Donald W . L . Sprung
Boris P. Stoicheff
E.L. Tomusiak
Paul S. V i n c e t t
Erich V o g t
Plus t w o others w h o wish to
remain anonymous
CALENDAR / CALENDRIER
Sixth Annual Electric Energy Forum -- Electricity For Our
Future:
Balancing Regional Interest -- 1993 May 2-4,
Victoria, B.C. How do the costs and benefits of energy use
and development affect the political, social and economic
conditions in society? Starting from a global perspective,
the speakers will move to regional issues with a focus on
British Columbia and its relationship with other provinces
and states in the Pacific Northwest. Discussion groups will
explore a number of current issues related to future energy
use and development. Sponsored by B.C. Hydro and the
B.C. Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources.
For additional information, contact Andrew Baker, B.C.
Hydro, 15th Floor, 333 Dunsmuir St., Vancouver, B.C., V6B
5R3. Tel: (604) 623-4117; Fax: (604) 623-3925.
14th Canadian Seminar on Surfaces, 1993 May 26-29,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. In conjunction
with the seminar, a workshop on Scanning Tunneling and
Atomic Force Microscropy will be held on May 29. For
further information, please contact:
D.J. Thomson,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2.
Tel: (204) 474-8797; Fax: (204) 261-4639, or E-Mail:
[email protected].
Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics and Self-Organization in
Chemical Systems, 76th Canadian Society for Chemistry
Conference,
1993 May 30 - June 3.
For further
information, please contact: J.P. Laplante, Dept. of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, RMC, Kingston,
Ontario, K7J 5L0. Tel: (613) 541-6353; Fax: 542-9489.
Symposium on Ultrashort Pulse Lasers and Dense Plasmas,
1993 June 13, Simon Fraser University, B.C.
CISR Workshop: Materials Research with Synchrotron
Radiation, 1993 June 13-16, Simon Fraser University, B.C.
CAP 1993 Annual Congress, 1993 June 13-16, Simon
Fraser University, B.C.
67th Annual Colloid and Surface Science Symposium,
1993 June 20-23, University of Toronto.
For further
information, please contact: Michael L. Hair, Research
Fellow, Xerox Research Centre of Canada.
Fifth
Canadian
Materials
Science
Conference,
1993 June 22-25, Royal Military College of Canada,
Kingston, Ontario. Incorporating the 43rd Canadian Metal
Physics Conference and the 17th Canadian Metal Chemistry
Conference, the CMSC invites research papers on the
processing, microstructure, and properties of materials.
Financial assistance is avaiable for student travelling more
than 300 km to Kingston. For further information, please
contact: Dr. W.T. Thompson, Department of Chemical and
Materials Engineering, RMC, Kingston, Ontario, K7K 5L0.
Tel: (613) 544-6159; Fax: (613) 544-7900.
Sixth International Conference on Multi-photon Processes,
1993 June 24-30, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Abstract
deadline: 1993 February 12. For more information, please
contact: Optical Society of America, Meetings Department,
2010 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C.
Tel: (202) 233-0920; Fax: (202) 416-6100.
Biophysics of the Cell Membrane, 1993 August 8-20,
Simon Fraser University, B.C. The meeting is a summer
school sponsored by the Biophysical Society of Canada and
the Canadian Association of Physicists. The intended
audience includes researchers, postdoctoral fellows and
senior graduate students. Limited financial support will be
available to participants. For further information, please
contact: Profs. David Boal or Michael Wortis, Dept. of
Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, V5A 1S6.
The Twelfth Annual Scientific Meeting and Exhibition of the
Society
of
Magnetic
Resonance
in
Medicine,
1993 August 14-20, New York, New York. For more
information, please contact SMRM, 1918 University Ave.,
Suite 3C, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Tel: (510) 841-1899.
Fax: (510) 841-2340.
EPS 9 - Trends in Physics, 1993 September 14-17, Firenze,
Italy. This is the nineth General Conference of the
European Physical Society.
Deadline for abstracts is
1993 April 2.
For further information, please contact
R.A. Ricci, INFN via Romea 4, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Forty-Sixth Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference,
1993 October 19-22, Montreal, Quebec, hosted by the
Université de Montréal, sponsored by APS and DAMP. For
further information, see the "News" section of this issue or
contact Michel Moisan, Secretary, 46th Gaseous Electronics
Conference, Département de physique, Université de
Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7.
Tel: (514)
343-6671; E-Mail: [email protected].
Fourth International Conference on Improvement of
Materials, 1993 December 1-3, Euro Disney Resort, Paris,
France. Papers can be submitted on the following topics:
Surface
Treatments;
Fatigue,
Fracture,
Stress;
Welding &
Joining; Corrosion & Erosion; Laser Metal Processing;
Tribology; and Composites Materials & Structures.
Abstracts (200 words) are due by 1993 March 30. For
further information, please contact: Institute for Industrial
Technology Transfer, 94 Promenade A. Ballu, F-93460
Bournay
sur
Marne.
Tel:
33-1 - 4 5 9 2 1 77 1;
Fax: 33-1-45929215, Telex: 250303 (Att. IITT).
CAP
1994
Annual
Congress,
tentative
dates
1994 June 26-29, University of Regina, Saskatchewan.
1994 World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering, 1994 August 21-24, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
For further information, please contact Solange Oliveira,
Congress Secretariat, Rua do Ouvidor, 60/414, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 20040.
12th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes,
1994 June 13-17, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For further
information, please contact A.D. May, Physics Department,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7.
Fax: (416) 978-5848.
Joint Meeting - DAMOP (APS) / DAMP (CAP),
1995 May 17-19, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For further
information, please contact A.D. May, Physics Department,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7.
Fax: (416) 978-5848.
CAP 1995 Annual Congress — 50th Anniversary, tentative
dates 1995 June 18-21, Université Laval, Quebec.
mars 1993
93
NEWS / NOUVELLES
New Science Minister Launches Teachers Awards with
Boost from Canada's Latest Astronaut
(ISTC News Release dated 1993 Jan. 22)
On behalf of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, the Honourable
Tom Hockin, Minister for Science, announced a new awards
program for excellence in science, technology and
mathematics teaching. Canadian astronaut Steve MacLean
was on board to help launch the program designed to
honour some of Canada's most outstanding elementary and
secondary school teachers.
"I can't think of a group that is more important to the future
of this country than teachers," said Dr. Hockin. "What they
give our children is not only knowledge, but a desire to
learn and a commitment to go on learning."
The Prime Minister's Awards for Teaching Excellence in
Science, Technology and Mathematics program responds to
recommendations from the National Advisory Board on
Science and Technology and the Steering Group on
Prosperity, among others. It has received support from
provincial and territorial governments, as well as key private
sector groups. In announcing the program, Dr. Hockin
invited companies and other organizations interested in
supporting science, technology and mathematics education
to become involved in this exciting new initiative.
The program will honour up to 375 teachers and other
educators who have had a major, proven impact on student
performance and interest in science, technology and
mathematics. Awards totalling $585,000 will be offered
each year at the national, provincial/territorial and local
level. Winners will receive Certificates of Excellence and
cash awards worth $7,000 at the national level, $3,000 at
the provincial/territorial level, and $1,000 at the local level.
Awards will be shared by winning educators and their
schools with 2/3 allocated to the educator for professional
and personal use and 1/3 to the school.
"Strong skills in science, mathematics, and technology are
essential in today's society," said Dr. Hockin. "As we
approach the 21st century, they will become critical. To
compete internationally, Canada must have trained
scientists, engineers and technologists. A good teacher can
open doors for young people in these key areas and set
them on the road to exciting and important careers."
The awards are open to all elementary and secondary
school teachers who have taught full-time for at least three
years. Nominations can be made by anyone with direct
knowledge of the educator's contribution to science,
technology or mathematics teaching, including parents,
students, principals, colleagues and/or the nominee himself
or herself.
Winners will be selected by committees comprised of
representatives from a broad range of interests including
teachers associations, parent-teacher groups, business,
labour, post-secondary science, technology or mathematics
faculties, and education officials.
March 1993 .
The program is administered on behalf of Industry, Science
and Technology Canada by the Canadian Centre for
Creative Technology.
The deadline for receipt of
nominations for awards is April 30, 1993. Copies of the
guidelines and nomination form may be obtained by
contacting:
The Prime Minister's Awards for Teaching Excellence
in Science, Technology and Mathematics
c/o Canadian Centre for Creative Technology
Suite 206 - 20641 Logan Avenue
Langley, B.C. V3A 7R3
(604) 888-3030
or calling the Science and Technology Hotline
toll free at 1-800-465-7766
For further information, contact Lynn Stevenson at ISTC
(tel: (613) 991-3822).
Winner of Canada Gold Medal for Lifetime Scientific
Achievement Announced
(Extracted from an NSERC Communiqué released 1993
January 19)
Pierre Deslongchamps, a professor of chemistry at the
University of Sherbrooke, is the 1993 winner of the Canada
Gold Medal for Science and Engineering. "The Gold Medal
award recognizes Dr. Deslongchamps' extraordinary 30-year
career at the forefront of international research in organic
chemistry," said Dr. Morand. A pioneer in the synthesis of
molecules, Deslongchamps has spearheaded advances in
the fabrication of complex organic chemicals -- a key
contribution to many areas of science, as well as to the
search for more effective drugs.
Dr. Deslongchamps' total synthesis of the complex natural
molecule ryanodol and the antibiotic erythromycin A are
considered milestones in organic chemistry, as is his
discovery of the role of 'steroelectronic effects' in
controlling certain organic reactions.
He is currently
engaged in research to develop a compreheinsive technique
enabling the synthesis of a large variety of organic
molecules. If successful, this work could revolutionize the
way in which organic chemists approach problems of
synthesis.
The 1993 Steacie Fellows are:
Dr. Philippe Gros, a
biochemist at McGill University; Dr. Dolph Schluter, an
ecologist and evolutionary biologist at the University of
British Columbia; Dr. Ole Hindsgaul, a carbohydrate chemist
at the University of Alberta; and Di. T.K. Kyser, a
geochemist at the University of Saskatchewan.
The NSERC Doctoral Prizes were awarded to: Eric Poisson,
a graduate of the Theoretical Physics Institute, University of
Alberta; Robert McNamara, Department of Psychology,
University
of
Victoria;
Colin Bradley,
Mechanical
Engineering, University of Victoria; and Stephen Brown,
Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto.
The Canada Gold Medal, Steacie Fellowships, and NSERC
Doctoral prizes will be officially presented at a ceremony in
Ottawa in June.
Universities • Accountability, Openness and Governance
(CAUT Press release dated 1993 January 29)
The Canadian Association of University Teachers, which
represents 26,000 faculty, professional librarians and
researchers in Canadian universities, today released the
report of an Independent Study Group on university
governance, openness and accountability.
The authors argue that the university should be
self-governing to maintain the free and independent nature
of its teaching and research mission. To ensure this they
recommend that the main structures of the university be
reformed.
Internal self-oovernment
They consider the senate or general faculties' council to be
the key.
They recommend reforms to make senates
effective, giving them responsibility in budgetary as well as
academic matters, a more significant role in the choice of
senior administrators, and a prominent place in ensuring
quality within the university. The authors recommend
structural changes including an independent speaker, an
elected executive, and joint committees with the board of
governors.
The report calls for smaller but more effective boards of
governors which are more representative of the community.
Boards need to ensure that administrators and faculty carry
out the academic mission of the university as articulated by
the senate and need to be effective advocates of the
university to the community and the government.
The authors also recommend the choice of administrators
who can work with the academic community and with the
general public rather than those who favour top-down
administrative styles.
There is a persistent trend in
management literature to favour managerial styles that
encourage creativity and more effective involvement by all
who work for a corporation. Excellence and creativity
cannot be commanded. They must be encouraged and
supported. To this end the report recommends structures
for the choice of senior administrators, the renewal of their
positions, and the functioning of their offices.
Accountability to the public
The report states that internal self-government can only be
justified if the universities are effectively accountable to the
general public. It recognizes that provincial governments
must be responsible for system-wide decisions about
postsecondary education (increasing or decreasing the size
of the system, student fees, opening or closing expensive
professional faculties). Governments should only take these
decisions after real public consultation and after opening
their own files about the issue at hand to the public and the
media.
The report rejects quick fixes and trendy solutions. It
rejects value-for-money auditing because it allows auditors
to impose their political agenda and substitute themselves
as the real rulers of the universities.
It cautions against over-reliance on statistical performance
indicators. Not everything the university does can be
quantified.
The authors make three key recommendations to the
universities themselves. They call first for much more
openness.
The meetings of senates and boards of
governors should be open. The line budget should be open.
The salaries of senior administrators and faculty should be
public as should their academic curricula vitae. All other
salaries should be available in tabular form showing means
and averages for particular ranks.
There should be effective conflict-of-interest regulations for
members of the board, the administration and the faculty.
No one should serve on boards of governors who is an
employee or partner of a major supplier to the university of
goods or services such as the university solicitors, the
insurance carrier and the like.
The second major recommendation is for a national system
of accreditation, run by the universities but with a
substantial
representation
of
the
public
interest.
Governments cannot run accreditation systems because
they are the paymaster and are in conflict of interest.
There will always be a temptation to argue that however
underfunded the system, it is the best in the world.
Politicians are prone to announce that everything they do is
world-class, particularly when it isn't. The authors fear that
Canada will balkanize its higher education and create ten
provincial accrediting agencies just at the moment that one
of our major competitors, the European Community, is
going in the exact opposite direction. The authors call for
a national
agency
acceptable
to
English
and
French-speaking institutions.
Failing agreement, there
would have to be two agencies.
The third major recommendation is for accountability in
research and teaching.
Universities should negotiate
procedures to ensure the highest degree of safety in their
labs, that fraud and misconduct in research is dealt with
effectively, and that the research of the universities is
accessible not only to business but to all those groups in
the community that might benefit from it. In teaching,
faculty should be encouraged to produce ongoing teaching
dossiers
about their methods, course
structures,
examination techniques, etc. which can be judged by
promotion committees. Departments should hold regular
sessions on teaching methods in the discipline. Students
should be surveyed for their reactions to their courses.
Teaching awards should be encouraged.
Finally the authors call on governments to consider
non-bureaucratic approaches. They recall that in 1987 the
federal government and the provinces held a highly
successful national forum on postsecondary education
where both those inside and outside the university debated
the major issues. They suggest that such a forum should
be an annual fixture. Only with public debate can we know
where we want to go and how to get there.
mars 1993
95
Members of the Commission:
Guy Bourgeault - President of the Quebec Press Council,
past President of the Canadian Commission for UNESCO
and professor of educational sciences at the Université de
Montréal.
Ken McGovern - Chair of the Department of Philosophy of
the University of Regina and former President of CAUT.
Ernst Benjamin - General Secretary of the American
Association of University Professors who is a political
scientist and a former director of adult education at Wayne
State University in Detroit.
The Study Group started work in 1991 and has held
extensive hearings with groups from both inside and outside
the university community. It issued an interim draft report
in the fall of 1992 to all the interested parties for comment
and suggestions.
For further information, contact the Canadian Association
of University Teachers, 294 Albert Street, Suite 308,
Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6E6.
Tel: (613) 237-6885;
Fax: (613) 237-2105.
BC Science and Engineering Awards - Nomination» are Needed
(Science Council of BC News Release dated Jan. 18, 1993)
The Science Council of British Columbia is looking for
people who have made a meaningful contribution to science
and engineering within the province of British Columbia.
The awards are this province's highest honor for
achievement in science and engineering, and past
candidates have come from a full spectrum of scientific
interests and activities. With the Science Council of British
Columbia accepting nominations for this year's competition
only until March 31, 1993, you should act now.
What makes these awards different from any other is that
they can only be given to scientists, engineers, and
innovators working in British Columbia. The awards carry
with them significant prestige, and public recognition. This
is especially true for younger scientists and engineers,
winning acclaim for their discoveries and achievements
early in their career.
Three Gold Medals are awarded each year, chosen from the
categories of Engineering and Applied Science, Health
Sciences, Industrial Innovation, and Natural Sciences.
Intended to recognize a single outstanding discovery,
innovation, or contribution to knowledge, both individuals
and small teams are eligible.
Three specialized awards have also been created to
recognize specific areas of achievement - the Cecil Green
Award for Entrepreneurial Science, the Science Council
Chairman's Award for Career Achievement, and the
Eve Savory Award for Science Communication.
Anyone can submit a nomination, except Science Council
staff, and members of the Science Council's Awards
Committee which review the nominations.
96
Physics in Canada
March 1993 .
The nomination procedure itself is painless, taking only a
short time to complete. Nomination forms are available
from the Science Council of British Columbia office, along
with guidance if needed.
All nominations for the British Columbia Science and
Engineering Awards should be sent to the Science Council
Office at Suite 800, 4710 Kingsway, Burnaby, B.C.,
V5H 4M2.
Phone (604) 438-2752, or toll free at
1 -800-665-SCBC (7222). Fax (604) 438-6564.
3,300 Young Canadians Win Canada Scholarships
(Extracted from ISTC News Release dated 1992 Nov. 6)
Science Minister William Winegard and Canadian astronaut
Roberta Bondar today [1992 November 6] launched the
1992-93 Canada Scholarships Program.
The Canada
Scholarships Program represents a $155 million, eight-year
investment by the Government of Canada in the training of
scientists, engineers, technicians, and technologists.
Awarded on the basis of outstanding academic
performance, Canada Scholarships are worth up to $8,000
for up to four years for university studies, and up to $6,000
for up to three years for studies at colleges, cégeps, and
technical institutes, in eligible programs
The Canada
Scholarships will increase from $2,000 per year to $2,500
per year in 1993. The Canada Scholarships are divided
about equally between men and women.
For further information, please contact Bernard Chabot at
ISTC. Phone (613) 993-5452.
CISR Workshop:
Material Research with Synchrotron
Radiation, 1993 June 13-16, Simon Fraser University
(D. Crozier, SFU)
The Canadian Institute of Synchrotron Radiation, CISR, is
holding a Workshop: Material Research with Synchrotron
Radiation in parallel with the CAP Congress, June 13-16,
Simon Fraser University. The purposes of the Workshop are
to inform the Physics community and the broader scientific
community of the applications and research frontiers of
synchrotron radiation, to indicate and to define present and
future opportunities for Canadian Universities, government
laboratories and industries. Workshop participants may
wish to attend the Condensed Matter Symposium on
Sunday, June 13 which will feature synchrotron radiation,
neutron, and muon spin resonance speakers. On Monday
and Tuesday invited and contributed papers will involve
time-resolved diffraction and absorption studies, industrial
applications (lithography, micromachinhg), materials,
surfaces/interfaces, and small angle scattering, as well as
Swedish and American soft and hard x-ray synchrotron
radiation sources. Wednesday will be devoted to the future
of synchrotron radiation in Canada. Researchers currently
active in the area will give overviews of their research and
indicate the future requirements of their home institutions.
Further information can be obtained f r o m Daryl Crozier, Physics
Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V 5 A 1S6. Tel:
6 0 4 - 2 9 1 - 4 4 6 5 ; fax: 6 0 4 - 2 9 1 - 3 5 9 2 ; e-mail: [email protected].
PROFESSIONALISM AND THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS:
STATUS REPORT 1992
by the CAP Committee on Professionalism*
The Canadian Association of Physicists has its roots in
professionalism111. It was established as the Canadian
Association of Professional Physicists in the 1940s. It very
quickly became the learned society covering physics in
Canada. In spite of this, elements of concern over the
non-existence of self-governing professional bodies covering
physicists continued to appear. In 1984, the exclusive
practice of the professional engineer in Ontario could have
covered all that a physicist and other natural scientists
might do12"31. Since that period, the CAP has had a
Committee on Professionalism. In 1989, the Committee
prepared a Report on Professionalism141.
The report
recommended that natural scientists act collectively and
establish in each province and territory a professional body
covering natural scientists. As a result of recommendations
in the report, the CAP Council directed that a questionnaire
on professionalism be organized. The questionnaire was
approved in 1990 and circulated in 1991. The results were
presented at the 1992 CAP Annual Congress and are
summarized in this article. They deomnstrate that there is
strong support to organize self-governing professional
bodies covering physicists. The support was stronger to do
this with other scientists than with physicists alone. The
CAP Council has approved motions providing a clear
direction to procees on the formation of self-governing
professional bodies covering physicists.
This article is written to provide details on the questionnaire
and the motions approved by the CAP Council. It is also
written to invite all physicists who read this article to show
their support by completing the support form at the end of
the article and mailing it to the CAP Office in Ottawa.
Should there be other natural scientists who read this article
they are encouraged to raise the subject of self-governing
professional bodies covering natural scientists with their
learned society and communicate with the Canadian
Association of Physicists, Suite 903, 151 Slater Street,
Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3.
THE QUESTIONNAIRE ON PROFESSIONALISM
March 31, 1992 was the deadline for the submission of
replies to the questionnaire on professionalism which was
sent to members with their annual renewal package for
1992. The questionnaire was also sent to members of
Ontario Hydro who had a degree in physics.
The
questionnaire had been published earlier in Physics in
Canada151, but there were too few responses to be
processed. None of these responses are included in the
summary that follows.
D.H. Rendell, G. Stroink, M . J . Bronskill, P. Kirkby (Chair),
F.J. Morgan, E.H. H a r a , H . A . Buckmaster, H.R. Krouse,and
B. Cyca
There were 482 replies, of which 372 were members of the
CAP and 110 were non-members.
The replies from
non-members were predominantly from members of Ontario
Hydro. The results are summarized in three tables, such
that Table 1 covers all the replies, Table 2 covers members
only, and Table 3 covers non-members only.
Table 1, Item 7, shows that 306 (yes) to 150 (no) support,
in principle, physicists establishing a stronger legal
profession in Canada (67%). Item 10 shows that 268 to
181 support exploring this with other scientists (60%),
where Item 9 shows that 246 to 210 support exploring this
with physicists alone (54%). The mathematical union of
those supporting Item 10 or Item 9 is 350 to 117 (75%).
All these figures show a majority support action in the
professional area.
The geographic distribution, given in Table 4, shows that
the support is throughout the country. This table covers all
replies, those from members and those from non-members.
Table 5 summarizes the percentage figures quoted in the
previous paragraph and the corresponding percentages
calculated for members from Table 2 and for non-members
from Table 3. It is particularly interesting to see the
homogeneity amongst members and the non-members!
There is, however, a clear difference in the responde to
Item 8 on reserve of title. Non-members, 62 to 46, support
a reserve of title (57%), whereas members, 178 to 167, do
not support a reserve of title (52%).
CAP COUNCIL
On 4 April 1992, the results of the questionnaire were
presented to the CAP Council. At the time, 471 replies had
been processed. An additional 11 were at the CAP office
to be included and are in the results provided above. After
discussion of the results of the questionnaire, Council
approved two motions, providing a direction in the area of
professionalism for physicists in Canada:
That the CAP Council support(s), in principle, the
establishment of a stronger professional position
for physicists in Canada.
That the CAP Council support(s), in principle, the
establishment of professional acts in each of the
provinces and territories in Canada covering
physicists and other scientists or physicists, as
local physicists wish.
The CAP Council proceeded very carefully to reach this
position.
Council wished to have a view of the
membership's position before considering these motions.
These were two of three recommendations from the report
prepared by the Committee on Professionalism in 198914'.
mars 1993
97
On 25 November 1989, Council had shown a consensus on
the third recommendation that the report be distributed to
other scientific societies and that a questionnaire be
organized. The draft questionnaire went to Council on
17 June 1990 and was approved on 20 June 1990.
Council was particularly careful to ensure that members had
the opportunity to be heard before Council considered the
motions.
Recognizing that there is a strong polarization within the
CAP membership, the Committee on Professionalism
decided to put before Council a motion to ensure that there
was a well-defined
direction that
demonstrated
statesmanship. The motion was:
That the CAP Council
(A) support(s) professional bodies providing a
sole right of title to physicists,
(B)
oppose(s) professional bodies providing a
sole right of practice to physicists, save for
the particular cases where there is a direct
public interest that warrants it.
This motion was approved by Council on 24 October 1992.
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
The CAP Council has given approval towards a direction
that leads towards the establishment of self-governing
professional bodies covering physicists. It is now up to
physicists in each province and territory to initiate action.
The Committee on Professionalism presented the following
plan to Council. It will take time and great care is needed
to do things well.
2.3 Pilot the bill through the provincial asse.imbly involved.
2.4 Build the professional association.
Third Phase
3.1 Create other professional
provinces and territories.
associations
in
other
3.2 Create a national umbrella body that has as members
the individual provincial associations.
The Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC) is currently very
active in the area of professionalism covering chemists.
The CSC held a panel discussion on professionalism for the
chemist in their conference held in Edmonton 1992. The
January 1993 issue of Canadian Chemical News contains
five articles on professionalism. The position of the CAP
has been presented both at the conference and in the issue
of Canadian Chemical News. Interactions with other
scientific groups have occurred. This includes biologists.
These interactions will be renewed now that the CAP has
established a direction in the area of professionalism.
INVITATION FOR SUPPORT
If you wish to show your support, please complete the form
below showing your support and provide a financial
contribution ($20 is suggested). If you are prepared to be
on a committee for your province, or contrioute your effort
in other ways, please add this to the form.
Further information may be obtained from Peter Kirkby,
KR260, Research Division, Ontario Hydro, 800 Kipline
Avenue,
Toronto,
Ontario,
M8Z
5Z4.
Phone: (416) 207-6957; Fax: (416) 207-5622.
First Phase
REFERENCES
1.1 Promote to physicists the results of the questionnaire
and the direction approved by the CAP Council. Use
this as the opportunity to recruit potential members in
the physics community who support the establishment
of professional bodies covering physicists.
1.
A.D. Meisener, The Canadian Association of Physicists
- A Historical Review, Physics in Canada, vol. 34, no.
5, 1978, pp. 103-110.
2.
The Professional Engineers Act, Physics in Canada,
vol. 40, no. 2, 1984, p. 50.
3.
Peter Kirkby, The Professional Status of the Physicist,
and Other Natural Scientists in Canada, Physics in
Canada, vol. 40, no. 5, 1984, pp. 113, 114, and 116.
Second Phase
4.
2.1 Select one or more provinces where there is an active
core of scientists who are prepared to organize a drive
to attract members and funds for a professional body.
The CAP Committee on Professionalism, The
Professional Scientist in Canada, vol. 45, no. 4, 1989,
pp. 114-119.
5.
Peter Kirkby, Background on the Questionnaire on
Professionalism, Physics in Canada, vol.47, no. 1,
1991, pp. 21-22.
1.2 Promote to other scientists the results of the
questionnaire, the direction approved by the CAP
Council and the article the professional scientists in
Canada141.
2.2 Draft the appropriate act and ensure the wording is
appropriate.
March 1993 .
TABLE 1
QUESTIONNAIRE ON PROFESSIONALISM
Summary of all the Replies: 4 8 2
No.
1
QUESTION
YES
NO
No Reply
Are you a member of the CAP?
372
110
0
Are you an affiliate of the CAP?
8
474
0
16
466
0
4
478
0
29
452
1
Are you a student member of the CAP?
Are you a corporate member of the CAP?
Are you a former member of the CAP?
4
Do you work in the academic sector?
255
218
9
5
Do you work in the applied or industrial sector?
223
211
48
6
Has your work brought you in contact with professionals covered by
statutes?
370
102
10
7
Do you support, in principle, physicists establishing a stronger legal
profession in Canada?
306
150
26
229
224
29
8
Do you support physicists having a reserve of title such as chartered
physicist?
9
Do you support the principle of exploring the establishment of professional
bodies covering physicists alone?
246
210
26
bodies covering natural scientists, including physicists?
268
181
33
350
117
15
350
106
26
10
9
&10
11
Support for the principle of exploring the establishment of professional
bodies covering physicists alone or natural scientists. (Derived from the
responses to the previous two questions. 'No reply" covers both
questions.)
Do you support the principle of accrediting of university and college
physics programmes?
mars 1993
99
TABLE 4
Summary of CAP Member Replies:
QUESTION
No.
1
372
YES
NO
No Reply
372
0
0
8
364
0
16
356
0
4
368
0
5
366
1
4
251
112
9
5
116
208
48
6
statutes?
267
95
10
7
228
121
23
167
178
27
8
physicist?
9
184
164
24
200
141
31
266
92
14
258
91
23
10
9
&10
11
questions.)
physics programmes?
March 1993
TABLE 1
Summary of Non-Members Replies:
No.
1
110
YES
QUESTION
NO
No Reply
0
110
0
0
110
0
0
110
0
0
110
0
24
86
0
4
106
0
4
5
107
3
0
6
statutes?
103
7
0
7
78
29
3
62
46
2
8
physicist?
