The Concept of Acting School in the German - MIUSE
Transcription
The Concept of Acting School in the German - MIUSE
Departmental Bulletin Paper / 紀要論文 The Concept of Acting School in the German-Speaking Sphere in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 19世紀前半のドイツ語圏における演劇学校の構想について Yamazaki, Asuka 山崎, 明日香 人文論叢 : 三重大学人文学部文化学科研究紀要. 2016, 33, p. 121-136. http://hdl.handle.net/10076/15033 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ng Spherei nt heFi rstHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury As ukaYamaz a ki Abst ract Dur i ngt hef i r s thal foft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur yi nt heGe r mans pe aki ngs phe r e ,t he at e rgr adual l y t ut i oni nc i vi ls oc i e t yandc ont r i but e dt os t r e ngt he ni ngt he i nt e ns i f i e di t sf unc t i onasamor ali ns t i nat i onali de nt i t yoft heGe r man pe opl e .Theac t or s ・r ol ei n nat i onale nl i ght e nme ntwasal s o i nt e ns i f i e d.Thi spape rde al swi t ht hec onc e ptofanac t i ngs c hooladvoc at e dbyi nf l ue nt i alf i gur e s l i keEdwar dDe vr i e nt (1801 1877),Kar lGut z kow(18111878),andHe i nr i c hThe odorR・t s c he r (18031871). Fr om t hevi e wpoi ntoft he at e rhi s t or yand c ont e mpor ar yar t i s t i cdi s c us s i ons ,i t i nve s t i gat e st hei de aandf unc t i o nofs uc hac t i ngs c hool sbyf oc us i ngont hei mageofac t or se duc at e d byt heac ade mi cs ys t e mt obe c omei de almode l sf o rt henat i on.Thec onc e ptofac t i ngs c hoo lwas c onne c t e dt ot hes c hools ys t e m andt os c hoolpol i t i c si nGe r many,be c aus et hee s t abl i s hme ntand r e or gani z at i onofpubl i ce duc at i onhadpr ogr e s s e de s pe c i al l yi nt hef i r s thal foft heni ne t e e nt h c e nt ur y,andnat i onale duc at i onbe c ameoneo ft hepr i mar ypur pos e soft hes t at e .Thec onc e ptof t he at e rs c hoolc ont r i but e dnotonl yt ot hepr ogr e s s i ve l yc hangi ngawar e ne s sofac t or sasar t i s t s ,but al s of unc t i one dt os t r uc t ur al i z eac t or si nt oane w nat i onalt he at e rs ys t e m,i nor de rt oe voket he nat i onale mot i ona ndi de nt i t yofaudi e nc e sandt ouni f yt hepe opl enat i onal l yt hr oughac t or s ・ s upe r i orac t i ngme t hods . I nt roduct i on De ni sDi de r ot ,t heFr e nc hphi l o s ophe roft hes e c ondhal foft hee i ght e e nt hc e nt ur y,de s c r i be d a d o xo fAc t i ng (Pa r a d o x es url ec o me d i e n,wr i t t e n17731777, c ont e mpor ar yac t or si nhi se s s ayTh ePa r s : publ i c at i oni n1 830)whi c ht he mat i z e dt hepe r f or manc eme t hodsofac t or Why i st hatt he yc an now we arc l ogsorbus ki ns ?Lac k ofe duc at i on,pove r t y,and de bauc he r y. Thet he at e ri sar e s our c e ,notac hoi c e . Ne ve rhadt he ymadet he ms e l ve s c ome di ansf ort het as t ef orvi r t ue ,f ort hede s i r et obeus e f uli ns oc i e t yandt os e r vet he i r hatmayc aus ear i ghts pi r i t ,awar m he ar t , c ount r yort he i rf ami l y,f oranyhone s tr e as onst as e ns i t i ves oult os uc haf i nepr of e s s i on. ・ ・ f autd・ duc at i on,l ami s r ee tl e (Qu・ e s t c equil e urc haus s el es oc queoul ec ot hur ne ?Led・ ・ t r ee s tuner e s s our c e ,j amai sunc hoi x.J amai sonnes ef i tc om・ di e npar l i be r t i nage .Let h・ ・ ・ ・ ・e tpourl ave r t u,parl ed・ s i rd・ t r eut i l edansl as oc i t tdes e r vi rs onpaysous af ami l l e , go t e squipour r ai e nte nt r a・ ne rune s pr i tdr oi t ,unc o e urc haud,une parauc unde smot i f shonn・ ― 121― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 ・ mes e ns i bl eve r suneaus s ibe l l epr of e s s i on.1992,138)1 Di de r ots e e sac t or sandac t r e s s e sasi mmo r alandde bauc he r ousout s i de r s .Si nc et hebe gi nni ngof hc e nt ur y,Fr e nc ht he at e rwasi nc or por at e di nt o t hea bs ol ut emonar c hy oft hes e ve nt e e nt opl e . gove r nme nt alc ul t ur alpol i c yandf unc t i one dt obot hde i f ys ove r e i gnt yande nl i ght e nt hepe Unde rt headvanc e dt he at e rpol i c i e soft heBar oquePe r i odi nFr anc e ,t hes oc i als t andi ngofac t or dofl owe rc l as s e s ,s uc ha svagabonds ,wasgr adual l yi nc r e as i ng;howe ve r , t r oupe s ,whi c hc ons i s t e i ona ndl ooke ddownuponby i nt hemode r nageofDi de r ot ,t he ywe r es t i l ls ubj e c tt odi s c r i mi nat t hepe opl easunc i vi lande mo t i onal ,andt he i rpr of e s s i onals t at usasar t i s t swass t i l ll ow,unl i ke t i s t ss uc hasmus i c i ansorpai nt e r s . ot he rar I nGe r many,pe opl ef ol l owe dt het he at e rs i t uat i oni nFr anc eande s t abl i s he dnat i onalt he at e r s ar ge rc i t i e s ,i nc l udi ngHa mbur g,al t hought hes i t uat i onf orac t or swast hes ame .I ti swe l l i nt hel heWe i marRo yalCour tThe at e r ,wr ot e knownt hatGoe t he ,whowasmanage randdi r e c t oroft ・ rSc h a us p i e l e r ,1803),whi c ht aughtac t or snotonl y ag ui de bookc al l e dRul e sf o rAc t o r s (Re g e l nf si nt oc i vi l pr ope rs oc i alc onduc t ,butal s ot hei de alwayofbe i ngaspubl i cpe r s onwhoas s i mi l at e s oc i e t y.Go e t hes ays ,・ Theac t ors houl dal s oc ons i de ri ne ve r ydayl i f e ,t hathewi l lbes e e nasa e l e rs ol lauc hi m ge me i ne nLe be nbe de nke n,da r・f f e nt l i c hz ur publ i car ts how・ (De rSc haus pi e Kuns t s c haus t e he nwe r de .Goe t he1998,8 79) . Es pe c i al l yi nt hef i r s thal foft heni ne t e e nt h at r i c alpopul at i on,t het he at e rr e f or m mo ve me ntr os eup c e nt ur y,dur i ngt hee xpans i onoft het he t sf unc t i onasa be c aus eoft hel e ade r s hi poft hee duc at e dc l as s .The at e rs t e adi l yi nt e ns i f i e di mo r ali ns t i t ut i o ni nc i vi ls oc i e t y,andc ont r i but e dt os t r e ngt he ni ngt henat i onali de nt i t yoft he l at i on be t we e nt he a t e rand s oc i e t y,whi l eac t or s ・r ol ei n nat i onal pe opl e .I nt hi sc l os er e hepe opl eal s oi nc r e as e d. e nl i ght e nme ntwasi nt e ns i f i e d,t he i rs oc i als t andi ngandi nf l ue nc eont Unde rs uc ha ni ns t i t ut i onal i z at i onoft he at e randt hee xpans i onofac t o r s ・i nf l ue nc e ,i mpor t ant he at r i c alc i r c l e sadvoc at e dt hef oundi ngofanac t i ngs c hoolorac a de myaspar tof pe opl ei nt het ,t hewr i t e randj our nal i s tMor i t zGot t l i e b t he i rc onc e ptofGe r mant he at e rr e f or m:f ore xampl e l l i p) Saphi r (1840);t heac t orandma nage roft heRoyalCour tThe at e rofKar l s r uhe ,Eduar d (Phi De vr i e nt (1840);t hewr i t e randdr ama t i s tCar lGut z kow(1846);andt hedr amac r i t i cHe i nr i c h s c he r (1848).Theope r ac ompos e rRi c har dWa gne r (1872)al s opr opos e dac onc e pt The odorR・t f oranac t i ngs c hool . het he at e rs ys t e mi nt heGe r mans pe aki ngs phe r ei nt hef i r s t Cons i de r i ngt hi smo de r ni z at i onoft hal foft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y,t hi spape rde al swi t he ac hc onc e ptofanac t i ngs c hooland s c he r . Fr om t he ac ade myadvoc at e dbyt hos ema j orpe r s onsi nDe vr i e nt ,Gut z kow,andR・t vi e wpoi ntoft he at e rhi s t or ya ndc ont e mpor ar yar t i s t i cdi s c us s i ons ,i ti nve s t i gat e st hei de aand c hool sbyf oc us i ngont hei mageofac t or se duc at e dbyt heac ade mi c f unc t i ono fs uc hac t i ngs c t i on s ys t e mt obe c omei de almode l sf o rt henat i o n.Al s o,t hec onc e ptofac t i ngs c hooli nc onne wi t ht hes c hools ys t e mi nGe r manyatt hatt i mewi l lbee xami ne d,be c aus et hee s t abl i s hme ntand at i onpr ogr e s s e de s pe c i al l yi nt hef i r s thal foft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y, r e or gani z at i onofpubl i ce duc n,i twi l lt akei nt oc ons i de r at i onhow andnat i onale duc at i onbe c amet hepur pos eoft hes t at e .The e re xpl ai n t het he at r i c alc onc e pt soft he s et hr e eme naf f e c t e dt hef oundi ngo fac t i ngs c hool sandl at ― 122― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury t hene c e s s i t yofe s t abl i s hi ngac t i ngs c hool sf r om di f f e r e ntvi e wpoi nt s ,s i nc ewhatt heabove c t i ves oc i alpos i t i onsasanac t or ,pl aywr i ght ,and aut hor sa dvoc at e df orde pe nde dont he i rr e s pe dr amac r i t i c . TheI deaandNecessi t yofAct i ngSchool Thec onc e pt sofac t i ngs c hool sadvoc at e dbyDe vr i e nt ,Gut z kow,a ndR・t s c he rwe r ewr i t t e nata t i mei nt hef i r s thal foft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur ywhe n Ge r man t he at e rr e f or m waswi de l y he at e rwasadvanc e dt oi ns ul at ef r om t he pr ogr e s s i ng.I nt hi sr e f or m,t hei de aofanat i onalt i nf l ue nc eoft hec our tandt obet r ans par e nt l ymanage datpubl i ce xpe ns eunde rt headmi ni s t r aonoft hes t at e . Thet he at e rwa sme antt ohaveade moc r at i candpubl i cc har ac t e rwi t h t i nwasi nt e ns i f i e d af t e rt he r e f e r e nc e st opubl i copi ni on. Whi l et hi st he at r i c alr e or gani z at i o r e vol ut i on o fMar c h 1848,notonl y di dt hef unc t i on oft he at e rasanat i onale duc at i onal emor eand mor es ophi s t i c at e d ac t or se ngage di nnat i onal i ns t i t ut i onde ve l op,buta l s owe r r l d,De vr i e nt e nl i ght e nme ntr e qui r e d.I nt hec ont e xtoft hi st r e ndt hr oughoutt het he at r i c alwo wr ot ehi se s s ayOnAc t i ngSc h o o l .ACo mmuni c a t i o nt ot h eTh e a t e rAud i e nc e . (Ue b e rTh e a t e r s c h ul e .Ei ne nd a sTh e a t e r p ub l i k um).Asar e as o nf orwhyi twasne c e s s ar yt oe s t abl i s ha na c t i ng Mi t t h e i l unga daf f i r mat i ves oc i alr e c ogni t i onduet ot he s c hool ,De vr i e nte mphas i z e st hatt heac t ort he nr e c e i ve e xpans i onoft he at e rc ul t ur ei nt hepr e c e di ngf i f t yye ar si nGe r many: Theg r e at e s tmi ndshaves har e dt he i ri nt e r e s t ,t he i rs t ageac t i vi t y,al lc i r c l e sofs oc i e t yar e e l at i ons hi pt ot heonc e ope nt oac t or s ,andt hes us pi c i o nst hatwe r ei nmor alandr e l i gi ousr mar gi nals t age ,t hepe opl es t i l lhe ar i ngt he m onl yf r om af e wi s ol at e dc i r c ui t s . ・ e nGe i s t e rhabe ni hr e nAnt he i l ,i hr eTh・ t i gke i tde rB・hnez uge wande t ,de n (Di egr t ・ f f ne tunddi eVe r d・ c ht i gunge n,we l c hei n Sc haus pi e l e r ns i nda l l ekr e i s ede rGe s e l l s c haf tge ・ s e rBe z i e hungge ge ndi eB・hnee he mal si m Sc hwanz ewar e n,ve r ni mmt s i t t l i c he rundr e l i gi ma nnurnoc hauswe ni ge ni s ol i e r t e nKr e i s e n.DT,8) Ac c or di ngt oSc hmi t t (1990,34a nd37),t henumbe rofi ns t i t ut i onss pe c i f i e dast he at e r si n Ge r ma nyi n1838was50,anddr amat i c al l yi nc r e as e dt o140by1846,andt o180by1 861. nt hc e nt ur y,t he at e r swe r er e c ogni z e dnotaspl ac e sf or Mor e ove r ,s i nc et hemi ddl eoft hee i ght e e e .Fort hat amus e me ntbutasmor ali ns t i t ut i onsl i kec hur c he sors c hool s ,e duc at i ngt hepe opl pur pos e ,ac t or sa nda c t r e s s e swe r ei nde ma ndasmode l sofe duc at e dpe opl ei npe r s onaland i on gr oups ,t he i rpr of e s s i onals t andi ngwas pr of e s s i onalar e nas ,a nd l i keot he rc i vi loc c upat ur e so n gr adual l yc onf i r me d.Conc e r ni ngt hi s ,wec anr e f e rt ot hephi l os ophe rG. W. F.He ge l ・ sLe c t e rd i eAs t h e t i k ,1835),i nwhi c hhec ons i de r sac t or s ・i ndus t r y,i nt e l l e c t ,and Ae s t h e t i c s (Vo r l e s ung e n・b i pl e .Hepr ai s e st hehi ghor de rs pi r i t ual i s m of pat i e nc ea sc onne c t e dt oamode r ni s t i cl aborpr i nc ac t or sandr e c ogni z e st he m asar t i s t s .He ge ls a ys : Today,pe opl ec al lac t or sar t i s t sandpayt he ma l lt hehonorofana r t i s t i cpr of e s s i on;t obean ― 123― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 ac t ort odayi si nourf e e l i ngne i t he ramor alnors oc i alde f e c t . t l e r und z ol l ti hne n di e ganz e Ehr ee i ne s (Man he i e t z tdi e Sc haus pi e l e r K・ns tj t l e r i s c he nBe r uf s ;e i nSc haus pi e l e rz us e i ni s tuns e r e rhe ut i ge nGe s i nnungnac hwe de re i n k・ns rMake l .1986,515) mo r al i s c he rnoc he i ng e s e l l s c haf t l i c he I nt heageo fDi de r ot ,ac t or s ・i mmor al i t yandnonc i t i z e ns hi pwe r es e e nasapar toft he i rt al e nt andc har ac t e r .Howe ve r ,i nt hef i r s thal foft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y,s uc hne gat i vee val uat i onsof e c ogni z e d.De vr i e nthi ms e l fc ame ac t or swe r ec hangi ngbyde gr e e st oane we val uat i on,asHe ge lr f r om af ami l yl i net hatpr oduc e dal ar genumbe rofpr omi ne nts t ageac t or si nBe r l i nandDr e s de n, i vi ll i f easa ne duc at e dpe r s on (Ri c ht e r1957,Mi c he l2008,Yama z aki20 13). ands ohel e dac h o o l ,hee mphas i z e st hatt he Ac c or di ngt ohi spr i vi l e ge df ami l ye nvi r onme nt ,i nhi sOna nAc t i ngSc pe r s onwhoe ngage si nt he at e rne e dsc ul t ur e :・ Thet he at e rne e dst hee duc at e dpe r s onne lwhoi s me ntwi t ht hemos tpe r f e c ts oc i al i z at i on・ (DasThe at e rbe dar fde rvo l l komme ns t e n i nagr e e ・ r e i ns t i mme ndg e bi l de t e rKr f t e .DT,12).Fr om hi spos i t i on,De vr i e