Bibliography

Transcription

Bibliography
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-1
References
For Scott Straus, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006)
Aboganena, Jean-Marie. 1996. “Bagosora s’explique,” Africa International 296.
Acquaro, Kimberlee and Peter Landesman. 2003. “O ut of Madness, A Matriarchy,”
Mother Jones. 28: 1, January/February.
Adalian, Rouben Paul. 2004. “The Armenian Genocide,” in Samuel Totten, William
Parsons, and Israel Charny, eds., Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and
Eyewitness Accounts, 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge.
Africa South of the Sahara 2003. 2004. 32nd ed. London and New York: Europa
Publications.
African Rights, 1995. Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, rev. ed. London: African
Rights.
_________. 2002. Tribute to Courage. London: African Rights.
Ake, Claude. 1996. Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington: Brookings
Institution.
Akers, Ronald. 1999. Criminological Theories. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
Andersen, Regine. 2000. “How Multilateral Development Assistance Triggered the
Conflict in Rwanda,” Third World Quarterly, 21:3.
André, Catherine and Jean-Philippe Platteau. 1998. “Land Relations under Unbearable
Stress: Rwanda Caught in a Malthusian Trap,” Journal of Economic Behavior and
Organization 34.
Article 19. 1996. Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda, & State-Sponsored
Violence in Rwanda 1990-1994. New York: Article 19.
Ambrosetti, David. 2000. La France au Rwanda: un discours de légitimation morale.
Paris: Karthala.
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread
of Nationalism. Rev. Ed. New York: Verso.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-2
Andreapolous, George, ed. 1994. Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Apter, David, ed. 1997. The Legitimization of Violence. New York: New York University
Press.
Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and
Company.
_________. 1965. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, Revised Ed.
New York: Penguin Books.
Armstrong, John. 1982. Nations Before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press.
Association rwandaise pour la défense des droits de la personne et des libertés publiques.
1993. Rapport sur les droits del’homme au Rwanda, octobre 1992-octobre 1993.
Kigali: ADL.
Anyidoho, Henry Kwami. 1998. Guns Over Kigali. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Bankier, David. 1992. The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under
Nazism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barnett, Michael. 2003. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Barth, Fredrik. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Boston: Little, Brown, and
Company.
Bartov, Omer, ed. 2000. The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath. London:
Routledge.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 1989. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Becker, Elizabeth. 1998. When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge
Revolution. New York: Public Affairs.
Bergen, Doris. 2003. War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. Lanham:
Rowman & Littlefield.
Berger, Iris. 1981. Religion and Resistance: East African Kingdoms in the Precolonial
Period. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.
Berkeley, Bill. 2001. The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe and Power in the Heart
of Africa. New York: Basic Books.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-3
Berlin, Isaiah. 1998. The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays. London:
Pimlico.
Bertrand, Jordane. 2000. Rwanda: L’opposition démocratique avant le génocide (19901994). Paris: Karthala.
Besteman, Catherine, ed. 2002. Violence: A Reader. New York: New York University
Press.
Bézy, Ferdinand. Rwanda 1962-1989: Bilan Socio-Economique d’un régime, Institut
d’Études du Développement, Louvain- la-Neuve, unpublished ma nuscript.
Bienen, Henry. 1970. Tanzania: Party Transformation and Economic Development.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bonner, Raymond. 1994. “Rwandans in Death Squad Say Choice Was Kill or Die,” New
York Times, August 14, p. A16.
Braathen, Einer, Morten Bøås, and Gjermund Sæther, eds. 2000. Ethnicity Kills? The
Politics of War, Peace, and Ethnicity in SubSaharan Africa. New York: St.
Martin’s Press.
Braeckman, Colette. 1994. Rwanda: histoire d’un génocide Paris: Fayard.
Brass, Paul. 1991. Ethnicity and Nationalism. London: Sage Publications.
_________. 1997. Theft of an Idol. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bratton, Michael. 1994. “Peasant-State Relations in Postcolonial Africa: Patterns of
Engagement and Disengagement,” in Joel Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne
Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in
the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa:
Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Bringa, Tone. 1995. Being Muslim the Bosnian War: Identity and Community in a
Central Bosnian Village. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Brown, Michael et al., eds. 2001. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Rev. ed. Cambridge:
MIT Press.
Browning, Christopher. 1992. The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final
Solution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-4
_________. 1992. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in
Poland. New York: HarperCollins.
_________. 2000. Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
_________. 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish
Policy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Brubaker, Rogers and David Laitin. 1998. “Ethnic and Nationalist Violence,” Annual
Review of Sociology 24.
Burleigh, Michael and Wolfgang Wippermann. 1991. The Racial State: Germany 19331945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Callaghy, Thomas. 1986. “Politics and Vision in Africa: The Interplay of Domination,
Equality, and Liberty,” in Patrick Chabal, ed., Political Domination in Africa:
Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1986.
Canetti, Elias. 1962. Crowds and Power, trans. Carol Stewart. New York: Farrar, Straus
and Giroux.
Chabal, Patrick and Jean-Pascal Daloz. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political
Instrument. Oxford: James Currey/Indiana University Press.
David Chandler. 1999. Voices from S-21: Terror and History in Pol Pot’s Secret Prison.
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Chalk, Frank and Kurt Jonassohn. 1990. A History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses
and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Charny, Israel, ed. 1984. Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide:
Proceedings from the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide.
Boulder: Westview Press.
_________. “Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide” in George Andreapolous, ed.
Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
_________. 1999. Encyclopedia of Genocide, 2 vols. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Chorbajian, Levon and George Shirinian. 1999. Studies in Comparative Genocide. New
York. St Martin’s Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-5
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre et al. 1995. Rwanda: les médias du génocide. Paris: Karthala.
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 1997. Le défi de l’ethnisme. Rwanda et Burundi: 1990-1996. Paris:
Karthala.
_________. 2003. The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History, trans.
Scott Straus. New York: Zone Books.
Central Intelligence Agency. 2002. The CIA World Factbook 2002. Langley: CIA.
CLADHO. 1993. “Rapport de la commission international d’enquête sur les violations
des droits de l’homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990 (7-21 janvier 1993),
Rapport Final,” Kigali, Rwanda.
Classe, Léon. 1930. “Pour moderniser le Ruanda,” L’Essor colonial et maritime,
December 12.