9
62
46
2
68
40
2
84
25
1
92
15
3
10
9
&10
11
questions.)
physics programmes?
mars 1993
101
TABLE 4
DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO PROVINCE
Covering Questions 9 and 10
PROVINCE
ALL REPLIES
Number
Newfoundland
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
P.E.I.
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
No entry or
outside Canada
MEMBERS
Yes
Number
NON-MEMBERS
Yes
9
8
14
1
71
280
14
8
22
41
8
8
12
1
54
203
10
5
15
15
9
8
14
1
71
172
14
8
22
41
8
8
12
1
54
120
10
5
15
25
14
9
12
8
TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF SUPPORT: Items 7, 9 and 10
ITEM
TOTAL
%
%
%
7
9
10
9&10
67
54
60
75
65
56
59
74
73
57
63
77
March 1993
MEMBERS
NON-MEMBERS
Number
Yes
0
0
0
0
0
108
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
83
0
0
0
0
2
1
SUPPORT FORM
I support the C A P C o m m i t t e e on Professionalism working t o w a r d s the establishment of
professional societies covering physicists in each province and territory of Canada.
T o s h o w m y support I provide $
(A minimum of $ 2 0 is suggested.)
t o w a r d s this action.
T h e C o m m i t t e e will provide an annual s t a t e m e n t to those w h o provide $ 2 0 or more annually.
Should the C o m m i t t e e ' s activities be w o u n d up, any balance remaining w o u l d be returned to
those that contributed, based on their contribution to the total budget.
PLEASE PRINT
NAME
ADDRESS
Postal Code:
PHONE N U M B E R :
(work)
(home)
Province w h e r e I w o r k :
Year of Degree
B.Sc./B.A.
Year of Degree
M.Sc./M.A.
Year of Degree
Ph.D.
I A M PREPARED T O HELP:
(
) yes
(
) no
If yes, in w h a t capacity?:
DATE:
SIGNATURE:
The completed forms and cheques should be sent to the Executive Secretary, Canadian Association of Physicists,
Suite 903, 151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3. Cheques should be made out to The Canadian
Association of Physicists, with a note that it is a contribution to "The Committee on Professionalism".
mars 1993
103
DUTIES AND PROCEDURES OF THE CAP EXECUTIVE, COUNCIL AND DIVISION CHAIRS
by
R.M. Lees and Peter Kirkby'
Various duties and procedures are associated with the
on-going activities of the CAP Executive, Council and
Division Chairs. The following article assembles some
information and guidelines on these duties and
procedures which have evolved over the years, under
the authority of the Constitution and By-Laws of the
Association.
The article is written especially to provide guidance to
current, and future, office-holders of the CAP. It is
also written to inform the CAP membership at large of
the activities that take place and where the
responsibility lies. The names of the CAP officers are
published in the September issue of Physics in
Canada so members may identify the particular
council member to contact on a specific subject. In
addition, the article answers, in part, the question,
"What do I get from the CAP?". It is a group of
physicists who voluntarily provide their time to
operate the CAP, promoting physics to a variety of
communities in Canada. This includes high school
students,
undergraduates,
graduate
students,
teachers, physicists and those with an interest in
physics.
The following table provides an introduction by listing
various council positions with some of the important
duties involved with those positions. More details are
given in the sections that follow. Section 1 covers
the Executive, Section 2 covers the Council,
Section 3 covers the Division Chairs and Section 4
addresses the future.
There is an important
coordinating role played by the Executive Secretary
and her staff, currently one. This is in addition to
their important role of maintaining the day to day
operations of the CAP. The duties of these paid
members of staff of the CAP are not covered in detail
in this article.
It is hoped that office holders of various positions, not
adequately described in this article, will be motivated
to describe the duties of their position so that these
may be published later in Physics in Canada.
Council Position
President
President
President
Vice-President
Division Chairs
Vice-President Elect
Honourary Secretary-Treasurer
Honourary Secretary-Treasurer
Executive Secretary
Director, Corporate Members
Educational Trust Fund Committee
Council appointees
Chair, Division of Physics Education
Council appointees
Executive Secretary
Editor, Physics in Canada
Editor, Canadian Journal of Physics
Council appointees
Council appointees
Council appointees
Council
Council appointees
1
Duty
Chair Council, Executive and Annual General Meeting
Lobby and represent the CAP
Ensure CAP policy decisions are carried out
Organize the Annual Congress
Organize the Divisional Sessions at the Congress
Organize the Membership Drive
Prepare the budget for the next year
Monitor and report on expenses for the current year
Provide subscriptions to journals
Organize Corporate Members Conference
Operate the Educational Trust Fund
Organize the CAP Secondary School Physics Prizes
Organize the CAP Lecture Tours to universities
Organize the CAP University Prize Examination
Provide Group Life Insurance
Produce Physics in Canada
Produce Canadian Journal of Physics
Produce the booklet Careers in Physics
Produce Directory of Physicists
Support the Undergraduate Physics Conference
Establish Committees for particular tasks
Nomination of CAP reps, to other organizations
This article was written with many members of the CAP providing input.
mars 1993
105
1.0
• chair the Fall and Spring meetings of the Divisional
representatives to the annual Congress-Program
Committee.
THE EXECUTIVE
The Executive of the CAP has the responsibility for
monitoring and maintaining the regular activities of the CAP
in accordance with the policies established by the CAP
Council, for ensuring representation of the CAP where
appropriate in national and international arenas and keeping
the CAP visible, and for overseeing the effective operation
of the central CAP office. There are 5 Executive officers:
President, Vice-President, Vice-President Elect, Past
President and Honourary Secretary-Treasurer.
The
President and the Vice-President Elect automatically
succeed to the positions of Past-President and
Vice-President at the Annual General Meeting the following
year, but the other three officers are elected annually.
The Executive works in close consultation with the
Executive Secretary and her staff in the central office.
Meetings of the Executive are held a day or so before each
Council meeting and at times when needed. The minutes
of the Executive meetings are provided to Council.
1.1
• visit the local committee at the site of the upcoming
Congress together with the Executive Secretary in the
fall, to facilitate liaison with the Local Committee and
to monitor preparations for the Congress.
• determine the overall structure of the program with
the Program Committee, and arrange for invitation of
plenary speakers and selection of plenary session
chairs.
• keep the Executive and Council appraised of Congress
plans and their progress.
• schedule the various award presentations and, in
consultation with the Department Chair at the
Congress location, arrange the timing and the judging
for the Best Student Paper Competition, Lumonics
Award.
Executive Duties: President
• determine the appropriate ceremonies at the Congress
banquet in consultation with the Local Committee
and, if a banquet talk is presented, approve the
selection of the speaker.
The President of the CAP is the Chief Executive Officer of
the organization, so has the primary responsibility for
ensuring that the policy decisions of Council are executed
and that the CAP operates effectively within the financial
guidelines established by Council.
• assume the duties of the President in the absence of
that officer.
Some specific duties are as follows:
• chair meetings of the Executive and Council, and the
Annual General Meeting.
• initiate, coordinate or monitor actions required
through decisions taken at the Executive, Council and
Annual General Meetings.
• respond to members' requests or suggestions as
appropriate in consultation with the Executive
Secretary.
1.3
The principal task of the Vice-President Elect is to organize
and coordinate the annual membership campaign with the
assistance of the Executive Secretary and the Councillors.
In addition, the Vice-President Elect is responsible for
providing summaries of the meetings of the Executive and
Council to the Editor of Physics in Canada. The specific
duties are:
• chair the CAP Membership Campaign Committee, and
plan the membership campaign.
• chair the Science Policy Committee, and seek to
initiate lobbying and public awareness activities to
promote the practice of physics and the status of
science in Canada.
• maintain close liaison with the Executive Secretary
and Honourary Secretary-Treasurer as to any
questions arising or decisions needed in the operation
of the CAP office, and arrange for performance
reviews of staff.
• sign award certificates for the CAP Secondary School
Physics Prizes, CAP Canada-Wide Science Fair
Awards and CAP University Examination Prizes.
1.2
Executive Duties: Vice President
The Vice-President is in charge of the affairs of the CAP in
the absence of the President, but the primary responsibility
is for the operation of the Annual Congress. Thus, the
specific duties involve the various aspects of planning and
organization of the Congress:
March 1993 .
Executive Duties: Vice President Elect
• prepare summaries of the Executive and Council
meetings for publication in Physics in Canada.
• assume the duties of the President in the absence of
both the President and the Vice-President.
1.4
Executive Duties: Honorary Secretary-Treasurer
The Honourary Secretary-Treasurer is responsible for the
financial affairs of the CAP, so works closely with the
Executive Secretary in overseeing expenses Specific duties
are:
• prepare the Annual Budget, in conformance with
Council Policy.
• prepare reports on financial status in collaboration
with the Executive Secretary for presentation at
Executive and Council meetings.
• recommend fee levels to Executive and to Council.
1.5
• sign cheques and monitor expenses in consultation
with the Executive Secretary.
Fall:
October/November - Saturday, typically from
9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
• maintain general supervision of the correspondence
and records of the CAP.
Spring:
March/April - Saturday, typically from 9:30 a.m.
to 4:30 p.m.
• ensure that a copy of the minutes of the Executive,
Council and Annual General Meetings, and records are
selected in consultation with the Executive Secretary
and are submitted to the public archives of Canada.
Summer: June at the Annual Congress Sunday, typically from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Wednesday, from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Executive Duties: Past President
The Past President is in charge of nominations.
duties are:
Specific
• chair the Nominating Committee.
• chair the Honourary
Presidents.
Advisory
Council
of
Past
• carry out tasks as from time to time assigned by the
Executive.
2.0
Four Council meetings are held each year, according to the
following schedule:
THE COUNCIL
The CAP Constitution and By-Laws state that "the
governing body of the Association shall be the Councir. As
a consequence, the CAP Council has a wide representation
of the membership with a total of 47 positions. There are
five Executive Officers.
There are four Directors,
representing the four classes of membership. There are
13 Division Chairs representing each of the Subject
Divisions of the CAP. There are 20 Councillors representing
geographical districts and three Councillors At Large.
Finally there are two Editors; one covers Physics in Canada
and the other covers the Canadian Journal of Physics. All
these members of the Council have the direct responsibility
for the policies and the overall fiscal direction of the
Association. Thus, within the dictates of the Constitution
and the By-Laws, the CAP is whatever the Council makes
it.
The Annual General Meeting is usually attended by only a
fraction of the membership, and is a difficult forum for
thorough discussion of major new business. The Executive
provides leadership, and takes care of urgent business
between Council meetings. However, it is the Council
which must determine the overall policy for the Association,
in accordance with the energy and persuasiveness of the
individual members of Council. An important aspect of this
policy involves the financial aspects of CAP operations, and
Council is responsible to the general membership for the
financial health of the CAP. Thus, Council is charged with
approving the budget and recommending a suitable
schedule of fees to the membership, in seeking to maintain
a sound fiscal status in both the General Account and the
CAP Educational Trust Fund, which supports CAP
educational activities.
The Executive normally meets just prior to Council
meetings, and generally brings a list of items to Council for
consideration. Councillors wishing to introduce new items
for discussion may write to the Executive Secretary to
request they be placed on the agenda, or may raise them
when the agenda is set at any Council meeting.
The terms of office of members of Council are:
Executive Officers: Four-year Term
Directors: Unspecified Term
Regional Councillors: Two-year Term
Councillors At Large: Two-year Term
Division Chairs: One-year Term
(The Vice-Chairs of Divisions are not on Council, but may
stand in for the Chair.)
The CAP has never had sufficient financial resources to
cover travel expenses to Council meetings or Congresses,
and it is recognized that Directors, Councillors or Division
Chairs may have difficulty in attending all the meetings
during their term of office. Thus, it is always possible for
members of Council to submit written proposals to the
Executive Secretary, with the assurance that these
submissions will be brought before the Council.
2.1 Council Duties: Local Work and Membership Campaign
All members of Council are expected to represent and
promote the CAP in their constituencies by informing
colleagues, both members and non-members, of the
activities of the CAP and the advantages that it offers. This
is best accomplished by a direct contact (person-to-person,
letter or e-mail). Also, Councillors should become aware of
the various concerns of physicists in their constituencies
concerning such matters as research funding, activities of
the CAP, government science policies, physics education,
public service awareness, etc. These concerns could be
reported verbally to Council whenever appropriate, and also
collected annually in a short report to the Executive which
would summarize the Councillor's activities and report both
concerns from members and concerns and criticisms from
colleagues who chose not to be members. The concerns
expressed in the reports could be compiled, circulated to all
Council members, and discussed at a Council meeting.
A major responsibility for members of Council is the
recruitment of members, especially in their own
constituencies. Regional Councillors form the Membership
Committee, which is chaired by the Vice President Elect.
mars 1993
107
Each year, after the membership renewal forms have been
sent out by the central office, the Councillors may be called
upon to organize membership drives in their various
geographical districts. The nature of the campaign may
differ from year to year, but it generally involves contacting
potential members, and previous members who fail to
renew. The importance of the membership Campaign to the
future health of the CAP cannot be over-emphasized.
2.2 Council Duties: Committee Work, Continuity, and Other
Duties
Councillors should be prepared to stand on committees
appointed by the Cap Council or Executive from time to
time. The Committees, with members, are listed in the
September issue of Physics in Canada. Councillors are
consulted by the Nominating Committee regarding suitable
nominations for the elected representatives of the
Association. In particular, the senior Councillor for each
district or constituency is asked to identify a candidate
willing and capable of assuming his or her position, and to
provide verbal and written guidance to the new Councillor
to ensure continuity. Council approves the official CAP
delegates to other organizations.
As well. Councillors are expected to seek to raise the
visibility of the CAP whenever possible, and to make
contributions when appropriate to other CAP activities such
as student affairs or the CAP Lecture Tours. In general
however, the main duties and responsibilities of a Councillor
lie in ensuring the effective operation of Council itself, in
which the opportunities for service are similar to, and the
duties perhaps as ill-defined as, those of a Member of
Parliamentl
2.3 Council Duties: The Program Committee
The Program Committee prepares the scientific program of
the Annual Congress. The Vice-President of the CAP is
Chair of this committee, which consists of the Division
Chairs, the Physics and Society Committee, the Director of
Corporate Members and the Executive Secretary.
In recent years, the program of the Annual Congress has
involved a large measure of planning. Although contributed
papers in all areas of physics are solicited and accepted
(and thus cannot be planned), a large fraction of the
Congress is now devoted to invited papers and symposia.
The organization of the symposia, the selection of invited
speakers and the arrangement of contributed papers in the
program are the concerns of the Program Committee. Each
Chair is relied on to contribute the leadership and initiative
necessary to assure an interesting program in the subject
area represented.
The invitations to invited speakers are issued formally by
the appropriate Division Chair or the Executive Secretary, on
behalf of the CAP. In setting up the invited talk the Division
Chair should explain to the potential speaker that the
Association is not able to pay for the expenses of invited
speakers. In addition, it should be explained that it is
customary for the Association to register invited speakers,
who are not CAP members, at the members' rate.
However, Divisions and Committee Chairs may apply to the
March 1993 .
Executive Secretary for exemption from the registration fee
for a limited number of invited speakers, if they come from
outside the Canadian physics community. Also, within the
general regulations governing use of Divisional funds
covered in Section 3.6, a Division may use its own funds to
assist invited speakers.
The arranging of the invited and contributed papers into the
final program nearly always presents difficulties. In order to
encourage communication of the "hottest" and most recent
research in contributed papers, the time allowed between
the deadline for abstracts and the completion of the
program is deliberately kept short. As a result, it is
necessary to compile several hundred abstracts of
contributed and invited papers into a coherent program in
just a few days.
Usually, this process involves
compromises among the requirements of the various
Divisions, and the Committee Chair must have a reliable and
rapid means of communicating with a reiaresentative of
each Division. A Division Chair who cannot be readily
available throughout that period is asked to appoint a
deputy, preferably from the location where the program is
assembled, which is usually Ottawa.
It should be strongly emphasized that the most important
work of the members of the Program Committee should be
done early in their terms of office. Each year, the Chair of
the Program Committee arranges a schedule of meetings
and deadlines. Usually, the first meeting of the Committee
is held in November, at which time the Division Chairs
should have plans well in hand for the symposia to be held
at the next Congress and the speakers to be invited. This
meetings lays down the general outline of the program in
terms of establishing the numbers of Divisional, plenary and
poster sessions with their days and times, and permits
initial interaction among the Divisions to smooth out
conflicts and avoid overlap where possible. Immediately
following this meeting, the job commences in earnest for
the Division Chairs of confirming invited speakers and
arranging session chairpersons, communicating with their
membership and coordinating with each other. Meanwhile,
the Committee Chair, in conjunction with Division Chairs
and the Local Committee, must arrange the plenary
speakers. By the end of January, all of the important work
of the Committee except for the final detailed assembling of
the program should be completed.
The January issue of Physics in Canada contains details of
the Congress arrangements, along with the call for
abstracts for contributed papers.
In February, the
Committee Chair sends formal letters to all invited speakers
to confirm their participation, and to request titles and
abstracts. A substantially complete list is necessary at this
time to permit preparation of the Congress poster, and to
include in Physics in Canada as further publicity for the
Congress. Then, on an afternoon in early April, the second
Committee meeting is held at the CAP office in Ottawa, at
which all of the contributed abstracts are distributed, sorted
into their Divisions and categories by the central office as
best as possible. The Divisional representatives must then,
in a matter of a few hours, organize all of their contributed
papers into oral or poster sessions as appropriate, ensuring
that the subject matter of each paper fits its session as well
as possible. For every session, the detailed order of
presentation must be established, and a list prepared for the
Executive Secretary giving the session title, the name of the
Chair, the order and duration of each paper.
After this, the central office can proceed with the major job
of setting up the page structure for the Congress Issue of
Physics in Canada, and the work of the Committee is
essentially complete.
2.4
Particular Duties of Specific Members of Council
2.4.1
Council Duties: Councillor at Large - Graduate
Student Representative
The graduate student representative voices the concerns of
Master's and Ph.D. students at Council meetings. This
councillor encourages graduate students to join and to
become active in the CAP, and works to improve the
services the CAP is offering them.
Specific duties of the Graduate Student Representative are
as follows:
• invite graduate students to write technical papers
about their research projects for Physics in Canada
and act as a liaison between interested authors and
the Editor of the Bulletin.
Student Members and Corporate Members. Each Director
has the responsibility at Council Meetings to ensure the
interest of that group of members is considered during the
discussion. This is particularly important as Council is well
represented by Members but not by the other classes of
Members.
The Director of Student Members is an undergraduate at a
Canadian university. This Director provides a link between
the CAP and the Canadian Undergraduate Physics
Conference held annually. The CAP currently provides
$2,000 to support the conference run by undergraduates.
The Director of Affiliate Members is an Affiliate Member
and represents their interests. There were many affiliate
Members in the CAP around the 1960's. This included
teachers of physics at high schools. One of the Duties of
this Director is to explore routes to enhance the
membership in this area.
The Director of Members addresses the broad interests of
Members. The duties are those that are seen to be most
pressing to the health of the physics community in Canada.
The Director of Corporate Members has a number of
particular duties which include the following:
• organize the Corporate Members' membership
campaign with the Executive Secretary.
• encourage graduate students to participate in the Best
Student Paper Competition, Lumonics Award, held at
the Annual Congress.
• seek to identify possible new Corporate Members,
and invite them to join the CAP.
• organize the Corporate Members' Conference or
sessions at the annual CAP Congress for Corporate
Members.
• recruit new graduate student members during the
annual membership drive.
• be available to answer questions from graduate
students about the activities of the CAP.
2.4.2
• represent the interests and communicate the views of
the Corporate Members within the CAP, especially
Council, and attempt to ensure that the CAP
represents these interests appropriately to outside
bodies.
Council Duties: Councillor at Large
• communicate news of the CAP to Corporate
Members, and solicit their views on matters affecting
them.
This position has no direct link to a geographic region of
Canada or a Division. This affords the opportunity for any
member to be on Council and be involved with the
formation of policy and direction of the CAP. The duties
are what the individual elects to make them. These might
include:
• ensure, with the Executive Secretary, that "News
from the Corporate Members", and the annual
"Corporate Members Report" appears in Physics in
Canada.
• promote the CAP locally.
• ensure Corporate Members receive invitations to CAP
Lectures and university seminars.
• represent the CAP at schools and Science Fairs.
• stand on CAP committees.
• provide input and assistance to members of Council
and local physicists.
2.4.3
Council Duties: Directors
On Council there is a Director representing each of the four
classes of membership: Members, Affiliate Members,
3.0
DIVISION CHAIRS
There are 13 Division Chairs making up the CAP Subject
Divisions, which are listed in the following table with the
Division Codes. The Division Chairs play a particularly
important role of organizing meetings at the CAP Congress,
local conferences and summer schools.
mars 1993
Î09
Table II Division Codes
Subject Division
Aeronomy and Space Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Canadian Geophysical Union
Condensed Matter Physics
Medical and Biological Physics
Nuclear Physics
Optical Physics
Particle Physics
Physics Education
Plasma Physics
Theoretical Physics
Industrial and Applied Physics
Surface Science
3.1
Code
DASP
DAMP
CGU
DCMP
DMBP
DNP
DOP
PPD
DPE
DPP
DTP
DIAP
DSS
Chair Duties: The Council
Chairs of CAP Subject Divisions are members of the
Council, the governing body of the Association. They have
a special duty to represent their particular areas of physics,
but also share in the overall responsibility for the welfare of
the Association.
Since the Division Chairs form a
significant fraction of the Council, the activities and policies
of the Association can be strongly influenced by the
opinions of the Chairs and, by extension, the viewpoints of
the individual Divisions.
One specific duty of each Division Chair is to submit an
annual report of Division activities on request by the
Executive Secretary, for inclusion in the Annual Report of
the CAP presented to the membership at the Annual
General Meeting in June at the CAP Congress.
3.2
Chair Duties: Program Committee
One of the most important tasks of the Division Chairs is to
organize the program of the Annual Congress through
membership in the Program Committee. This committee
reports to the CAP Council, but must make decisions itself
on most questions and must carry out all of the detailed
work required to produce the large and varied programs
characteristic of the Congresses. Two meetings are held to
plan the program in the fall and the spring, generally in
conjunction with Council meetings. Within the Committee,
each Division Chair has the responsibility for all aspects in
the program in the subject matter of that Division, including
the number and timing of Divisional Sessions, the specific
invited speakers for each session, the arrangement of
contributed papers in oral and poster sessions, and the
planning for the Annual Divisional Meetings. It is also
hoped that the Chairs will communicate with each other to
promote complementary approaches to areas of mutual
interest, and to reduce as far as possible any serious
overlapping between speakers or sessions on similar topics.
March 1993 .
As well, the Chairs are expected to contribute suggestions
for speakers for the Congress plenary sessions, and to
assist in arranging for expert questioners for the Best
Student Paper Competition, Lumonics Award. Further
details of the duties and procedures of the Program
Committee are given in Section 2.3.
3.3
Chair Duties: Finances
The CAP does not have the resources to pay expenses for
travel of the Division Chairs to the Program Committee and
Council meetings, hence any such financial support is at the
discretion of the individual Divisions. Overall guidelines
have been approved by the Council for the use of Division
funds, and are presented later in Section 3 6.
3.4
Chair Duties: Summer Schools and Conferences
From time to time, Divisions of the CAP arid other groups
of Canadian physicists organize summer schools and
conferences. The CAP can play a useful role in promoting
and advertising these events, and in monitoring any
potential conflicts in scheduling. Thus, the Division Chairs
are encouraged to inform the Executive Secretary of plans
for such events at an early stage.
Many of these events receive official CAP sponsorship,
which requires a formal application to the Association. The
CAP policy on such recognition is as follows:
CAP Sponsorship of Summer Schools and Conferences
At its meeting in June 1976, the Council of the Canadian
Association of Physicists introduced the following
regulation:
"All applications for grants for summer schools and
conferences sponsored by the CAP must be signed by the
President. '
This regulation has been brought to the attention of the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)
and other granting bodies. The purpose of the regulation is
to make it clear to all whether or not the Association (as
opposed to some of its Divisions or Committees) is
sponsoring the school or conference. In order to avoid
possible conflicts between groups organizing similar
meetings and at the same time allow organizers to meet
NSERC deadlines, requests for CAP sponsorship will be
considered in September each year.
Requests for
sponsorship should reach the CAP office as early as
possible but not later than August 15. Only in exceptional
circumstances will applications be considered at other
times.
3.5
Chair Duties: Divisional Activities
Divisional activities, which are not directly under the
purview of the Council, are not considered in detail in these
notes. However, some duties common to all Divisions
include the organization and chairing of the Divisional
Annual Business Meetings at the Annual Congress,
coordination of and liaison with the Divisional Executives in
planning activities, arranging for nominations and elections
of successors, and introduction of the successor to the
duties of the office. It is very important to realize that most
CAP members have interests in more than one Division, so
that every Divisional activity will generally be of interest to
a wider community and may in some cases represent a
potential conflict. The best interests of the CAP and of
Divisional members will thus be served if the Executive
Secretary and the other Divisions are kept well informed of
all plans and activities. A note describing significant
upcoming activities in Physics in Canada is a good way to
do this, and should be submitted as a matter of course.
3.6
funds. For all such funds raised in the name of the CAP,
proper auditable accounts should be kept, and statements
should be submitted to the National Office.
Division funds, and as far as possible all other special funds,
should be deposited through the central office in the CAP
general account. In this way, Divisions can assist the
Association to avoid payment of high interest rates, and the
central office can handle the book-keeping and provide
statements to the Divisions on a regular basis or whenever
requested.
Chair Duties: Use of Division Funds
3.7
Each Division Executive is responsible for administering its
own Divisional Funds. In so doing, however, the Executive
is accountable to the Divisional membership and to the
Association for all funds raised in the named of the Division
and of the Association. The Executive must ensure that all
funds are used properly, and that all accounts are auditable.
The objective of these guidelines is to indicate what the
CAP Council considers to be the "proper" use of Division
funds, which are here defined as those monies raised from
membership fees or other sources for the purpose of
conducting the affairs of the Division. Other funds, such as
those designated for the specific purpose of a Conference
or Summer School, will be referred to explicitly.
The main purpose of Divisional funds is to enable the
Division Executive to carry out the business of the Division
and to represent its members. Thus, normal uses for such
funds include costs for secretarial services, office expenses,
reproduction charges, mailing, etc. A Division Executive
may legitimately use Division funds for essential travel
expenses incurred in attending Division Executive or CAP
Council and committee meetings, or to travel to other
meetings at which attendance is explicitly in the interests
of the Division. Meetings of the latter type should be
relatively rare, and would include important meetings at
which it is desirable that the Division Chair make a special
presentation on behalf of the Division, for example, but
would exclude meetings of a purely scientific nature. In no
case should expenses be claimed for accompanying family,
nor should Division Executive members receive any
honoraria for services rendered.
In general, scientific meetings organized by the CAP and its
Division should be self-supporting, and registration fees
should normally be charged to cover costs. Thus, Division
funds should not be used to underwrite completely a
Divisional meeting or Summer School. However, there is no
reason why Division funds should not be used to subsidize
some aspect of a meeting, on the grounds that there will
frequently be a net income accruing to a Division from a
meeting.
Speakers invited to CAP meetings do not normally receive
honoraria, travel or hotel expenses from Division funds.
However, exceptions may be made at the discretion of the
Divisional Executive for invited speakers who would
otherwise be at a personal loss or who would find it difficult
to obtain funds from other sources.
It is strongly recommended that separate accounts be kept
for major activities such as Summer Schools, and that funds
for such activities be kept separate from regular Division
Particular Duties of Specific Division Chairs
There are particular duties for each specific Division Chair.
For example, the Chairs of the Division of Optical Physics,
the Division of Industrial and Applied Physics, and the
Division of Atomic and Molecular Physics select two
winners annually for the CAP Newport Award in Optics.
The following Divisions are addressed: Particle Physics and
Physics Education. It is hoped that the duties of other
Division Chairs will be published later in Physics in Canada.
3.7.1
Chair Duties: Particle Physics Division
The Particle Physics Division, along with the Institute of
Particle Physics (IPP), is involved in selecting delegates to
certain international particle physics conferences where
national quotas are in effect. This involves informing
members about such meetings an taking their requests for
invitations. If the number of requests exceeds the quota,
a committee set up together with the IPP allocates the
invitations.
3.7.2
Chair Duties: Division of Physics Education
The DPE Chair shall be a resident of the province or region
hosting the following summer's CAP Congress, although
not necessarily belonging to the host institution. A reason
for this is that with regard to the new CAP Award for
Excellence in Physics Education, the Chairperson will work
with the Provincial Department of Education to ensure that
all school boards are aware of the award and to request
funding for the winner to receive the award in person at the
CAP Congress, and will be on the selection committee for
this award. Also, the Chairperson is expected to encourage
activities for regional high school teachers at the CAP
Congress, and liaise with local teachers' organizations.