nt , Ve r ge s e l l s c haf t ung・be whoe ar ne dr e put at i onasac our tac t or ,r e c ogni z e st heac t orasa ni nde pe nde ntar t i s t ,and st hene c e s s i t yofs pe c i ale duc at i onali ns t i t ut i onsf ort hi spur pos e . Ac t or shavet o e mphas i z e r ai ni ngs ys t e m,andt oc or r e c tt he i rown de ve l opt he i rge ni usandpe r s onal i t ywi t hac ons i s t e ntt s f aul t sandi mpr ovet he i rpe r f or manc et e c hni que st ome e tas t andar dl e ve l .Thi si sbe c aus eac t or nor ma l l yhavet hef ol l owi ngt as k: Thi si st hegr e att as kwhi c hi sgi ve nt ot heac t or ,t hathemus tc r e at ehi sar tobj e c toutofhi s on,s ot hathei sal s oc r e at or ,ma t e r i al ,andar t wor k. ownpe r s e c taus (Dasi s tdi eg r o gabe ,we l c hede m Sc haus pi e l e rge s t e l l ti s t ,da rs e i nKuns t obj eAuf e s e i ne re i gne nPe r s one r s c haf f e nmu ral s oz ugl e i c hBi l dne r ,Mat e r i alundKuns t we r k ,da e i s t .DT,14f . ) sgi ve nt ot heac t or :onei st heac t oras・ c r e at or ・ofar t (Bi l dne r ),and He r e ,adoubl ef unc t i oni ar t wor k・ t heot he ri st hebodyoft heac t orasanar tobj e c t ,a・ mat e r i al ・ (Mat e r i al ),or・ (Kuns t we r k). Thes amec ons i de r at i onappe a r si nGoe t he ,al r e adyquot e df r om hi sRul e sf o r dbec ons c i ousofbe i nga・ publ i car ts how・ Ac t o r s ,i nwhi c hhee mphas i z e st hatac t or ss houl (Kuns t s c hau,1998,879).Wec anal s os e ehe r et heac t or ・ sdoubl ee xi s t e nc ei na r t ,asbot ht he i onalar t i s tandanar tobj e c t . De vr i e nts pe c i f i e dt heac t or s ・bo dyasanar t wor kwi t h pr of e s s yf r om o r di nar ype opl ebutot he rar t i s t s . hol i ne s sandbe aut y,s ohec l e ar l ydi s t i ngui s he di tnotonl Re gar di ngt hi spoi nt ,wec anr e f e rt ohi sar gume nti nhi se s s ayTh eNa t i o na lTh e a t r eo ft h eNe w r ma ny .ARe f o r mWr i t i ng (Da sNa t i o na l t h e a t e rd e sne ue nDe ut s c h l a nd .Ei neRe f o r ms c h r i f t ),whi c hwas Ge at e rr e f or m. Ac c or di ngt ohi se xpl anat i on,pe r f or manc e wr i t t e ni n1849asapr opos alf ort he r sf ort he i rus e t e c hni quei sanar tt hatge ne r al i z e sal loft hepe r f or mi ngar t s ,s oheadmi r e sac t o oft hi sar t : I nac c or danc ewi t ht hei nne rnat ur eoft hes t age ,ac t i ngt e c hni quede t e r mi ni nghi ght hi ngs , ― 124― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury i nal lnat i ons ,t hes t agewast her e c i pi e ntofor i gi nalwor s hi p. )i nne r e nNat urnac h,di eSc haus pi e l kuns tz uhohe nDi nge nbe s t i mmt ,be i (I hr e r (d. h.B・hne ・ ・ ke r nwars i edi eTr ge r i nde sur s pr ngl i c he nGot t e s di e ns t e s .1849,24) al l e nV・l He r e ,i ti ss ugge s t e dt hatt heac t ori sapr i e s twhos epe r f or manc ei sawor s hi ps e r vi c eorr i t ualf or t hepe opl e ,a nd r e gar de d asape r s onwhor e al i z e sbot hr e l i gi ousand a e s t he t i ce ve nt s .I n nt hc e nt ur y,De vr i e ntde ve l opshi s c onne c t i onwi t ht het e nde nc yt owo r s hi par ti nt heni ne t e e ar gume ntf r om t hes t andpoi ntofanac t orandmanage rt oge ne r al i z eons t agear tphe nome naand het he at e r ,s ohee mphas i z e st hatt her e c ogni t i onoft heac t or ・ ss oc i alpos i t i onmus tbe t odi r e c tt i c sofac t or s . e .asar e l i gi ousf i gur ec ar r yi ngo ut i mpr ove d.Fort he s ei mpor t antt woc har ac t e r i s t ―i ewhos ebodyi san ar t i s t i candc ul t ur ale ve nt ss uppor t e dbyt hes t at e ,a nda saphys i c alpr e s e nc ar tobj e c t ti sne c e s s ar yf orac t or snotonl yt ohavel e ar ne dahi ghs t andar dofpe r f or manc e ―i e c t i ve l yr e c ogni z e dt hr oughapubl i cac t i ngs c hool . t e c hni quea ndknowl e dge ,butal s ot obeobj Conc e r ni ng t hi s poi nt ,Car lGut z kow pr e s e nt si n hi se s s ay On Ac t i ng S c h o o l s(Ue b e r Th e a t e r s c h ul e n)t hes amevi e wpoi nt s .I nt hi se s s ay,t wof i c t i t i ousac t or si nt r i c at e l yde ve l opt he i r nwhi c ht he ydi s c us st headvant age sandde me r i t soft he ar gume nti nane gat i vedi al e c t i c ,i i nt r oduc t i onofapubl i ct he at e rac ade my,whi l et he yal s opr ai s et hec onve nt i onal ,i ndi vi dual appr e nt i c e s hi pf orac t ort r ai ni ng.Ac c or di ngt oGut z kow・ sar gume nt ,at he at e rc ul t ur ec e nt e r i ng e oni cWar se nde di n1815,whi l et he r ewasal s o onope r ar os ei npr os pe r i t yaf t e rt heNapol de ma ndf oranac t i ngc ul t ur eandi mpr ove me nt si npe r f or manc et e c hni que s ,t owhi c hanac t i ng oul dc ont r i but e .I nt hef ol l owi ngquot a t i on,t wos e as one dac t or s ,Fr e i har tandRe i nhol d, s c hoolc dt hea c t i ngs c hooli nBe r l i nf ors i xwe e ks , ar gueove rac e r t ai nne wac t or ,Ne umann,whovi s i t e ande xami net hec hange si nt hi sne wc ome r : Se ndNe uma nnt oBe r l i n,l e thi mt he r egot ot her oyalt he at e rs c hoolf ors i xwe e ks ,andyou wi l ls e et hathec ome sbac kandt e l l smeo ft heope nr e he ar s al ,・ Iwoul dbeabadnat ur al i s t , i e nt i f i cc ons c i ous ne s s ,Iwoul dnotknow whatwoul dbeby wi t houtobj e c t i vi t y,wi t houts c s pe aki ngt hea r s i s ,nott het he s i s . ・ e c hsWoc he ni ndi ek・ni gl . (Sc hi c ke nSi ede nNe umannnac hBe r l i n,l as s e nSi ei hndas ・ c kkommtundmi raufof f ne rPr obe The at e r s c hul ege he nundSi es ol l e ns e he n,da rz ur e ・ r ee i ns c hl e c ht e r Nat ur al i s t ,ohne Obj e kt i vi t t ,ohne wi s s e ns c haf t l i c he s s agt ,i c h w・ eni c htwasbe i m Spr e c he ndi eAr f i sw・ r eundni c htwasdi eThe s i s . Be wu s e i n,i c hw・ t t GT,143) AsGut z kow s ays ,whi l et he r ewasavi e ws pr e adi nga mongac t or sandac t r e s s e st hatt hea c t ual ngs c hool ,s uc hme t hodsf orde ve l opi ngana c t or ・ sg e ni us ,i nf l ue nc e dby s t agei st hebe s tac t i nt i one d obj e c t i vi t y or c ont i nge nc y,c oul d notal waysf ac i l i t at ea c qui s i t i on oft he above me s c i e nt i f i cknowl e dge .Rat he rt hanac t or sde ve l opi ngnat ur al l y,de pe ndi ngonl yo nt he i rge ni us e nt ,Gut z kow va l ue sac t or swhor e c e i vepe r f or mi ngar t se duc at i o n,s i nc ei ti si n andnat ur alt al nc i vi ls oc i e t yands uppor t e dby ac c or danc ewi t ht hedi s c i pl i nale duc at i ons ys t e m ofmode r ― 125― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 s c i e nt i f i cknowl e dge .Thus ,het hi nks ,t hei mageofac t or swhoonc ewande r e df r om c i t yt oc i t y e dt he at r i c all i ve sas・ vagabond asas ympt om of・ s oc i alpove r t y・ (Paupe r i s mus ,GT,143)andl di ng [ s ] ・ (Vagabonde n,GT,143)woul dc hanget hr oughs ys t e mat i ce duc at i onf orac t or s .Ac c or t oGut z kow,t heac t oral r e adybe have dl i kea・ publ i cs e r vant ・ (Be amt e n,GT,146)ora・ nat i o hec our tt he at e r .I ft hepos i t i onof nalg ove r nme nte mpl oye e ・ (St aat s di e ne r ,GT,146)att ・ t he at e rmi ni s t e r ・waspr e par e df ort heg ove r nme ntand an ac t i ngs c hoolbui l tunde ri t s z kow s uppos e s ,t heac t oral r e adyo fhi ghs t at usmaybe c omean・ i nvi ol abl e j ur i s di c t i on,Gut ,wec ans e et hatt hepr ogr e s s i on s ac r e dpe r s on・ (unve r l e t z l i c hehe i l i gePe r s one ,GT,146).He r e onof oft hepr ot e c t i venat i onalpol i c yf ort he at e rs t r e ngt he ne dt hec ul tofpe r s onal i t yandi dol i z at i ac t or sanda c t r e s s e s .Gut z kow r e gar dst hea c t i ngs c hoolnotonl yasani ns t i t ut i onwhe r e i nt he c hni que ,butal s os t r e ngt he nshi sof f i c i alpos i t i onasapr i vi l e ge d ac t ori mpr ove shi spr of e s s i onalt e ngs c hoolasf ol l ows : pe r s on.Fur t he r mor e ,Gut z kowe xpl ai nst hene c e s s i t yofac t i Whe nt hepupi l sar ei ns t r uc t e dt oal s of or mc l e ars c i e nt i f i ct e r msf ora e s t he t i cf ac t s ,whe n onet r ans f e r st he mt oanant i quer oom a ndgi ve st he mt hebe aut yofpl as t i cf or mat i ons , t as t e f ulpos i t i onsandat t i t ude s ,whe noneannounc e st he mt hel awsoft heme t r i c ,t he sofl i ngui s t i cs t r uc t ur eand e s pe c i al l yt hi ngswi t ht r adi t i onalr ul e sofnat ur al s ubt l e t i e t or ・ se duc at i on. de c l amat i on,s oIr e c ogni z ei ni tt hebas i sofat as t e f ulac i nge a nge l e i t e twe r de n,s i c h ・be r・ s t he t i s c he That s ac he n auc h kl ar e (We nn di e Z・gl ・ hr tundi hne n・be r wi s s e ns c haf t l i c heBe gr i f f ez ubi l de n,we nnmans i ei ne i ne nAnt i ke ns aalf i t pl as t i s c he r Ge bi l de , ・be r ge s c hmac kvol l e St e l l unge n und Ha l t unge n di e Sc h・nhe ・ s s egi e bt ,we nnmans i emi tde nGe s e t z e nde rMe t r i k,mi tde nFe i nhe i t e nde s Auf s c hl ・ r l i e f e r t e n Re ge l ne i ne r nat r l i c he n Spr ac hbaus und vor al l e m Di nge n mi t de n ・be De kl ama t i onbe kanntmac ht ,s oe r ke nn・i c hdar i ndi ee i ge nt l i c hee r s t eGr undl agee i ne r ge s c hma c kvol l e nSc haus pi e l e r bi l dung.GT,152) Ac c or di ngt oWa gne r (2013,136),Gut z kow r e gar dsnotonl yne w oc c ur r e nc e si nt heae s t he t i c di me ns i ono fnat i onalt he at e rasani mpor t antmat t e r ,butasal i t e r ar yandar t i s t i cdi r e c t orhe at ur e . al s oc onne c t st hei de aoft he at e rasapubl i ci ns t i t ut i ont oc ont e mpor ar ydr amat i cl i t e r The at e rr e c e i ve dac ul t ur als t i mul usi nt hepe opl ea nds pi r i toft heageofl i t e r at ur e ,andwas r tt hatde pe nde d on t he s ame ne wf ound br oughtt ol i f e ,whi l e ac t or sr e al i z e d a hi gh a c ont e mpor ane i t yo fl i t e r at ur e .Thi si sde s c r i be di nGut z kow・ se s s ay,whe r e i nt hef i c t i t i ousac t or i ha r ts pe akst hewo r ds : Fr e Is us pe c tt hatwewi l lbe c omeour s e l ve spe r f e c tmor eandmo r ewi t ht hehe l po ft hepoe t[ . . . ] (I c ha hne ,da rmi tH・l f ede rDi c ht e runsi mme rme hrve r komme ne nwe r de n,[ . . . ] .GT, wi 150) Wi t hi nt hel ar ge rc ont e xtoft he at e rr e f or m,s uc ha st hei ns t i t ut i onal i z at i onoft he at e randt he c ont e mpor i z at i onofl i t e r at ur e ,Gut z kow c ons i de r sac t or st oc ompe t et obe c omehi ghc ul t ur e d ― 126― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury i ndi vi dual swi t hl i t e r ar yknowl e dgeanda e s t he t i cs e ns e .I nhi se s s ayFort heSt a g eRe f o r m(Zur ne nr e f o r m,1850),Gut z kowpr opos e sc onc r e t er e f or m pr ogr amsf orabount ys ys t e mf ort he at e r , B・h at e dt hes ys t e mat i z at i on o fe duc at i onala nd a ne w pl an f oror gani z at i on,e t c . ,and advoc dt oc hange di r e c t i onalor gani z at i onf orac t or s .Ac c or di ngt oGut z kow(1850,138f . ),ac t or sne e t he i rr e l at i onwi t ht hes t ages ot hatt he i rc onc e r nwi t hbe i ngoni ti snots e l f i s handi ndi vi dual , e .Thr ought hi sawar e ne s soft hec hangei nac t or s , butc ol l e c t i veandas s oc i at e dwi t ht hewhol f e r )andt o pe opl ebe gant ot r e att he i rpr of e s s i onwi t h・ e ar ne s t ne s sande age r ne s s ・ (Er ns tundEi de ).Wec ans e ehe r ehow r e gar da c t i ngt e c hni queas・ s ol e mnanddi gni f i e d・ (We i heundW ・r Gut z kow pl ac e ss i gni f i c anc eont her e f or m ofani ns t r uc t i veor gani z at i onf orac t or sando nt he de duc at i onf ort he m:t he ywhoac qui r eknowl e dgeandac t i ngme t hods i mpl e me nt at i onofr e f i ne ont e mpor ar y t hr oughc ont i nui nge duc at i onhavet hef unc t i onofr e s pondi ngt ot hede mandsofc audi e nc e sandpr ot e c t i ngt hedi gni t yo ft he at e r . i c hThe odorR・t s c he r Fol l owi ngDe vr i e nt ・ sandGut z kow・ sc onc e pt sofanac t i ngs c hool ,He i nr publ i s he d,i n1 848,hi sPl a nf o rEs t a b l i s h me nto fa nAc t i ngSc h o o lf o rPe r f o r mi ngAr t i s t s (Pl a nz ur ・ c h ul ef rd a r s t e l l e nd eK・ns t l e r ),whi c hhewr ot eonc ommi s s i onf r om t he Er r i c h t unge i ne rTh e a t e r s s c he r ・ sc onc e ptoft heac t i ngs c hoolas Pr us s i anMi ni s t r y.AsKl e i n (1911,71f . )e mphas i z e s ,R・t s c he r ,asaHe ge l i an, ar oyali ns t i t ut i onal mo s ti nhe r i t e dt hec onc e ptofDe vr i e nt .Howe ve r ,R・t di s c us s e di tf r om ac ont e mpor ar yphi l os ophi c alandae s t he t i cvi e wpoi nt ,ands omepoi nt sar e r om De vr i e nt ・ s ,s uc ha st hei nt r oduc t i ono f・ r e adi ngr e he ar s al ・ (Le s e pr obe ) t he r e f or edi f f e r e ntf t i ngs c hool ,whowoul dnotbeanac t or andt hepr opos alf ort hepos i t i onofapr i nc i paloft heac t s c he rdi s c us s e st hei de aandne c e s s i t yofac t i ng butani nt e l l e c t ual .I nt hef ol l owi ngquot e ,R・ s c hoolf r om di f f e r e ntvi e wpoi nt s : Thi si sc onne c t e dwi t ht hec hange ds oc i alpos i t i onoft hea c t or sandt hec ur r e nti mpl e me nt andf or m oft henar r owe s tc r i t i c i s m. ・ ngtdi e smi tde rve r nde r t e nge s e l l s c haf t l i c he nSt e l l ungde rSc haus pi e l e rundde r (Esh・ j e t z i ge nHandhabungundGe s t al tde rKr i t i kaufdase ngs t ez us amme n.RT,3) He r e ,hepr i mar i l ypr ovi de sane xpl a nat i ono ft hene c e s s i t yoft hes c hoolf ort hei mpr ove me ntof non,ac t or sl os tt hepoe