Conclusion générale

Conclusion générale
III - 435
Conclusion générale
Le travail de recherche consigné dans cette thèse a été développé selon deux axes: d'une part la
simulation par éléments finis 2D et 3D de transformateurs de puissance (l'accent étant mis en
particulier sur le calcul des pertes cuivre), d'autre part la modélisation de ces transformateurs au
moyen de schémas équivalents, en vue d'étudier –dans des simulations électriques cette fois– les
alimentations à découpage.
Pour chacun de ces axes, une synthèse a déjà été proposée, respectivement au chapitre IX et au
chapitre XIV. Rappelons-en les idées les plus marquantes.
Le premier but de notre recherche était, comme exprimé dans l'introduction, de faire
progresser la connaissance des transformateurs de puissance en allant "voir" dans ceux-ci
les champs électromagnétiques en deux et en trois dimensions au moyen de simulations par
éléments finis.
Pour répondre à cet objectif sans nous limiter aux traditionnelles études de cas, nous avons
choisi la démarche d'analyser des configurations d'abord simples puis de plus en plus
complexes des enroulements, en essayant de préserver autant que possible le caractère
général de notre étude.
y
Dans une première étape, nous avons abouti de cette manière à un inventaire inédit
des effets 2D dans les transformateurs en fonction du type de conducteurs utilisé.
Chacun de ces effets a été expliqué, de même que l'influence sur ceux-ci des
principaux paramètres géométriques de l'enroulement.
y
Nous avons ensuite envisagé le problème des effets 3D. Ceux-ci et les circonstances
où ils apparaissent ont été précisés. Une attention particulière a été portée à l'étude de
l'effet d'arc, typique des transformateurs planaires. Le degré de validité des études 2D
par rapport aux pièces réelles, tridimensionnelles par nature, a également été évalué.
y
Parallèlement à ces études de fond, un cas pratique d'optimisation des enroulements
d'un transformateur planaire multisorties a été traité. L'étude 2D a permis de
compléter l'inventaire déjà cité. En 3D, des solutions originales ont été proposées pour
réduire les pertes et le risque de point chaud liés à l'effet d'arc.
Conclusion générale
III - 436
Le second objectif était de cerner les limites de validité des théories classiques de calcul des
pertes cuivre, qui utilisent des modèles unidimensionnels, et éventuellement de proposer de
nouveaux moyens de calcul plus précis.
y
Les simulations par éléments finis ont confirmé le manque de fiabilité des méthodes
1D dans un certain nombre de cas. Ceux-ci ont été clairement identifiés et l'ordre de
grandeur des erreurs commises par le calcul 1D a été évalué.
y
Diverses méthodes de calcul 2D alternatives ont également été étudiées et discutées. Si
ces méthodes apportent d'un point de vue théorique de nombreuses idées
intéressantes, elles se révèlent néanmoins inapplicables –car trop lourdes à mettre en
œuvre– dans le contexte d'une utilisation industrielle systématique.
y
A l'intention du concepteur de pièces magnétiques, nous avons encore développé la
"formule semi-empirique", qui s'applique aux conducteurs en ruban monocouches
entre une valeur nulle et une valeur maximale de la force magnétomotrice. Cette
formule constitue un outil d'un type nouveau qui allie la précision des simulations 2D
à la rapidité des méthodes 1D, ce qui n'avait encore jamais été fait auparavant.
Outre son utilisation en tant qu'outil de calcul quantitatif dans le cas cité, la formule
semi-empirique donne des moyens nouveaux au concepteur tels la forme analytique
adaptée ou les nouvelles règles de conception intégrant les effets 2D, valables pour
tous les types d'enroulements.
La formule semi-empirique permet également de réaliser très rapidement des études
paramétriques. Celles-ci ont été utilisées avec succès dans cette thèse pour expliquer
les effets 2D mis en évidence grâce aux simulations.
Enfin ces recherches ont été l'occasion de discuter ou de rediscuter en profondeur de
nombreux points théoriques. La conclusion la plus marquante et la plus étonnante de ce
point de vue est certainement la démonstration de l'absence de justification théorique au
facteur de remplissage, une notion présente dans la plupart des formules de calcul des
pertes cuivre.
En ce qui concerne la modélisation, notre second axe de recherche, notre travail s'est
davantage basé sur des solutions existantes.
y
Nous avons d'abord examiné la structure des schémas les plus courants afin d'en
dégager les principes d'élaboration et les éléments constitutifs. La grande majorité
des schémas étudiés dans ce contexte se sont cependant révélés trop élémentaires
pour modéliser les transformateurs multisorties utilisés dans les alimentations à
découpage.
Conclusion générale
III - 437
y
A l'issue de notre étude bibliographique, seuls deux candidats ont finalement été
retenus pour la modélisation des transformateurs de puissance: le schéma CCS et le
schéma LEG. Le schéma CCS a été validé sur base d'un transformateur utilisé en
production, puis implémenté dans une application conviviale. Diverses améliorations
par rapport à la méthode originale ont été proposées.
y
De nombreux autres schémas, moins directement applicables au problème concerné
car basés sur une décomposition géométrique menant à des modèles très lourds, ont
également été étudiés et critiqués. Certaines idées apparues lors de cette étude peuvent
être mises à profit pour améliorer les schémas précédents.
Bien évidemment notre travail, s'il a résolu certaines questions, en a également fait naître beaucoup
d'autres. De nombreuses pistes peuvent donc être envisagées si l'on désire poursuivre dans cette
voie. Sans les reprendre toutes, indiquons simplement que l'étude des noyaux à entrefer et la prise
en compte des aspects thermiques dans la conception nous semblent être les pistes les plus
prioritaires selon le premier axe de recherche.
En ce qui concerne la modélisation, de nombreuses améliorations des méthodes existantes peuvent
être envisagées suite à la synthèse effectuée dans ce travail. La validation des schémas étudiés sur
un plus grand nombre de transformateurs ainsi qu'au sein de l'alimentation est également une voie
à privilégier, de même que l'étude approfondie des méthodes de mesure elles-mêmes.
En guise de conclusion finale, nous voudrions exprimer notre fascination devant la puissance et la
précision des outils que nous avons eu la chance d'utiliser. L'essentiel de notre travail a en effet été
réalisé sur ordinateur ou sur station de travail. Pourtant, nous avons acquis de cette manière une
connaissance détaillée des transformateurs de puissance, confirmée par les mesures que nous
avons réalisées sur des pièces réelles. Les simulations par éléments finis se sont avéré un outil
remarquablement fiable, au-delà des espérances qui étaient les nôtres au départ.
De nombreux développements peuvent encore être attendus dans ce domaine, de même que dans
celui de la modélisation. Nous invitons le lecteur à y rester attentif, convaincus aujourd'hui de
l'importance de la simulation comme outil d'apprentissage, de recherche et de conception.
Conclusion générale
III - 438
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