The DPE Chair is responsible for coordinating the CAP
Lecture Tour, and writes letters of invitation to universities
and other establishments to obtain the names of potential
lecturers (including industrial concerns and a DIAP Lecturer)
for circulation. In general, whenever physics education
issues pass through the CAP, the DPE Chair would expect
to be consulted.
4.0
FUTURE
This article on the duties and procedures of the CAP is an
attempt to capture the status as of 1992 or thereabouts.
It is prepared as a guide. Future Councils will make
changes.
Hopefully Council will see the wisdom of
preparing a fresh set of duties and procedures. Until then
it is hoped that this article will provide a useful guide to
many members and Councils of the CAP.
mars 1993
111
FONCTIONS ET MODALITÉS D'ACTION DE L'EXÉCUTIF, DU CONSEIL
ET DES PRÉSIDENTS DES DIVISIONS DE L'ACP
R.M. Lees et Peter Kirkby1
L'Exécutif, le Conseil et les présidents des divisions
remplissent différentes fonctions et utilisent divers
procédés pour les activités permanentes de l'ACP. On
trouvera ici des renseignements et des lignes de conduite
sur ces fonctions et modalités d'action, qui évoluent au
fil des ans, dans le respect des statuts et du règlement
intérieur de l'Association.
Cet article est surtout destiné à l'orientation des
responsables actuels et futurs de l'ACP, mais il a aussi
pour but de faire connaître à l'ensemble des membres ce
qui se fait et comment les attributions se répartissent. La
liste des responsables paraît en septembre dans La
Physique au Canada, et permet de savoir à quel membre
du Conseil il faut s'adresser sur un sujet précis. L'article
répond aussi en partie à la question «Que m'apporte
l'ACPP».
L'Association est un regroupement de
physiciens qui donnent volontairement de leur temps
pour gérer l'ACP et qui font la promotion de la physique
dans divers milieux canadiens, notamment aux élèves du
secondaire, aux étudiants universitaires de tous niveaux,
aux enseignants, aux physiciens et à tous ceux qui
s'intéressent à cette discipline.
Poste au Conseil2
Président
Président
Président
Vice-président
Président de division
Vice-président élu
Secrétaire-trésorier honoraire
Secrétaire-trésorier honoraire
Secrétaire exécutif
Directeur des m e m b r e s corporatifs
C o m i t é du Fonds d ' é d u c a t i o n
Personnes n o m m é e s
Président de la Div. de l'enseignement
de la physique
Secrétaire exécutif
Rédacteur de La Physique au Canada
Rédacteur de la Revue canadienne de
physique
Conseil
La liste ci-dessous des postes du Conseil avec les
principales fonctions importantes qui s'y rattachent
servira d'introduction. Les détails figurent dans les
sections suivantes: section 1: L'Exécutif; section 2: Le
Conseil; section 3: Les présidents des divisions; section
4: L'avenir. La secrétaire exécutive joue un rôle
important de coordination avec son personnel, qui ne
comprend actuellement qu'une seule personne. Elle
assure aussi l'administration quotidienne de l'ACP, rôle
important s'il en est. Mais les fonctions des membres
rémunérés ne sont pas exposées en détail ici.
Nous espérons que les titulaires des postes
insuffisamment décrits dans cet article tiendront à
exposer leur rôle. Nous le publierons ultérieurement dans
La Physique au Canada.
Fonction
Présider le Conseil, l'Exécutif et les assemblées générales annuelles
Faire du lobbyisme et représenter l ' A C P
Veiller à l'application des décisions d'orientation de l ' A C P
Organiser le congrès annuel
Organiser les réunions de la division au congrès annuel
Organiser la campagne de recrutement
Préparer le budget de l'année suivante
Surveiller les dépenses de l'exercice et faire rapport
S'occuper des abonnements aux revues
Organiser le congrès des membres corporatifs
Administrer le Fonds d ' é d u c a t i o n
Organiser les concours de physique de l ' A C P dans les écoles secondaires
Organiser les tournées de conférences de l ' A C P dans les universités
Organiser les examens universitaires de l ' A C P
Fournir une assurance-vie collective
Préparer La Physique au Canada
Préparer la Revue canadienne de physique
Préparer le livret Carrières en physique
Préparer le Répertoire des
physiciens
Apporter leur concours à la Conférence des étudiants de physique
Créer des comités pour des tâches précises
Désigner des représentants de l ' A C P à d'autres organismes
1
Cet article a été écrit grâce aux renseignements fournis par de nombreux membres de l'ACP.
2
Ces postes peuvent être occupés par des hommes ou des femmes, même si nous utilisons seulement le générique masculin.
112
Physics in C a n a d a
March 1993
1.0
L'EXECUTIF
• visiter en automne, avec le secrétaire exécutif, le
comité local au lieu du prochain congrès pour faciliter
la liaison avec ce comité et surveiller les préparatifs.
Il incombe à l'Exécutif de surveiller et de soutenir les
activités ordinaires de l'ACP conformément aux politiques
établies par le Conseil, pour assurer, selon les besoins, la
représentation de l'ACP au Canada et à l'étranger, maintenir
la visibilité de l'ACP, et superviser le bon fonctionnement du
bureau central. L'ACP a cinq responsables: le président, le
vice-président, le vice-président désigné, le président sortant
et le secrétaire-trésorier honoraire. Le président et le viceprésident désigné succèdent automatiquement au président
sortant et au vice-président à l'assemblée générale annuelle
de l'année suivante, mais les trois autres responsables sont
élus tous les ans. L'Exécutif collabore étroitement avec le
secrétaire exécutif et le personnel du bureau central. Il se
réunit la veille des réunions du Conseil ou quelques jours
avant, et quand c'est nécessaire. Le procès-verbal des
réunions est remis au Conseil.
1.1
• présider les réunions de l'Exécutif et du Conseil et
l'assemblée générale annuelle.
• amorcer, coordonner et surveiller les mesures
nécessaires d'application des décisions prises à
l'Exécutif, au Conseil et aux assemblées générales
annuelles.
• répondre de façon appropriée aux demandes ou aux
propositions des membres de concert avec le
secrétaire exécutif.
•
présider le Comité de la politique scientifique et
chercher à organiser des activités de lobbyisme et
d'information du public pour promouvoir la pratique de
la physique et la situation des sciences au Canada.
maintenir des liens étroits avec le secrétaire exécutif
et le secrétaire-trésorier honoraire pour les questions
qui surgissent ou pour les décisions relatives au
fonctionnement du bureau de l'ACP, et s'occuper de
l'évaluation du rendement du personnel.
• signer les certificats des prix ACP de physique remis
dans les écoles secondaires, des prix de l'ACP
décernés à l'Expo-sciences pancanadienne, et des prix
universitaires.
1.2
• tenir au courant l'Exécutif et le Conseil des plans
relatifs au congrès et des progrès accomplis.
•
• remplir les fonctions du président en son absence.
1.3
• présider les réunions d'automne et du printemps des
représentants des divisions au Comité du programme
annuel du congrès.
Fonctions de l'Exécutif: Vice-président élu
La principale tâche du vice-président élu est d'organiser et de
coordonner la campagne annuelle de recrutement avec l'aide
du secrétaire exécutif et des conseillers. Le vice-président
élu doit aussi fournir le résumé des réunions de l'Exécutif et
du Conseil au rédacteur de La Physique au Canada. Voici ses
fonctions:
• présider le Comité de la campagne de recrutement de
l'ACP et planifier cette campagne.
• préparer le résumé des réunions de l'Exécutif et du
Conseil pour publication dans La Physique au Canada.
• remplir les tâches du président en l'absence du
président et du vice-président.
1.4
Fonctions de l'Exécutif: Secrétaire-trésorier honoraire
Le secrétaire-trésorier honoraire est chargé des affaires
financières de l'ACP. Il surveille donc étroitement les
dépenses, avec le secrétaire exécutif. Fonctions:
• préparer le budget annuel conformément à la politique
du Conseil.
•
préparer avec le secrétaire exécutif des rapports sur la
situation financière pour les présenter aux réunions de
l'Exécutif et du Conseil.
•
recommander des barèmes de cotisation à l'Exécutif et
au Conseil.
•
signer les chèques et surveiller les dépenses de
concert avec le secrétaire exécutif.
Fonctions de l'Exécutif: Vice-président
Le vice-président s'occupe des affaires de l'ACP en
l'absence du président, mais son principal rôle est
l'organisation du congrès annuel. Ses fonctions particulières
portent sur divers aspects de la planification et de
l'organisation du congrès:
préparer l'horaire des diverses remises de prix et, de
concert avec le directeur du département où a lieu le
congrès, organiser l'horaire et le jugement des
meilleurs textes des étudiants, le prix Lumonics.
• déterminer, avec le comité local, les cérémonies
accompagnant le banquet du congrès et, s'il y a une
conférence, approuver le choix du conférencier.
Fonctions de l'Exécutif: Président
Le président est le directeur général de l'organisme. Sa
principale tâche consiste donc à assurer l'application des
décisions d'orientation du Conseil et le bon fonctionnement
de l'ACP en suivant les lignes directrices financières fixées
par le Conseil. Voici un aperçu de ses fonctions:
•
• fixer, avec le Comité du programme, la structure
générale du programme; organiser l'invitation de
conférenciers aux séances plénières, et choisir des
présidents pour ces séances.
• assurer la supervision générale de la correspondance
et des dossiers de l'ACP.
mars 1993
113
• s'assurer qu'un exemplaire des procès-verbaux des
réunions de l'Exécutif, du Conseil, de l'Assemblée
générale annuelle ainsi que des archives choisies avec
le secrétaire exécutif sont envoyés aux archives
publiques du Canada.
1.5
Fonctions de l'Exécutif: Président sortant
Le président sortant est chargé des candidatures. Fonctions:
• présider le Comité des candidatures.
•
présider le conseil consultatif honoraire des présidents
sortants.
• remplir les tâches que l'Exécutif lui confie de temps à
autre.
2.0
LE CONSEIL
Les statuts et le règlement intérieur de l'ACP prévoient que
«Z. 'Association est dirigée par un Conseil». Celui-ci est très
représentatif des membres, qui occupent un total de
47 postes. Composition: 5 responsables; 4 directeurs qui
représentent les quatre catégories de membres;
13 présidents de division qui représentant chacun une
spécialité; 20 conseillers qui représentent des districts
géographiques; 3 conseillers; 2 rédacteurs, l'un pour La
Physique au Canada, l'autre pour la Revue canadienne de
physique. Tous les membres du Conseil sont directement
chargés des politiques et de l'orientation financière générale
de l'Association. Donc, dans les limites des statuts et du
règlement intérieur, l'ACP est ce que le Conseil en fait.
Une partie seulement des membres viennent à l'assemblée
générale annuelle, aussi est-il difficile d'engager un débat
approfondi sur des affaires importantes nouvelles. L'Exécutif
assume la direction et s'occupe des affaires urgentes entre
les réunions du Conseil. Mais c'est au Conseil d'établir la
politique générale de l'Association, grâce aux efforts et au
travail de persuasion de ses membres. Un volet important de
cette politique concerne les aspects financiers des activités
de l'ACP et le Conseil est responsable envers les membres
de la santé financière de l'organisme. Il doit donc approuver
le budget et recommander un barème approprié pour les
cotisations des membres, afin d'assurer la situation
financière saine des comptes généraux et du Fonds
d'éducation, qui finance les activités éducatives de l'ACP.
Le Conseil se réunit quatre fois par an, selon le calendrier
suivant:
Automne:
Octobre/novembre - samedi, en général de
9 h 30 à 16 h 30
Printemps:
Mars/avril - samedi de 9 h 30 à 16 h 30
Été:
Juin, au congrès annuel en général le dimanche de 9 h 30 à 16 h 30
et le mercredi, de 17 h à 19 h
moment de l'établissement de l'ordre du jour, à n'importe
quelle réunion du Conseil.
Mandat des membres du Conseil:
Responsables: quatre ans
Directeurs: mandat indéterminé
Conseiller régionaux: deux ans
Conseillers: deux ans
Présidents des divisions: un an.
(Les vice-présidents des divisions ne sont pas membres du
Conseil, mais peuvent représenter le président.)
L'ACP n'a jamais eu les ressources financières suffisantes
pour défrayer les frais de voyage aux réunions du Conseil ou
aux congrès, et l'on sait que les directeurs, les conseillers et
les présidents des divisions peuvent avoir du mal à assister
à toutes les réunions pendant leur mandat. Les membres du
Conseil peuvent donc toujours envoyer des propositions
écrites au secrétaire exécutif, avec l'assurance qu'elles
seront présentées au Conseil.
2.1
Tous les membres du Conseil doivent représenter et
promouvoir l'ACP dans leur secteur en informant leurs
collègues, qu'ils soient membres ou pas, des activités de
l'Association et de ses avantages. Le meilleur moyen
d'action est le contact direct (rencontre personnelle, lettre ou
courrier électronique). Les conseillers doivent savoir ce qui
intéresse les physiciens de leur secteur dans des domaines
comme le financement de la recherche, les activités de
l'ACP, les politiques scientifiques gouvernementales,
l'enseignement de la physique, la sensibilisation à la fonction
publique, etc. Ces intérêts ou ces préoccupations peuvent au
besoin être transmis de vive voix au Conseil et consignés
une fois par an dans un court rapport destiné à l'Exécutif. Le
rapport récapitule les activités du conseiller et rend compte
des préoccupations des membres ainsi que des inquiétudes
et critiques des collègues qui choisissent de ne pas adhérer.
Le contenu des rapports pourrait être compilé, envoyé à tous
les membres du Conseil, et débattu en réunion.
L'une des principales tâches des membres du Conseil est le
recrutement, surtout dans leur secteur. Les conseillers
régionaux constituent le Comité d'admission, présidé par le
vice-président élu. Tous les ans, après l'envoi des
formulaires de renouvellement par le bureau central, les
conseillers peuvent être appelés à organiser des campagnes
de recrutement dans leur district géographique. La campagne
peut changer d'une année à l'autre, mais consiste
généralement à communiquer avec des membres possibles
et d'anciens membres qui n'ont pas renouvelé leur adhésion.
On n'insistera jamais assez sur l'importance de ces
campagnes pour l'ACP.
2.2
L'Exécutif se réunit habituellement avant le Conseil et lui
présente une liste de points à étudier. Les conseillers
désireux d'ajouter d'autres points peuvent en faire la
demande par écrit au secrétaire exécutif, ou en parler au
March 1993 .
Fonctions du Conseil: Travail local et campagne de
recrutement
Fonctions du Conseil: Travail en comké, continuité et
autres fonctions
Les conseillers doivent être prêts à participer à des comités
nommés de temps à autre par le Conseil ou l'Exécutif. La
liste des comités et de leurs membres parait en septembre
dans La Physique au Canada. Le Comité des candidatures
demande aux conseillers des candidatures pertinentes pour
les représentants élus de l'Association. Il demande en
particulier au conseiller principal de chaque district ou
secteur de trouver un candidat prêt à remplir ce poste et
capable de l'occuper, et de renseigner, par écrit ou de vive
voix, le nouveau conseiller pour assurer la continuité. Le
Conseil approuve les délégués officiels qui représentent
l'ACP auprès d'autres organismes.
L'Association s'attend à ce que les conseillers fassent mieux
connaître leur organisme chaque fois que c'est possible, et
qu'ils contribuent au besoin à des activités comme les
affaires étudiantes ou les tournées de conférences.
Néanmoins, en général, les principales fonctions et
responsabilités d'un conseiller consistent à assurer le bon
fonctionnement du Conseil, où les occasions de servir
ressemblent à celles d'un député, et dont les tâches sont
peut-être aussi flouesl
2.3
Fonctions du Conseil: Comité du programme
Ce comité prépare le programme scientifique du congrès
annuel. Il est présidé par le vice-président et comprend les
présidents des divisions, le Comité de la physique et de la
société, le directeur des membres corporatifs et le secrétaire
exécutif.
Depuis ces dernières années, le programme exige beaucoup
de planification. L'Association demande des offres de
communications dans tous les domaines de la physique (ce
qui ne peut être planifié), mais elle consacre désormais une
part importante du congrès à des communications sollicitées
et à des colloques. L'organisation des colloques, le choix des
conférenciers invités et la place des communications offertes
relèvent du Comité du programme. On compte sur chaque
président de division pour faire preuve d'initiative et offrir un
programme intéressant dans la spécialité qu'il représente.
Les conférenciers invités reçoivent une demande officielle du
président de division approprié ou du secrétaire exécutif au
nom de l'ACP. Le président doit prévenir l'intéressé que
l'Association ne peut défrayer les frais des invités, mais
qu'elle fait habituellement bénéficier les conférenciers invités
qui ne sont pas membres du tarif des membres. Les
présidents des divisions et le président du Comité peuvent
toutefois demander au secrétaire exécutif quelques
exemptions limitées d'inscription pour des conférenciers qui
n'appartiennent pas à la communauté canadienne des
physiciens. En vertu du règlement général sur l'utilisation des
fonds des divisions (voir section 3.6), une division peut
puiser dans ses fonds pour fournir une aide.
Il est souvent délicat d'intégrer au programme définitif les
communications offertes et celles qui ont été sollicitées.
Pour favoriser les sujets brûlants et la recherche récente,
nous avons délibérément prévu un court délai entre la date
limite d'envoi du résumé et le bouclage du programme, ce
qui oblige à compiler en quelques jours plusieurs centaines
de résumés de communications pour produire un programme
cohérent. Cela oblige généralement à faire des compromis
entre les besoins des divisions, et le président du Comité doit
avoir un moyen sûr et rapide de communiquer avec ces
dernières. Si un président de division est difficile à rejoindre
pour consultation pendant cette période, il doit nommer un
délégué, de préférence là où le programme est composé,
souvent à Ottawa.
Nous soulignons que le Comité fait le travail plus important
au début de son mandat. Tous les ans, le président dresse le
calendrier des réunions et des échéances. La première
réunion a habituellement lieu en novembre, date à laquelle
les présidents des divisions devraient avoir déjà bien mis en
train les plans des colloques du prochain congrès et savoir
quels conférenciers ils veulent inviter. A cette réunion, le
Comité ébauche les grandes lignes du programme. Il fixe le
nombre de séances plénières, de division et d'affiches, avec
le jour et l'heure, et organise des échanges entre les
divisions sur leurs projets pour éviter les conflits et les
recoupements possibles. Les présidents des divisions se
mettent ensuite immédiatement à l'oeuvre: ils confirment
l'invitation faite aux conférenciers, trouvent des présidents
de séance, communiquent avec leurs membres, assurent la
coordination entre les divisions. Parallèlement, le président
du Comité s'occupe, avec les présidents et le comité local,
des conférenciers des séances plénières. Dès la fin de
janvier, le gros du travail devrait être terminé. Il reste ensuite
à agencer les derniers détails du programme.
En janvier, La Physique au Canada présente l'organisation
matérielle du Congrès et lance un appel de résumés de
communications offertes. En février, le président du Comité
envoie une lettre officielle aux conférenciers invités pour
confirmer leur participation, leur demander le titre et le
résumé de leur présentation. Il faut posséder à ce stade une
liste assez complète de conférenciers et de titres afin de
préparer l'affiche du congrès et la publier dans La Physique
au Canada, pour la publicité. Une deuxième réunion a lieu
début avril, un après-midi, au bureau d'Ottawa. Tous les
résumés des communications offertes sont distribués, triés
le mieux possible au bureau central par division et par
catégorie. Les représentants des divisions doivent alors, en
quelques heures, répartir au mieux les offres entre les
communications orales et les séances d'affiches, en veillant
à ce que chaque sujet soit bien à sa place. Il faut, pour
chaque séance, fixer l'ordre exact de présentation. Le
secrétaire exécutif prépare donc une liste avec le titre de la
séance, le nom du président, l'ordre et la durée de chaque
communication. Ensuite, le bureau central compose la page
du numéro de La Physique au Canada consacrée au congrès,
ce qui est un gros travail. Le rôle du Comité est alors
presque terminé.
2.4
2.4.1
Fonctions particulières de certains membres du Conseil
F o n c t i o n s du Conseil: Conseiller - représentant
des é t u d i a n t s d i p l ô m é s
Le représentant des étudiants diplômés est le porte-parole
des étudiants de maîtrise et de doctorat aux réunions du
Conseil. Il incite les étudiants à entrer dans l'Association et
à y être actifs, et cherche à améliorer les services que l'ACP
leur offre. Fonctions particulières du représentant des
étudiants diplômés:
•
inviter les étudiants diplômés à préparer des
documents techniques sur leurs projets de recherche
pour La Physique au Canada et servir d'intermédiaire
entre les auteurs intéressés et le rédacteur du Bulletin.
• encourager les étudiants diplômés à participer au
concours du meilleur texte étudiant, le prix Lumonics,
au congrès annuel.
mars 1993
115
•
recruter de nouveaux membres étudiants diplômés
pendant la campagne annuelle de recrutement.
• répondre aux questions des étudiants diplômés sur les
activités de l'ACP.
2.4.2
Fonctions du Conseil: Conseiller
Ce poste ne correspond pas à une région géographique ou à
une division, ce qui permet à n'importe quel membre de
siéger au Conseil et de participer à l'élaboration de la
politique et de l'orientation de l'ACP. Les fonctions du
conseiller sont ce que le titulaire décide de faire, c'est-à-dire,
par exemple:
•
promouvoir l'ACP sur le plan local.
•
représenter l'ACP dans les établissements scolaires et
les expo-sciences.
•
siéger à des comités de l'ACP.
• représenter les intérêts des membres corporatifs et se
faire le porte-parole de ce groupe à l'ACP, en
particulier au Conseil, et essayer que l'ACP représente
bien ces intérêts à l'extérieur.
• transmettre les nouvelles de l'ACP aux membres
corporatifs et solliciter leur avis sur des questions qui
les touchent.
• veiller, avec le secrétaire exécutif, à ce que les
«Nouvelles des membres corporatifs» et le «Rapport
annuel des membres corporatifs» paraissent dans La
Physique au Canada.
• veiller à ce que les membres corporatifs soient invités
aux conférences et aux colloques universitaires de
l'ACP.
3.0
• fournir information et aide aux membres du Conseil et
aux physiciens locaux.
2.4.3
LES PRESIDENTS DES DIVISIONS
Les présidents sont à la tête des treize divisions spécialisées
de l'ACP, dont voici la liste et l'indicatif. Ils jouent un rôle
crucial dans l'organisation des réunions au congrès de l'ACP,
des conférences locales et des cours d'été.
Fonctions du Conseil: Directeurs
Au Conseil, les quatre catégories de membres (titulaires,
affiliés, étudiants et corporatifs) sont représentées par un
directeur. Aux réunions, les directeurs représentent les
intérêts de leur groupe. C'est d'autant plus important que les
membres titulaires sont bien représentés, mais pas les autres
catégories de membres.
Le directeur des membres étudiants est un étudiant de
premier cycle d'une université canadienne. Il sert
d'intermédiaire entre l'ACP et la Conférence canadienne
annuelle des étudiants de physique. L'ACP apporte une aide
financière de 2 000 $ à cette manifestation organisée par les
étudiants.
Le directeur des membres affiliés est un membre affilié et
représente les intérêts de son groupe. Il y avait beaucoup de
membres affiliés à l'ACP dans les années 1960. Les
enseignants de physique des écoles secondaires faisaient
partie de ce groupe. L'une des tâches de ce directeur est de
chercher comment augmenter les effectifs dans ce secteur.
Le directeur des membres s'occupe des intérêts généraux
des membres. Ses fonctions sont de la plus haute
importance pour le dynamisme des milieux canadiens de la
physique.
Le directeur des membres corporatifs doit remplir plusieurs
fonctions précises, notamment:
• organiser la campagne de recrutement des membres
corporatifs avec le secrétaire exécutif.
• chercher à recruter de nouveaux membres corporatifs
possibles.
• organiser la conférence des membres corporatifs ou
des séances pour son groupe au congrès annuel de
l'ACP.
March 1993 .
Table II Divisions
Spécialité de la Division
Indicatif
Aéronomie et physique de
l'espace
DASP
Physique atomique et
moléculaire
DAMP
Union géophysique canadienne
CGU
Physique de la matière
condensée
DCMP
Physique médicale et biologique
DMBP
Physique nucléaire
DNP
Physique optique
DOP
Physique des particles
PPD
Enseignement de la physique
DF'E
Physique des plasmas
DF'P
Physique théorique
DIP
Physique industrielle et appliquée
DIAP
Science des surfaces
DSS
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1 9 9 3 CAP CONGRESS
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3.1
Fonctions des présidents: Le Conseil
Les présidents des divisions spécialisées de l'ACP sont
membres du Conseil, organisme de direction de
l'Association. Leur mission est de représenter un domaine,
mais ils sont aussi responsables de l'état général de
l'Association. Comme ils constituent un groupe important
au Conseil, leur point de vue et, par extension, celui des
différentes divisions peuvent influer fortement sur les
activités et les politiques de l'Association.
Chaque président doit remettre un rapport annuel d'activités
de sa division quand le secrétaire exécutif le lui demande.
Cette information paraît dans le rapport annuel de l'ACP, qui
est présenté aux membres à l'assemblée générale annuelle
de juin, au congrès.
3.2
Fonctions des présidents: Comité du programme
L'une des principales taches des présidents est d'organiser
le programme du congrès annuel en faisant partie du Comité
du programme. Ce comité relève du Conseil, mais doit
décider seul de la plupart des questions et faire tout le
travail nécessaire pour mettre au point les nombreux
programmes variés, typiques des congrès. Il tient deux
réunions de planification, l'une en automne, l'autre au
printemps, généralement dans la foulée des réunions du
Conseil. Chaque président est responsable, au Comité, de
tous les aspects du programme spécialisé de son groupe, y
compris le nombre et l'horaire des séances de sa division,
les conférenciers invités à chaque séance, la répartition des
communications offertes entre les présentations orales et
sur affiches, et la planification des réunions annuelles de la
division. On espère que les présidents communiqueront
entre eux pour favoriser des points de vue complémentaires
sur des domaines d'intérêt mutuel et réduire autant que
possible les recoupements importants entre les thèmes des
conférenciers ou des séances. Les présidents doivent en
outre recommander des conférenciers pour les séances
plénières et aider à trouver des évaluateurs spécialisés pour
le concours des meilleurs textes étudiants, les prix
Lumonics. On trouvera à la section 2.3 d'autres
responsabilités au Comité du programme.
3.3
Fonction des présidents: Finances
L'ACP n'a pas les moyens de défrayer le voyage des
présidents aux réunions du Comité du programme et du
Conseil, ce qui fait que l'aide financière dépend de chaque
division. Le Conseil a approuvé des lignes directrices
générales sur l'utilisation des fonds des divisions. Voir la
section 3.6.
3.4
Fonctions des présidents: Cours d'été et conférences
Les divisions de l'ACP et d'autres groupes de physiciens
canadiens organisent de temps à autre des cours d'été et
des conférences. L'ACP peut jouer un rôle utile en faisant
de la publicité et en évitant les conflits de dates. Les
présidents des divisions sont donc invités à informer tût le
secrétaire exécutif de leurs projets.
Comme l'ACP parraine officiellement beaucoup d'activités,
elle exige une demande officielle. Voici la politique établie
à ce sujet.
Parrainage des cours d'été et des conférences
A sa réunion de juin 1976, le Conseil de l'Association
canadienne des physiciens a adopté le règlement suivant:
«Le président doit signer toutes les demandes de subvention
de cours d'été et de conférences parrainés par l'ACP.»
L'objet de ce règlement est d'indiquer bien clairement si
c'est l'Association (et non des divisions ou des comités) qui
parraine le cours ou la conférence. Le Conseil de recherches
en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG) et
d'autres organismes de financement ont été informés. Pour
éviter les possibilités de conflit entre les groupes qui
organisent le même genre de réunion et pour permettre aux
organisateurs de respecter les échéances du CRSNG, les
demandes de parrainage de l'ACP sont étudiées tous les ans
en septembre. Il faut donc les envoyer au bureau de l'ACP
le plus tût possible, avant le 15 août car, sauf circonstances
exceptionnelles, elles ne seront plus étudiées après cette
date.