_________. 1935. “Un pays et trois races,”
Grands Lacs 51.5-6.
Clausewitz, Karl von. 1976. On War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cohen, Elie. 1953. Human Behavior in the Concentration Camp trans. M.H. Braaksma.
New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
Cohn, Norman. 1967. Warrant For Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy
and the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion.” Chico, CA: Scholars Press.
Collier, Paul. 2000. “Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for
Policy,” World Bank Working Paper.
Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. 2000. “On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa,” World
Bank Working Paper.
Commission pour le mémorial du génocide et des massacres au Rwanda. 1996. “Rapport
préliminaire d’identification des sites du génocide et des massacres d’avril- juillet
1994 au Rwand a,” Kigali, Rwanda.
Connor, Walker. 1994. Ethno-nationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
Courtois, Stéphane et al., eds.. 1999. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror,
Repression, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Cruvellier, Thierry. 1997. “Résistance et collaboration des burgomestres pendant le
génocide,” Diplomatie Judiciare, May 25.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-6
Czekanowski, Jan. 2001. Carnets de route au coeur de l’Afrique, trad. Lidia Meschy.
Montricher, Switzerland: Éditions noir sur blanc.
Dallaire, Roméo with Brent Beardsley. 2003. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of
Humanity in Rwanda. Toronto: Random House Canada.
Daniel, E. Valentine. 1996. Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropography of
Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
David, Steven. 1997. “Internal War: Causes and Cures,” World Politics 49:4.
Dawidowicz, Lucy. 1975. The War Against the Jews 1933-1945. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston.
De Heusch, Luc. 1964. “Massacres collectifs au Rwanda,” Synthèses, no. 221.
_________. 1994. “Anthropologie d’un génocide: le Rwanda,” Les Temps Modernes. No.
579.
De Lacger, Louis. 1939. “Le Ruanda: ancien et moderne.” Grands Lacs 55: 10-12.
De Lame, Danie lle. 1996. Une colline entre mille ou la calme avant la tempête:
transformations et blocages du Rwanda rural. Tervuren: Musée Royal de
L’Afrique Centrale.
De Mildt, Dick. 1996. In the Name of the People: Perpetrators of Genocide in the
Reflection of their Post-War Prosecution in West Germany. The ‘Euthanasia’ and
‘Aktion Reinhard’ Trial Cases. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Décary, J.A. 2003. “The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and Léon Mugesera,
Gemma Uwamariya, Irenée Rutema, Yves Rusi, Carmen Non, Mireille Urumuri
and Marie-Grâce Hoho,” Dockets A-316-01, A-317-01, Ottawa, Ontario,
September 8.
Della Porta, Donatella. 1995. Social Movements, Political Violence and the State: A
Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Des Forges, Alison. 1972. “Defeat Is Only the Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga, 18961931,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
_________. 1995. “The Ideology of Genocide,” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 23:2.
_________. 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York:
Human Rights Watch.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-7
_________. 2002. “Expert Witness’s Report of Dr. Alison Des Forges in the Trial of
Bagosora, Nsengiyumva, Kabiligi, and Ntabakuze before the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,” unpublished manuscript.
Des Forges, Alison and Timothy Longman. 2004. “Legal Responses to Genocide in
Rwanda,” in Eric Stover and Harvey Weinstein, eds., My Neighbor, My Enemy:
Justice and community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Destexhe, Alain. 1994. Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, trans. Alison
Marschner. New York: New York University Press.
Diani, Mario. 1992. “The Concept of Social Movement.” Sociological Review. Series 2,
Vol. 40.
Dicks, Henry. 1972. Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS
Killers. London: Sussex University Press.
Doom, Ruddy and Jan Gorus, eds. 2000. Politics of Identity and Economics of Conflict in
the Great Lakes Region. Brussels: VUB University Press.
Doyle, Michael and Nicholas Sambanis. 2000. “International Peacebuilding: A
Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis,” American Political Science Review, Vol
94, No 4, 779-801.
Du Preez, Peter. 1994. Genocide: The Psychology of Mass Murder. London: Bowerdean
Publishing.
Easterly, William and Ross Levine. 1997. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic
Divisions,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 112, No 4, 1203-1250.
Eatwell, Roger. 1996. Fascism: A History. London: Vintage.
Eckstein, Harry, ed. 1967. Internal War: Problems and Approaches. Glencoe, Ill: Free
Press.
Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Nicholas Sambanis. 2000. “Why Are There So Many Civil Wars
in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict,” Journal of African
Economies, 9:3.
Ellis, Stephen. 1999. The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious
Dimension of an African Civil War. New York: New York University Press.
Englebert, Pierre. 2001. State Legitimacy and Development in Africa. Boulder: Lynne
Rienner.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-8
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus. 1994. Civil Wars: From L.A. to Bosnia. New York: The
New Press.
Esty, D.C. et al., 1998. State Failure Task Force Report: Phase II Findings. McLean:
Science Applications International Corporation.
Fanon, Franz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Windenfeld.
Fearon, James and David Laitin. 1996. “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation.” American
Political Science Review 90:4, 715-735.
_________. 1999. “Weak States, Rough Terrain, and Large-Scale Ethnic Violence since
1945,” Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association,
September 2-5, Atlanta, GA.
_________. 2000. “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity.”
International Organization 54: 4, 845-877.
_________. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science
Review 97:1, 75-90.
Fein, Helen. 1979. Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish
Victimization during the Holocaust. New York: The Free Press.
_________. 1978. “A Formula for Genocide: Comparison of the Turkish Genocide
(1915) and the German Holocaust (1939-1945),” Comparative Studies in
Sociology.
_________. 1984. “Scenarios of Genocide: Models of Genocide and Critical Responses,”
in Israel Charny ed., Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide:
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide.
Boulder: Westview Press.
Fein, Helen. 1990. “Genocide: A Sociological Perspective,” Current Sociology. Vol 38,
No. 1.
Feldman, Allen. 1991. Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political
Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Figueiredo, Rui and Barry Weingast. 1999. “The Rationality of Fear: Political
Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict,” in Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil
Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press.
Fondation Hirondelle, “The ICTR On- Line,” daily reports, July 1999-April 2004,
www.hirondelle.org.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-9
Franche, Dominique. 1995. “Généalogie du génocide rwandais. Hutu et Tutsi: Gaulois et
Francs?” Les Temps Modernes 582.