t i cs t i mul ust hathadonc e ac t or s ・s oc i als t andi ng.Duet ot hi sphe nome s c he rar gue st he be e nt hei ne xhaus t i bl ef ount ai nhe adofi ma gi nat i vepowe ri naf r e el i f e .R・t s e c ondr e as onwa st hel os sofc r i t i c alpowe ri nt he at e rc i r c l e s :s i nc et hepr e vi ous l ys hr e wd oac c ommo dat et het as t eoft hepubl i c ,ac t or st ooknonot i c eof c r i t i c i s mo ft hei nt e l l e c t ualc amet z kow,R・t s c he r t hewe ake ne dc r i t i c i s mt hathadonc ei nf l ue nc e dt he m.Unl i keDe vr i e ntandGut f oundade c l i nei nac t or s ・s pi r i t sc r e at i ngt he at e r ,r e s ul t i ngf r om t hei mpr ove me nti nt he i rs oc i al ac t e r i s t i c sofr e gul arc i t i z e ns .I ti sal s oi nt e r e s t i ngt hathec onne c t st he s t andi ng:t he ygai ne dc har hepe r f or mi ngar t swi t ht hene c e s s i t yofar oyal we ake ni ngofc r i t i c i s m agai ns tt r ai ni ngac t or si nt ac t i ng i ns t i t ut i on asan e duc at i onalf ac i l i t y,i n or de rt o mai nt ai nt he qual i t yo fac t or s ・ manc et e c hni que s .Wec ans e ehe r e ,de s pi t ef oundi nganac t i ngs c hool ,t hathehasno pe r f or si nt e r e s ti si nt hel os sofac t or s ・ i nt e nt i ono fi mpr ovi ngt hene gat i vei ma geofac t or s .Rat he r ,hi ― 127― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 s e ns i t i vi t yduet ot he i rac c e pt anc ebyc i vi ls oc i e t yandt he i ras s i mi l at i oni nt oo r di nar yl i f e .I nhi s e ,R・t s c he ri sc ons c i ousoft her e c ove r yofaf i r mi de nt i t yf orac t or s pr opos alf oranac t i ngi ns t i t ut asar t i s t s . s c he ral r e adyhade xt e ns i vei nf l ue nc eandhi ghr anki nt hewor l dofdr ama Conc e r ni ngt hi s ,R・t tc r i t i cs i nc eLe s s i ng・a nd c r i t i c i s m,t hankst ohi ss e ve r ec r i t i c ale ye ,andwasc al l e d・ t hebe s ・ de r1889,381;Kl e i n1 911,62).Hec onf r ont e d,t hr oughc r i t i c i s ms uppor t e dby ・ Ol ympus ・ (Sc hr i ngl ydomi nat e dt het he at e r hi sac ade mi cknowl e dge ,t hec omme r c i al i s t i cme di at hati nc r e as wor l dt hr oughoutt heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y.Ac c or di ngt oKl e i n (1911,77),hi sobj e c t i veands t r i c t i s m ofpl aywr i ght sandac t or soc c as i onal l ymadet he mf e e lr e pul s e dandi nc r e as e doppos i t i on c r i t i c t i vat e dac t or sandac t r e s s e s ,andme antt he agai ns thi m. Howe ve r ,s uc hs har pc r i t i c i s mc ul pr ot e c t i onofdi gni t yf ort hewhol eoft he at e r .Uni f yi ngt heobj e c t i vej udgme nt sofs uc hs t r i c t t i c i s m,ac t or shadt oe l e vat et he i rs oul st ouni ve r s al i t y.I nr e l at i ont ot hee duc at i ono fac t i ng c r i s c he rde s c r i be sani s s uet hatac t or ss houl dbe ar ,asf ol l ows : s c hool s ,R・t Thes c hoolwhe r e i nt he i rt r uegr avi t yl i e sc anbr e at hei nt ot heac t or soft hef ut ur es uc ha moralearnest ness,t hatt hes ameasaf or c eofhabi t ,s ot os pe ak. r kr af t ,de nk・nf t i ge nDar s t e l l e r n (Di eSc hul eve r mag,undhi e r i nr uhti hr ee i ge nt l i c heSc hwe e i ne ns ol c he nsi t t l i chenErnste i nz uhauc he n,da r s e l begl e i c hs am z ue i ne rMac htde r de Ge wohnhe i twi r d.RT,5) Themor al i t yhe r er e f e r r e dt obyR・t s c he r ・ swor ds・ t hemo r ale ar ne s t ne s s ・or i gi nat e si nHe ge l . f e ,buta ・ Mor al i t y・i nt hi sphi l os ophe r ・ ss e ns eme ansnott hebe havi orofpe opl ei nus uall i uni ve r s alpr i nc i pl ef o runi f yi ngt hes ubj e c t i vei ndi vi dual ,di vi de dbyc i vi ls oc i e t y,wi t ht he s c he rc onne c t st hi se t hi c alc onc e pt ,・ mor al i t y, ・t ot he c ommuni t yoft heobj e c t i vewhol e .R・t z e st heuni ve r s al i t yof ac t or ・ st ur ni ngove roft hes e l ft oove r al lc onc e r n (RT,5).Theac t orr e al i ar tt hr oug hs e l f mode r at i ono ft hei ndi vi dualandar bi t r ar yi nt e r pr e t at i onors e c ul arde s i r e .I ft he ori sc ompl e t e l yaut onomous ,t hepoe t ・ spoe t i c alpowe rwi l lbe c omes e ns i bl et hr ought he ac t de aoft hewor kwi l lf i nal l ybe ac t or ・ si ndi vi dualc har ac t e ra ndac t i ngt e c hni que ,andt hei s c he rr e gar dsac t or sandac t r e s s e saspubl i cpe opl ewho e mbodi e d.Unl i ket heot he raut hor s ,R・t ommuni t y ar eal r e adyi nt e r me di ar i e sbe t we e nt he at e randaudi e nc e ,andwhoc r ys t al l i z et hec s oul .I ti sappr opr i at ef ort hei mpr ove me ntofs uc hapubl i cs oult hatac t or ss uf f i c i e nt l ys t udyt he s c he rr e c ogni z e si nt hef ol l owi ngs e nt e nc e : pe r f or ma nc eofdr ama,asR・t Howe ve r ,i nt heme ant i me ,t heac t ori ss hownt ot hepubl i c ,s oi ts e e msappr opr i at et o r e pr e s e ntt hedr amat hati sr e he ar s e dwe l lf r om t i met ot i meandc e r t ai nl ype r f or me de ve n i nf r onto fas e l e c t e dandf ort hi spur pos ei nvi t e dc i r c l e . haus pi e l e randi e・f f e nt l i c hke i tge wi e s e ni s t ,s os c he i nte sz we c km・ g, (Dai nde s s e nde rSc i vonZe i tz uZe i tgute i ns t udi e r t eundmi tSi c he r he i tge s pi e l t eDr ame nauc hvore i ne m hl t e n,z udi e s e m Zwe c kee i nge l ade ne nKr e i s edar z us t e l l e n.RT,18) ge w・ ― 128― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury I nt hebac kgr ound,t oans we rwhyR・t s c he re mphas i z e st heac t or ・ spubl i cc har ac t e randme nt al at e rr e f or m s ubj e c t ,wec a npoi ntoutapar al l e lr e l at i ons hi pbe t we e nt hi sc onc e ptandhi st he s c he rwr ot ei nhi s1843e s s ayTh e a t e ra ndDr a maPo e s yi ni t sRe l a t i o nt ot h eSt a t e (Th e a t e r pr oj e c t .R・t ・ l t ni s s ez um St a a t e )t hathec ons i de r e dt he at e rnoto nl ya n undd r a ma t i s c h ePo e s i ei ni h r e m Ve r h i mpor t antmovi ngf or c ebot hi nt hewor l dandt hepe opl e ・ sl i ve s ,butal s oa sami ght ye l e me ntof popul arc ul t ur ewi t hs i gni f i c anc ef ort heor gani z at i onofmor al i t y (1843,395).Hee xpe c t e dt hat nt i onalr oyals ys t e m and,t hr ought hene wc ul t ur alpol i c y, t he at e rwoul ds e par at ef r om t hec onve e l ypr ovi det hepubl i c ber e ne we dunde rt hes ys t e m of・ nat i onalt he at e r . ・Thet he at e rs houl df r e wi t hani de ao fe xc e l l e ntwor ksf r om wi t hi nandwi t houtt hec ount r y,andbe c omeapr i nc i pl et hat f eofnat i onalpe opl e s .I nt het he at e r ,ani ns t i t ut i onofmor ale nl i ght e ne nr i c he st hes oulandl i orc i vi ls oc i e t y,ac t or sandac t r e s s e s me ntt hats e r ve sasani de alandobj e c t i veuni ve r s almode lf he s houl