3.5
Fonctions des présidents: Activités des divisions
Nous n'énumérerons pas les activités des divisions qui ne
relèvent pas directement du Conseil. Certaines fonctions
sont pourtant les mêmes, par exemple organiser et présider
les réunions d'affaires annuelles au congrès; assurer la
coordination et la liaison avec les exécutifs des autres
divisions pour planifier des activités; prévoir des
candidatures et organiser l'élection de successeurs; mettre
les successeurs au courant des fonctions du poste. Il faut
savoir que la plupart des membres de l'ACP s'intéressent â
plusieurs divisions, si bien que les activités d'un groupe
attirent généralement un plus grand nombre de participants,
ce qui peut parfois entraîner des conflits. Il est donc dans
l'intérêt des membres de l'ACP et des divisions d'informer
systématiquement le secrétaire exécutif des plans et des
activités prévus. Une bonne façon de procéder est
d'envoyer automatiquement le calendrier des activités à La
Physique au Canada.
3.6
Fonctions des présidents: L'utilisation des fonds des
divisions
Dans chaque division, l'exécutif administre les fonds. Il doit
cependant rendre des comptes aux membres de la division
et à l'Association pour tous les fonds obtenus au nom de la
division et de l'Association. Il veille à ce que les fonds
soient bien utilisés et que tous les comptes soient
vérifiables. L'objet de ces lignes directrices est d'indiquer ce
que le Conseil considère comme une «bonne» utilisation des
fonds, qui désignent ici l'argent provenant des cotisations
des membres ou d'autres sources pour la conduite des
affaires de la division. Les autres fonds, comme ceux
expressément alloués à une conférence ou à des cours
d'été, doivent être clairement désignés.
mars 1993
117
Le budget permet à l'exécutif de gérer les affaires de la
division et de représenter ses membres. L'argent sert
normalement à défrayer le coût des services de secrétariat,
les frais de bureau, de photocopie, d'envoi, etc. Un exécutif
peut légitimement utiliser les fonds de la division pour des
dépenses de voyage essentielles liées à la participation aux
réunions de l'exécutif de la division, du Conseil de l'ACP ou
d'un comité, ou pour d'autres réunions qui ont
manifestement un rapport avec la division. Les réunions de
cette dernière catégorie doivent être assez rares et
comporter des activités importantes où il est souhaitable
que le président, par exemple, fasse une intervention
spéciale au nom de son groupe. Les réunions purement
scientifiques sont exclues. Il est formellement interdit de
demander le remboursement de frais engagés pour des
membres de la famille. Les membres de l'exécutif ne
doivent pas recevoir d'honoraires pour les services rendus.
En général, les réunions scientifiques organisées par l'ACP
et une division doivent être autofinancées. Des frais
d'inscription sont donc imposés pour défrayer les coûts.
Une division ne doit pas prendre entièrement à sa charge
une réunion ou un cours d'été. Mais rien ne l'empêche d'en
subventionner un aspect, puisqu'elle tire souvent des
bénéfices nets d'une activité.
Les conférenciers invités aux réunions de l'ACP ne reçoivent
généralement pas d'honoraires, et leurs frais de voyage ou
d'hôtel ne sont pas prélevés sur les fonds de la division.
Mais il peut y avoir, à l'appréciation de l'exécutif de la
division, des exceptions pour des conférenciers invités qui
y seraient de leur poche ou qui auraient du mal à trouver
des fonds ailleurs.
Il est fortement recommandé de tenir des comptes distincts
pour les principales activités, comme les cours d'été, et que
les fonds prévus à cette fin soient distincts des dépenses
courantes de la division. Tous les fonds obtenus au nom de
l'ACP doivent être vérifiables. Il faut envoyer des relevés
financiers au bureau national.
Les fonds de la division et, autant que possible, tous les
fonds spéciaux, doivent être déposés dans le compte
général de l'ACP, au bureau central. Ainsi, les divisions
évitent à l'Association de devoir payer des taux d'intérêt
très élevés, et le bureau central peut tenir les livres et
envoyer régulièrement, ou sur demande, des relevés
financiers aux divisions.
3.7
Fonctions particulières de certains présidents de
division
Certains présidents ont des fonctions particulières. Ainsi,
ceux de la Division de physique optique, de la Division de
physique industrielle et appliquée, et de la Division de
physique atomique et moléculaire choisissent tous les ans
deux lauréats pour le Prix Newport d'optique de l'ACP.
Nous consacrons une section à deux d'entre elles: la
Division de la physique des particules et la Division de
l'enseignement de la physique. Nous espérons que les
fonctions des autres présidents paraîtront ultérieurement
dans La Physique au Canada.
March 1993 .
3.7.1
Fonctions des présidents: Division de la physique
des particules
Cette division sélectionne, avec l'Institut de la physique des
particules,
des
délégués
pour
certains
congrès
internationaux de physique des particules où il y a un
contingentement national. Il faut donc annoncer ces
réunions aux membres et centraliser les demandes.
Un comité est formé avec l'Institut pour allouer les
invitations si les demandes sont trop nombrejses.
3.7.2
Fonctions
des
présidents:
l'enseignement de la physique
Division
de
Le président de cette division doit résider dans la province
ou la région qui recevra le prochain congrès d'été de l'ACP,
mais il n'est pas nécessairement attaché à l'université hôte.
Cela s'explique à cause du nouveau prix d'excellence en
enseignement de la physique de l'ACP. Le président doit en
effet collaborer avec le ministère provincial de l'Éducation
pour que tous les conseils ou commissions scolaires soient
mis au courant de ce prix, et pour demander des fonds pour
le chèque qui sera remis au lauréat avec son prix au congrès
de l'ACP. Le président de cette division fait partie du comité
de sélection du prix. Il doit aussi favoriser la tenue
d'activités pour les enseignants du secondaire de la région
au congrès et fait le lien avec les organisations locales
d'enseignants. Il est chargé de coordonner la tournée de
conférences de l'ACP; il écrit des lettres d'invitation aux
universités et autres établissements pour avoir une liste de
conférenciers possibles à faire circuler (les thèmes peuvent
porter sur l'industrie et sur la Division de physique
industrielle et appliquée). D'habitude, chaque fois que l'ACP
traite de questions liées à l'enseignement, elle le consulte.
4.0
L'AVENIR
Nous avons essayé de présenter un aperçu des fonctions et
des modalités d'action de l'ACP en 1992, qui serviront à la
préparation d'un guide. Les futurs conseils apporteront des
changements. Nous espérons que le Conseil estimera utile
de mettre à jour ce document, mais en attendant, nous
souhaitons que cet article soit un instrument valable pour de
nombreux membres du Conseil et de l'ACP.
THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF
PHYSICISTS 48TII ANNUAL CONGRESS
CAP
CONGRESS
1993
ACP
June 13-16, 1993
Simon
Fraser
University
INFORMATION
SUNDAY, JUNE 13 1993
DCMP SYMPOSIUM
Following the very successful precedent established at the 1992 Congress, the Division of Condensed
Matter Physics will host a one day symposium at Simon Fraser University on Sunday, June 13. This
symposium replaces the previously held Fall Meetings of the Division and has the benefit of boosting
attendance at the Annual Congress as well as taking advantage of the fact that many Congress
participants arrive on Saturday in order to take advantage of significant reductions in air fares.
The theme for this year's symposium has not yet been determined -- suggestions were solicited in the
recently circulated Fall newsletter of the Division. Details will be available in the Spring newsletter.
SYMPOSIUM ON ULTRASHORT PULSE LASERS AND DENSE PLASMAS
A one-day topical meeting on the interaction physics and properties of hot, dense plasmas in ultrahigh
fields will be held on Sunday, June 13, 1993 at Simon Fraser University, organized by the Division
of Plasma Physics.
The program will feature invited presentations on the latest results in the field, with a panel discussion
in the afternoon. A contributed session of both oral and poster presentations is planned; please
submit a standard CAP abstract and indicate on it Symposium on Ultrashort Pulse Lasers and Dense
Plasmas.
All Congress participants are invited to attend. The symposium will start at 8:30 a.m. For more
information, please contact one of the organizers: Jean-Claude Kieffer (INRS Energie), Andrew Ng
(UBC), Wojciech Rozmus (U. of Alberta), or David Villeneuve (NRC).
IPP SYMPOSIUM
The IPP is planning a one-day symposium on June 13 to be held at Simon Fraser University in conjunction with
the CAP's 1993 Congress. Details will be published in the 1993 March, with the full program in the Congress
(May) issue.
For those planning to attend these Sunday sessions, registration and
an informal reception will be provided on Saturday, June 12.
***************************
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 14 1993
The 1993 CORPORATE MEMBERS' CONFERENCE will be held in conjunction w i t h the CAP's Annual
Congress. This one-day symposium will take place on Wednesday, June 16. See page 124 for a list
of the invited speakers for this special session.
March 1993 .
1993 PRELIMINARY CONGRESS PROGRAM
TIME
0830 h
June 13
SUNDAY
Plasma Physics
Workshop
DCMP Symposium
IPP Symposium
June 14
MONDAY
Plenary
1993 March 3
June 15
TUESDAY
June 16
WEDNESDAY
Plenary
Plenary
C
O
R
P
O
0930 h
Coiincil
Me<sting
1200 h
1330 h
DCMP Symposium
DOP
DTP
DNP
DSS/DCMP
DCMP/DSS
Division
Meetings :
Division
Meetings :
IPP
DCMP
Particle Phys.
DAMP
DTP
DPE
Particle Physics
(1:30-3:30)
Plasma Physics
Workshop
1430 h
IPP Meeting?
DPE (maybe Wed.)
Particle Physics
DCMP/DOP
Plasma Physics
DNP
DAMP
DIAP
Particle/DTP
DCMP
DOP
DNP
DSS
Division
Meetings:
CAP Award
winners
M
E
M
B
E
R
S
DOP
DNP
C
Plenary
O
Newport Awards
DOP/DAMP
DCMP/DTP
Plasma Physics
DIAP
LumonjLCS
Comj>etition
R
A
T
E
DCMP
Particle Phys.
DTP
N
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
DNP/Particle
(4:00-6:00)
Annusil
Gene i-al
Meeti.ng
1630 h
Council
Meeting
1700 h
Poster Session
1800 h
Reception
1900 h
Opening
Speaker
Banquet &
Entertainment
1930 h
2000 h
CJP Editorial Bd
Mtng (7:00)
Ope ning
Rec eption
mars 1993
121
1993 CONGRESS - LIST OF INVITED SPEAKERS
DAMP SESSION
(Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics)
Suzanne Lacroix, École Polytechnique: "Fused Fibre
Couplers and Other Tapered Structures: Recent Progress"
S.P. Reddy, Memorial University of Newfoundland:
"Recent Experimental Advances in the Induced Vibrational
Spectra of H 2 , H 2 + D 2 and HD"
DCMP/DTP SESSION
William £. Bay/is, University of Windsor: "The Dirac
Theory of the Electron: New Geometric Insights"
Irving Ozier, University of British Columbia: "Fine and
Hyperfine Structure in the Vibrational Spectrum of HBr + "
A. Eugene Livingston,
University of Notre Dame:
"Relativistic Atomic Structures in Highly Charged Ions"
DAMP/DOP JOINT SESSION
(Atomic, Molecular and Optic Physics)
Michel Tetu, COPL, Université Laval: "Laser Diode
Frequency
Stabilization:
Application
to
Optical
Communication"
David P. She/ton, University of Nevada: "Non-linear Optics
of Atoms and Molecules"
Alan Madej, Institute for National Measurement Standards,
National Research Council: "Precision Spectroscopy of
Single, Laser Cooled Ions"
H.K. Haugen, Institute for Materials Research, McMaster
University: "Selected Atomic Physics Experiments with
Negative Ions Utilizing Storage Rings and Laser Sources"
DCMP/DOP SESSION
(Optical Studies of Condensed Matter)
Mike Wortis, Simon Fraser University: "Red Blood Cells
and Artificial Vesicles: Shapes and Shape Transitions"
D. Sullivan, University of Guelph: "Theory of Interfaces in
Complex Liquids"
Stephen Morris, University of Toronto: "Pattern Formation
Experiments in Convecting Gases"
Larry Sorensen, University of Washington (Seattle):
"Layer-by-Layer Freezing of Liquid Crystals: Probing the
Intermolecular Forces and Finite-Size Effects"
DCMP/DSS SESSION
(Interfaces in Nanostructures)
S.S.P. Parkin,
IBM Research Division,
California:
"Interfacial Origin of Giant Magnetoresistance"
S.A. Chambers, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland:
"High Energy X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction Studies of
Evolving Heteroepitaxial Interfaces"
J.M. Baribeau, Institute for Microstructural Sciences,
National Research Council: "Interfacial Studies in Very
Thin Si-Ge Heterostructures"
T. Van Buuren,
University of British Columbia:
"Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Quantum Size Effects in
Porous Silicon"
J.P. Wolfe, University of Illinois: "Recent Developments in
the Search for Bose Condensation in Exitonic Systems"
DCMP SESSION
(Superconductivity)
Jeff Young, University of British Columbia: "Ultrafast
Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors: Many Body Effects"
Walter Hardy, University of British Columbia: "What We
Can Learn About the Pairing State of High Tc
Superconductors from Microwave Studies"
DOP SESSIONS
Claude Bourbonnais, Université de Sherbrooke: "Organic
Superconductors - Concepts and Physical Properties"
M. Rioux, Institute of Information Technologies, National
Research Council: "Fundamentals and Applications of 3-D
Cameras"
A.D. May, University of Toronto: "Polarization Instabilities
in Lasers"
F. Ouellette, COPL, Université Laval: "Photosensitivity
Effects in Optical Fibres"
March 1993 .
Tom
Timusk,
McMaster
University:
Superconductors: Is there a gap?"
"High
Tc
DCMP SESSION
(Best CMP Paper in Canadian Journal of Physics)
Ross Haiiett, University of Guelph: "An Investigation of
the Mechanical Properties of Vesicles Using Scattering
Techniques"
DCMP SYMPOSIUM
(Condensed Matter Physics
Requiring Large Facilities)
DNP/PPD JOINT SESSION
and
Materials
Science
Wolfgang Lorenzon, TRIUMF/Simon Fraser University:
"The Search for Colour Transparency in (e,e'p) at SLAC"
J.M. Rowe,
National Institute of Standards
Technology: "Science at a Cold-Neutron Facility"
and
Wolfgang Eberhardt, Institut fur Festkôrperforschung:
"Materials Research with Soft X-Rays"
Larry Sorensen, University of Washington: "Modern
Synchrotron Diffraction: Probing Surfaces, Interfaces,
Magnetism, Valence and Bonding"
Al. C. Thompson,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory:
"Focussing of Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Beams and
their Use for Materials Science Research"
Charles Gale, McGill University: "Lepton Pair Production in
High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions"
Andy Miller, TRIUMF: "Hermes: A Precise Experiment for
Nucléon Spin Structure"
PPD SESSION
Pekka Sinervo, University of Toronto: "CDF Results from
the 1992-93 Tevatron PBar-P Collider Run"
"Canadian
Garry Levman, University of Manitoba: "First Results from
the ZEUS Experiment at HERA"
Jess Brewer, University of British Columbia: "//SR in
Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science"
Gerald Oakham, Carleton University: "The Canadian
Contribution to the SDC Detector at the Superconducting
Super Collider"
P.A. Egelstaff, University of Guelph: "A New Canadian
Neutron Scattering Facility"
Joe
MUdenberger,
Carleton
University:
"Opal
Measurements of B Hadron Lifetimes and Related Topics"
E.C. Svensson, AECL Research: "Structure and Dynamics
of Amorphous and Crystalline Ice"
Michel Lefebvre, University of Victoria: "TeV Physics with
ATLAS at LHC"
Daryl Crozier, Simon Fraser
Synchrotron Radiation Studies"
University:
Renée Poutissou, TRIUMF: "Rare K Decay Results from
DSS SESSION
(In Recognition of Roy Morrison)
Roy Morrison, Simon Fraser University: "Influence of
Adsorbed Oxygen on Surface Properties"
£787»
Randy Sobie, University of Victoria: "Recent Results on
Tau Lepton Physics from OPAL"
Mike Ogg, Carleton University: "?"
DNP SESSION
David Macfarlane,
Dennis Wright, TRIUMF: "Radiative Muon Capture in Light
Nuclei"
Doug Gingrich, University of Alberta: "Exotic Searches at
HERA"
C. Rangacharyulu, University of Saskatchewan: "Searches
for Isobar Components in the 3 He Ground State"
PPD/DTP JOINT SESSION
Guy Savard, AECL Chalk River: "The Penning Trap as a
Mass Spectrometer for Unstable Isotopes"
Norm Kolb, University of Alberta: "A Search for 3-body
E f f e c t s in
3
McGill University: "B-Factories"
Gilles Couture, Université du Québec à Montreal/Concordia
University: "Electric Dipole Moments of Heavy Fermions"
DPE SESSION
He(K,PP)n"
LotharBuchmann, TRIUMF: "The ^-delayed o Spectrum of
16
N and the Extrapolation of the Low Energy 12C(a,K)160
Cross Section"
Gordon
Bail,
AECL
Chalk
River:
"Dielectronic
Recombination for He-like Ions Channeled in Thin Crystals
of Si, Ni and Au"
Lillian C. McDermott, University of Washington: "How We
Teach and How Students Learn"
Edward F. Redish, University of Washington:
Computer of Any Use in Teaching Physics?"
"Is a
Paul Cant, Mount Allison University: "Learn First Year
Physics from a Computerl"
mars 1993
123
David Boat, Simon Fraser University:
Cosmology in Freshman Physics"
"Quarks
and
DPP SESSION
Daniel Loss, Simon Fraser University: "Macroscopic
Quantum Tunneling in Magnetic Structures"
Robert Rankin, Canadian Network for Space Research,
University of Alberta: "Computer Simulations of MHD
Waves and Instabilities in the Earth's Magnetosphere"
J.P. Whitehead, Memorial University of Newfoundland:
"Rare Earth Magnetic Ordering in the REBaCuO Oxide
Superconductors"
Réai Decoste, Centre canadien de fusion magnétique:
"TdeV's Major Contributions to Divertor Concepts for a
Fusion Reactor"
Ken Elder, McGill University: "Ordering Dynamics in a
Simple Model of Rayleigh-Bènard Convection"
Akira Hirose, University of Saskatchewan: "Ohmic HModes in the STOR-M Tokamak"
DIAP SESSIONS
Jean-Claude Kieffer, INRS - Energie et Matériaux: "Physics
of High Density Plasmas Produced by Intense
Subpicosecond Lasers"
James C. Wyant, Wyko Corporation/University of Arizona:
"Recent Developments in Computerized Interferometric
Metrology"
Carla Miner, Bell Northern Research: "?"
DPP SESSION
(Ultrashort Pulse Lasers and Dense Plasmas)
Jim Webb, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National
Research Council: "?"
NealBurnett, National Research Council: "Optically Ionized
Plasmas and Engineered Light"
Savvas Chamberlain, University of Waterloo: "Advances
in CCD Image Sensor Technology"
M. Chaker, INRS - Energie et Matériaux: "?"
CORPORATE MEMBERS' CONFERENCE
Roger Falcone, University of California: "?"
Gerard Mourou, Center for Ultrafast Optical Sciences,
University of Michigan: "?"
Andrew Ng, University of British Columbia: "?"
Allan Offenberger,
University of Alberta: "Optical
Ionization of Gases by Intense ps KrF Laser Radiation"
DTP SESSION
Raphael
Amit,
University
of
"Commercializing
Technology:
Challenges"
British
Columbia:
Opportunities and
Dan Gelbart, Creo Products Inc.: "Optical Tape Data
Storage: From Concept to Product"
Robert Brown, Elemental Research Inc.: "The Evolution of
Mass Technology"
L. Ballentine, Simon Fraser University: "Quantum Chaos
and its Relation to the Foundations of Quantum
Mechanics"
S.H. Vosko, University of Toronto: "A Theorist's View of
the Periodic Table: Evidence from Negative Ions"
P.R. Wallace, McGill University: "Early Days of Theoretical
Physics in Canada"
Weiming Que, University of Toronto: "Buckyball Solids:
Orientational Order and Librational Modes"
KarlBrackhaus, Dynapro Systems Inc.: "A Physicist in the
Corporate World"
March 1993 .
Denzil Doyle, Doyletech Corporation: "Attracting Risk
Capital to the Commercialization
of
Canadian
Technologies"
Bowie Keefer, Highquest Engineering: "Experiences in
Commercialising Fluid Separation Technology"
Vou are i n v i t e d t o a t t e n d t h e 48th Annual Congress of the
Canadian Association
of Physicists t o be held S u n d a y , J u n e 13
t h r o u g h W e d n e s d a y , J u n e 16 at S i m o n Fraser University in
Burriaby, British Columbia. The c o n f e r e n c e opens o n Sunday
evening w i t h registration, a public lecture and a w e l c o m e
reception a n d ends o n W e d n e s d a y a f t e r n o o n . There w i l l also be
s y m p o s i a organized by t h e Division of C o n d e n s e d M a t t e r
Physics and t h e Division of Plasma Physics on S u n d a y .
V o u s êtes invités à participer au 48e Congrès
annuel
de
l'Association
canadienne
des physiciens
qui se tiendra du
d i m a n c h e 13 juin au mercredi 16 juin à l'Université Simon
Fraser, à Burnaby (Colombie-Britannique). Le Congrès débutera
le dimanche soir avec l'inscription, une c o n f é r e n c e publique et
une r é c e p t i o n d ' i n a u g u r a t i o n . Il se terminera le mercredi aprèsmidi. Le d i m a n c h e se tiendront également des colloques
organisés par la Division de la physique de la matière condensée
et par la Division de la physique des p l a s m a s .
The Local C o m m i t t e e , chaired b y Dr. Michael Plischke, looks
f o r w a r d t o w e l c o m i n g y o u t o S i m o n Fraser University and B.C.
Le c o m i t é organisateur local, présidé par le Dr Michael Plischke,
se réjouit de v o u s recevoir à l'Université S i m o n Fraser.
PROGRAM
PROGRAMME
The program w i l l include k e y n o t e speakers on M o n d a y morning,
c o n t r i b u t e d papers, a poster session, and exhibits.
The
program also includes t h e A s s o c i a t i o n ' s A n n u a l General
Meeting and a banquet.
Le p r o g r a m m e comprendra des c o n f é r e n c e s spéciales le lundi
m a t i n , des c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , une séance d ' a f f i c h e s et une
exposition. Il sera c o m p l é t é par l'assemblée générale annuelle
et u n banquet.
A general outline of t h e p r o g r a m appears f o l l o w i n g this
i n f o r m a t i o n . A list of i n v i t e d speakers w i l l appear in the M a r c h
issue of Physics in Canada.
The final, detailed conference
program w i l l be published in t h e Spring issue of Physics in
Canada.
V o u s trouverez les grandes lignes du p r o g r a m m e après ces
r e n s e i g n e m e n t s . La liste des conférenciers invités paraîtra dans
le n u m é r o de mars de La physique
au Canada. Le programme
définitif c o m p l e t paraîtra dans le n u m é r o de p r i n t e m p s .
SPECIAL EVENTS
ACTIVITÉS SPÉCIALES
Sunday, June 1 3
Dimanche 13 juin
Public lecture in the Images Theatre at 7 : 0 0 p . m . f o l l o w e d by
a W e l c o m e Reception (included in the registration fee) at the
Diamond U n i v e r s i t y Club.
Une conférence publique à l ' I m a g e s Theatre à 19 heures, suivie
d'une
réception
d'ouverture
(comprise
dans
les
frais
d'inscription) au D i a m o n d University Club.
Tuesday, June 1 5
Conference banquet at t h e Pink Pearl Restaurant - considered
to serve the best Cantonese f o o d in V a n c o u v e r and by
e x t e n t i o n the best in the c o u n t r y . Banquet t i c k e t s are on sale
for $ 3 5 per person inclusive of bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and f r o m
the restaurant and applicable t a x e s . To ensure availability of
banquet t i c k e t s , t h e y s h o u l d be reserved and paid for w h e n y o u
return your registration f o r m . A limited number of t i c k e t s w i l l
be available at t h e c o n f e r e n c e registration desk during t h e
Sunday evening registration.
Mardi 14 juin
Banquet du Congrès au restaurant Pink Pearl, considéré c o m m e
le meilleur restaurant de cuisine cantonaise de V a n c o u v e r , et
m ê m e du pays. Les billets c o û t e n t 3 5 $ par personne, ce qui
c o m p r e n d le transport aller-retour par a u t o b u s et les t a x e s . Pour
v o u s assurer d'avoir une place, réservez v o t r e billet et payez-le
avec v o t r e formulaire d ' i n s c r i p t i o n . Un nombre limité de billets
seront en v e n t e au bureau du Congrès le dimanche soir, à
l'inscription.
REGISTRATION I N F O R M A T I O N
INSCRIPTION
Complete and f a x or mail t h e a t t a c h e d conference registration
f o r m . Y o u are e n c o u r a g e d t o register b y fax but if y o u w i s h to
mail your c o m p l e t e d registration f o r m , please r e m e m b e r t h a t
mail can t a k e 1 0 - 1 4 days f r o m c o a s t t o c o a s t . If registration
and fee p a y m e n t (by credit card) is f a x e d , do n o t mail the
original f o r m . Fee p a y m e n t should a c c o m p a n y the registration
form.
You w i l l be sent a receipt as c o n f i r m a t i o n of your
registration.
Veuillez remplir le formulaire ci-joint et nous le renvoyer par
télécopieur ou par la poste. Nous r e c o m m a n d o n s l ' e m p l o i du
télécopieur, mais si v o u s optez pour la p o s t e , n'oubliez pas que
le courrier peut prendre 10 à 14 jours d ' u n océan à l'autre. Si
v o u s v o u s inscrivez et que v o u s payez les frais (par carte de
crédit) par télécopieur, il est inutile d ' e n v o y e r ensuite le
formulaire original par la poste. Les frais d ' i n s c r i p t i o n doivent
a c c o m p a g n e r v o t r e formulaire. Un reçu confirmera l'inscription.
Registration fees
Frais d'inscription
A s an incentive t o early registration, a discount fee w i l l apply
t o registrations received at SFU Conference Services on or
before M o n d a y , M a y 2. Registrations received after 5 : 0 0 p m
(PST) on Friday, J u n e 4 t h m a y not be processed.
After
J u n e 4 t h , delegates s h o u l d register o n site.
Pour v o u s inciter à v o u s inscrire t ô t , v o u s recevrez u n rabais si
les Conference Services de l'Université Simon Fraser (SFU)
reçoivent v o t r e dossier avant le lundi 2 mai. Les inscriptions
reçues le vendredi 4 juin après 17 h (PST) risquent de ne pas
être traitées. Après le 4 juin, les délégués d e v r o n t s'inscrire sur
place.
Student delegates s h o u l d include a letter f r o m the head of their
d e p a r t m e n t c e r t i f y i n g their s t a t u s .
Les étudiants doivent joindre une lettre
d é p a r t e m e n t pour attester leur s t a t u t .
de
leur
chef
mars 1993
de
125
Conference fees ere quoted
inclusive of 7 % GST.
in Canadian dollars
and are
Inscription anticipée
(jusqu'au 2 mai)
Advance Registration Faa*
(on or before May 2)
Members and Invited Speakers
Non-Members
Student Members
Non-Member Students
High School/
Retirees
One Day Registration:
(Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday)
Les frais d'inscription sont en dollars canadiens en comprennent
7 % de TPS.
$ 60.00($20/Day)
$110.00
Membres et conférenciers invités
Non-membres
Membres étudiants
étudiants non membres
et «junior colleges*
Retraités
$110.00
Inscription d ' u n jour
(lundi, mardi ou mercredi)
$210.00
$280.00
$ 60.00
$ 75.00
210
280
60
75
$
$
$
$
6 0 $ (20$/jour)
110 $
110 $
Frais complets
(après le 2 mai)
Full Fees
(after May 2)
$260.00
$320.00
$ 75.00
$ 90.00
2(50 $
320 $
75 $
80 $
$ 75.00($25/day)
$135.00
Membres et conférenciers invités
Non-membres
Membres étudiants
Étudiants non membres
et «junior colleges»
Retraités
One Day Registration:
(Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday)
$135.00
Inscription d ' u n jour
(lundi, mardi ou mercredi)
Optional (not included in conference fee):
Sunday Dinner at SFU
Tuesday Conference Banquet
$ 14.00
$ 35.00
Activités facultatives (non comprises dans les frais de Congrès):
DTner du dimanche à l'Université
14 $
Banquet du Congrès, le mardi
35 $
Members and Invited Speakers
Non-Members
Student Members
Non-Member Students
High School/
Retirees
76 $ (25$/jour)
135 $
135 $
1.
The registration fee includes a copy of the Conference
Program, admission to all program sessions, exhibits, the
poster session, the Sunday welcome reception and all
refreshment breaks. The fee does not include the Tuesday
Chinese Banquet.
1.
Les frais d'inscription comprennent le programme du Congrès,
l'admission à toutes les séances du programme, aux affiches,
à la réception du dimanche et à toutes les pauses
rafraîchissements. Ils n'incluent pas le banquet chinois du
mardi.