Freedman, Lawrence, ed. 1994. War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Freud, Sigmund. 1959. Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, trans. James
Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
Friedlander, Saul. 1997. Nazi Germany and the Jews: Volume 1: The Years of
Persecution, 1933-1939. New York: HarperCollins.
Fritzsche, Peter. 1998. Germans Into Nazis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Front Line. 2005. “Disappearances, Arrests, Threats, Intimidation and Co-option of
Human Rights Defenders 2001-2004,” Dublin, Ireland.
Fujii, Lee Ann. Forthcoming. Killing Neighbors: The Social Dimensions of Genocide in
Rwanda, PhD Dissertation, George Washington University.
Gagnon, V.P. 2004. The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press.
Gasana, James. 2002. Rwanda: du parti-état à l’état-garnison. Paris: L’Harmattan.
_________. 2002. “Remember Rwanda?” World Watch 15:5.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Gelders, V. 1954. “Native Political Organization in the Ruanda-Urundi,” Civilisation 4.1.
Gellately, Robert. 2001. Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
_________. 2003. “The Third Reich,” in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The
Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Gerlach, Christian. 2000. “The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and
Hitler’s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews,” in Omer Bartov,
The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath. London: Routledge.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-10
Geyer, Michael. 1984. “The State in National Socialist Germany,” in Charles Bright and
Susan Harding, eds. Statemaking and Social Movements: Essays in History and
Theory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Giddens, Anthony. 1987. The Nation-State and Violence. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Gilman, Sander. 1991. The Jew’s Body. New York: Routledge.
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah. 1996. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and
the Holocaust. New York: Vintage.
Goldstone, Jack. “Theories of Revolution: The Third Generation,” World Politics.
Gorju, Julien. 1938. Face au Royaume Hamite du Rwanda, Le Royaume Frère du
Burundi. Brussels.
Government of Belgium. 1960. Ruanda-Urundi: Geography and History. Brussels:
Information and Public Relations Office.
Gourevitch, Philip. 1998. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with
Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
Goyvaerts, Didier, ed. 2000. Conflict and Ethnicity in Central Africa. Tokyo: Institute for
the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of
Foreign Studies.
Gravel, Pierre. 1968. Remera: A Community in Eastern Ruanda. The Hague: Mouton.
Greenfeld, Liah. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press.
Gregor, James A. 1997. Interpretations of Fascism. New Brunswick: Transaction
Publishers.
Griffin, Roger. 1995. Fascism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
_________. 1998. International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus.
London: Arno ld.
Gross, Jan. 2001. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne,
Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Guichaoua, André. 1986. “Budgets et stratégies monétaires des paysans au Burundi et au
Rwanda, Revue tiers-monde 27:106.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-11
_________. 1991. “Les travaux communautaires en Afrique Centrale,” Tiers-Monde 32:
127.
_________. 1995. Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993—1994):
analyses, faits et documents, 2nd Ed. Paris: Karthala.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1968. “Psychological Factors in Civil Violence,” World Politics 20.
_________. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
_________. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict.
Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
_________. 2000. Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century.
Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
Gurr, Ted and Barbara Harff. 1994. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder: Westview
Press.
Hall, Peter and Rosemary Taylor. 1996. “Political Science and the Three
Institutionalisms,” Political Studies, 44.
Harff, Barbara. 1987. “The Etiology of Genocides,” in Isidor Walliman and Michael
Dobkowski, eds. Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of
Mass Death. Westport: Greenwood Press.
_________. 2003. “No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of
Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955,” American Political Science
Review 97:1.
Harff, Barbara and Ted Gurr. 1988. “Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and
Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945,” International
Studies Quarterly 37:3.
Harroy, Jean-Paul. 1984. Rwanda: Souvenirs d’un compagnon de la marche du Rwanda
vers la démocratie et l’independence. Brussels: Hayez.
Hatzfeld, Jean. 2000. Dans le nu de la vie: récits des marais Rwandais. Paris: Seuil.
_________. 2005. Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak, trans. Linda Coverdale
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux).
Hawk, David. 1994. Genocide in Rwanda: Documentation of Two Massacres during
April 1994, U.S. Committee for Refugees.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-12
Helbig, Danielle, Jacqueline Martin, and Michel Majoros. 1997. Rwanda: documents sur
le génocide. Brussels: Éditions Luc Pire.
Herbst, Jeffrey. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and
Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hibbs, Douglas. 1973. Mass Political Violence: A Cross-National Causal Analysis. New
York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hiernaux, Jean. 1956. Analyse de la variation des caractères physiques humains en une
région de l’Afrrqiue centrale: Ruanda-Urundi et Kivu. Tervuren: Musée royale de
l’Afrique centrale.
Hilberg, Raul. 1985. The Destruction of the European Jews. 3 vols. New York: Holmes
and Meier.
_________. 1993. Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 19331945. New York: HarperPerennial.
Hintjens, Helen. 1999. “Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda,” The Journal of
African Studies 37: 2.
Hirondelle News Agency, Reports from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,
various years.
Hoge, James and Gideon Rose, eds. 2003. American Foreign Policy: Cases and Choices/
New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
Hogg, Nicole. 2001. “I Never Poured Blood”: Women Accused of Genocide in Rwanda.
M.A. Thesis, Faculty of Law, McGill University.
Hollin, Clive. 2002. “Criminal Psychology,” in Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert
Reiner, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas. 1999. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Hubert, Jean. 1965. La touissant rwandaise et sa répression. Brussels: Academie royale
des sciences d’outre- mer.
Human Rights Watch. 2003. “Preparing for Elections: Tightening Control in the Name of
Unity,” New York, May 8.
Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-13
Huttenbach, Henry. 1988. “Locating the Holocaust on the Genocide Spectrum: Towards a
Methodology of Definition and Categorization. Holocaust and Genocide Studies,
Vol. 3. No. 3, pp. 289-303.
Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an
Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
_________. 1982. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management in
Perspective. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
_________. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press.
Horowitz, Irving Louis. 1997. Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power. New Brunswick:
Transaction Books.
Human Rights Watch. 2003. “Preparing for Elections: Tightening Control in the Name of
Unity,” New York, May 8.
Hutchinson, John and Anthony Smith, eds. 1994. Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hutchinson, John and Anthony Smith, eds. 1996. Ethnicity. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Ibuka. 1999. Dictionnaire nominatif des victimes du génocide dans le préfecture de
Kibuye. Kigali, Rwanda.