dnotonl yuni f yaudi e nc e si nanat i onalandc ul t ur aldi r e c t i on,butal s oi nvol vet he m ast e mbodi me ntofanae s t he t i ci de al . s c he r ・ se xpl anat i ono ft hene c e s s i t yoft he at e re duc at i onf orac t or si nhi se s s ay,ac t or s Asi nR・t ce duc at i onandphys i c alt r ai ni ngi nor de rt o mus tunde r goapr oc e s sofme nt alandae s t he t i t at us pe r f or mt he i rar t i s t i cac t i vi t i e sf orpubl i cs pac e si nt hef ut ur e .I nde e d,t he i rpr of e s s i onals woul dc hangebys har i ngi nt hehonorofbe i ngr e s pons i bl ef ore duc at i ngt henat i onalpe opl e .I n s c he rc onc l ude st hatt hef oundi ngofana c t i ngi ns t i t ut i onwasi nde mandbys oc i e t y, t hi sway,R・t i pat i onande qual i t ywi t ht heot he rar t i s t s ・ s i nc ei twoul dhavegr ant e dac t or s・ ac ompl e t ee manc l i geEmanz i pat i onundGl e i c hs t e l l ungmi tde n・br i ge nK・ns t l e r n,RT,408). (e i nev・l TheUni versalHumanEducat i onoft heAct or:OrderandMoral i t yi nt heLesson Ac c or di ngt ot hec onc e pt soft hea boveme nt i one dt hr e eaut hor s ,ana c t i ngs c hools houl dbe e mf orac t or s .Re f e r r i ngt oDe vr i e nt ・ s manage dwi t hpubl i cf undsandhaveani de alt r ai ni ngs ys t r i a,t ar ge t c onc e pt ,t hi ss e c t i ondi s c us s e st hepr ac t i c als i deofac t i ngs c hool ,s uc hasadmi s s i onc r i t e s t ude nt s ,and s ubj e c t sof f e r e di nc onne c t i on wi t hs c hoolpol i t i c sand t hes c hools ys t e m i n he s epo i nt swi l lbec ompar e dwi t ht hec onc e pt so fe ac h ni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur yGe r ma ny.The n,t aut hor ,andi twi l lar guehowt he s eaut hor sai me dt obui l da ndc ompl e t et heac t or sandac t r e s s e s oft hef ut ur et hr o ugh t he i rc onc e pt sofanac t i ngs c hool ,and how t he ywoul dc hanget he c onve nt i onali mageoft heac t or . et hee s s ayOnAc t i ngS c h o o l ,t he r ewe r eonl ypr i vat et ut or i ng I nt he1840s ,whe nDe vr i e ntwr ot ut t gar t ,or ac t i ngs c hool s ,s uppor t e dbypr i vat emanage me nt ,i nt hebi gc i t i e sl i keHambur g,St Fr ankf ur tam Mai n.Or ,as pi r i ngac t or sandac t r e s s e shadt of i ndt heoppor t uni t yt ol e ar nand e nt i c e s hi p,l ooki ngf ori ndi vi dualgui danc ef r om t he pol i s hpe r f or manc eme t hodst hr oughappr t eanduns ys t e mat i c ac t or sofpe r f or ma nc et r oopsdi r e c t l y.Unde rt he s ec i r c ums t anc e sofpr i va ac t ore duc at i on,De vr i e nt ・ sc onc e ptofapubl i cac t i ngs c hoolof f e r e ds omewor kabl eandpr ac t i c al as .Ac c or di ngt ohi sc onc e pt (DT,27),admi s s i ont oas c hoolwo ul dbepe r mi t t e d pl ansandi de i ni s he d f orpupi l sof16ye ar sol df ormal e sa nd14f orf e mal e s . The ywoul dhavet ohavef e l e me nt ar ys c hoole duc a t i onandac qui r e dbas i cknowl e dge ;howe ve r ,i twoul dhavebe e npos s i bl e ―1 29― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 f orat al e nt e ds t ude ntt oe nt e rt hes c hoole ar l i e rt hant he s eage s . Wec anc onf i r m he r et hat l i t eac t ore duc at i onf oryout h.Si nc ean De vr i e ntai me dt oi mpl e me ntane ar l y,pr of e s s i onal ,ande ac t or ・ spe r f or ma nc et e c hni quewashi ghl ys pe c i al i z e d,i twasne c e s s ar yt ode ve l opt he i rt al e nt houghe ar l ye duc at i oni na nac t i ngs c hool ,j us tast heyoungs t ude nt sofot he rar t st ooke ar l y t t i ont hr oughoutt heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y,t he r e ar t i s tt r ai ni ng.Duet ot headvanc e si nt r ans por t a we r eal r e adys omea c t or swhoha dc ont r ac t swi t ht het he at e r so fdi f f e r e ntc i t i e s ,s ot he ywe r e r e dt o have qual i f i e d and uni ve r s alac t i ng me t hodst hr oughoutt he br oade rt he at e r r e qui c ommuni t y. di nvol veat hr e e ye arc ur r i c ul um andof f e r Ac c or di ngt oDe vr i e nt ・ sc onc e pt ,ac t i ngs c hoolwoul dbe var i ouss ubj e c t s . Le s s onsi nr e c i t at i on,mus i c ,pi ano,s i ngi ng,andbodyl anguagewoul r e qui r e df orac t or sandde s i gnat e daspr i or i t ys ubj e c t s (DT,2933).Mor e ove r ,phys i c ale xe r c i s e s , da l s obei nc l ude di nt hebas i cs ubj e c t s . Thedanc el e s s on s uc ha sdanc eandf e nc i ng,woul hr e qui r e dofs t age e s pe c i al l yi sr e gar de dasi mpor t antf ort r ai ni ngi nt hef l e xi bl ephys i c als t r e ngt pe r f or ma nc eandf ormas t e r i nghuma nmove me ntofal lki nds (DT,33f . ). I nde e d,De vr i e nt e dge ,s uc hasGe r mangr ammarandr hyt hm,as e mphas i z e st hene e dt omas t e rl i ngui s t i cknowl we l last hegr amma randr hyt hm off or e i gnl anguage ss poke ni nmai ns t r e am c ul t ur e (DT,3638). s oa t t ac he si mpor t anc et os pi r i t uale duc at i onf ort r ai ni ngac t or s ・abi l i t yt oi nt e r pr e tl i t e r ar y Heal e ,l e s s onsi nl i t e r at ur eandt he at e rhi s t or yar er e c omme nde d,not wor ksbyone s e l f .Fort hi spur pos depupi l ss t i mul i (DT, i nt hel e c t ur ef or m oft heuni ve r s i t ybuti ndi a l ogf or m,i nor de rt opr ovi 3842).Fort hel e s s oni ndr amat i ce xpr e s s i on,s t ude nt ss houl datf i r s tde alwi t hs c e ne se xt r ac t e d ouswor ks ,s uc hasc ome dyo rc i vi cdr ama,andt he ns hi f tt oadr e s sr e he ar s al .I nt hi s f r om var i ,onet e ac he rt ake sc har geofe i ght s ys t e mf orpr a c t i c all e s s onswi t has ma l lnumbe ro fs t ude nt s s t ude nt s .Thes c hoolc ur r i c ul um i sde s i gne dt opr ovi dec ar e e rf or mat i onf ors t ude nt swhowi l l vepar tont hebi gs t agei nt hef ut ur e . pl aya na c t i Gut z kow c al l e d De vr i e nt ・ sac t i ng s c hoolf ort he e ar l yc ul t i vat i on ofac t or sa ・ t he at e r i um,DT,152). Ac c or di ng t oJ e i s mann(1987,1 52158 ),t he gymnas i um・(The at e r gymnas ur y i mpor t anc e ofhi gh s c hoolwasgr owi ng wi t hi nt he s oc i als t r uc t ur e ofni ne t e e nt hc e nt Ge r ma ny.Thenumbe rofgymnas i umswas91i nt he1820s ,andi nc r e as e dt o1 45i n1864.I n on, ・t hehe adofs e c t i onf orCul t ur e c onne c t i onwi t hHumbol dt ・ si de aof・ uni ve r s alhumane duc at i andEduc at i oni nt hePr us s i anMi ni s t r yo ft heI nt e r i or ,whode ve l ope dGe r mane duc at i onr e f or m, z e dt hegymnas i um t ogi vee duc at i ona ndof f e rvar i ouss ubj e c t s .Fore xampl e ,e xc e ptf or r e or gani s ,phi l os ophy,andhi s t or y,s t ude nt sl e ar ne dnat ur al t heobl i gat or ys ubj e c t s ,s uc hasmat he ma t i c ng,andgymnas t i c s s c i e nc eandf or e i gnl anguage s ,orc oul dc hoos ebe t we e nmus i c ,pai nt i ng,s i ngi (J e i s ma nn1 987,1 72f . ). He r e ,wec anunde r s t andhow De vr i e ntf undame nt al l yadopt e dt he e ptoft heac t i ngs c hool ,i nor de rt or e al i z e・ nat i onal c ur r i c ul um oft hegymnas i um i nhi sc onc i r e duc at i on・f orac t or swhos houl dbes ophi s c at e dpe r s onse nl i ght e ni ngt hepe opl ewi t ht he knowl e dgeandc ul t ur e dpe r s onal i t y. Mor e ove r ,i thasbe e npoi nt e doutt hatDe vr i e ntc ons i de r st hemor al i t yando r de rofac t or s ・and ac t r e s s e s ・be havi or .The s ee l e me nt sar ene e de df ort he mt oi ndus t r i ous l yc ar r youtdai l yl e s s ons t i ngs c hools houl dpr oduc eanumbe rofac t or sas andt omas t e rpe r f or ma nc eme t hods .Theac ― 130― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury publ i cpe opl ewhomaypl aya nac t i vepar ti nt hef ut ur e .Wec ans e eDe vr i e nt ・ svi e wpoi nti nt he f ol l owi ngquot at i on: Fur t he r ,f oradmi s s i oni nt ot hes c hoolandt or e mai nt he r e ,amor albe havi ori sr e qui r e dt hat ant akec onf i de nc ei nt he t het e ac he rhast os t r i c t l yc ont r ol ,s ot hatpar e nt sandguar di ansc i ns t i t ut i on,andt hes t age sa r ebr oughtbyt hes c hoolt oa r t i s t i cyout hwhos er e s pe c tf or e d. mo r al i t yandor de ri si nc ul c at (Fe r ne ri s tz urAuf nahmei ndi eSc hul eundz um Ve r bl e i be ndas e l bs te i ns i t t l i c he sVe r hal t e n r e ngz u・be r wac he nhabe n,dami tEl t e r nundVor m・nde r e r f or de r l i c h,we l c he sdi eLe hr e rs t ・ n,undde nB・hne ndur c hdi eSc hul eKuns t j nge r Ve r t r aue nz ude mI ns t i t utf as s e nk・nne ・ ・ ・ hr twe r de n,de ne nAc ht ungf rSi t t eundOr dnunge i nge pr gti s t .DT,28f . ) z uge f De vr i e nte mphas i z e ss t ude nt s ・mo r albe havi ori nor de rt oe s t abl i s ht heac t or s ・s oc i aloc c upat i on asanar t i s t .Ont hes t age ,ac t or shadt oe xpr e s st hepe opl e sofvar i ousc l as s e s ,s ot he yne e de d havi orac c or di ngt oac i vi lnor m.Suc h mode r at i onands e l f c ont r oli nt he i rownc har ac t e rorbe a mo r als pi r i tand c i vi lor de ri n ni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y Ge r many i sa l s or e f l e c t e di n He ge l ・ s c t or s ,asher e gar dst he m asi ndus t r i ousa ndmor alar t i s t s .De vr i e nthi ms e l f c ons i de r at i onofa he r ewasas pr e adi ngt e nde nc yi n pr e s uppos e si nhi se s s ayNa t i o na lTh e a t e ro fNe wGe r ma nyt hatt publ i copi ni ont oc ons i de rt hei mmor albe havi orofac t or s ・i nc onne c t i onwi t ht he i rar t i s t i c hana mbi val e ntvi e wr e f l e c t sac t or sbe i ng・ r e gar de dasane xc l us i vepi r at ei nc i vi l c r e at i vi t y.Suc ge r l i c he nLe be n. De vr i e nt1849,90f . ) l i f e . ・(Erg i l tal se i npr i vi l e gi r t e rFr e i be ut e ri m b・r Mor e ove r ,i n hi sbook Hi s t o r yo fa Ge r ma n Pe r f o r ma nc eTe c h ni q ue(Ge s c h i c h t ed e rd e ut s c h e n i e l k uns t ,184874),hede s c r i be dhowi nt he1830s ,i nt e l l e c t ual sl i keSc hl e ge lpr omot e dt he Sc h a us p s , ・andhow s uc hc ul t sofgi f t e dac t or ss t r ongl y i mageofac t o r s ・a st he・ i dol [ s ]ofs pe c t at or af f i r me dt he i ri mmo r al i t y,whi l eac t or swhol i ve dmor al l yandor di nar i l ybe c ameaf oc usof ot her e duc t i oni nt he i rc r e at i vet al e nt s (De vr i e nt1991,380f . ). c r i t i c i s m duet z at i onoft he at e randt he Thr o ughoutt hee nt i r e t yoft he at e rr e f or m,i nc l udi ngt henat i onal i f oundi ngofac t i ngs c hool s ,De vr i e ntt r i e dt oc hanget hes oc i alpr e j udi c eagai ns tac t or s .I n s t i c・ nat i onale duc at i on・oft hegove r nme nt ,het houghtpubl i c ac c or danc ewi t ht hehumani t ur e dandac qui r e ac t i nge duc at i ons houl dbeguar ant e e dt oac t or si nor de rf ort he mt obe c omec ul mo r al i t y.Forwhi c h,hec ons i de r s ,ac t or sr e c e i venotonl ys oc i als t andi nge qui val e ntt oot he r i e t y,butar eal s os e par at e df r om t hes e l f i s hpe r f or ma nc eme t hodso f oc c upat i onsi nc i vi ls oc hes oulofat e xti nt o vi r t uos os ,de pe ndi ngont hee f f e c t .Theac t orasani nt e r me di ar ye l e vat e st uni ve r s al i t y,s ohec anbe c omet he・ t r uemode lofmor aldi gni t yandgr e atc har ac t e r ・ (wahr e ・ deundChar akt e r gr ,De vr i e nt1849,89).AsDe vr i e nti nt e nde df or Mus t e rans i t t l i c he rW ・r e ・ hs t e nBl t hede r t heac t or ・ se duc at i ont of i nal l ybe・ t hemos tf l our i s hi ngofhumani t y・ (z urh・c ・ t ),hee ve nt ual l ypr opos e dmo vi ngi ti ns uc hadi r e c t i on.Thea c t i ngs c hoo lwasme ant Huma ni t i cf i gur e s ,t he ywe r e t obeapl ac et hatgaveac t or sahuma ne duc at i on,s i nc e ,asf ut ur epubl r e s pons i bl ef ort henat i onale duc at i onoft hepe opl e . deoft heac t i ngs c hoolt hatDe vr i e nt The r ear enotma j ordi f f e r e nc e sbe t we e nt hepr ac t i c als i ― 131― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 c onc e i ve dofandGut z kow・ sc onc e pti nOnAc t i ngS c h o o l s ,r e gar di ngs uc hpoi nt sast headmi s s i on c t s .I ti sc har ac t e r i s t i co fGut z kow t oi magi nar i l y c r i t e r i a,t hec ur r i c ul um s ys t e m,o rs ubj e de s c r i bet heappe ar anc eandt r ans f or mat i onoft hef i c t i t i ousac t orNe umann,whowe ntt oan c hool ,andhow henow s t andsi nf r ontoft woe xpe r i e nc e dac t or s .Thi sne wc ome r ,who ac t i ngs si nac e r t ai nbaroneday.He f i ni s he dt hec ur r i c ul um a ndhasc ompos ur eandpr i de ,appe ar s e e msanaf f e c t e df i neyoungmani nhi ghqual i t ydr e s sandi spor t r aye da sanac t orofr e f i ne d i onas・ hef l oat e dl i keamo de r nAdoni s . ・ (Ers c hwe bt ewi ee i n appe ar anc ewi t hs uc hade s c r i pt mode r ne rAdoni s .GT,156). He r e ,t heac t or ・ si mage ,onc es e e nasr udeandanout l aw,has e t e l ydi s appe ar e d.Mor e ove r ,t hi sf i c t i t i ousne wac t or ,Ne umann,t al kswi t hapur es ound, c ompl vantf r om t hec i t y・ (Ess c he i ne nBe amt ea usde r andi sf ur t he rde s c r i be d,・ Hes e e mspubl i cs e r St adtz us e i n.GT,157).Hei sc ompar e dwi t hpe opl eofhi ghc l as soc c upat i onsanda dmi r e df or sgoodl ooks .AsGut z kow・ sc onc e pts hows ,t heac t i ngs c hoolwasde s i gne dasapl ac et hatnot hi he m up asf aul t l e s spe opl ewi t h onl yl e c t ur e sa c t or so n pe r f or ma nc eme t hod,butbr i ngst i mpe c c abl es oc i als t andi ng,i no r de rf ort he mt oc ompl e t e l yas s i mi l at ei nt oc i vi ls oc i e t y. di ngt oGut z kow,t hi sne w ac t orl ac