2.
Banquet tickets may be purchased at $35 per person. The
price includes transportation to/from the restaurant and
7 % GST.
2.
Les billets du banquet sont vendus au prix de 35 $ par
personne, ce qui comprend le transport aller-retour et 7 % de
TPS.
3.
Delegates attending the Condensed Matter and Plasma
Physics divisional symposia scheduled for Sunday should
note their attendance on the registration form.
3.
Les délégués qui participeront aux colloques de la DPP et de
la DCMP prévus le dimanche sont priés de l'indiquer sur le
formulaire d'inscription.
4.
Accommodation, meals and transportation costs are not
included in the conference registration fee.
4.
L'hébergement, les repas et les transports no sont pas inclus
dans les frais d'inscription.
Methods of Payment
Payment can be made by credit card (Mastercard or Visa) or
cheque (made payable to Simon Fraser University for
CAP 1993) and should accompany the registration form.
Registrations sent w i t h o u t fee payment will not be processed.
Participants w h o pay by credit card should fax their registration
form to SFU Conference Services at fax (604) 2 9 1 - 3 4 2 0 .
1 2 6 Physics in Canada
March 1993 .
Modalités de paiement
Le paiement doit accompagner l'inscription. Il peut être effectué
par carte de crédit (Mastercard ou VISA) ou par chèque (libellé
à l'ordre de: Simon Fraser University for CAP 1993). Les
formulaires sans paiement ne seront pas traités. Les
participants qui paieront par carte de crédit devront envoyer
leur formulaire d'inscription par télécopieur aux Conference
Services, au ( 6 0 4 ) 2 9 1 - 3 4 2 0 .
Cancellation Policy
Cancellations received on or before June 4 will be refunded,
less a $ 2 0 . 0 0 Handling fee.
No refund w i l l be made for
cancellations
after
June
4,
except
in
extentuating
circumstances. To be issued a refund by the
University,
participants
must return their original Simon Fraser
University
receipt to Conference
Services.
Politique d'annulation
Les demandes d'annulation reçues au plus tard le 4 juin seront
remboursées, moins 2 0 $ de frais d'administration. Il n'y aura
plus de remboursement après le 4 juin, sauf circonstances
exceptionnelles. Pour recevoir un chèque de remboursement
de
l'Université, les participants doivent renvoyer te reçu original de
l'Université Simon Fraser aux Conference
Services.
TRAVEL
VOYAGE
Convention Airline - Canadi>n Event No. 19168.
C a n a d i > n Airlines International and their regional partners (Air
Atlantic,
Canad i > n
Partner,
Calm
Air,
Time
Air,
lnter-Canadi>n, and C a n a d i > n North) have been selected as
"The Official" Airlines for our 1 9 9 3 CAP Congress.
Transport aérien - Numéro d'événement
Canadi> n 19168.
Les Lignes aériennes C a n a d i > n International et ses partenaires
régionaux (Air Atlantic, C a n a d i > n Partner, Calm Air, Time Air,
lnter-Canadi>n, et C a n a d i > n Nord) ont été désignés
"Transporteur Officiel" de notre Congrès ACP 1993.
C a n a d i > n Airlines' Conventionair Reservations Office will
GUARANTEE you 1 5 % off the full economy fare w h e n you
travel w i t h them to the 1 9 9 3 CAP Congress.
Advance
purchase fares offer even greater savings. Remember that a
Saturday night stayover o f t e n results in a lower airfare.
Conventionair vous garantit un rabais de 1 5 % sur le plein tarif
économie de C a n a d i > n , quand vous voyagez avec eux pour
assister à notre Congrès ACP 1993. L'achat des billets è
l'avance permet
de réaliser des économies
encore plus
avantageuses. Rappelez-vousx qu'en passant la nuit du samedi
soir on obtient souvent de meilleurs tarifs.
Simply contact your travel agent, or C a n a d i > n Airlines'
Conventionair office toll-free at 1 - 8 0 0 - 6 6 5 - 5 5 5 4 . Please quote
the airline event number (Canadi>n's file registration number
is 1 9 1 6 8 ) when making your booking to help the CAP earn
bonus flights that can be used to bring our university prize
winner, among others, to the 1 9 9 4 CAP Congress.
Communiquez avec votre agent de voyages, ou les Services
Conventionair
Canadi>n
au
numéro
sans
frais
1-800-665-5554.
Quand vous réservez, précisez bien le
numéro du congrès (Canadi>n 19168) pour aider l'ACP à
obtenir des voyages en prime qui serviront, entre autres, à faire
venir les gagnants des prix universitaires au Congrès de 1994.
C a n a d i > n Plus members continue to earn valuable mileage
points. BONUS - You can earn 1 0 0 0 extra points on your
Canadian Plus by booking your travel on C a n a d i > n Airline and
ensuring that your travel agent sends a copy of your booking to
C a n a d i > n Conventionair or you call 1 - 8 0 0 - 6 6 5 - 5 5 5 4 to advise
of your reservation.
De plus, les membres du Programme pour grands voyageurs
C A N A D I > N PLUS peuvent ainsi continuer à accumuler les
points primes. BONI - 1 0 0 0 points seront ajoutés à votre
C A N A D I > N PLUS en vous assurant d'enregistrer votre
reservation avec Conventionair en composant 1 - 8 0 0 - 6 6 5 - 5 5 5 4 .
Transportation to Accommodation
The taxi fare f r o m the airport to Simon Fraser University is
approximately $ 4 0 . 0 0 . All major rental car companies are
located at the airport. Travel time to the university from the
airport is approximately 4 5 minutes to an hour.
Transport de l'aéroport
La course de taxi de l'aéroport à l'Université Simon Fraser coûte
environ 4 0 $. Les principales agences de location de voitures
ont toutes une antenne à l'aéroport. Il faut compter 4 5 minutes
à 1 heure pour se rendre à l'Université.
Delegates can also take the Airport Express bus service from
Vancouver International Airport to d o w n t o w n Vancouver and
then board a transit bus to Simon Fraser University.
The
Airport Express bus service departs from the pick-up area
outside level 2 at Vancouver International Airport every 15
minutes. Tickets can be purchased from the driver. Cost one
w a y into Vancouver is $ 8 . 2 5 or $14 return (good any time).
This service operates between 0 6 1 5 h and 2 4 1 5 h. Travel time
from the airport to d o w n t o w n Vancouver is 3 5 - 4 5 minutes.
À l'Aéroport international de Vancouver, on peut aussi prendre
le service d'autobus express qui mène au centre-ville de
Vancouver, puis prendre un autobus de la ville à destination de
l'Université Simon Fraser. L'autobus express part tous les
quarts d'heure à l'arrêt se trouvant à l'extérieur du niveau 2 de
l'Aéroport.
Le chauffeur vend les billets.
Aller simple à
Vancouver:
8 , 2 5 $, ou aller-retour:
14 $ (sans
date
d'expiration). Cette navette circule de 6 h 1 5 à 2 4 h 15. Le
trajet jusqu'au centre-ville dure 35 à 4 5 minutes.
ACCOMMODATION
HÉBERGEMENT
Participants
should
make
their
own
accommodation
reservations. For your convenience the following facilities have
been booked for the 1 9 9 3 Congress participants.
Les participants doivent faire eux-mêmes leurs réservations.
Plusieurs types d'hébergement sont réservés pour le Congrès
de 1993.
On-Campus Accommodation
A block of rooms is being held for meeting participants planning
to stay on campus. Check-in after 2 p m and out by 11 am.
Guests w h o arrive after midnight are asked to stop at the
University Security Office before proceeding to the Residences.
Free parking is available for guests staying at the Residences.
Parking passes must be obtained from the
Conference
A c c o m m o d a t i o n Office upon check-in.
Hébergement sur le campus
Plusieurs chambres sont retenues pour les participants qui
veulent loger sur le campus. Arrivée après 14 heures; départ à
11 heures. Les personnes qui arriveront après minuit devront
s'arrêter au bureau de sécurité de l'Université avant d'aller aux
résidences. Le stationnement est gratuit pour les personnes
logées en résidence. Le permis de stationnement
peut être retiré
à l'arrivée au Bureau de l'hébergement.
mars 1993
127
Townhouse Accommodation
Townhouse facilities consist of 4 bedrooms sharing 2 full
bathrooms. All rooms are single bedded rooms and are supplied
w i t h linen, blankets, t o w e l s , soap and daily housekeeping
services. Bedrooms are fully furnished as are kitchen and living
rooms. Coin operated laundry facilities are available to guests
w i t h i n the t o w n h o u s e village.
Maisons an rangée
Ces maisons comprennent 4 chambres et deux salles de bain
communes complètes. Les chambres sont toutes à u n lit et
entièrement équipées, avec draps, couvertures;, serviettes de
toilette et savon. Service d'entretien quotidien assuré. Les
chambres, la cuisine et les salles de séjour sont meublées. Il y
a des machines à laver à pièces dans le village des maisons.
Facilities consist of single bedded rooms - there are a limited
number of t w i n rooms - and are supplied w i t h linen, blankets,
t o w e l s , soap and daily housekeeping services. All rooms are
equipped w i t h a small refrigerator and have access to
communal w a s h r o o m s and kitchen facilities on each floor.
Kitchens are supplied w i t h kettles, toasters, can openers,
stoves and m i c r o w a v e s but no cooking utensils.
A
coin-operated laundry, pay telephones and a T V room are
located in the building.
Chambres simples, avec quelques chambres à deux lits, toutes
équipées (draps, couvertures, serviettes de toilette et savon) et
dotées d ' u n petit réfrigérateur. Service d'entretien quotidien
assuré. Il y a, à tous les étages, une cuisine et des toilettes
communes. Les cuisines comprennent cuisinière et four à microondes, bouilloire, grille-pain, ouvre-boîtes, mais pas d'ustensiles
de cuisine. La résidence possède une buanderie (à pièces), des
téléphones payants et un salon de télévision.
On-Campus
Tarifs d'hébergement
Accommodation
Rates
sur le
campus
Townhouse Units
Single (1 person-1 bedroom):
$32/ngt + 8 % hotel tax + 7 % GST = $ 3 6 . 8 0
Double (2 people-2 bedrooms):
$48/ngt + 8 % hotel tax + 7 % GST = $ 5 5 . 2 0
Family (2 adults and 2 children-4 bedrooms):
$58/ngt + 8 % hotel tax + 7 % GST = $ 6 6 . 7 0
Maisons en rangée
Ch. simple (1 pers. - 1 ch.)32$/nuit + 8 % taxe hôtelière + 7 % TPS = 3 6 , 8 0 $
Ch. double (2 pers. - 2 ch.)48$/nuit + 8 % taxe hôtelière + 7 % TPS = 5 5 , 2 0 $
Famille (2 adultes et 2 enfants- 4 chambres)58$/nuit + 8 % taxe hôtelière + 7 % TPS = 6 6 , 7 0 $
Single (1 bedroom):
$26/ngt + 8 % room tax + 7 % GST = $ 2 9 . 9 0
T w i n (2 people; 1 bedroom):
$37/ngt + 8 % room tax + 7 % GST = $ 4 2 . 5 5
Ch. simple (1 pers. - 1 ch.)26$/nuit + 8 % taxe hôtelière + 7 % TPS = 2 9 , 9 0 $
Ch. double (2 pers. - 1 ch.)37$/nuit + 8 % taxe hôtelière + 7 % TPS = 4 2 , 5 5 $
Room reservation forms must be received by May 14, 1 9 9 3 to
guarantee a room. Reservations received after this date will be
assigned rooms subject to availability. One night's deposit is
required to hold the reservation and the balance is due on
arrival. Deposits w i l l be refunded if w r i t t e n cancellation is
received no later than May 31, 1 9 9 3 .
Le formulaire de réservation doit être reçu au plus tard le
14 mai 1 9 9 3 pour qu'une chambre soit garantie. Après cette
date, les chambres seront attribuées selon les disponibilités. Le
paiement d'une nuit garantit la réservation; le solde doit être
réglé à l'arrivée. Pour se faire rembourser un dépôt, il faut faire
une demande écrite d'annulation avant le 31 mai 1993.
Pay by cheque (payable to Simon Fraser University), Visa or
Mastercard. Reservations may be made by mailing or faxing
the attached A c c o m m o d a t i o n Request Form or phoning the
A c c o m m o d a t i o n office, McTaggart-Cowan Hall, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, B.C. V 5 A 1S6; tel: (604) 2 9 1 - 4 5 0 3 ;
fax: (604) 2 9 1 - 5 9 0 3 .
Payez par chèque (libellé à l'ordre de Simon Fraser University),
VISA ou Mastercard et réservez par la poste ou par télécopieur
en envoyant le formulaire d'hébergement ci-joint, ou en
téléphonant. Adresse: A c c o m m o d a t i o n Office, McTaggartC o w a n Hall, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby (C.-B.) V 5 A 1S6.
Tél.: ( 6 0 4 ) 2 9 1 - 4 6 0 3 . Téléc.: (604) 2 9 1 - 5 9 0 3 .
Off Campus Accommodation
Hébergement
- Close to Simon Fraser
University
hors campus - près de
l'Univer.iité
For participants wishing to stay at a nearby hotel, the motels
and motor inns listed below are w i t h i n easy ( 1 0 - 1 5 minutes)
driving/bussing distance of Simon Fraser University. Please
deal directly w i t h these facilities, but mention that you are
attending a conference at Simon Fraser University to get these
rates. All rates quoted are exclusive of 8 % hotel tax and
7 % GST. Rates may be subject t o change.
Voici ci-dessous une liste d'hôtels, motels et motor inns pas
très éloignés en voiture ou en autobus (10-15 minutes) de
l'Université. Faites directement vos réservations en précisant
que vous venez en congrès à l'Université Simon Fraser pour
bénéficier de ces tarifs. Les tarifs ne comprennent pas la taxe
hôtelière de 8 % et la TPS de 7 %. Les tarifs peuvent changer.
Coquitlam Best Western:
3 1 9 North Road, Coquitlam, B.C. V3K 3 V 8 .
Tel: (604) 9 3 1 - 9 0 1 1 , toll free 1 - 8 0 0 - 6 6 8 - 3 3 8 3 ,
fax: (604) 9 3 1 - 7 2 9 8 .
Check-in after 1 pm/out 11 am. Dining room,
coffee shop, lounge, indoor pool, sauna, jacuzzi.
Cost: $ 83/night (single.)
Coquitlam Best Western:
3 1 9 North Road, Coquitlam (C.-B.) V3K 3 V 8 .
Tél. ( 6 0 4 ) 9 3 1 - 9 0 1 1 , sans frais 1 - 8 0 0 - 6 6 8 - 3 3 8 3 .
Téléc. ( 6 0 4 ) 9 3 1 - 7 2 9 8 .
Arrivée après 13 h /départ à 11 h. Salle à manger,
café-restaurant, salon, piscine intérieure, sauna, jacuzzi.
Coût: 8 3 $/nuit (ch. simple).
March 1993 .
Coquitlam Slumber Lodge:
7 3 0 Clarke Road, Coquitlam, B.C. V 3 J 3Y1.
Tel: (604) 9 3 7 - 7 7 3 7 , fax: (604) 9 3 7 - 7 7 4 5 .
Check-in/out at 11 am. Indoor pool, sauna, free coffee and
local calls.
Coquitlam Slumber Lodge:
7 3 0 Clarke Road, Coquitlam (C.-B.) V 3 J 3Y1.
Tél.: ( 6 0 4 ) 9 3 7 - 7 7 3 7 . Téléc.: ( 6 0 4 ) 9 3 7 - 7 7 4 5 .
Arrivée/départ à 11 h. Piscine intérieure, sauna, café et appels
locaux gratuits.
Cost: $50/night (single.)
Days Inn - Coquitlam:
7 2 5 Brunette Ave. N., Coquitlam, B.C. V3K 1C3.
Tel/fax:
(604)
525-7777,
toll
free
1-800-325-2525.
Check-in/out at 11am.
Restaurant, outdoor pool, sauna,
jacuzzi.
Days Inn - Coquitlam:
7 2 5 Brunette Ave N., Coquitlam (C.-B.) V3K 1 C3.
Tél./téléc.: ( 6 0 4 ) 5 2 5 - 7 7 7 7 , sans frais
1-800-325-2525.
Arrivée/départ à 11 h. Restaurant, piscine extérieure, sauna,
jacuzzi.
Cost $68/night (single.)
Lake City Motor Inn:
Lake City Motor Inn:
5 4 1 5 Lougheed H i g h w a y , Burnaby, B.C. V5B 2Z7.
Tel: (604) 2 9 4 - 5 3 3 1 , f a x : (604) 2 9 4 - 5 6 2 9 .
Check-in at 2pm/out by 1 1am. Restaurant and indoor hot tub.
Cost $63/night (single.)
Squire Motor Inn:
6 3 1 Lougheed H i g h w a y , Coquitlam, B.C. V3K 3S5.
Tel: (604) 9 3 1 - 4 4 3 3 , fax: (604) 9 3 1 - 4 2 5 0 .
Check-in after 2pm/out by 1 2 noon. Restaurant, lounge, indoor
pool, sauna and jacuzzi.
Vancouver
Accommodation
5 4 1 5 Lougheed H i g h w a y , Burnaby (C.-B.) V 5 B 2 Z 7 .
Tél.: ( 6 0 4 ) 2 9 4 - 5 3 3 1 . Téléc.: ( 6 0 4 ) 2 9 4 - 5 6 2 9 .
Arrivée à 14 h/départ à 11 h. Restaurant et bain tourbillon
intérieur.
Coût: 63 $/nuit (ch. simple).
Squire Motor Inn:
6 3 1 Lougheed Highway, Coquitlam (C.-B.) V3K 3S5.
Tél.: ( 6 0 4 ) 9 3 1 - 4 4 3 3 . Téléc.: ( 6 0 4 ) 9 3 1 - 4 2 5 0 .
Arrivée après 14 h/départ à midi. Restaurant, salon, piscine
intérieure, sauna et jacuzzi.
Coût: 57 $/nuit
simple).
Hébergement
i (ch.
Vancouver
Some delegates may w i s h to stay in Vancouver and drive/take
local transit to Simon Fraser University. Please note that SFU
is approximately 3 0 kilometres from d o w n t o w n Vancouver w i t h
a driving time from Vancouver of approximately 3 0 minutes by
car and approximately 1 hour by local transit. The B.C. Transit
authorities are considering an express bus service from the
d o w n t o w n campus on Hastings Street to the main Burnaby
campus of Simon Fraser University, however at the time of this
publication these plans have not been formalized.
Certains délégués peuvent préférer s'installer à Vancouver et
aller à l'Université en voiture ou en utilisant les transports en
c o m m u n . L'Université est à une trentaine de kilomètres du
centre de Vancouver. Le trajet prend environ 3 0 minutes en
voiture et 1 heure en autobus. Les B.C. Transit Authorities
envisagent d'instaurer un service d'autobus express du campus
de Vancouver, rue Hastings, au campus principal de l'Université
Simon Fraser, à Burnaby. Mais au moment où nous mettons
sous presse, rien n'est encore fait.
Days Inn - Vancouver, Downtown:
9 2 1 West Pender Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 1M2.
Tel: (604) 6 8 1 - 4 3 3 5 , fax: (604) 6 8 1 - 7 8 0 8 .
Check in after 2pm/out by 1 1 am. A block of rooms has been
reserved at this small European-style hotel w i t h dining room,
lounge and pub.
Free parking for hotel guests.
Close to
Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre, Gastown, Canada
Place, Vancouver Art Gallery, restaurants and shopping.
Days Inn - Vancouver, Downtown:
9 2 1 West Pender Street, Vancouver (C.-B.) V6C 1M2.
Tél.: ( 6 0 4 ) 6 8 1 - 4 3 3 5 . Téléc.: ( 6 0 4 ) 6 8 1 - 7 8 0 8 .
Arrivée après 14 h/départ à 1 1 h. Des chambres sont réservées
à ce petit hôtel de style européen qui a une salle à manger, un
salon et un pub. Stationnement gratuit pour les clients. A
proximité de l'Université Simon Fraser du Harbour Centre
(campus de Vancouver), de Gastown, Canada Place, Vancouver
Art Gallery, des restaurants et des magasins.
Coût: 82 $/nuit (ch. simple).
The Sylvia Hotel:
154 Gilford, Vancouver, B.C. V6G 2P6.
Tel: (604) 6 8 1 - 9 3 2 1 .
Located on English Bay in Vancouver, this hotel is also w o r t h
recommending for its character, spectacular v i e w , restaurant,
pub and location to the beach and Stanley Park.
Cost: Current rates range between $ 6 5 - $ 9 9 and you can
anticipate a 5 % increase for Summer 1993.
Sylvia Hotel:
154 Gilford, Vancouver (C.-B.) V6G 2P6.
Téléphone: ( 6 0 4 ) 6 8 1 - 9 3 2 1 .
Situé sur la baie des Anglais à Vancouver, mérite d'être
recommandé pour son charme, sa vue incomparable, son
restaurant, son pub et sa proximité de la plage et du parc
Stanley.
Coût: Les prix actuels vont de 6 5 a 9 9 $, mais peuvent
augmenter de 5 % pour l'été 1993.
MEALS
REPAS
You are on your o w n for all meals. Restaurants on campus are
not open on the weekends but the Student Pub serving
beverages, sandwiches, soup and pastries is open from 10 am
Tous les repas sont libres. Les restaurants du campus ne sont
pas ouverts en fin de semaine, mais le Student Pub sert
boissons, sandwiches, soupe et pâtisseries de 10 h à 16 h tous
mars 1993
129
to 4 p m every dey. Since no facilities are open on Sunday
evening, delegates wishing to eat an evening meal on campus
should purchase a ticket in advance for a set meal to be served
in the cafeteria.
les jours. Comme rien n'est ouvert le dimanche soir, les
délégués qui veulent dîner sur le campus doivent acheter à
l'avance un billet pour u n menu fixe, qui sera servi dans la
cafétéria.
For all other meals - breakfasts, lunches and dinner on Monday
and Wednesday (if applicable) - delegates can purchase an
express f o o d card w o r t h $ 3 0 w h i c h is used just like cash to
purchase any f o o d and beverage items in the cafeterias. In
other w o r d s , you purchase your meal using the card w h i c h the
f o o d cashier passes through a cash register to deduct the total
cost of the meal. This card can be used in all of the food
outlets (except the Student Pub, Diamond University Club,
University Residences and the food carts around the campus).
There is no refund if you do not use the full cash value of the
card.
Pour les autres repas - petit déjeuner, déjeuner et dîner lundi et
(s'il y a lieu) mercredi - on peut se procurer une carte repas
express à 3 0 $ qui, c o m m e de l'argent c o m p t a n t , permet
d'acheter ce que l'on veut aux cafétérias. Il suffit de présenter
la carte à la caissière, qui l'enregistre et déduit le coût du repas.
Cette carte sert partout sur le campus, sauf au Student Pub, au
Diamond University Club, dans les résidences universitaires et
pour les chariots-buffets. La carte n'est pas remboursée si elle
n'est pas entièrement utilisée.
Breakfast:
Food Services plan to make a continental
breakfast available in the campus residences.
Campus cafeterias are open from 8 am serving a
full breakfast menu.
Use the food card to
purchase breakfast in the cafeteria.
Petit déjeuner.
Les Services alimentaires fourniront un petit
déjeuner continental dans les résidences. Les
cafétérias du campus ouvrent è 8 h et offrent
un menu de petit déjeuner complet. Utilisez la
carte repas pour déjeuner à la cafétéria.
Lunch:
Full course meals and beverages are available in
the campus cafeterias and Student Pub during the
w e e k . Remember that the express food card can
be used to purchase lunch in the cafeterias.
Déjeuner.
On peut prendre des déjeuners complets et
des boissons en semaine dans les cafétérias
du campus et au Student Pub. La carte
express peut servir au déjeuner dans les
cafétérias.
Dinner.
Participants w h o plan to stay on campus on
Saturday evening are free to explore the nearby
off-campus or Vancouver restaurants.
The
Sunday evening dinner must be purchased w h e n
y o u register as this meal has to be arranged in
advance.
The cost of this dinner is $ 1 4 . 0 0
inclusive of GST. You can use the express food
card to purchase dinner on Monday and
Wednesday (if applicable).
Diner.
Les personnes qui comptant rester sur le
campus le samedi soir sont libres d'aller
explorer les restaurants autour du campus ou
à Vancouver. Il faut payer le dîner du
dimanche soir au moment de l'inscription, car
ce repas doit être organisé à l'avance.
Coût: 14 $, TPS comprise. Vous ne pourrez
utiliser votre carte pour ce repas, mais elle
servira aux dîners de lundi et (s'il y a lieu) de
mercredi.
Diamond University (Faculty) Club
The club is located on the north side of the campus and has a
breathtaking v i e w of the North Shore mountains. It welcomes
affiliated members from other university clubs during its
operating hours of 7 : 3 0 am - 1 2 : 0 0 midnight, Monday through
Friday.
Diamond University Club (réservé aux professeurs)
Situé du côté nord du campus, il offre une vus splendide sur les
montagnes de la rive Nord. Il est ouvert aux membres affiliés
d'autres clubs universitaires pendant ses heures d'ouverture, de
7 h 3 0 à minuit, du lundi au vendredi.
CAP BANQUET
BANQUET DE L'ACP
The banquet will be held on Tuesday evening at the Pink Pearl
Restaurant on East Hastings Street in Vancouver. The cost for
each ticket is $ 3 5 . 0 0 and includes bus transportation to and
from the restaurant and applicable taxes. There will be a cash
bar beforehand.
Le banquet aura lieu le mardi soir au restaurant Pink Pearl, rue
East Hastings, à Vancouver. Le prix du billet, 35 $, comprend
le transport aller-retour et toutes les taxes
II y aura un bar
payant avant le banquet.
Fill out the food section on the registration form and include
payment with your registration fee. A limited number of tickets
for the Tuesday banquet will be on sale during registration on
Sunday evening.
Remplissez la section Repas du formulaire d'inscription et
ajoutez votre paiement aux frais d'inscription. Un nombre limité
de billets seront en vente pour le banquet au moment des
inscriptions du dimanche soir.
GENERAL INFORMATION
RENSEIGNEMENTS GÉNÉRAUX
Simon Fraser University
Running along the crest of 3 6 6 metre high Burnaby Mountain,
Simon Fraser University's unique, prize w i n n i n g campus offers
spectacular v i e w s of Vancouver and its surrounding rivers.
Université Simon Fraser
Perché à 3 6 6 mètres sur la montagne de Elurnaby, le campus
unique de l'Université, qui a été primé, offre une vue
spectaculaire sur Vancouver et les rivières, les montagnes.
March 1993 .
mountains, ocean and islands. The campus is located w i t h i n
the municipality of Burnaby, close to the cosmopolitan city of
Vancouver - one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Accessible by car and a public bus service, the campus is
15 minutes f r o m the bus terminal at Lougheed Mall and
3 0 minutes (by car) from d o w n t o w n Vancouver.
l'océan et les îles environnants. Il est dans la municipalité de
Burnaby, proche de la ville cosmopolite de Vancouver, l'une des
plus belles villes du monde. On peut y aller en voiture ou en
autobus. Le campus est à 1 5 minutes de la gare des autobus de
Lougheed Mail, et à 3 0 minutes de voiture du centre de
Vancouver.
Simon Fraser University offers a trimester system (three
four-month semesters a year) and the 1 9 9 3 CAP Congress will
be held during the Summer semester.
Les études sont organisées par sessions (3) de quatre mois. Le
Congrès 1993 de l'ACP se tiendra pendant la session d'été.
Climate
Summer comes early to Vancouver and temperatures average
between 10 and 2 0 degrees Celsius in mid June. Bring a light
windbreaker or sweater for evening activities.
Climat
L'été débute tôt à Vancouver et la température peut varier de
10 è 2 0 ° celsius à la mi-juin. Apportez un coupe-vent léger et
un chandail pour les activités en soirée.
Recreational Facilities
Participants may utilize university recreation facilities on a
drop-in basis ($3.00/day) during the w e e k . This fee includes
the use of the track, w e i g h t room, squash courts, s w i m m i n g
pool and saunas. Passes can be purchased from the residence
office or the recreation office in the g y m .
Installations récréatives
Les participants pourront utiliser les installations récréatives de
l'Université en payant chaque fois (3 $/jour) pendant la
semaine. Le permis donne accès à la piste de course, à la salle
de musculation, aux courts de squash, à la piscine et aux
saunas. On peut se procurer des permis au bureau de la
résidence ou au Recreation Office, au gymnase.
Everything You Wanted to Know About British Columbia
British Columbia offers the visitor a choice of exciting vacation
destinations from the rain forests and mile long beaches on
Vancouver Island to the Cariboo Chilcotin c o w b o y country and
from the majestic Rocky Mountains to the Okanagan wine
country.