Ignatieff, Michael. 1995. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. New
York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 1998. “The Prosecutor Versus Jean-Paul
Akayesu,” Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgement and Sentence.
_________. 1999. “The Prosecutor Versus Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana,”
Case No. ICTR-95-I-T, Judgement and Sentence.
_________. 2000. “The Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema,” Case No.-96-13-A, Judgement
and Sentence.
_________. 2001. “The Prosecutor Versus Ignace Bagilishema,” Case No. ICTR-95-1AT, Judgement and Sentence.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-14
_________. 2003a. “The Prosecutor v. Juvénal Kajelijeli,” Case No. ICTR-98-44A-T,
Judgement and Sentence.
_________. 2003b. “The Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza,
Hassan Ngeze,” Case No. ICTR-99-52-T, Judgement and Sentence.
_________. 2004a. “The Prosecutor v. André Ntagerura, Emmanuel Bagambiki, and
Samuel Imanishimwe, Case No. ICTR-99-46-T, Judgement and Sentence.
_________. 2004b. “The Prosecutor v. Laurent Semanza,” Case No. ICTR-97-20-T,
Judgement and Sentence.
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Appeals Chamber. 2004.
“Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic,” Judgment, April 19.
International Crisis Group. 2002a. “Rwanda at the End of the Transition: A Necessary
Political Liberalisation,” ICG Africa Report No. 53, November 12.
_________. 2002b. “Rwanda at the End of the Transition: A Necessary Political
Liberalisation,” ICG Africa Report No. 53, November 12.
Internews, Reports from International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, various reports.
Jackson, Karl. 1989. “The Ideology of Total Revolution,” in Karl Jackson, ed.,
Cambodia, 1975-78: Rendezvous With Death. Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
Jackson, Robert and Carl Rosberg. 1982. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince,
Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California
Press.
Johnson, Chalmers. 1982. Revolutionary Change, 2nd Ed. Palo Alto: Stanford University
Press.
Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda. 1996. The International Response
to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwandan Experience. Odense,
Denmark: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance
to Rwanda.
Jones, Bruce. 1999. “Military Intervention in Rwanda’s ‘Two Wars’: Partisanship and
Indifference,” in Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder, eds. Civil Wars, Insecurity, and
Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press.
_________. 2001. Peacekeeping in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. Boulder: Lynne
Rienner Publishers.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-15
Kabagema, Edouard. 2001. Carnage d’une nation: génocide & massacres au Rwanda
1994. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Kagame, Alexis. 1963. Les milices du rwanda précolonial. Brussels: Académie royale
des sciences d’outre- mer.
Kajeguhakwa, Valens. 2001. Rwanda: De la terre de paix à la terre de sange et après.
Paris: Éditions Reme Perrin.
Kakwenzire, Joan and Dixon Kamukama. 1999. “The Development and Consolidation of
Extremist Forces in Rwanda.” In Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke, eds. The
Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers.
Kaldor, Mary. 1999. New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Palo Alto:
Stanford University Press.
Kalyvas, Stathis. 1999. “Violence in Civil War: A Micro-Analytical and MicroComparative Approach,” Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American
Political Science Association, Atlanta, September 2-5.
_________. “Wanton and Senseless: The Logic of Massacres in Algeria,” Rationality and
Society 11:3.
_________. 2006. Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Kasfir, Nelson. 1976. The Shrinking Political Arena: Participation and Ethnicity in
African Politics, with a Case Study of Uganda. Berkeley: University of California
Press.
_________. 2004. “Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas and Violent Predation:
Causes of Failure,” in Robert Rotberg, ed., When States Fail: Causes and
Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Katz, Steven. 1994. The Holocaust in Historical Perspective. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Katznelson, Ira. 1997. “Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics,” in Mark
Lichbach and Alan Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture,
and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaufman, Stuart. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-16
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars,”
International Security 20: 2.
Kayibanda, Grégoire. 1964. Le Président Kayibanda Vous Parle: Discours Prononcés
par Son Excellence Monsieur Grégoire Kayibanda, Président de la République
Rwandaise. Kigali: Service De L’Information.
Keane, Fergal. 1995. Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey. London: Penguin.
Kellow, Christine and H. Leslie Steeves. 1998. “The Role of Radio in the Rwandan
Genocide,” Journal of Communication Studies, Summer.
Kelman, Herbert. 1973. “Violence without moral restraint: Reflections on the
Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers. Journal of Social Issues 29:4.
Kelman, Herbert and V. Lee Hamilton. 1989. Crimes of Obedience: Toward a Social
Psychology of Authority and Responsibility. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kershaw, Ian. 2000. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation,
4th ed. London: Arnold.
Khan, Shaharyar. 2000. The Shallow Graves of Rwanda. London: I.B. Tauris.
Kiernan, Ben. 1996. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia
Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kohn, Hans. 1967. The Idea of Nationalism. New York: Collier-Macmillan.
Klinghoffer, Arthur. 1998. The International Dimension in the Rwandan Genocide. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Kotowski, Christoph. 1984. “Revolution,” in Giovanni Sartori, ed. Social Science
Concepts: A Systematic Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Krain, Matthew. 1997. “State Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of
Genocides and Politicides,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41:3.
Kressel, Neil. 1996. Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide and Terror. New York:
Plenum Press.
Kuper, Leo. 1981. Genocide: Its Political Use in the 20th Century. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
_________. 1984. “Types of Genocide and Mass Murder,” in Israel Charny ed., Toward
the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide: Proceedings of the International
Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide. Boulder: Westview Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-17
Kuperman, Alan. 2001. The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda.
Washington: Brookings Institution.
Lacey, Marc. 2004. “A Decade after Massacres, Rwanda Outlaws Ethnicity,” New York
Times. April 9.
Laitin, David. 1998. Identity in Formation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
_________. “National Revivals and Violence” in John R. Bowen and Roger Petersen,
eds., Critical Comparisons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lake, David and Donald Rothchild, eds. 1998. The International Spread of Ethnic
Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
_________. 2001. “Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict,”
in Michael Brown et al, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Rev. Ed. Cambridge:
MIT Press.
Laquer, Walter, ed. 1976. . Fascism: A Reader’s Guide. London: Wildwood House.
Le Bon, Gustave. 1960. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. New York: Viking
Press.
Lemarchand, René. 1966. “Power and Stratification in Rwanda: A Reconsideration,”
Cahiers d’études africaines 4.
_________. 1970. Rwanda and Burundi. New York: Praeger.
_________. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing
Solidarities in Nation-Building,” American Political Science Review 66:1, 68-90.
_________. 1977. African Kingships in Perspective: Political Change and Modernization
in Monarchical Settings. London: Frank Cass & Co.
_________. 1995. “The Rationality of Genocide.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 23:2.
_________. 1996. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Woodrow Wilson
Center Press and Cambridge University Press.
_________. 1999a. “Ethnicity as Myth: The View from Central Africa,” Occasional
Paper, Centre of African Studies University of Copenhagen.
_________. 1999b. “Genocide in Comparative Perspective: Rwanda, Cambodia, and
Bosnia,” unpublished manuscript.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-18
_________. 2002. “A History of the Rwandan Genocide,” Journal of African History
43:2.
Lemkin, Raphael. 1944. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. New York: Carnegie Mellon.
Leonard, David and Scott Straus. 2003. Africa’s Stalled Development: International
Causes and Cures. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Lesch, Ann Mosely. 1998. Sudan: Contested National Identities. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
Leurquin, Philippe. 1960. Le niveau de vie des populations rurales du Ruanda-Urundi.
Louvain: Éditions Nauwelaerts.
Levy, Jack. 2001. “Theories of Interstate and Intrastate War: A Levels of Analysis
Approach,” in Chester Crocker, Fen Olser Hampson, and Pamela Aall, eds.,
Turblulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict.
Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
Li, Darryl. 2002. “Echoes of Violence,” in Nicolaus Mills and Kira Brunner, eds., The
New Killing Fields: Massacre and the Politics of Intervention (New York: Basic
Books).
Licklider, Roy. 1995. “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 19451993.” American Political Science Review 89: 3.
Lifton, Robert Jay. 1986. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of
Genocide. New York: Basic Books.
Lilly, J. Robert, Francis Collen, and Richard Ball. 2002. Criminological Theory: Context
and Consequences, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Linden, Ian. 1977. Church and Revolution in Rwanda. Manchester: Manchester
University Press.
Logeist, Guy. 1988. Mission au Rwanda. Un blanc dans la bagarre Tutsi-Hutu. Bussels:
Didier Hatier.
Longman, Timothy. 1995. “Genocide and Socio-Political Change: Massacres in Two
Rwandan Villages.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 23:2.
_________. 1999. “State, Civil Society, and Genocide in Rwanda,” in Richard Josef, ed.,
State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Louis, William Roger. 1963. Ruanda-Urundi 1884-1919. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-19
Lugan, Bernard. 1997. Histoire du Rwanda: de la préhistoire à nos jours. Paris: Bartillat.
Lyons, Robert and Scott Straus. 2006. Intimate Enemy: Images and Voices of the
Rwandan Genocide. New York: Zone Books.
Mair, Lucy. 1962. Primitive Government. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology
among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago and London: University of Chicago
Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of
Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
_________. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the
Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mann, Michael. 1993. The Sources of Social Power, Vol II: the Rise of Classes and
Nation-States, 1760-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
________. 1999. “The Dark Side of Democracy: The Modern Tradition of Ethnic and
Political Cleansing.” New Left Review 235: 18-46.
__________ .
2000. “Were the Perpetrators of Genocide ‘Ordinary Men’ or ‘Real Nazis’?
Results from Fifteen Hundred Biographies,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies
14:3.
_________. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Murderous Ethnic Cleansing. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Maquet, Jacques. 1961. The Premise of Inequality in Rwanda: A Study of Political
Relations in a Central African Kingdom. London: Oxford University Press.
Maquet, Jacques and Marcel d’Hertefelt. 1959. Élections en société féodale: une étude
sur l’introduction du vote populaire au Ruanda-Urundi. Brussels: Académie
royale des Sciences coloniales.
Marchal, Luc. 2001. Rwanda: la descente aux enfers. Témoignage d’un peacekeeper
Décembre 1993-Avril 1994. Brussels: Éditions Labor.
Markusen, Eric. 1996. “Genocide and Warfare,” in Charles Strozier and Michael Flynn,
eds., Genocide, War, and Human Survival. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield
Publizhers.
Marlair, Jean-Claude. 1997. Rwanda: les chemins de la mort. Brussels: La Longue Vue.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-20
Marrus, Michael. 1987. The Holocaust in History. New York: Penguin Books.
Marshall, Monty and Ted Robert Gurr. 2005. Peace and Conflict 2005: A Global Survey
of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy, Center for
International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland,
May.
Marysse, Stefaan, Tom de Herdt et Elie Ndayambaje. 1994. Rwanda: Appauvrissement et
Ajustement Structurel. Brussels: Cahiers Africains No. 12, CEDAF.
“Massacres au Ruanda: des chrétiens compromis,” Témoignage Chrétien, No. 1022,
February 6, 1964.
Mazian, Florence. 1990. Why Genocide? Ames: Iowa State University Press.
McAdam, Doug, John McCarthy and Mayer Zald. 1996. Comparative Perspectives on
Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McNeil, Donald Jr. 2002. “Killer Songs.” The New York Times. Magazine Section, March
17.
Médard, Jean-Francois. 1982. “The Underdeveloped State in Tropical Africa: Political
Clientelism or Neo-Patrimonialism?” in Christopher Clapham, ed., Private
Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State. New
York: St. Martin’s Press.
Meisler, Stanley. 1990. “Holocaust in Burundi, 1972,” in Frank Chalk and Kurt
Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies.
New Haven: Yale University Press.
Melson, Robert and Howard Wolpe. 1970. “Modernization and the Politics of
Communalism: A Theoretical Perspective,” American Political Science Review
64:4.
Melson, Robert. 1991. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian
Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
_________.
2003. “Modern Genocide in Rwanda: Ideology, Revolution, War, and Mass
Murder in an African State.” In Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The
Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Melvern, Linda. 2000. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide.
London: Zed Books.
_________. 2004. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide. London: Verso
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-21
Migdal, Joel. 1988. Strong Societies, Weak States: State-Society Relations and State
Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Milgram, Stanley. 1974. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York:
Harper & Row.
Miller, Donald and Lorna Touryan Miller. 1993. Survivors: An Oral History of the
Armenian Genocide. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1993/
Ministère des Colonies, Rapport sur l’administration belge du Ruanda-Urundi pendant
l’année, various years.