To obtain copies of the British Columbia
Vacations
Guide,
call
Tourism
British
Columbia
toll
free
at
1-800-663-6000.
Le tourisme en Colombie-Britannique
La province offre des vacances attrayantes pour tous les goûts:
forêts tropicales, immenses plages sur l'île de Vancouver,
région des ranches de Cariboo Chilcotin, montagnes Rocheuses
majestueuses, vignobles d'Okanagan, etc. Pour recevoir le
British Columbia
Vacations Guide, téléphonez sans frais à
l'Office du tourisme de la province, au 1 - 8 0 0 - 6 6 3 - 6 0 0 0 .
FURTHER INFORMATION
RENSEIGNEMENTS COMPLÉMENTAIRES
Contact Conference Services, Halpern Centre, Simon
Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada,
V5A 1S6.
Tel: (604) 2 9 1 - 4 9 1 0 or 2 9 1 - 3 6 4 9 .
Fax (604) 2 9 1 - 3 4 2 0 .
E-Mail: Conference [email protected].
Communiquez avec les Conference Services, Halpern
Centre, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby (ColombieBritannique) Canada V5A 1S6.
Tél.: ( 6 0 4 ) 2 9 1 - 4 9 1 0 ou 2 9 1 - 3 6 4 9 .
Téléc.: ( 6 0 4 ) 2 9 1 - 3 4 2 0 .
Courrier électron.: [email protected].
mars 1993
131
Physics and Education
La Physique et l'éducation
Physics in Canada/La Physique au Canada
Vol. 4 9 , No. 2, 1993 March/mars
Featuring:
"A Brief History of Force"
by A . Stinner, Faculty of Education, University of Manitoba
Canadian Association of Physicists
Association canadienne des physiciens
Institutional Members II Membres l'institutionel
Acadia University
Brandon University
Brock University
Carleton University
Concordia University
Dalhousie University
Lakehead University
Laurentian University
McGill University
McMaster University
Queen's University
Royal Military College, Kingston
Saint Mary's University
St. Francis Xavier University
Simon Fraser University
Trent University
University of Alberta
University of British Columbia
University of Calgary
University of Guelph
Université Laval
Université de Moncton
Université de Montréal
University of N e w Brunswick
University of Ottawa
University of Prince Edward Island
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
University of Regina
University of Saskatchewan
University of Toronto
University of Victoria
University of Waterloo
University of Western Ontario
University of Windsor
University of Winnipeg
Université de Sherbrooke
Wilfrid Laurier University
York University
March 1993 .
A BRIEF HISTORY OF FORCE
by A. Stinner
Faculty of Education, University of Manitoba
INTRODUCTION
Physics teachers seem to forget the conceptual struggle
they had in achieving an expert understanding of the notion
of force in Newtonian physics. They teach lessons of
exemplary clarity (to them) and believe that therefore it will
also be clear to the students. Clear exposition of concepts
in physics is surely a necessary prerequisite for good
teaching but it may not be sufficient.
In an effort to improve the teaching of physics in general
the international physics education community has made
the following recommendations to physics teachers:
(Hestenes et al, 1992).
1. Common sense beliefs that students have should be
regarded, not as misconceptions, but as reasonable
hypotheses grounded in everyday life.
2. Students should be encouraged to articulate these
hypotheses which are generally based on personal
kinesthetic memory.
3. Physics teachers should make it their priority to identify
these hypotheses. This act should be regarded as a
necessary but not sufficient prerequisite to successful
physics teaching.
4. Physics
teachers
should
try
to
overcome
misconceptions by offering the coherent conceptual
system of Newtonian physics.
It seems that the most common misconceptions
(pre-Newtonian conceptions) are connected with the
impetus concept of motion, often referred to as transfer of
force; with the force involved in circular motion, often
referred to as centrifugal force; and with interaction forces
in Newton's third law, often referred to as the conflict
concept of interaction.
Hestenes et al admit that
conventional textbook-centered teaching does seem to
produce a Newtonian understanding of these concepts for
a chosen few. They argue, however, that even for these
students this is an inefficient route. Other instructional
techniques, such as contextual teaching (Stinner, 1989,
1993,), group discussions involving discrepant events,
conceptual bridging (Driver, 1989), and skills in
diagrammatical representation of forces (Hestenes et al,
1992) must be used prior to using algorithms in solving
problems. Hestenes et al suggest that this is probably best
accomplished by teaching the Newtonian unitary concept of
force before the traditional problem-solving activity
commences.
I wish to argue that preparing students for problem solving
activity involving Newton's laws is best accomplished by
teachers who have a sound understanding of the historical
development of the notion of force. There has been a great
deal of activity and publication on the concept of force in
science education literature. Excellent historical summaries
of the conceptual development of force are available, such
as Carl Adler's and Byron Coulter's Aristotle: Villain or
Victim? (1975) and Allan Franklin's Inertia in the Middle
Ages (1978). However, to the best of my knowledge there
is no short comprehensive review of the historical
development of force that is readily accessible to physics
teachers.
ARISTOTLE AND THE NOTION OF FORCE
Aristotle's was the dominant, indeed, virtually the only view
of physical science for almost two millennia. Every new
way of looking at the world had either to effect a
reconciliation with or mount sufficient reason to reject his
views. Today physics textbooks mention him only by way
of placing blame on his physics for having retarded the
progress of science. Aristotle's thinking about forces and
motion is much maligned and textbooks typically mention
only the success of Galileo's experiments in refuting
Aristotelian physics once and for all.
For example, in a current textbook of elementary physics
we find the following statement: "After destroying the
falling-body theory, Galileo flatly denied the basic principles
of Aristotle: That a body requires a push or pull to keep it
moving" (Adler and Coulter, 1975). So much for Aristotle
as a physicist.
A closer look at Aristotle's physics, however, reveals that
he was a keen observer of nature, not only as a naturalist,
but also as a physicist. Let us look at his understanding of
the notion of force and motion in some detail. The science
of the greeks in general, because it is essentially high-grade
thinking based on unaided observation, seems especially
well suited for discussion prior to problem solving activity
of the textbook type.
Aristotle looked at local motion as either natural or violent.
Natural motion was seen by him as celestial motion (which
is uniform circular and perpetual) or as terrestrial motion
(which is rectilinear, up and down and finite). All other
motion was classified as violent (See Fig. 1).
Aristotle observed nature and reported what he saw. He
saw that objects will come to rest when the force is
removed. Thus a cart will come to rest when the horse
stops pulling it. Moreover, if objects fall they move through
a medium, such as air or water.
Motion through a vacuum was considered impossible and
indeed much of his discussion of motion was aimed at
disproving the existence of a vacuum. In short, Aristotle
saw a world in which there was always a resistance offered
to the motion: this is the reality of motion. He says:
mars 1993
135
viscosity. According to this law the speed of the body will
be directly proportional to the force moving it, and inversely
proportional to the liquid's viscosity.
MttSK/oe I
mffK»« of -pwittM»
V oc F/s
(((•I
v<|
i
Fig. 1
We see a body of a certain weight moving at a faster or
slower rate for one of two reasons: either on the one
hand because of a difference in the medium; or on the
other hand because of a difference in the moving bodies
compared such that, other things being equal, one body
is heavier or lighter than the other (Aristotle).
We can represent the role of force for an object moving
through a medium by committing a slight anachronism this
way:
Velocity is directly proportional to force, and inversely
proportional resistance of the medium
or
oc
Another proportionality statement can be taken from his
argument, namely that the distance travelled in a given time
will vary inversely as the strength of the resistance offered
to motion. Or:
oc
1/R
Finally, Aristotle argued that in free fall a given force
(weight) produces a certain constant velocity. This implies
that another body of the same size but twice the weight
would produce twice the velocity. All the motions we
observe around us then can be understood as a balance
between the forces that tend to maintain the motion and
those that tend to resist it. Stephen Toulmin (1961 ) argues
that Aristotle's physics of motion, dealing only with the
kind of motion he thought typical, we would discover that
his rough proportionalities above "retain a respected place
even in twentieth century physics". He goes on to remind
us that Stokes' law can be seen as the contemporary
version of Aristotle's rough and qualitative ratios connecting
gross measures of distances and time. Stokes' law relates
the speed of a body moving through a medium with a given
136
Physics in Canada
Of course Stokes' law is also applicable to motion through
the air. Adler and Coulter claim that they have dropped two
balls of the same size but vastly different masses
(12 pounds and a one-quarter pound) from a the top of a
10 story building (100 ft). The lighter ball was about
fifteen feet high when the heavier hit the ground.
The motion of a projectile presented Aristotle with a really
difficult problem. Natural motion, like free fall, required no
explanation. And forced motion like the motion of a cart
being pulled by a horse can be explained. But what force
keeps the projectile in motion after it looses contact with
the projector? He thought that the medium somehow
provided the necessary force to push the projectile. The
paradoxical state of affairs is connected with Aristotle
believing that the medium not only sustains the motion but
also resists it. Motion in a void was impossible because
there was no medium to sustain the motion and in the
absence of resistance the object would eventually move at
an infinite speed, clearly an unacceptable solution.
F
Ft
D
This law can easily be tested using a large cylinder
containing different liquids, such as water and oil, and then
measuring the time of descent of spheres for different
densities and radii. We would find, for example, that the
spheres would accelerate for a moment and then move
steadily down with a terminal speed. If the weight of the
sphere is doubled the speed of fall is doubled and if the
second liquid's viscosity is twice that of the first the sphere
will fall at half the speed. (If you actually use Stoke's law
to check these claims, you will find that the last claim is
correct and the first one is only approximately correct.)
March 1993 .
There is little doubt, however, that Aristotle considered the
implications of motion in a vacuum, even if he did not dare
to elaborate on them. In his Physics he says: "It is
impossible to say why a body that has been set in motion
in a vacuum should ever come to rest at one place or
another. As a consequence, it will either necessarily stay
at rest; or, if in motion, will move indefinitely unless some
obstacle comes into collision with it" (cited in Adler and
Coulter, 1975).
Here, however, he was treading on
dangerous philosophical ground and shied away from
considering the consequences of this notion.
Finally, it must be stressed that for Aristotle the study of
motion was subsumed by the larger study of change.
Moreover, he differentiated between motion and rest.
Clearly, thinking of motion in terms of quantitative relations
was a necessary precondition for the law of inertia.
The paradigm example of Aristotle's physics is encapsulated
by the problem of the "horse and cart". Velocity is seen as
proportional to the applied force. The motion of heavenly
bodies and freely falling bodies are considered natural.
Forced motion, or what Aristotle called "violent motion"
could not be a part of scientific investigation.
THE MIDDLE AGES
Aristotle's ideas of force and motion were first challenged
by John Philoponus (fifth century A.D.). He replaced the
Aristotelian law V « F/R and substituted V <x F-R (see
Fig. 2). Clearly this meant that motion in a void, where the
resistance is zero, is possible. Moreover, he argued that it
was not the air providing the motive power that propelled
a projectile, but an impressed force that eventually dies out.
PHIL.0PONVS (-ftftk cen+ur^ H p )
VtxF-P.
s e l f - e x p e n d i n g imprtfiéed-Çeree
BUpJpAN (-foui+een+h c e n t u r y )
iwpe+us
John Buridan developed the impetus theory further. He
thought that an impressed force on a projectile was
permanent unless acted on by resistances or other forces.
He defined this impressed force as being proportional to the
quantity of matter and the speed. We must be careful,
however, not to equate impetus with our concept of
momentum.
It is not clear, for example, whether he
understood impetus as an effect of motion (as we might
consider momentum), or as a cause of motion, which would
make it similar to force (Franklin, 1978) (see Fig. 3).
iMeoru
\r*p<rM<d force = w\MSitSpee^
p«rrvl»newt lw\peU»S
0BE3ME (fourfaen+U t t w H w r i p
law of- inefHa
7
.
"I-t i * not possible W e f e e t u n i f o r m r r e t t l î n e a r m e t t o n "
"The e a r t h o r i o l e s a n d a i r a n d water 6 h a r « t t i e motion."
Fig. 2
Buridan did not, however, arrive at a statement of inertia or
of the conservation of momentum principle. However, a
pre-Galilean version of inertia was achieved by Oresme,
who was one of his students. Essentially, he argued that
it is not possible to detect uniform rectilinear motion. He
also thought that the earth rotated and agreed that the air
and water share the motion. The conservation of linear
momentum principle, however, was not clearly stated until
Descartes.
NEWTONS EXPERIMENTS
m
A V
m OL
NEWTON AND THE CENTRAL NOTION OF FORCE
rw
t
Early struggles
Galileo believed that the first task of the "New Science"
was the investigation of the how of motion and left the
study of the why of motion to a later generation. He
realized that a proper study of motion had to include, in
addition to the categories of space and time, the concepts
of force, mass and probably other 'concepts of motion'.
Newton's struggle to establish the notion of force as a
unifying concept is not a well told story in physics
textbooks. Typical accounts of Newton's dynamics get
around the challenging problem of giving a historical
discussion of how his laws of motion (especially his second
law) were formulated. This is achieved by presenting them
as if they were self evident and came full-blown to the mind
of the great man, shortly after the apple fell on his head.
It is clear to historians of science, however, that the
problem of clarifying the notion of force alone in attempting
to find a causal explanation of Galileo's kinematics was a
formidable one. This must be stressed in view of the now
commonplace notion of force. For example, the young
Newton says:
Hence it appears how & why amongst bodys moved
some require a more potent or efficacious cause others a
less to hinder or helpe their velocity. And y power of this
cause is usually called force (Westfall, 1971, p. 345).
conical ptvidixlurvi
Fig. 3
This sentence, according to Westfall, marked a turning
point in the terminology of mechanics: Newton seized
'force' from the welter of available terms and made it the
accepted word to designate the cause of change of motion
(Westfall, 1971, p. 345).
Newton's early struggle to free himself of the idea of
impetus (the idea that unassisted motion is sustained by an
internal motive force) is discussed in detail Steinberg et al
(1989). They argue that the young Newton, like students
today, believed in the notion of impetus. In addition,
students today, like the young Newton, believe in what
Steinberg et ale all transfer-the idea that one body may give
up some of its force to another during impact (see Fig. 3)
For example, the young (21 years old) Newton, in a passage
titled 'on Violent Motion' writes:
The motion is not continued by a force impressed (from
the outside) because the force must be communicated
from the mover into the moved...(cited in Steinberg et al,
1989).
That Newton was still in the grip of the impetus notion
twenty years later (1684) is attested by this passage from
De Motu:
mars 1 9 9 3
137
I call that by which a body...endeavors to persever in its
motion in a right line the force of a body or force inherent
in a body. By its inherent force alone, every body
proceeds uniformly in a right line to infinity unless
something extrinsic hinders it (Westfall, 1971, p. 353).
p. 363). However, Westfall is quick to assure us that
Newton's failure to distinguish force as m a from force as
m v "did not hobble his dynamics as similar failures had
earlier hobbled the dynamics of others" (Westfall, p. 439.).
CENTRIFUGAL OR CENTRIPETAL?
Eventually, however, Newton transformed the notion of
impetus into the concept of inertial mass. His new
conception of 'impressed force' as action only signals the
complete separation of force and motion:
Impressed force is an action exercised on a body to
change its state of rest or motion. This force consists
truly in the action only, nor does it remain in the body
after the action (cited in Steinberg et al, 1989, p. 269).
Newton now had the concept of inertial mass and it was
possible for him to think of motion without force. Having
arrived at a clear definition of force Newton first turned his
attention to the problem of free fall. He wanted to
transform Galileo's kinematics into dynamics. It was here,
according to Westfall, that he first used one version of his
second law, namely that acceleration of a given body is
proportional to the impressed force (Westfall, 1971,
p. 357). Free fall provided one sense in which the notion of
force as the causal principle of motion was to be
understood. The notion of force, however, had to be
reconciled with how it was used in two other senses: force
as a measure of motion, and force as a measure of change
of motion.
Newton had available three distinct sets of observations
that could be connected to three distinct meanings of the
notion of force. One set was connected to free fall, as
demonstrated by experiments with the pendulum. Another
set of observations were connected with the motion of a
conical pendulum. Finally, a third set of observations were
based on collision with wooden balls used as pendula.
Force had to be defined for each of these cases. In the first
case, we are dealing with constrained free fall, in the
second with the force associated with the change of
direction of a mass (what is still commonly, but wrongly,
referred to as "centrifugal force"), and in the third we
encounter the problem of how to relate the notion of force
to impact (see Fig. 3).
Newton seemed to have had great difficulty in getting rid of
the idea of centrifugal (center-fleeing) force in describing a
body in circular motion. I will mention four attempts he
made to understand this motion.
In his first attempt to quantify circular motion Newton
reasoned that revolution through half a circle is equivalent
to a perfectly elastic rebound, which requires a force great
enough, first to stop a body's forward motion and then to
generate an equal motion in the opposite direction. This
analogy, however, does not hold and led Newton to
dimensionally incommensurable results (see Fig. 4).
In his second attempt to quantify the force in circular
motion Newton imagined a square to be circumscribed
around the circle and the ball to follow a path inside it.
Taking the component of motion perpendicular to the side,
he set down an expression which compared the force of
one impact, in which that component is reversed, to the
force of the balls motion (see Fig. 4). Newton subsequently
realized that if the number of sides of the inscribed and
circumscribed polygons is increased, the ratio of force for
one circuit continues to equal the ratio of the length of the
path to the radius. This approach yields the correct result
a = v 2 It (see Fig. 4).
In his third attempt he argued that the centrifugal force of
a revolving body is such that an equal force, applied to a
body of equal mass during the time that the body revolved
through one radian, would generate an equal linear velocity
in the other body and move it from rest through half the
length of a radian (see Fig 4). This approach also yields the
correct result that a = v2/r. Although the last two attempts
gave the correct magnitude of the force it did not suggest
the correct direction. However, until he was able to think
of the force as "center-seeking", rather than "centerfleeing", his dynamics could not be applied to the motion of
the planets.
I NEWTOM I Clfca>LA«. M0T10M
Newton therefore had to find a consistent dynamics to
describe three classes of observations. First, accelerated
motion in a straight line; secondly, the "acceleration"
connected with a body moving with a constant speed but
a changing direction; and finally, the motion involved during
collision. The first was associated with the quantity m*a,
the second with the quantity m v 2 /r, and the third with the
quantity mAv.
The point to be made is that sorting out these various
meanings of force was a difficult task. At the time of the
writing of the Principia, two major ambiguities associated
with the concept of force remained. It was not clear
whether force was a measure of motion or the measure of
the change of motion. If it was the latter, then is its
paradigm case impact or free fall? Is it measured by m v
or m a? According to Westfall, these questions remained to
plague the composition of the Principia (Westfall, 1971,
March 1993 .
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Finally, he managed to derive the formula for "centrifugal"
force in a more economical and elegant way (see Fig. 5).
Here he used the results of Galileo' kinematics of free fall
and applied them to the dynamics of a revolving object.
It seems that Newton learned from Hooke how to
decompose curved motion into an inertial component and a
centripetal component. Hooke's insight freed Newton from
the inhibiting concept of an equilibrium of forces in circular
motion. It is well known that Newton later berated Hooke's
contribution and refused to acknowledge the importance of
his insight in the forward of the Principia. Both Cohen and
Westfall argue, however, that it was Newton's supreme
imagination that saw the connection between the
centripetal force and Kepler's laws by way of the inverse
square and center-force law.
A BRIEF NOTE ON NEWTON'S THIRD LAW
In the Principia Newton states his third law this way (only
partially given here):
As much as any body acts on another, so much it suffers
in reaction. Whatever presses or pulls another body is
pressed or pulled equally by it. ...If a body striking
another changes the motion of the other by means of its
force, its own motion as well is changed ...
The law covers all interaction, whether by contact or long
range forces.
Newton performed experiments using long pendula with
wooden spheres (see Fig. 6). He argued for the correctness
of the third law by a reductio ad absurdum argument.
Essentially he argued that if two bodies, A and B are
mutually attracting one another the third law must hold.
That must be so because if we suppose that A's attraction
for B were stronger than B's attraction on A then the
system would move in the line AB ad infinitum with a
motion perpetually accelerated -however, this would
contradict the first law.
art
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m ,
+We i v x s t a n t a b o u s
cm*(
vv\t
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w\, a.v\<i wv 7.
Fig. 6
The relationship between the second and third laws can be
well illustrated by imagining two large masses in close
proximity in deep space. Assuming that the gravitational
attraction due to each other's mass is the only external
force we can then calculate the acceleration (instantaneous)
on the masses. This is a good example for showing the
relationship between the second and the third law. In my
experience many students in elementary physics do not
have a clear understanding of the relationship between the
second law and the third laws.
FORCE AND THE IDEA OF ABSOLUTE MOTION
Newtonian laws of motion are valid only in non-accelerating
or inertial frames of reference. Newton spent a great deal
of effort trying to explain this privileged status of inertial
frames and postulated the existence of absolute space and
time.
Newton, in trying to establish the idea of absolute space
and time, was looking for a clear distinction between
absolute and relative space, real and apparent motion.
He thought that inertial forces provide a clear indication
of absolute motion. The proofs of Galilean relativity, of
course, can only be justified kinematically, and Newton
understood that as soon as we look for active forces the
picture changes. From the standpoint of forces then he
thought that relativity of motion is untenable.
To illustrate how absolute motion could be determined he
presented two thought experiments, his famous bucket
experiment and the rotation of two globes in an immense
void experiment (see Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). These thought
experiments show that the relative rotation of the water
with respect to the bucket is not responsible for the
centrifugal forces. Moreover, Newton argued that the
tension in the cord, due to centrifugal forces, would be
registered even in a void where no other masses existed.
mars 1993
139
NEWTON'S NOTION OF FORCE AND THE CONTINENTAL
PHYSICISTS
In 1752 Euler wrote down Newton's second law of
motion as F = ma (F„= max, etc.) connecting unbalanced
force, mass and acceleration (Whitrow, 1971). All of us
have been taught to accept this formulation as a
statement of Newton's second law without question
since our first course in physics. Newton, however,
stated his second law in the Principia, published in 1688,
as :
The alteration of (the quantity of) motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed; and is
made in the direction of the right line in which that
force is impressed (Newton).
This statement of the second law is not a law connecting
force and acceleration, but a law relating impulse
(force * time) and change of momentum
As we have
seen earlier, the reason for presenting the second law this
way, and not as F= ma, is partly connected with his
interpretation of the results of experiments with wooden
balls colliding as pendula. But it is also related to his
ongoing conceptual revision of the notion of force.
Fig. 7
It took six decades of conceptual change by
mathematicians and physicists to arrive at the formulation
that we recognize as Newton's second law of motion.
The Euler scholar Truesdell put it this way:
It is unlikely, however, that he (the student) has a
better grasp of mechanical principles than Newton or
Euler had.
No-one doubted the correctness of
'Newton's' second law, at least as a rule for problemsolving, but what no-one saw, until it was shown,
was that among all the various mechanical principles
then used it was this one (F= ma) which was
general: It applies to every part of every system, and
more than this, it suffices to get all the equations
determining the motion of many systems (Truesdell,
quoted in Whitrow, 1971).
Fig. 8 Newton proposed a second thought experiment to
bolster the case for absolute motion.
T w o balls
connected by a cord are imagined to ba rotating about
their common center of mass; in this situation the
cord is pulled taut. If all motion is relative, then the
experiment should look the same if the balls and cord
are stationary but the universe is rotating around
them. In the latter case, however, Newton asserts
that the cord would not be taut.
Once again, he
concludes, the experiment can be described only by
recourse to absolute motion.
Perhaps the cause is the earth itself or the solar system?
But Foucault's pendulum experiments show that the
cause is to be found outside the earth. Moreover, the
orbits of planets are sustained by virtue of "centrifugal"
forces.
It seems then that the phenomenon of
"centrifugal" forces is universal and cannot be due to
interaction (see Born, 1962, p. 84.). It is no wonder that
Newton's notions of absolute space and time were not
questioned for over two hundred years.
It is noteworthy that continental physicists, notably
Leibnitz and Huygens during Newton's lifetime, and later
Lagrange, did not follow Newton in trying to establish a
coherent dynamics based on a unifying concept of force.
(Euler, of course, developed vectorial dynamics based on
a refined Newtonian system rooted in the notion of
force).
Instead they emphasized the role that
conservation laws played in collisions. Leibnitz replaced
the "momentum of Newton by the "kinetic energy" and
the "force" of Newton by "the work of the force". Later
this "work of the force" was replaced by a still more
basic quantity, namely the "work function".
Leibnitz
became the originator of "analytical mechanics" which
based the entire study of equilibrium and motion on the
scalar quantities of kinetic and potential energy. Newton
himself, however, stood aside from the continental
controversy as to whether m v or m v 2 was the best
measure of the "quantity of motion".
Newton finally identified force as the rate of change of
momentum, and he seemed to stress this version,
March 1993 .
especially in problems in which the method of the
fluxions were used (Westfall, 1971, p. 491). It is the
form of the second law we use today in more advanced
Newtonian mechanics.
One could argue that it may indeed have been fortuitous
that Newton pursued his particular line of reasoning: His
conception lends itself easily to considerations of
gravitation as a situation of natural acceleration. Indeed
the crucial identification of his physics is that of the
notion
of
"forcing"
and
"accelerating",
where
"accelerating" is understood as a mass changing its
velocity in some law-like way.
The continental
assimilation of "forcing" into "moving" meant that no
clear account of gravitation could be given.
It should be mentioned that, although Newton did not
pursue a mechanics based on the conservation laws of
mechanical energy and momentum, his second law does
yield such quantities. For example he showed that F ds
= 1/2 m*v 2 . However, he did not seem to recognize the
significance of the work-energy equation he had implicitly
derived. Neither in the Principia or in his later works does
he use the conservation principles of mechanical energy
or momentum. In fact, Westfall argues that:
inertia. Rather, he thought that inertia is the feature of
the effect of the entire mass in the universe understood
as a closed system.
Specifically, Mach showed that one could equally well
derive the Newtonian equations of motion from a Galilean
relativistic point of view (Sachs, 1974, pp. 101-103).
This argument is given in a simplified form in Fig. 9.
Mach also speculated about the local and global material
interactions which might be responsible for inertial
effects. For example, he wanted to know what would be
the local inertial effects of a very large rotating bucket on
'stationary' water within due to the resulting relative
rotation between bucket and water. However, he does
not ask whether inertial forces fall off with the distance
according an inverse function or according an inverse
square function.
MACH'5 AC60M£NT"
I NEWTON I
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Had Newton been pressed to reduce his dynamics to
three ultimate terms, as we now know dynamics can
be reduced, he would certainly have chosen, in
addition to length and time, force rather than mass.
Force was more than a convenient term to express
the product of mass times the rate of change of
translation.
Force was an entity ontoloqically
existent in the universe. (Westfall. 1971, p. 507)
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MACH AND ABSOLUTE MOTION
We have seen that Newton based his argument for
absolute motion on the existence of inertial forces and
centrifugal forces. These do not depend on interactions
between bodies because they take place the same way,
independent of the local distribution of mass. Moreover,
Newton believed that if two masses that are connected
by a cord rotated around their common center of mass in
an otherwise empty universe there would be a tension in
the rope. The spheres would be rotating in an empty
universe with nothing to refer the motion to, except
absolute space.
Ernst Mach criticized this view. He began by arguing that
mechanical experience can never teach us anything about
absolute space. We can only measure relative motions
and therefore only they are physically real. He concluded
that Newton's idea of absolute space therefore must be
illusory.
Indeed, Newton's whole argument seems to
depend on whether or not we admit that if the stars
(today we would say "the whole universe" ) were to
rotate about the earth no flattening and no decrease of
gravity at the equator would occur (Born, 1961, p. 84.).
Mach emphasized that motion with respect to absolute
space was unobservable and what we can observe is
relative motion with respect to the stars. He argued that
mass is not endowed with the intrinsic property called
• •— - n:
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(H)
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-ttoi vwatter aM<l ail of +V o+he* witteToTiT
dowel
Fig. 9
He did, however, sketch the outlines of a new dynamics
in which only relative quantities occurred and in which
the notion of force would be superfluous.
The interpretation of inertial mass as a manifestation of a
closed system was later (1918) named by Einstein
(Ray, 1991, p. 133) the "Mach principle" (Sachs, 1974,
p. 103).
EINSTEIN BANISHES THE NOTION OF FORCE
Einstein based his general theory of relativity (GTR) on
two postulates: (1) The principle of relativity (the laws of
nature must be given in terms of continuous field
variables) and (2) Mach's principle (the fundamental
description of any realistic physical system must be
mars 1993
141
closed) (Sachs, 1974, p. 108).
Einstein began has
post-special theory of relativity (STR) studies with the
question: why should the principle of relativity only apply
to frames of reference that are moving with a constant
velocity relative to each other? If there is a law of nature
implying that A must accelerate relative to B, because
some physical cause creates this effect, then there
should be an expression of the identical law, leading to
the conclusion that B is accelerating relative to A, again
predicted by a corresponding cause-effect relation, but
from B's frame of reference, rather than from A's
(Einstein, 1954).
Non-uniform motion is, of course, the only kind of motion
that can actually be experienced by matter, when matter
interacts with other matter. This is so because matter
interacts due to a force (by definition), causing mutual
transfer of energy and momentum. But force is the cause
of non-uniform motion.
Therefore, Einstein reasoned,
STR must be a limiting case of the theory of relativity.
(Sachs, p. 108).
An entirely new formulation of the law of inertia came to
Einstein in a celebrated thought experiment, the "happiest
thought of my life", as he later recalls (Einstein, 1954).
Here is a modified version of his thought experiment:
We can imagine ourselves in a giant elevator in deep
space that was attached to a cable pulling the
elevator with a force that accelerated it at one g
(about 10 m/sIs) (see Fig. 10). Similarly imagine an
identical elevator simply hovering over the surface of
the earth. We can now argue that the observer in
the accelerating elevator and the observer in the
earth-elevator could not find an experiment to
differentiate between their physics.
Even a laser
beam would bend the same amount in both cases (if
this could be measured).
Einstein therefore concluded that the effects of
gravitation and those due to acceleration cannot be
distinguished.
Newtonian mechanics distinguishes
between the motion of a body that is inertial (subject to
no forces) and the motion of a body subject to the action
of gravity. The former is rectilinear and uniform in an
inertial system; the latter occurs in curvilinear paths and
is non uniform (Born, p. 315).
The principle of
equivalence, however, does not allow this distinction.
Einstein's mandate now was to state the law of inertial
motion in the generalized sense. The solution of this
problem banishes both the notion of absolute space and
force and gives us a theory of gravitation.
In Newton's theory the symbol F in F = m a refers to the
cause of the acceleration of the body. Force then is an
external agent that acts on matter with an inertial mass
m, causing it to accelerate at the rate a. In the GTR,
however, there is no external force. Indeed, Einstein was
able to derive the Newton's equation F = m a from
purely geometric considerations. He saw the possibility
that all "external" forces may be only apparent - that the
"effect' of other matter may be representable by a
generalization of the geometry of space-time that
describe the motions.
March 1993 .
dt*f
spot e
P R I N C I P L E Of
EQUIVALENCE)
Fig. 1 0
CONCLUSION
In the conclusion of his important
Newtonian Physics Westfall says:
book
Force in
The discoveries of one generation, however profound
and whatever the labour attending their birth, have a
way of becoming commonplace truisms for the
following generation, and for their descendants vulgar
errors.
By the time P.G. Tait published a work
suitably titled Dynamics in 1895, mechanics had
assimilated the concept of force so thoroughly that
the immensity of the achievement it embodied was
beyond recognition. The conservation of energy now
dominated the stage, and beside energy the concept
of
force
was
little
short
of
contemptible
(Westfall, 1971).
For Aristotle natural motion was the free fall of an object.
For Galileo natural motion was understood as the
unimpeded circumnavigation of earth by a ship (gravity
still acted on the ship, but did not resist the motion), and
for Newton natural motion was the constant velocity
motion of a body in deep space (no external forces).
Einstein banished the notion of force and described the
motion of a free particle in non-Euclidean space. For him
natural motion becomes the path of a free particle along a
geodesic-the path of minimal separation (See Fig. 11).
The Euler formulation of the second law of motion,
namely F= m a, is generally taught first to fifteen year
olds with the attendant host of "type problems". In my
experienced teachers often present this version of
Newton's second law after only a cursory discussion of
the relationship between unbalanced force, mass and
acceleration. Students then memorize algorithms for type
problems without clear understanding of the history and
subtlety of the concept of force (or of acceleration and
mass) in this formulation.
AK1ST0TLE
•free fall
2.
projectile Motion
. acceleration
nuertïont-ofcv;
natural mo+ion
GALILEO
•
natural msrf i o n
4r«e
I1
^notion -fete e< plained
NEWTON
constant
Fu= 0
Fig. 12
natural ruction
m o t i o n -fa be
P-
natural
motion
e+y\a(*tA
1.
motion -h? be. e<p(a»nec<
Fig. 11
If experimental work is done at all, it is often
accomplished by having an "accelerating" mass attached
to a string over a pulley connect to a dynamic cart on the
table.
The student often does not understand the
procedure for separating the variables and will generally
not distinguish between gravitational and inertial masses.
The student then commits to memory a number of
algorithms for solving representative (type) problems in
the textbook.
In a recent article in the Physics Teacher David Hestenes
(Hestenes et al, 1992), referring to the teaching of
elementary dynamics, says that "since the students have
evidently not learned the most basic Newtonian concepts,
they must have failed to comprehend most of the material
in the course" (Hestenes et al, p. 141, 1992). We now
have overwhelming evidence that even after successful
completion of an elementary course in physics the central
notion of force for most students is surrounded with
misconceptions (Driver et al, 1989).
Of course, I am not saying that the conventional textbook
centered physics teaching does not produce students that
are well prepared for university work in science. Clearly
it does: we have successfully trained physicists for
generations using this trusted approach.
What I am
trying to promote, however, is the training and educating
of competent and enthusiastic physics teachers to
present major concepts of physics in a story format that
is rich in diverse connections for the student.
I have presented "A brief history of force" in several high
school classes as well as to physics educators at two
universities. The equipment required for the presentation
is easily obtained (see Fig. 12). It consists of two long
pendula (about three meters) with wooden balls, two
large graduated cylinders (one filled with water, the other
with oil) with two small spheres of the same radius but
different masses, a bucket filled with water and attached
to a ceiling by a rope, and a simple "accelerometer"
assembly to illustrate Einstein's equivalence principle.
One should begin by challenging students to articulate
their own ideas in response to Aristotle, Buridan, Galileo,
Newton, Mach and Einstein. The success of this kind of
historical presentation depends on the knowledge of the
instructor and his/her ability to assume the roles of these
key figures with conviction, i.e. the ability to defend their
views.
I have found this approach very exciting,
motivational, with good potential for examining the level
of the students' conceptualization of the notion of force.
Incorporating the story of force into an introductory
physics course one would present segments of the story
as the course progresses.
A periodic injection of
historical context by a knowledgeable teacher into the
conventional textbook-centered physics classroom may
not produce more physicists but it will almost certainly
enhance the richness of presenting the exciting ideas of
physics. Who knows, using a contextual setting of bio
ideas approach (see Stinner and Williams, 1993) our
future physicists' may gain a deeper understanding of
their craft, become more exciting teachers themselves,
and it may even increase the physics literacy of the
general population. This is a modest expectation and a
worthy goal for us.
REFERENCES
Adler, C. and Coulter, L. (1975). Aristotle: Villain or
Victim? The Physics Teacher, March, pp. 35-38.
mars 1993 143
Aristotle. (19..?) The Basic Works of Aristotle. Edited by
Richard McKeon. Random House, New York.
Nercessian, N. 1989, Conceptual Change in Science and
in Science Education, Synthese 80, 163-183.
Born, M. (1965). Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Dover
Publications Inc. New York.
Newton I. (1962, original 1729, translated by Motte).
Principia (Vol. 1 ). University of California Press.
Driver, R. (1989). Students' conceptions and the learning
of science. Int. J. Sci.Educ., vol. 11, 481-490.
Reif, F. (1987). Instructional design, cognition, and
Technology: Applications to the teaching of concepts.
Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 24. No. 4.
pp. 309-324.
di Sessa, A. 1988 (1982).
Unlearning Aristotelian
Physics: A study of Knowledge-based learning. Cognitive
Science 6, 37-75.
Einstein, A. and Infeld, L. (1966). The Evolution
Physics. Simon and Shuster.
of
Sadanand, N., Kess, J. (1990). Concepts in Force and
Motion. The Physics Teacher, November, pp. 530-533.
Feingold, M. Gorsky, P. (1991). Students' concepts of
force as applied to related physical systems: A search for
consistency. Int. J. Sci. Educ., vol. 13, No. 1, 97-113.
Feynman, R. (1963). The Feynman Lectures, Volume 2,
chapter 19: The Principle of least Action.
Franklin, A. (1976). Principle of Inertia in the Middle
Ages. American Journal of Physics, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp.
529-543.
Gaukroger,
S. ( 1 9 8 2 ) .
The Metaphysics
of
Impenetrability: Euler's Conception of Force. The British
Society for History of Science, July, pp. 132-155.
Gunstone, R. and Watts, M. (1985). Force and Motion. In
R. Driver et al (eds). Children's Ideas in Science. Open
University Press, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 85-105.
Herivel, J. (1965). The Background to Newton's Principia:
A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years
1664-1684, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hestenes, D. et al. (1992). Force Concept Inventory. The
Physics Teacher. Vol. 30. pp. 141-151.
Kuhn. T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Chicago University
Mach, E. (1960, original 1883). The Science
Mechanics. Open Court, La Salle Press Chicago.
McCloskey, M. (1983). Intuitive
American, April, 122-130.
Physics.
of
Scientific
Minstrell, J. (1982). Explaining the "at rest" condition of
an object. The Physics Teacher, January, pp. 10-14.
March 1993 .
Sachs M. (1974). Ideas of the Theory of Relativity. Israel
University Press.
Steinberg, M. et al. (1990). Genius is not immune to
persistent misconceptions:
conceptual
difficulties
impeding Isaac Newton and contemporary physics
students. Int. J. Sci. Educ., vol. 12, NO. 3, 265-273.
Stinner, A. 0. (1989) The Teaching of Physics and the
Contexts of Inquiry From Aristotle to Einstein. Science
Education, 73(5):591-605.
Stinner A. and Williams, H. (1993). Concept Formation,
Historical Context, and Science Stories. Interchange
(special edition), in press.
Stinner, A. and Winchester I. 1981, The physics of Star
Trek. New Scientist,
vol. 92, No.
1285/1286,
pp. 884-886.
Terry, C. and Jones, G. (1986). Alternative frameworks:
Newton's third law and conceptual change. Europ. J. Sci.
Educ., vol. 8, NO. 3, 291-298.
Toulmin, S. (1961). Foresight and Understanding. Harper
Torchbooks.
Viennot, L. 1979, Spontaneous Reasoning in Elementary
Dynamics, Eur. J. Sci. Educ.1, 205-221.
Westfall. R. (1971).
Macdonald, London.
Force
in
Nev/ton's
Physics.
Whitrow, G. (1971). The Laws of Motion. The British
Journal for the History of Science. Vol. 5 NO 19, pp.
217-234.
THE CAP 1992 INCOME SURVEY
Graduation
Year
by Peter Kirkby
Research Division, Ontario Hydro
The CAP received 413 responses to the CAP 1992 Income
Survey. There were 335 responses with a salary income, 43
with a pension income, 42 with a consulting income and 45
with a scholarship income.
The responses, covering the four sources of income, are
summarized in Tables 1a to 1d.
An overview of the salary income is provided by a histogram
which covers the 335 responses with salary income. These
responses are further analyzed in the 16 tables that follow.
Tables 2a to 2c cover qualifications of the respondent: there
were 16 responses with a bachelors degree, 32 with a
masters degree, and 283 with a doctorate degree. Tables 3a
to 3e cover current sector of employment: there were 193
responses from the academic sector, 73 from government
agencies, 38 from industry, 12 from graduate students and
17 from other areas. Tables 4a to 4f cover the geographic
region of employment: there were 25 responses from the
Atlantic Provinces, 66 from Quebec, 131 from Ontario, 45
from the Prairie Provinces, 41 from British Columbia and the
Territories, and 26 from outside Canada. Tables 5a and 5b
cover the sex of the respondent: there were 316 responses
from males and 19 from females.
In each table, the medians and quartiles are given for
five-year periods, based on the year of graduation. The final
entry in a table covers all responses in the category, including
those providing no year of graduation. The medians are not
reported if there are less than 3 in a period, to maintain
confidentiality of incomes. Quartiles are only reported if there
are 7, or more, in a period.
Should you have suggestions on future income surveys,
please notify the CAP. Many thanks to all those that
responded.
Table la. Salary Income
Graduation
Year
38-42
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
3
17
34
46
63
45
42
34
20
17
82.0
80.0
73.0
70.0
62.0
53.0
44.0
23.7
12.6
80.0
94.0
90.0
85.0
79.0
73.3
63.0
50.0
38.0
35.0
102.0
100.0
91.0
85.0
82.0
71.9
60.0
50.0
36.4
335
55.0
73.0
85.0
Number
Table lb. Pension Income
33-37
38-42
43-47
48-52
53-57
63-67
68-72
78-82
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
4
4
14
9
6
1
1
1
60.0
70.0
45.0
39.0
42.0
31.0
35.0
35.0
43
60.0
65.0
45.0
60.0
Table lc. Consulting Income
Graduation
Year
33-37
38-42
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
5.0
5.0
8.0
10.0
1
2
3
7
3
1
10
3
7
1
2
1
-
9.4
-
5.0
3.1
5.0
3.0
2.0
40.0
10.0
-
-
5.0
3.0
42
15.2
Table Id. Scholarship Income
Graduation
Year
68-72
83-87
88-92
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
16
23
13.0
13.6
15.5
16.2
18.0
20.0
45
13.0
15.5
20.0
Number
l
n r
-
rfh- "
r
n
!
IJJL.L.
iu:
0 10 :0 30 M) M 60 70 10 SO 100 MO 120 >1»
Salami <U)
Histogram of 335 salaries processed in the CAP 1992 Income Survey.
mars 1993
145
Table 3a. Current Employment: Academic
Table 2a. Qualifications: Bachelors Degree
Graduation
Year
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
80.0
93.0
4
3
2
1
6
63-67
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
16
28.0
28.0
72.0
78.2
Graduation
Year
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
11
30
28
40
16
24
20
11
4
94.0
80.0
80.0
71.2
57.8
50.0
44.0
29.0
98.0
90.0
89.0
80.0
72.5
63.0
47.7
37.9
36.4
102.0
100.0
90.0
85.0
76.0
70.0
53.8
43.0
193
57.0
76.0
90.0
Number
Table 3b. Current Employment: Goverment
Graduation
Year
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
Table 2b. Qualifications: Masters Degree
Graduation
Year
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
1
1
3
4
6
3
5
5
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
32
70.0
56.0
60.0
67.0
13.5
5.0
18.0
Number
38-42
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
1
2
16
33
44
56
40
33
28
14
6
283
75.2
73.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
45.0
77.0
76.0
73.3
63.0
60.0
92.0
80.0
76.0
70.0
63.0
41.0
60.0
71.0
77.0
Table 3c. Current Employment: Industry
56.0
70.0
Graduation
Year
38-42
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
82.0
80.0
74.0
70.0
66.0
53.0
44.0
37.9
94.0
90.0
85.0
79.8
74.0
63.0
47.7
43.0
36.0
100.0
100.0
91.0
85.0
80.0
70.0
54.0
57.0
58.0
75.0
89.0
-
March 1993 .
1
3
1
17
12
14
9
8
2
4
73
Table 2c. Qualifications: Doctorate Degree
Graduation
Year
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
1
1
1
1
6
9
7
5
3
3
38
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
80.0
60.0
50.0
80.0
90.0
70.0
75.0
50.0
36.0
75.0
95.3
77.0
93.0
Table 3d. Current Employment: Graduate
Graduation
Year
53-57
63-67
68-72
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
1
1
1
4
3
12
13.5
5.0
05.0
13 5
45.0
Table 3e. Current Employment: Other
Graduation
Year
43-47
48-52
53-57
63-67
68-72
73-77
88-92
Number
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
1
1
4
5
2
3
17
Table 4c. Region of Employment: Ontario
94.8
59.0
21.0
35.0
57.0
70.0
Graduation
Year
38-42
43-17
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
1
7
14
25
17
21
17
9
7
7
75.2
92.0
74.0
73.0
68.0
58.7
52.8
38.0
28.0
82.5
100.0
83.0
79.0
75.0
63.0
57.0
40.0
36.0
89.0
103.0
90.0
81.5
82.0
70.0
70.0
57.0
38.9
131
60.3
75.0
85.0
Number
-
Table 4d. Region of Employment: Prairie Provinces
Graduation
Year
Number
Table 4a. Region of Employment: Atlantic Provinces
Graduation
Year
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
1
6
1
8
2
3
2
1
1
25
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
78.0
67.0
70.0
70.9
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
49.0
1
4
4
6
6
7
6
5
2
2
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
62.0
46.0
45
102.0
97.0
94.0
72.0
76.0
46.0
45.0
72.0
67.3
76.0
Graduation
Year
Number
2
3
7
15
1
3
6
2
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
60.0
76.3
90.0
77.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
74.0
59.0
Table 4b. Region of Employment: Quebec
41
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
1
1
6
4
11
14
12
5
4
4
66
93.0
Table 4e. Region of Employment: British Columbia and the Territories
53.0
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
88-92
Graduation
Year
76.0
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
79.0
57.0
60.0
53.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
74.0
70.0
50.0
40.0
35.0
72.5
80.0
83.9
71.9
80.0
59.0
76.3
90.0
Table 4f. Region of Employment: Outside Canada
Graduation
Year
48-52
58-62
63-67
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
2
3
6
1
7
6
1
26
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
120.1
110.0
41.3
42.5
37.9
45.0
34.7
60.0
97.4
mars 1993
147
Table 5a. Sex: Male
Graduation
Year
The following
Lower
Quartile
Median
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
3
16
34
46
61
42
41
32
15
14
82.5
80.0
73.0
70.0
65.0
53.0
44.0
24.5
12.6
80.0
97.4
90.0
85.0
79.0
74.0
63.0
50.0
40.0
36.0
102.0
100.0
91.0
85.0
82.0
71.9
59.5
53.1
36.4
316
57.0
74.0
87.9
Number
38-42
43-47
48-52
53-57
58-62
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Table 5b. Sex: Female
Graduation
Year
.
entries are a supplement
to the list published
48-52
63-67
68-72
73-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
Number
Mediari
Upper
Quartile
k$
k$
k$
1
2
3
1
2
5
3
19
in the 1993 January
Lower
Quartile
issue of Physics in
62.0
29.0
20.1
29.0
44.1
62.0
Canada.
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian Universities in 1 9 9 2
Doctorats décernés en physique dans les universités canadiennes, 1 9 9 2
DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
MACLEAN,
ian Daniel,
"Tunnelling
Dilatometry
in
Low Dimensional
Compounds",
(M.H.
Jericho),
1992 October.
AIT EL HABTI, D., "Phénomènes de transport quantiques dans
les superréseaux", (J.F. Currie et P. Vasilopoulos), 1991 juin.
Maintenant professeur à l'Université Cadi A y y a d , Marrakech,
Maroc.
WANG,
Richard
Liang-Chen,
"Field
Adsorption,
Desorption & Evaporation", (H.J. Kreuzer), 1992 August,
now a Research Associate with the Department of Physics,
Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada, B3H 3J5.
YE, Xiaoming,
"Field Adsorption of Hydrogen on
Metal Surfaces", (H.J. Kreuzer), 1992 May, now a
postdoctoral fellow with the Department of Chemistry,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada,
V 6 T 1W5.
ZHANG. Jun, "Two Binding States Lattice Gas Model
with Multiple Interaction: A Transfer Matrix Approach",
(H.J. Kreuzer), 1992 October, now a Research Associate
with the Department of Physics, Dalhousie University,
Halifax, N.S., Canada, B3H 3J5.
CHAMPAGNE,
A., "Modélisation des lasers InGaAsP-lnP à
double hétérostructure et à double région a c t i v e " , (R. Maciejko),
1992 avril.
Maintenant auxiliaire de recherche à l'École
Polytechnique.
LANGLOIS,
E,
"Mesure par effet optogalvanique
des
déplacements isotopiques du zirconium", (J.-M. Gagné),
1991 septembre. Maintenant agent d'accréditation d'opération
à l'Agence de contrôle de l'Énergie atomique du Canada,
Ottawa.
SIMARD, J.-R., "Proposition d ' u n nouveau type de dispositif
intégré sur L i N b 0 3 pouvant être utilisé c o m m e filtre spectral
a c t i f " , (R. Maciejko), 1991 octobre. Maintenant chercheur au
Defense Research Establishment Suffield, Medicine Hat, Alberta.
TREMBLAY,
C., "Corrélation en intensité entre les modes
longitudinaux des diodes laser multimodes", (R. Maciejko),
1991 octobre.
Maintenant chercheur à l'Institut national
d'optique, Ste-Foy.
March 1993 .
Trends in Postgraduate Enrolments in Physics at Canadian Universities
(1992-1993)
by
Gordon Rostoker and Sarah Derr
University of Alberta
The number of graduate students across the country remained stable in terms of total numbers compared to recent years,
although it was interesting to note that decreases in numbers in central Canada were balanced by increases in numbers both
in the west and in the Atlantic provinces. The change noted last year regarding the numbers of Ph.D. students exceeding the
numbers of M.Sc. students became even more striking this year. The evolution of the populations of M.Sc. and Ph.D. students
in shown in Figure 1, where it is clear that the numbers of M.Sc. candidates are on the decline while the numbers of doctoral
candidates continue to climb. Such a trend may come as a consequence of students who have obtained an M.Sc. continuing
on to the doctoral level, thus occupying slots which might have been available to incoming M.Sc. students. On the other hand,
there may be a conscious decision on the part of some departments to concentrate their educational efforts at the doctoral level.
Insofar as the number of undergraduate students in their final year are concerned, numbers remained approximately unchanged
with 615 being reported in this year's survey.
As was the case last year, about 20% of the graduate students were on visas, while the percentage of postdoctoral associates
on visas returned to the ~ 4 0 % where it had been before last year. It is also worth noting that the number of postdoctoral
associates rose again this last year, reaching its highest level since this survey began in the late 1970's.
Finally, we note that, in line with last year, - 1 2 % of the graduate students in physics are females, while the corresponding
figure for postdoctoral researchers is ~ 5 % (also unchanged from last year).
Students Enrolled
1991-92
M.Sc.
Ph.D.
Students Enrolled
1992-93
M.Sc.
Ph.D.
M.Sc.
766
881
748
951
59
228
282
197
35
240
384
222
68
208
262
212
115
144
191
162
87
106
Physics 3
80
Geophysics^
45
Astronomy & Astrophysics 0
Aeronomy, Space &
Atmospheric
Optics
Atomic & Molecular
Other
TOTAL
Degrees Granted
PDF's and RA's
Ph.D.
1991-92
1992-93
287
145
394
435
46
248
415
242
27
93
118
49
9
35
58
43
18
78
170
128
31
91
177
136
110
134
190
164
59
46
32
26
68
81
80
87
102
138
31
15
64
67
92
82
103
20
8
4
8
57
40
60
17
13
26
24
72
84
61
86
23
10
41
43
62
46
35
80
33
87
22
47
62
41
23
95
39
88
27
56
17
22
14
31
7
13
6
13
46
26
17
21
45
24
24
33
Breakdown by Region
Atlantic
Québec
Ontario
West
Breakdown by Field
Theoretical
Condensed Matter
Nuclear, High Energy
& Particle Physics
Biophysics & Medical
a
Includes only cases where these subject areas are dealt with in Physics departments plus the Department of Biophysics at University of
Western Ontario, Department of Medical Biophysics at University of Toronto, and Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics at Dalhousie University.
b Includes only cases where these subject areas are dealt with in Physics departments plus the Department of Geophysics and Astronomy at
University of British Columbia, the Department of Geophysics at University of Western Ontario and the Department of Earth Sciences at
Memorial University of Newfoundland.
c
Includes only cases where these subject areas are dealt with in Physics departments plus Department of Geophysics and Astronomy at
University of British Columbia, the Departments of Astronomy at Toronto, Western Ontario and St. Mary's, and the Center for Theoretical
Astrophysics (Toronto).
mars 1 9 9 3
149
Number of Physics Students in M.Sc. and Ph.D.
Programs Over the Past 16 Years
1000
«
c
a)
"O
1
900
800
=3
CO
©
700
CO
600
3
"D
500
O
400
2
'
w
l.
#«f
*
w
T
—
« * m # « » *Y
Pa—
300
a>
n
E
3
200
100
1977-78
1979-80
1981-82
S
Figure 1
1983-84
M.SC.
0
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
Ph.D.
Number of students in M.Sc. and Ph.D. programs across Canada
over the past 16 years. The beginning of the recession in the
early 1980's marked the start of an increase in the total number
of graduate students with maximum numbers being reached in the
late 1980's and staying roughly unchanged since that time. There
has been a marked tendency for Universities to increase the ratio
of Ph.D. students to M.Sc. students in recent times. It would be
interesting to learn the underlying cause for this development.
March 1993 .
Books Received/Livres reçus
The following books have been received for review.
Readers are invited to write reviews, in English or French,
of books of interest to them. Books may be requested from
the book review
editor
G.R. Hébert -- BITNET:
"[email protected]" or at Department of Physics,
York University, 4 7 0 0 Keele St., North York, Ontario, M3J
1P3. Tel: (416) 736-2100, ext. 33837.
Les livres suivants nous sont parvenus pour la critique qui
peut être faite en anglais ou en français. Si vous êtes
intéressé de nous communiquer une revue critique sur un
ouvrage en particulier, vous êtes invités de vous mettre en
rapport avec le responsable de la critique des livres;
G.R. Hébert via INTERNET: "[email protected]"
ou au: Département de physique l'Université York,
4700 Keele St., North York, Ont., M3J 1P3; Téléphone:
(416) 736-2100, ext. 33837.
10: THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
AND FIELDS
PHYSICS AT THE HIGHEST ENERGY AND LUMINOSITY:
TO UNDERSTAND THE ORIGIN OF MASS, Proceedings of
the Twenty-ninth Course of the International School of
Subnuclear Physics, held in Erice, Sicily, July 1991, The
Subnuclear Series, vol. 29, edited by Antonino Zichichi,
Plenum Press, 1992, pp viii + 421. ISBN 0-306-44301-5;
QC793.P49. Price: $125.00 he.
20: NUCLEAR PHYSICS
SUPERCOLLIDER 4, Proceedings of the Fourth International
Industrial Symposium on the Supercollider, held in Atlanta,
Georgia, Mar. 1992, edited by John Nonte, Plenum Press,
1992,
p p x x v i + 1249.
ISBN 0 - 3 0 6 - 4 4 2 5 4 - X ;
QC787.P7S8667. Price: $ 195.00 he.
30: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
00: GENERAL
THECAMBRIDGEGUIDETO ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERY,
by William Liller, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
p. xi + 257.
ISBN
0-521-41839-9;
QB64.L55.
Price: $29.95 he.
CHAOS,
From
Theory
to
Applications,
by
Anastasios A. Tsonis, Plenum Press, 1992, p p x i i + 274.
ISBN 0-306-44171 -3;Q172.5.C45T77. Price: $59.50 he.
EXPLORING MUSIC, The Science and Technology of Tones
and Tunes, by Charles Taylor, Institute of Physics Pub. Ltd.,
1992,
p p i x + 255.
ISBN 0 - 7 5 0 3 - 0 2 1 3 - 5 .
Price: $39.90 pbk.
MASTERS THESES IN THE PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES,
Accepted by Colleges and Universities of the United States
and Canada, vol. 35, edited by Wade H. Schafer, Plenum
Press,
1992, p p x i v + 365.
ISBN 0-306-44348-1;
Z7401.M35. Price: $125.00 he.
RECOMBINATION OF ATOMIC IONS, Proceedings of a
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on ..., in Newcastle,
N. Ireland, Oct. 1991, edited by W.G. Graham, W. Fritsch,
Y. Hahn, J.A. Tanis, NATO ASI Series B: Physics, v. 296,
Plenum Press, 1992, pp ix + 345. ISBN 0-306-44243-4;
QC702.7.R4R43. Price: $95.00 he.
40: FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
ÉLECTRONIQUE ANALOGIQUE, Tome 2- Génération et
traitement du signal. Rappels de cours et exercises.
Collection "Comprendre et appliquer": Physique n° 22, par
Christian Ferrer, Masson, 1992, ppviii + 123.
ISBN
2-225-83996-4. Prix: 120 F, broché.
PARTICLE FIELD HOLOGRAPHY, Cambridge Studies in
Modern Optics, v. 11, by Chandra S. Vikram, Cambridge
University Press, 1992, pp xix + 265. ISBN 0-521-41 127-0;
TA418.78.V55. Price: $79.95 he.
POLYMERS FOR LIGHTWAVE AND INTEGRATED OPTICS,
Technology
and
Applications,
edited
by
Lawrence A. Hornak,Marcel Dekker,
Inc.,
1992,
ppxiv + 744.