Ministry of Colonies. 1952. A Ten Year Plan for the Economic and Social Development
of the Belgian Trust Territory of Ruanda-Urundi. New York: Belgian
Government Information Center.
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and
Peasant and the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.
Moore, Barrington. 2000. Moral Purity and Persecution in History. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Morgenthau, Ruth. 1964. Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Mulenzi, Abbé. 1958. Etude sur quelques problèmes du Ruanda. Brussels.
Murego, Donat. 1975. La révolution rwandaise, 1959-1962. Louvain: Institut des
sciences politiques et sociales.
Naimark, Norman. 2001. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century
Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited. London: Verson.
National Security Archive, “The US and the Genocide in Rwanda,” various documents,
found on the internet at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.
Ndahayo, Eugène. 2000. Rwanda: le dessous des cartes. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Nduhungirehe, J.B. 1977. “Travaux communitaires de développement UMUGANDA,”
Dialogue, 63.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-22
Ndulu, Benno and Stephen O’Connell. 1999. “Governanc e and Growth in Sub-Saharan
Africa, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3:3.
Nduwayo, Léonard. 2002. Giti et le génocide rwandais. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Newbury, Catharine. 1978. “Ethnicity in Rwanda: The Case of Kinyaga,” Africa 48.1.
_________. 1988. The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda,
1860-1960. New York: Columbia University Press.
_________. 1992. “Rwanda: Recent Debates over Governance and Rural Development,”
in Goran Hyden and Michael Brattons, eds., Governance and Politics in Africa.
Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
_________. 1995. “Background to Genocide: Rwanda.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion
23:2.
_________. 1998. “Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda.” Africa Today 45: 1.
Newbury, David and Catharine Newb ury. 2000. “Bringing the Peasants Back In:
Agrarian Themes in the Construction of Statist Historiography in Rwanda,”
American Historical Review 105:3.
Newman, Saul. 1991. “Does Modernization Breed Ethnic Conflict?” World Politics,
43:3.
Nkundabagenzi, F. 1961. Rwanda politique, 1958-1960. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche
et d’information sociopolitique.
Office of the Prosecutor. 2002a. “Abantu Bafungiye mu Magereza Kasho na Burigade,”
Ministry of Justice, Kigali, August.
_________. 2002b. “Décisions judiciares rendues par années (Déc. 1996-Juin 2002),”
Ministry of Justice.
Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda. 1996. “Organic Law on the Organization of
Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes against
Humanity Committed since 1 October 1990,” Kigali, September 1.
Onana, Charles with Mushayidi, Déo. 2002. Les secrets du génocide rwandais: enquête
sur les mystères d’un président. Paris: Duboiris.
Organization of African Unity. 2000. Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide. The Report of
the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide
Rwanda and the Surrounding Events.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-23
Pages, A. 1933. Un Royaume Hamite au Centre de l’Afrique, Bruxelles: Institut Royal
Colonial Belge.
Paternostre de la Mairie u, Baudouin. 1994. “Pour vous mes frères!” Vie de Grégoire
Kayibanda: premier Président du Rwanda. Paris: Pierre Téqui.
Payne, Stanley. 1980. Fascism: Comparison and Definition. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press.
_________.
1995. A History of Fascism 1914-1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press.
Percival, Valerie and Thomas Homer-Dixon. 1995. “Environmental Scarcity and Violent
Conflict: The Case of Rwanda,” American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
Perlez, Jane. 1994. “Under the Bougainvillea, the Hutu Litany on the Tutsi,” New York
Times, August 14.
Petersen, Roger. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in
Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peukert, Detlev. 1987. Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in
Everyday Life, trans. Richard Deveson. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Pierson, Paul and Theda Skocpol. 2000. “Historical Institutionalism and Contemporary
Political Science.” Paper presented at American Political Science Association 96th
Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Posen, Barry. 1993. “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival 35:1.
Powell, Walter and Paul DiMaggio. 1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational
Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Power, Samantha. 2002. “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide.
New York: Basic Books.
_________. “Rwanda: The Two Faces of Justice,” New York Review of Books, January
16.
Pottier, Johan. 2002. Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the
Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Prunier, Gérard. 1993. “Éléments pour une histoire du Front patriote rwandais,” Politique
africaine 51.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-24
_________. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Rakita, Sara. 2003. “Lasting Wounds: Consequences of Genocide and War for Rwanda’s
Children,” New York, Human Rights Watch.
Rennie, J.K. 1972. “The Precolonial Kingdom of Rwanda: A Reinterpretation,”
Transafrican Journal of History 2.2.
Reno, William. 1999. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Reporters sans frontières. 2001. “Des pressions discrètes et ciblées: le président Paul
Kagame est un prédateur de la liberté de la presse,” Paris, November 1.
Republic of Rwanda. 2001. “Law No. 47/2000 of 19/12/2000 Amending the Law of April
15, 1963 Concerning the Administration of the Republic of Rwanda as Modified
and Completed to Date,” Ministry of Local Government and Local Affairs,
Kigali.
République Rwandaise. 1964. Le Président Kayibanda vous parle—discours prononcés
par son Excellence Monsieur Grégoire Kayibanda, président de la répunlique
rwandaise. Kigali: Service de l’Information.
_________. 1994. Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat au 15 Aout 1991:
analyse des resultats definitifs. Kigali, Rwanda.
_________. Discours, messages, et entretiens de son Excellence le Général-Major
HABYARIMANA Juvénal Président de la république rwandaise et présidentfondateur du mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement. Kigali:
ORINFOR, various years.
_________. 1975. “Annex a l’arrêté présidentiel no. 251/03 du novembre 1975, Journal
Officiel, No. 22, November 15.
_________. 2001. “Dénombrement des victimes du génocide: Analyse des resultats,
draft.” Kigali: Ministère de l’administration locale et des affaires sociales.
_________. 2002. “Dénombremement des victimes du génocide: rapport final,” Ministère
de l’Administration locale, de l’Information, et des Affaires sociales. Kigali.
Reyntjens, Filip. 1985. Pouvoir et droit au Rwanda. Tervuren: Musée Royale de
L’Afrique Centrale.