ISBN 0-8247-8697-1; TA1660.P65.
Price: $150.00 he.
NEW SYMMETRY PRINCIPLES IN QUANTUM FIELD
THEORY, Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute
on ..., in Cargèse, France, July, 1991, edited by J. Frôlich,
G.'t Hooft, G. Mack, P.K. Mitter, R. Stora, NATO ASI
Series B: Physics, v. 295,
Plenum
Press,
1992,
ppviii + 529. ISBN 0-306-44240-X; QC174.45.A1N77.
Price: $129.50 he.
UNDERWATER SCATTERING AND RADIATION, Physical
Acoustics, Vol. xxii, ed. by Allan D. Pierce, R.N. Thurston,
Academic Press, Inc., 1993, pp x + 384.
ISBN
0-12-477922-0. Price: $99.00 he.
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY, by Lowell S. Brown, Cambridge
University Press, 1992,pp xiv + 5 4 2 . ISBN 0-521-40006-6.
Price: $100.00 he.
60: CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL
AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
QUANTUM MEASUREMENT, by Vladimir B. Braginsky,
Farid Ya. Khalili, edited by Kip S. Thorne, Cambridge
University
Press,
1992,
ppxviii+193.
ISBN
0-521-41928-X; QC174.12.B72. Price: $39.95 he.
TWO DIMENSIONAL CRYSTALS, by Igor Lyuksyutov,
A.G. Naumovets, V. Pokrovsky, Academic Press, 1992,
pp xiv + 423.
ISBN 0-12-460590-7; QD921 .L58513.
Price: $99.00 he.
mars 1993
151
ORDERED
AND
TURBULENT
PATTERNS
IN
TAYLOR-COUETTE FLOW, Proceedings of a NATO
Advanced Workshop on ..., in Columbus, Ohio, May 1991,
edited by C. David Andereck, F. Hayot, NATO ASI Series B:
Physics, v. 297, Plenum Press, 1992, pp xi + 357. ISBN
0-306-44238-8; QA295.073. Price: $95.50 he.
70: CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE,
ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC. AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSIQUE DU SOLIDE, Propriétés électroniques, par
M. Brousseau, Masson éditeur, 1992, pp xx + 460. ISBN
2-225-83975-1. Prix: 228 F. broché.
80: CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND
RELATED AREAS
ULTRAFAST FIBER SWITCHING DEVICES AND SYSTEMS,
by M.N. Islam, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
ppxiv + 210. ISBN 0-521-43191-3. Price: $49.95 he.
90: GEOPHYSICS. ASTRONOMY. AND ASTROPHYSICS
GUIDE TO THE SUN, by Kenneth J.H. Phillips, Cambridge
University
Press,
1992,
p p x i v + 386.
ISBN
0-521-39483-X; QB521.P45. Price: $29.95 he.
PLANET EARTH, Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of
Life and Environment, by Cesare Emiliani, Cambridge
University Press, 1992,pp xiii + 719. ISBN 0-521-40123-2,
(0-521-40949-7 pbk.); QB631.E55. Price: $100.00 he;
$34.95 pbk.
Book Reviews /Revues des livres
ELECTRONIC
PROCESSES ON
SEMICONDUCTOR
SURFACES DURING CHEMISORPTION, by T. Wolkenstein,
transi, by E.M. Yankovskii, (edited by Roy Morrison),
Consultants Bureau, Plenum Publishing Corp., 1990,
pp xvi + 444.
ISBN 0-306-11029-6; QC611.6.S9V65.
Price: $115.00 he.
This text discusses the physical processes that occur during
chemisorption on semiconductors. The approach is mainly
theoretical although, in some instances, experimental data
are used to better illustrate some of the more difficult
concepts.
The book is arranged in a manner which makes for good
reading. The first three chapters provide a good review of
electrons and holes in semiconductors, the various types of
adsorption and electron transitions in chemisorption. This
background information is very helpful in understanding the
more complex issues discussed in the remainder of the
book.
These topics include heterogeneous catalysis,
photocatalytic
effects, effects of
adsorption on
luminescence and kinetics of adsorption and desorption all
March 1993 .
discussed in relation to semiconductors. There is also a
useful section that deals with the growth and properties of
semiconductor films on metal.
The book is written very clearly and is well organized.
However, the author chose to cover a broad range of topics
at the expense of detailed discussions of any of the subject
areas addressed. In my view this makes it better suited for
anyone interested in obtaining a good introduction to the
physical processes occuring at the surfaces of
semiconductors. While the $115.00 price tag appears, and
is, ludicrous, it is well within the price range of other hard
cover books which deal with the same topics and many of
which are not of the same quality.
Raj Persaud
Department of Physics & Astronomy
York University
NANOSTRUCTURES AND MESOSCOPIC
SYSTEMS,
Proceedings of the International Symposium, Santa Fe, New
Mexico, 1991, edited by Wiley P. Kirk, and Mark A. Reed,
Academic Press, 1992, pp xiv + 551. ISBN 0-12-409660-3;
QC176.8.N35N36. Price: $69.95 he.
In the 1992 Guptill Memorial Lecture at the Physics of
Dalhousie University, Professor Rohrer of IBM Zurich
(coinventor of the scanning tunnelling microscope and a
Nobel Prize winner) predicted that what we have com$ to
call nanoscale physics would probably come to its end in
some thirty years from now.
There is certainly an explosion of activities in the field of
nanoscale physics today, not only by physicists but,
perhaps more significantly, by electrical engineers. The
situation is reminiscent of the early days of the transistor.
The book under review is the proceedings of an
international symposium held at Santa Fe (New Mexico) on
May 20-24, 1991. Many of the contributions are from
departments of electrical engineering or similar institutes,
indicating the trend I have just alluded to. A number of
such conference proceedings have been published in recent
years. One can discern a good measure of overlap in these
proceedings. These hard cover volumes are also expensive.
Since they seem to serve mainly as reference material for
the practitioners of the field, they could be in paperback, if
they need be published at all.
The eleven chapters in these proceedings include:
"Advances in Nanostructure Fabrication (Chap. 3),
"Low-Dimensional Tunnelling" (Chap. 4), "Mesoscopic
Systems" (Chap. 9), etc.
The first chapter briefly
summarizes the various individual contributions that appear
in the following chapters.
This volume will be of use to the researcher who seeks a
collection of up-to-date information in the field.
Amal K. Das
Department of Physics
Dalhousie University
SPIN GLASSES, by K.H. Fisher, and J.A. Hertz, Cambridge
University Press, 1991, pp x + 408. ISBN 0-521-34296-1;
QC171.8.S68F57. Price: $80.00 he.
This book opens a news series "Cambridge Studies in
Magnetism" by Cambridge University Press, and the
opening looks very promising. The book is aimed at a wide
audience: from graduate students to specialists. The main
topic of the book, spin glasses, has been extensively
studied for almost twenty years, and the reader will find a
carefully refined and systematized account on these
studies. The authors pay their main attention to some
unusual properties of spin glasses and new physical ideas
and theories which arose in that field.
The first chapter of the book introduces the most important
experimental facts about spin glasses: spin glass transition,
irreversibility and anomalously slow relaxation.
These
properties demand a new concept of broken ergodicity and
an unusual spin glass order parameter to be included in the
spin glass theory. The fundamental ideas of the spin glass
theory are discussed in Chapter 2. The next four chapters
deal with the mean field theory of spin glasses. It is an
infinite range random exchange approximation for spin
interaction. In contrast to ergodic systems, the mean field
theory of spin glasses is fairly complicated, because the
spin glass state is described by an infinite dimensional order
parameter, and the problem of the stability of the glass
state is non-trivial. As a result, the spin glass has infinitely
large numbers of equilibrium states with a hierarchical
structure. Three alternative approaches to the spin glass
theory: replica method, TAP equations and relaxational
dynamics are presented in some detail. Indeed, the mean
field approximation provides only a very rough theory for
real spin glasses. In Chapter 7, various physical properties
owing to short range interactions are considered. The
scaling theory of the spin glass transition in the case of
finite range interaction, as well as some related results of
experiments and numerical simulations are presented in
Chapter 8. Chapter 9 is devoted to the problem of slow
magnetic relaxation in spin glasses.
A number of
experimental facts and some phenomenological models of
this fascinating phenomenon are described. Chapters 10-13
give an account of various important experimental and
theoretical results which are out of the main stream of the
spin glass theory: specific heat, sound propagation, and
transport properties, competition between spin glass and
ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order, one-dimensional
models, and random field and random anisotropy problems.
The mean field theory of spin glasses is closely related to
some other problems in various branches of science known
as combinatorial optimization problems. Some of these
problems: the weighted matching, the traveling salesman,
graph bipartioning, collective computation and associative
memory in neural networks are shortly discussed in
Chapter 14. A short review on the history of spin glass
research concludes the book.
The book by Fisher and Hertz is not the first book about
spin glasses. However, all the books on that subject
published before were concentrated on the mean field
theory of spin glasses mainly and avoided detailed
discussion of the problems beyond that approximation.
Thus, the main advantage of this book is that it presents a
fairly full and clear picture of the physics of spin glasses in
an intelligible way. It is worth keeping this book in all
university libraries.
V.B. Cherepanov
SPIN GLASSES AND RELATED PROBLEMS, Soviet Scientific
Reviews, A: Physics, 15, Part 1, by V.S. Dotsenko,
M.V. Feigel'man, and L.B. loffe, Harwood Academic Publ.,
1990, pp 250. Price: $117.00 pbk. SAS $59.00 pbk.
This book from the series "Soviet Scientific Reviews"
represents a comprehensive review of the classical results
in the spin glass theory and the essence of the authors'
results in this field. In principle, only some knowledge in
statistical mechanics is necessary to read this book.
However, this book is not an easy reading book for a
newcomer to the spin glass theory, because of the high
density of results presented in the 250 pages of the book.
The book starts from a brief but fairly detailed introduction
to the problem. The second chapter deals with the theory
of infinite range Ising spin glass using the repica method
and Parisi ansatz, relaxational dynamics approach, and
mean field TAP equations.
The next chapter is
concentrated on slow relaxation and ageing of spin glasses.
The problem of diffusion in a system with randomly
distributed minima of the potential is considered in
connection with the slow relaxation problem. Next three
chapters, "Spin glasses with finite interaction range in the
vicinity of the critical temperature", "Nonexponential
relaxation far above the transition point", and "Spin glasses
with helical short-range order", are based on the authors'
original results mainly. The rest of the book is devoted to
applications of the methods of the spin glass theory to two
related problems: a Josephson junction array with random
phase shifts, which is equivalent to the XY-glass, and
statistical models of neural networks.
Overall, this book is of considerable interest to all who are
interested in spin glasses and related problems. It is a good
supplement to the book by Fisher and Hertz reviewed in the
previous article.
V.B. Cherepanov
mars 1993
153
© C.A.P. 1993. All rights reserved.
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH
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INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS
MPB Technologies Inc. is seeking candidates to nominate for
Natural Science and Egnineering Council of Canada Industrial
Research Fellowships.
The Fellowships will normally be tenable in the Laboratories of
MPB Technologies Inc. located at Dorval, Quebec or Ottawa,
Ontario.
Projects in w h i c h successful candidates may be involved include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electromagnetics and Millimeter Waves
Lasers and Laser Applications
Electro-optics and Acousto-optics
Plasma, Fusion and Space Technology
Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence
Robotics
Salaries and other benefits are the same as for permanent staff
of equivalent experience.
Interested recent graduates, individuals currently completing
postdoctorate fellowships, or candidates w h o will graduate in (he
near future with a background in physics, electrical engineering
or computer science and w h o are Canadian citizens or landed
immigrants are invited to write or call:
D r . M . P . Bachynski
M P B Technologies Inc.
1 7 2 5 N o r t h Service Road
Trans-Canada H i g h w a y
Dorval, Quebec
C A N A D A , H 9 P 1)1
Telephone: (514) 6 8 3 - 1 4 9 0
Fax:
(514)683-1727
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
The Department of Physics is seeking highly qualified
candidates for a tenure-track position at the Assistant
Professor level to commence on or after September 1,
1993. In addition, we are seeking highly-qualified
candidates for an NSERC Women's Faculty Award.
Applicants must have a Ph.D. and preferably postdoctoral experience. The successful candidates will
be expected to develop an active research program,
supervise graduate students, and teach courses in
physics or biophysics at both undergraduate and
graduate levels. Proven ability or demonstrated
potential for excellence in both teaching and research
is required.
The Guelph Physics Department has 23 faculty
members offering strong programs in teaching and
research to the Ph.D. level. The graduate and research
programs are enhanced by participation in the GuelphWaterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics
(GWP)2, which has a combined total of 76 faculty
members and more than 85 graduate students, the
Biophysics Interdepartmental Group (BIG), and the
Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in
Chemistry (GWC)2, Guelph faculty members
collaborate with many off-campus research facilities,
including Chalk River and the Sudbury Neutrino
Observatory (SNO). Active experimental and
theoretical research areas include conden sed matter,
liquids, subatomic physics, atomic and molecular
physics, ion-solid interactions, biophysics, and
polymers. Priority will be given to candidates whose
research will provide additional strength in one or
more of these areas.
In accordance with Canadian
Immigration
requirements, this advertisement is directed to
Canadian citizens and permanent residents of
Canada. The University of Guelph is committed to an
Employment Equity Program that includes special
measures to achieve diversity among its faculty and
staff. We therefore, particularly
encourage
applications from qualified aboriginal Canadians,
persons with disabilities, members of visible
minorities, and women. The appointment is subject
to final budgetary approval.
Applicants should provide a complete curriculum
vitae including an outline of proposed research and
names and addresses of at least three referees.
Applications should be sent no later than April 30,
1993 to:
Dr. R.W. Oilerhead, Chair
University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario
N1G2W1.
UNIVERSITY
^ Q U E L P H
PROFESSEUR(E)S
EN
PHYSIQUE
Le département de physique de la Faculté des sciences et de génie de
Iniversité Laval doit pourvoir trois (3) ppostes de professeur(e)s réguliers
à t e m p s complet dans le domaine de l'optique intégrée, un (1 ) poste en
capteurs optiques et un (1 ) poste en traitement optique de l'information
(holographie, mémoire optique, optique non linéaire ...).
Description du poste
-
S'intégrer dans une équipe de recherche spécifique et contribuer à
sa programmation scientifique
Développer un programme de recherche dans le domaine de
spécialisation d e m a n d é
Encadrer des étudiant(e)s des 2* et 3* cycles
Participer à l'enseignement e n français
Critères de sélection
Avoir o b t e n u un Ph.D. en physique ou dans une discipline voisine,
avec spécialisation e n optique et plus particulièrement dans un
champ de recherche qui respecte la description des postes offerts.
Avoir une expéreience de recherche, soit à titre de stagiaire
post-doctoral soit à titre d ' a t t a c h é de recherche, dans le champ
respectif des postes offerts.
Soumettre une programme de recherche de qualité
Être en mesure de participer à l'enseignement
Avoir ou acquérir dans un délai raisonnable une connaissance
fontionnelle de la langue française
Entrée en fonction:
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
Physics Department
Applications are invited for the position of Research
Associate in the Department of Physics, University of
Western Ontario. The successful candidate will specialize
in ion beam deposition of diamond and diamond-like films,
and in characterizing the bulk and interface properties of
these films. Applicants shoud hold a Ph.D. in Physics or
Materials Engineering and have post-doctoral research
experience in ion beam deposition of diamond and
diamond-like films, and in Raman spectroscopy, positron
annihilation spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy.
This position is available immediately. Minimum salary is
$30,000 per year plus benefits. Please send applications to
Roslyn Moorhead
Employee Relations Department
Rm. 262 Stevenson-Lawson Building
London, Ontario N6A 5B8
le ou autour du 1 " septembre 1 9 9 3 .
L'Université
Laval applique
un programme
d'accès
consacre la moitié des postes vacants à l'engagement
français est la langue du
travail.
à l'égalité
de femmes.
qui
Le
Candidature
On demande de faire parvenir une lettre de candidature accompagnée
d'un curriculum vitae, d'un exposé de l'expérience et des intérêts de
recherche, ainsi qu'un projet de recherche. Envoyer les noms et les
coordonnées de trois personnes dont le/la candidatle) aura sollicité la
recommandation, le t o u t adressé à
In a c c o r d a n c e
with
Canadian
Date de clôture:
requirements,
this
permanent
residents
Ontario
of
Canada.
The
committed to Employment
Pierre Amiot, directeur, Département de physique
Faculté des sciences et de génie
Cité Universitaire, Quebec, Canada G 1 K 7P4
Tel: ( 4 1 8 ) 6 5 6 - 2 1 5 2 ; Fax: ( 4 1 8 ) 6 5 6 - 2 0 4 0
immigration
a d v e r t i s e m e n t is d i r e c t e d t o C a n a d i a n c i t i z e n s a n d
workplace,
individuals
and
University
encourages
including
of
Western
Equity, w e l c o m e s
applications
women,
members
aboriginal persons, and persons w i t h
of
d i v e r s i t y in
from
all
visible
is
the
qualified
minorities,
disabilities.
3 0 avril 1 9 9 3
D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c s &
Saint Marys
Laurentian
Sudbury,
Astronomy
University
Ontario
University
Position(s) in Astrophysics/Physics
Applications are invited for one, and possibly t w o , tenure-track
a p p o i n t m e n t ( s ) at t h e A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r level c o m m e n c i n g
S e p t e m b e r 1, 1 9 9 3 in a n e w l y a m a l g a m a t e d D e p a r t m e n t of
A s t r o n o m y a n d P h y s i c s , w i t h t h e a p p o i n t m e n t ( s ) b e i n g in t h e area
of e i t h e r a s t r o p h y s i c s or p h y s i c s . A P h D a n d a s t r o n g c o m m i t m e n t
t o u n d e r g r a d u a t e t e a c h i n g is r e q u i r e d . T h e s u c c e s s f u l c a n d i d a t e ( s )
will be expected to establish an active research program
c o m p l e m e n t i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s of e x i s t i n g f a c u l t y in t h e d e p a r t m e n t ,
a n d w i l l h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o s u p e r v i s e s t u d e n t s in t h e
A s t r o n o m y M S c p r o g r a m . Facilities i n c l u d e a U n i v e r s i t y V A X
c l u s t e r . Sun w o r k s t a t i o n s , v a r i o u s M a c i n t o s h m i c r o s , a partially
a u t o m a t e d iris a s t r o p h o t o m e t e r , a m i c r o d e n s i t o m e t e r , c o p i e s of
the POSS and ESO sky surveys, an 0 . 4 m reflecting telescope
e q u i p p e d for p h o t o m e t r y , spectroscopy and direct imaging, and
g o o d library h o l d i n g s .
In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h C a n a d i a n i m m i g r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h i s
a d v e r t i s e m e n t is d i r e c t e d in t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e t o C a n a d i a n c i t i z e n s
a n d p e r m a n e n t r e s i d e n t s of Canada. Saint M a r y ' s U n i v e r s i t y
e n c o u r a g e s a p p l i c a t i o n s f r o m w o m e n , aboriginal p e o p l e s , v i s i b l e
m i n o r i t i e s a n d p e o p l e w i t h disabilities.
A p p l i c a t i o n s s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e c a n d i d a t e ' s c u r r i c u l u m vitae,
t r a n s c r i p t s , t h e n a m e s of at least t h r e e p e r s o n s w i l l i n g t o p r o v i d e
r e f e r e n c e s a n d s h o u l d b e s u b m i t t e d n o later t h a n M a y 1, 1 9 9 3 .
C o m p l e t e d a p p l i c a t i o n s , i n q u i r i e s a n d r e q u e s t s for d e t a i l s o n
r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s of e x i s t i n g f a c u l t y s h o u l d b e d i r e c t e d to:
Dr. D a v i d R i c h a r d s o n , D e a n of S c i e n c e , Saint M a r y ' s U n i v e r s i t y ,
Halifax, N o v a Scotia, B 3 H 3 C 3 , Canada.
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
EXPERIMENTAL SUBATOMIC PHYSICS
T h e Physics and Astronomy D e p a r t m e n t of Laurentian University
invites applications for a Research Associate position with the
S u d b u r y Neutrino Observatory Group. Underground installation of
the S N O detector will start in 1 9 9 3 and first data is expected in
early 1 9 9 5 . Accordingly the position is for a n initial period of three
years. T h e successful candidate will have a balanced experience
in h a r d w a r e and data analysis and will be e x p e c t e d to make major
contributions in both areas.
Please send applications by April 3 0 , 1 9 9 3 w i t h curriculum vitae
and the n a m e s and addresses of three referees to:
Prof. C . J . Virtue
D e p a r t m e n t of Physics and A s t r o n o m y
Laurentian University
S u d b u r y , Ontario
P3E 2 C 6 .
In accordance
with Canadian immigration
requirements,
priority
will
be given to Canadian citizens and permanent
residents
of
Canada.
Laurentian
University
has
an
employment
equity
policy.
Applications
are encouraged
from aboriginal
people,
persons
with
disabilities
and racial
minorities.
Applications
from
qualified
women are particularly
welcome.
McGill University
FACULTY POSITION IN PHYSICS
FACULTY POSITION IN PHYSICS
Applications are invited for an appointment to a tenure
stream position in the Physics Department, University of
Saskatchewan (subject to budgetary approval), at the rank
of
Assistant
Professor.
Duties
will
include
undergraduate/graduate
teaching
and
research
responsibilities
at
the
Saskatchewan
Accelerator
Laboratory.
Candidates must hold a Ph.D. degree or
equivalent and have experience in intermediate energy
nuclear physics research using accelerators. Appplications
with a curriculum vitae and the names of at least three
referees should be sent before May 28, 1993 to:
The Department of Physics invites applications for a
tenure-track position at the rank of Assistant Professor,
beginning no later than September 1993. The preferred area is
Condensed Matter Experiment but outstanding candidates in
any area will be given serious consideration.
Research in epxerimental and theoretical Condensed Matter
Physics is carried out in the Centre for the Physics of Materials,
an institute devoted t the study of non-conventional materials
(including metastable materials, novel superconductors and
bio-physical systems). The Centre consists of Faculty members
from Physics and Chemistry as well as research scientists in
industrial laboratories, and has a w i d e range of prepration,
measurement and characterization facilities.
The department also has very active research teams in High
Energy
Physics, Heavy
Ion Nuclear
Fhysics,
Singon
Spectrosocpy and Theoretical Atmospheric Physics. The base
salary for Assistant Professor is $ 4 0 , 9 8 0 .
Applications
together w i t h a detailed curriculum vitae and the names of
three referees should be sent t o :
Head, Department of Physics
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Canada
S7N 0W0
In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, this
advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and
permanent residents of Canada.
The University of
Saskatchewan is committed to the principles of
employment equity. Women candidates, candidates of
aboriginal descent, and candidates from other minority
groups are especially encouraged to apply.
Prof. J.O. Strom-Olsen, Chair
Department of Physics, McGill University
3 6 0 0 University Street
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H3T 2 T 8
In accordance with the Canadian immigration regulations, priority
will be given to Canadian citizens and permanent residents of
Canada. McGill is committed to equity in employment.
PfiOTO
Brock University
/
FACULTY POSITION I N PHYSICS
The Department of Physics at Brock University invites applications
for a tenure-track position at the assistant professor level in
experimental physics, to commence July 1, 1993. The successful
candidate will have a Ph.D. and be expected to establish a
productive research program and to assume normal undergraduate
and graduate teaching duties in the Department. Preference will be
given to areas of experimental condensed matter, biophysics,
atmospheric physics or observational astronomy. In accordance
with Canadain Immigration requirements, this advertisement is
directed in the first instance to Canadian citizens and permanent
residents of Canada.
Applications, including a curriculum vitae and the names of three
referees, should be sent to
The Chair, Department of Physics
Brock University
St. Catharines, Ontario
Canada L2S 3A1
for receipt by May 1, 1993.
'
MANUFACTURING
LTD.
PHYSICIST REQUIRED
A well-established manufacturer of Stress Measuring
Instruments, utilizing X-Ray Diffraction requires a
Physicist.
Duties:
1) a d v a n c e d
research
in
X-Ray
Diffraction for Residual and Real-time
Stress
2) i n - h o u s e
and
on-site
stress
measurements
3) must be able to travel world-wide
4) team worker and bondable
Experience: 1) thorough
knowledge
of
X-ray
diffraction with strong metallurgical
background
2) programming in Fortran essential
Brock University is an equal opportunity employer. Smoking at Brock
University is strictly controlled. The position is subject to budgetary
confirmation.
For an interview call Erhard Brauss at (51 9) 7 3 7 - 6 3 3 0
or Fax your resume to (519) 7 3 7 - 1 6 9 2 .
Brock University is committed to a Positive Action Policy aimed at
reducing gender imbalance in faculty; eligible women candidates are
especially encouraged to apply.
Proto Manufacturing Limited
2 1 7 5 Solar Crescent, Oldcastle, Ontario NOR 1L0
Today's Physics
Materials Fundamentals of
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
The Foundations of
Magnetic Recording
Jeffrey Y. Tsao
SECOND EDITION
Crystals grown by
molecular beam epitaxy
Materials
(MBE) today form the basis
for the most advanced
Fundamentals of
device structures in solidMolecular Beam
state physics, electronics,
Epitaxy
and optoelectronics.
Materials F u n d a m e n t a l s of
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
gathers together the basic
principles that apply to
MBE and treats its most
important aspects in great
depth. The book begins
with the basic concepts
underlying solid state
physics and materials
Y . TsA o
science and ends at the
frontiers of modern
research. Throughout, it
teaches the usefulness of thermodynamic and statistical
calculations based on intuitive and physically motivated
semi-empirical models.
Paperback: $49.95
N o v e m b e r 1992, 3 2 8 p p . / I S B N : 0-12-701625-2
Quantum Well Lasers
edited by
Peter S. Zory, Jr.
A Volume in the QUANTUM ELECTRONICS—PRINCIPLES
APPLICATIONS Series
AND
Key Features
• Offers the first comprehensive book-length treatment
of q u a n t u m well lasers
• Provides a detailed treatment of quantum well
laser basics
• Covers strained quantum well lasers
• Explores the different state-of-the-art quantum
well laser types
• Provides key information on future laser technologies
A p r i l 1993, c. 544 pp., S75.00/ISBN: 0-12-781890-1
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
edited by
Joseph Stroscio and William Kaiser
A Volume in the METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS Series
CONTENTS: T h e o r y of S c a n n i n g T u n n e l i n g
Microscopy. Design C o n s i d e r a t i o n s for a STM System.
T u n n e l i n g Spectroscopy. S e m i c o n d u c t o r S u r f a c e s :
Silicon. G e r m a n i u m . Gallium A r s e n i d e . Metal Surfaces. Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy. ChargeDensity Waves. S u p e r c o n d u c t o r s . C h a p t e r References.
Index.
January 1993, 480 pp., S89.00/ISBN: 0-12-475972-6
John C. Mallinson
This book contains a discussion of almost every technologically important aspect of
recording, including such
topics as:
The Foundations
The fundamental physics
of Magnetic Recording
and measurements of
magnetism and magnetic
materials
• Current magnetic recording
media including thin film
disks and metal evaporated
tape
• The theory of magnetic
recording heads including
magnetoresistive read heads
• Fabrication methods used on
current magnetic heads
• The write and read processes
• Signal-to-noise ratio
• Audio, instrumentation, and video analog recorders
• The fundamentals of digital recording theory
• The characteristics of current digital tape and disk
computer peripheral recorders
• The characteristics of current digital video recorders
• The evolution of modulation codes from the beginnin
to the present
• An outline of the physics, technology, and future
prospects of optical disk recorders
A p r i l 1993, c. 2 4 0 pp., S54.50/ISBN: 0-12-466626-4
Atmospheric Ultraviolet
Remote Sensing
Robert E. Huffman
A Volume in the INTERNATIONAL
GEOPHYSICS Series
Key Features
• Contains recent UV applications not previously
available in book form, such as ozone, auroral
images, and ionospheric sensing
• Features broad coverage of fundamentals of
atmospheric geophysics with values for fluxes,
cross-sections, and radiances
• Covers techniques that illustrate principles of
measurements with typical values
• Contains numerous references to original literature
S e p t e m b e r 1992, 3 3 6 pp., S59.95/ISBN: 0-12-360390-0
Order from your local bookseller or directly from
B
A C A D E M I C PRESS
HBJ Order Fulfillment Department DM17915
6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887
CALL TOLL FREE
1-800-321-5068
FAX 1-800-336-7377
All prices are subject to c h a n g e without notice.
© 1 9 9 3 by A c a d e m i c Press, Inc. All Rights R e s e r v e d . S A / L W / T R — 17033
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Transcription

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