_________. 1987. “Chiefs and Burgomasters in Rwanda: The Unfinished Quest for a
Bureaucracy,” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 25-26.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-25
_________. 1994. L’Afrique des grands lacs en crise: Rwanda, Burundi: 1988-1994.
Paris: Karthala.
_________. 1995. Rwanda: trois jours qui ont basculer l’histoire. Paris: Cahiers
Africains.
_________. 1995. “Akazu, ‘Escadrons de la Mort’ et autres ‘Réseau Zéro’: Un historique
des résistances au changement politique depuis 1990,” in André Guichaoua, ed.,
Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993-1994): Analyses, faits, et
documents, 2nd Ed. Lille: Université de Lille/Karthala, 1995.
_________. 2004. “Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship,” African
Affairs 103.
Rhodes, Richard. 2002. Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of
the Holocaust. New York: Random House.
Rosenblatt, Roger. 1994. “The Killer in the Next Tent: The Surreal Horror of the Rwanda
Refugees,” New York Times Magazine. June 5.
Rubayiza, Fulgence. 1998. Guérir le Rwanda de la violence. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Rugiririza, Ephrem. 2002. “Bourreaux et victimes: le face à face,” Diplomatie judiciare,
October 18.
Rukema, Donat. 1979. “Caracteres et aspects de l’administration publique rwandaise,” Le
Diapason 13.2.
Rule, James. 1988. Theories of Civil Violence. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press.
Rumiya, Jean. 1992. Le Rwanda sous le mandat belge. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Rummel, Rudolph. 1994. Death by Government. New Brunswick: Transaction.
Ruzibiza, Adbul. 2005. Rwanda : L’histoire secrète (Paris : Éditions du Panama, 2005).
Ryckmans, Pierre. 1925. “Le Problème politique au Ruanda-Urundi,” Société Belge
d’études et d’expansion 23.49.
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique
of the Theoretical Literature. World Politics 52:3, 437-83.
_________. 2001. “Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A
Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part 1),” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:3.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-26
Sandbrook, Richard with Judith Barker. 1985. The Politics of Africa’s Economic
Stagnation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sanders, E.R. 1969. “The Hamitic Hypothesis: Its Origin and Functions in Time
Perspective.” Journal of African History 10:4.
Scherrer, Christian. 1999. “Towards a Theory of Modern Genocide. Comparative
Genocide Research: Definitions, Criteria, Typologies, Cases, Key Elements,
Patterns and Voids,” Journal of Genocide Research 1:1.
_________. 2002. Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence,
and Regional War. Westport: Praeger.
Schmidt, William. 1994. “Rwandan Capital Plunged in Terror as Tribes Battle,” New
York Times, April 9.
Schoenbrun, David Lee. 1998. A Green Place, A Good Place: Agrarian Change, Gender,
and Social Identity in the Great Lakes Region to the 15th Century.
Portsmouth/Oxford: Heinemann/James Currey.
Schrader, Peter. 2000. African Politics and Society: A Mosaic in Transformation. Boston:
Bedford/St Martin’s Press.
Sciolino, Eliane. 1994. “For West, Rwanda Is Not Worth the Political Candle,” The New
York Times. April 15.
Segal, Aaron. 1964. “Massacre in Rwanda,” Fabian Research Series 240, London.
Semelin, Jacques. 2000. “Qu’est-ce Qu’un Crime de Masse? Le Cas de l’ExYougoslavie” Critique Internationale 6..
_________. 2003. “Yugoslavia, 1991-1999,” in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds.,
The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Shaw, Angus. 1994. “Anarchy Reigns in Rwandan Capital, Foreign Troops May Leave,”
Associated Press, April 14.
Shaw, Martin. 1988. Dialectics of War: An Essay on the Social Theory of War and
Peace. London: Pluto.
_________.
2000. “The Contemporary Mode of Warfare? Mary Kaldor’s Theory of New
Wars,” Review of International Political Economy 7:1.
Sibomana, André. 1997. Hope for Rwanda: Conversations with Laure Guilbert and
Hervé Deguine, trans. Carina Tertsakian. London: Pluto Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-27
Silber, Laura and Allan Little. 1996. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. New York: Penguin
Books.
Singer, David and Melvin Small. 1994. Correlates of War Project: International and
Civil War Data, 1816-1992. Ann Arbor: Inter-University Consortium for Political
and Social Research.
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France,
Russia, and China. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smelser, Neil. 1967. The Theory of Collective Behavior. London: Routledge.
Smith, Anthony. 1981. “War and Ethnicity: the Role of Warfare in the Cohesion and
Self-Image of Ethnic Groups,” Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol 4, No 4, 275-97.
_________. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.
_________. 1991. National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
Smith, Roger. 1987. “Human Destructiveness and Politics: The Twentieth Century as an
Age of Genocide,” in Isidor Walliman and Michael Dobkowski, eds. Genocide
and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. Westport:
Greenwood Press.
Smith, Stephen. 2004. “L’enquête sur l’attentat qui fit basculer le Rwanda dans le
génocide,” Le Monde, March 9.
_________. 2004. “André Guichaoua: L’assassinat du président Habyarimana a été
programmé dès 1993,” Le Monde, May 6.
Snyder, Jack. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict.
New York: Norton.
Snyder, Jack and Robert Jervis. 1999. “Civil War and the Security Dilemma,” in Barbara
Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention (New
York: Columbia University Press.
Snyder, Jack and Karen Ballentine. 2001. “Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas,” in
Michael Brown et al., Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Rev. Ed. Cambridge: MIT
Press.
Staub, Ervin. 1989. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group
Violence. New York: Cambridge.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-28
_________. 2003. The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups
Help and Harm Others. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternhell, Zeev. 1976. “Fascist Ideology” in Walter Laqueur, ed. Fascism: A Reader’s
Guide. London: Wildwood House.
Straus, Scott. 2001. “Organic Purity and the Role of Anthropology in Cambodia and
Rwanda,” Patterns of Prejudice 35: 2.
_________. 2001. “Contested Meanings and Conflicting Imperatives: A Conceptual
Analysis of Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research 3:3.
_________. 2005. “Darfur and the Genocide Debate,” Foreign Affairs 84:1.
_________. 2005. “Is War Over? Evidence from Africa,” paper presented at the
American Political Science Association Annual Meetings, Washington, DC,
September 4.
_________. “Origins and Aftermaths: The Dynamics of Genocide in Rwanda and their
Post-Genocide Implications,” in Simon Chesterman, Béatrice Pouligny, and
Albrecht Schnabel, Mass Crimes and Post-Conflict Peace-Building. Tokyo:
United Nations University Press, forthcoming.
Sykes, Gresham and David Matza. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of
Delinquency,” American Sociological Review, 22:6.
Talmon, Jacob L. 1952. The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy. London: Secker and
Warburg.
Tambiah, Stanley. 1996. Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Violence in Southeast Asia.
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Taras, Raymond and Rajat Ganguly. 1998. Understanding Ethnic Conflict: The
International Dimension. New York: Longman.
Taylor, Christopher. 1999. Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Oxford:
Berg.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, E.P. 1971. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage.
Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-29
Tordoff, William. 2002. Government and Politics in Africa, Fourth ed. Bloomington and
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Traverso, Enzo. 2003. The Origins of Nazi Violence, trans. Janet Lloyd. New York: The
New Press.
Trimberger, Kay Ellen. 1978. Revolution from Above: Military, Bureaucrats, and
Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru. New Brunswick: Transaction
Books.
Trusteeship Council. 1948. “United Nations Visiting Mission to East Africa: Report on
Ruanda-Urundi and Related Documents,” United Nations Document T/217.
_________.
1952. “United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in East Africa,
1951: Report on Ruanda-Urundi,” United Nations Document T/1031.
_________.
1960. Report of the United Nations Visiting Mission to Trust Territories in
East Africa, 1960, on Ruanda-Urundi Document T/1538.
Turner, Barry, ed. 2003. The Statesman’s Yearbook: The Politics, Cultures, and
Economies of the World. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Twagilimana, Aimable. 2003. The Debris of Ham: Ethnicity, Regionalism, and the 1994
Rwandan Genocide. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
United Nations. 1999. “Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United
Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda.”
United Nations Bureau International du Travail. 1953. “Rapport du comité spécial du
travail forcé,” United Nations Document E/2431, Geneva
Uvin, Peter. 1998. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West
Hartford: Kumarian Press.
_________. 1999. “Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass
Violence” Comparative Politics. 31:3.
Valentino, Benjamin. 2000. “Final Solutions: The Causes of Mass Killing and
Genocide,” Security Studies 9:3.
_________. “Still Standing By: Why America and the International Community Fail to
Prevent Genocide and Mass Killing,” Perspectives on Politics 1:3.
_________. 2004. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-30
Valentino, Benjamin and Paul Huth, and Dylan Balch-Lindsay. 2004. “’Draining the
Sea’: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare,” International Organization 58
(Spring), pp. 375-407.
Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis,
1979-1999. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Van Den Berghe, Pierre, ed. 1990. State Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, CO: University
Press Colorado.
Van Evera, Stephen. 2001. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War” in Michael Brown et
al, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Rev. ed. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Vansina, Jan. 2000. L’évolution du royaume Rwanda des origines à 1900. Brussels:
Académie royale des sciences d’outre- mer.
_________. 2001. Le Rwanda ancien. Paris: Karthala.
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India.
New Haven: Yale University Press.
Verdier, Raymond et al, 1995. Rwanda: un génocide du XXe Siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Verwimp, Philip. 2000. “Development Ideology, The Peasantry and Genocide: Rwanda
Represented in Habyarimana’s Speeches,” Journal of Genocide Research 2:3.
_________. 2003. “Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern
Rwanda,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47:4.
Vidal, Claudine. 1969. “Le Rwanda des anthropologues ou le fétichisme de la vache.”
Cahiers d’études africaines. 9:3.
_________. 1991. Sociologie des passions (Côte-d’Ivoire, Rwanda). Paris: Karthala.
_________. 1995. “Les politiques de la haine,” Les temps modernes 583.
_________. 1998. “Questions sur le rôle des paysans durant le génocide des rwandais
tutsi,” Cahiers d’études africaines, 150-152: 38.
Wagner, Michele. 1998. “All the Burgomaster’s Men: Making Sense of the Rwandan
Genocide,” Africa Today 45:1.
Waldorf, Lars. 2006. “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as
Transitional Justice,” Temple Law Review 79:1.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-31
Waller, James. 2002. Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass
Killing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walliman, Isidor and Michael Dobkowski. 1987. Genocide and the Modern Age:
Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Walter, Barbara and Jack Snyder, eds. 1999. Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention.
New York: Columbia University Press.
Walzer, Michael. 1977. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books.
Watson, Catherine. 1991. “Exile from Rwanda: Background to an Invasion,” Issue Paper,
U.S Committee for Refugees, Washington.
Watts, Michael. 1983. Silent Violence: Food, Famine, & Peasantry in Northern Nigeria.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Weber, Eugen. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France
1870-1914. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society, ed. by G. Roth and C. Wittich, Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Webster, John. 1966. “The Political Development of Rwanda and Burundi.” Occasional
Paper Number 16; Syracuse: Maxwell Graduate School of Citizenship and Public
Affairs.
Weitz, Eric. 2003a. The Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
_________. 2003b. “The Modernity of Genocides,” in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan,
eds., The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Willame, Jean-Claude. 1995. Aux sources de l’hécatombe rwandaise. Cahiers Africains
No. 14, CEDAF: Bruxelles.
Wilkinson, Steven. 2000. “Froids Calculs et Foules Déchaînées: Les Eemeutes
Intercommunautaires en Inde.” Critique Internationale. No. 6: Hiver, 125-143.
_________. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Winter, Jay. 2003. “Under Cover of War: The Armenian Genocide in the Context of
Total War,” in Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, eds., The Specter of Genocide:
Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bibliography
Order of Genocide, Scott Straus-32
Woodward, Susan. 1995. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War.
Washington: Brookings Institution.
World Bank. 1994a. Rwanda: Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Growth, Report No.
12465-RW.
_________. 1994b. World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Yahil, Leni. 1990. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, trans. Ina Friedman and
Haya Galai. New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, Crawford. 1994. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
Zarembo, Alan. 1997. “Judgment Day,” Harper’s, April 1997: 68-70.
Zartman, William I, ed. 1995. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of
Legitimate Authority. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Zimbardo, Philip et al. 1975. “The Psychology of Imprisonment: Privation, Power and
Pathology,” in David L. Rosenhan and Perry London, eds., Theory and Research
in Abnormal Psychology, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Zolberg, Aristide. 1966. Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa.
Chicago: Rand McNally.