ke d・ nat ur e ・de s pi t ehi se t i que t t e s ui t i ng Ho we ve r ,ac c or 7)i sr e gar de dasa・ nat ur ale xi s t e nc e ・ (e i n be havi or ,s i nc et heac t orwi t h・ nat ur e ・ (Nat ur ,GT,15 ・ r l i c he sWe s e n,GT,160)wi t har i c hf e e l i ngofe xpr e s s i onandde pt hi npe r s onal i t y.I nor de r nat heac t i ngs c hoolne e dst oe voke・ dr amat i c t oac qui r e・ nat ur al ne s s ・f ors t agepe r f or ma nc e ,t i ndi vi dual i t y・(s c haus pi e l e r i s c heI ndi vi duum,GT,160) i ne ac hs t ude nt ,and t oi nt r oduc e ovi s at i on・ (I mpr ovi s at i on)i nl e s s ons : ・ i mpr Fi nal l y,unde rt hec ondi t i ont hatpe opl epr i mar i l yr e c e i vei nt hepr ac t i c all e s s onsonl yt he pr i nc i pl eofi mpr ovi s at i on,t hepr i nc i pl eofExt e mpor e . ugs we i s enurdas (Endl i c hunt e rde rBe di ngung,da nde npr akt i s c he nUnt e r r i c htvor z mani Pr i nc i pde rI mpr ovi s at i on,dasPr i nc i pde sExt e mpor eauf ni mmt .GT,164 ) Ac c or di ngt oGut z kow,s t ude nt sl e ar npe r f or manc eme t hodsnotbyr ot el e ar ni ng,butt hr ough kgr ound f r e ei mpr ovi s at or i alpr ac t i c e ,i nor de rt oac qui r enat ur als t agepe r f or manc e .Fort hebac i nwhi c hGut z kowc ons i de r e d・ nat ur al ・ac t i ngt e c hni que si nt hi sway,wec anc ons i de rt heac t i ng ndomi nanti nt heGe r mans pe aki ngs phe r es i nc et hes e c ond me t hodofnat ur al i s mt hathadbe e hal foft hee i ght e e nt hc e nt ur y,and hasbe e nt ake n up bydi f f e r e nts t udi e si n ps yc hol ogy, ・ nt hr opol ogy,andphys i ognomy (Ko e ni na1995,128).Thi snat ur almi me s i sl ai dwe i ghtona a he c har a c t e r ・ sr e a l i s t i cs t at eofmi ndandbodymot i on,andwaswi de l yac c e pt e dt hr oughoutt ni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y.Ther e pr e s e nt at i venat i onalac t orAugus tWi l he mI f f l and (17591814)and ,af amoust he or i s twhoc r e at e danor i gi nalac t i ngme t hod, J ohannJ akobEnge l (17411802) be l onge dt ot hi st he at r i c alt r e nd. s t st hatal r e adyi nt hemi ddl eoft heni ne t e e nt h I nhi se s s ayFo rt h eSt a g eRe f o r m,Gut z kow i ns i c e nt ur y,t he at e rwas・ pr ot e c t e dbyt hemos tr i c hmi ddl ec l as s e sf r om t hef at eofobs c ur i t y・ ・ eMe ngewohl habe nde rMi t t e l s t ndevorde m Sc hi c ks albe wahl t .1850,128).Fort hi s (dur c hdi dr i ve n r e as on,s oGut z kowe xpl ai ns ,t he r ewasane e dt oc onve r tt her oyalt he at e ri nt oape opl e ― 132― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury nat i onalt he at e r ,i nt oat he at e ror gani z at i onf ort hewhol eofGe r ma ny.Bas e do nt hec hangi ngof r om ar i s t oc r at st oc i t i z e ns ,i nt hi smode r ni s t i cpe r f or manc e t hes oc i als t r at um oft he at e rc ul t ur ef ,r i c hf e e l i ng,di s t i nc t Gut z kowf oundame t hodf orc ul t i vat i ngpe r s onal i t yande xpr e s s i ngnat ur a l f r om t hear i s t oc r atande xagge r at e dme t hodsoft heBar o quePe r i od,andmo di f i e di tf ort he i e t y.Thr oughgr aduale duc at i oni nac t i ngs c hool ,Gut z kowe xpe c t e dt hatt he l i f e s t yl e so fc i vi ls oc rt omas t e rr udi me nt ar y ac t o rwoul dbet ake ni nt ot hemo de r nt he at e rs ys t e m,notonl yi nor de knowl e dgea nd pe r f or manc et e c hni que sr e qui r e df ort hemode r ns t age ,butt o be c omea e rc ul t ur ea soneoft hec ons t i t ue nt sofc i vi ls oc i e t y. pr of e s s i onalar t i s ts uppor t i ngt he at s c he r ・ si de aofanac t i ngi ns t i t ut i oni squi t es i mi l art o I nc ompar i s onwi t ht hos eaut hor s ,R・t r ,hehass ome De vr i e nt ・ sc onc e pti nt headmi s s i onc r i t e r i a,s ubj e c t sof f e r e d,ands oon.Howe ve c har ac t e r i s t i cpoi nt s ,asher e gar ds・ di s c i pl i ne ・ (Di s c i pl i ne ,RT,7)asani mpo r t ante l e me ntt o t e ac ha c t or s : hi spur pos e ,t hedi sci pl i nesr e s ul t e d,duet owhi c hani ns t i t ut i onhast ot e ac hf ort he Fr om t ont e xti nwhi c ht he ys t andwi t he ac ho t he r , f or mat i onofdr ama t i car t i s t s ,ast hei nt e r nalc wi t hne c e s s i t y. (Ausdi e s e m Zwe c ke r ge be ns i c h di e Di sci pl i nen,we l c he e i nI ns t i t utz urBi l dung i s c he rK・ns t l e rz ul e hr e n hat ,wi ede ri nne r eZus amme nhang,i n we l c he m s i e dr amat unt e r e i na nde rs t e he n,mi tNot hwe ndi gke i t .RT,7) Thi s・ di s c i pl i ne ・i sne e de datal lpoi nt s ,asi nt hedanc el e s s onsf orbodi l yc ont r ol ,t hel e s s onsi n aut yoft hec l as s i cGr e e kwor l d,ori n ar tmyt hol ogyf orpr ac t i c i ngt hes e ns uouse xpr e s s i onofbe s c he re mphas i z e st hatac t or sandac t r e s s e shavet oma i nt ai nt hi sdi s c i pl i nei n voi c et r ai ni ng.R・t ma nc e (Di eKuns td e rd r a ma t i s c h e n par t i c ul ar ,asheal s os aysi nhi sTh eAr to fDr a ma t i cPe r f o r e at e s Da r s t e l l ung ,184146)―whi c he xpl ai nst hatvoi c et r ai ni ngi sne c e s s ar yf orac t or s ,s i nc ei tc r di s c i pl i ne hat・ At hor ought e ac hi ngofourar twi l lt he r e f or emakeane s s e nt i aldi sci pl i nef r om ―t ・ . ] ・(Ei n gr ndl i c he r Unt e r r i c htuns e r e r Kuns twi r d dahe r ausde r t he pr onunc i at i on, [ . . , Aus s pr ac hee i newe s e nt l i c heDi sz i pl i nma c he n, [ . . . ]1919,90)Ac c or di ngt oHe r r mann (1993 181234),s i nc et hee ndoft hee i ght e e nt hc e nt ur y,whi l es c hool swe r epol i t i c i z e di nGe r manyf or s opr ogr e s si ndi s c i pl i ni ngandmobi l i z i ng t hepur pos eofnat i onali l l umi nat i on,t he r ewasal i c c i t i z e ns .Di s c i pl i newasani mpor t antpe dagogi c ale l e me ntoft hec i t i z e n・ si ndi vi dualandpubl de ve l opme nt ,s i nc et he yhadt ohaveac ul t ur e dpe r s onal i t yandt obe c omeac ons t i t ue ntofpubl i c s c he rs t r i c t l yc onne c t st hi spe dagogi c alc onc e ptofdi s c i pl i newi t hhi sc onc e ptof c i vi ls oc i e t y.R・t nor de rt obui l dt he m upasobe di e ntandi ndus t r i ous e duc at i onalt r ai ni ngs ys t e msf ora c t or s ,i mo de lpe opl et ot hec i t i z e ns . nt ,R・t s c he rc har ac t e r i s t i Fur t he r mor e ,bas e dons uc hadomi nants oc i alandc ul t ur alvi e wpoi c al l ye mphas i z e st heac t or s ・ac qui s i t i onoff i nea r t i c ul at i onabi l i t yi nac t i ngs c hool : Exc e ptf ort hef or m,t het onei st hema t e r i alt hr oughwhi c ht heac t ors e ns ual i z e dhi svi e ws . or e f l e c tt he The r e f or e ,t het onemus tbes pi r i t ual i z e dl i ket hef or m,andma dec apabl et ―1 33― 人文論叢(三重大学)第33号 2016 poe t i cc ont e ntbac ki nac or r e s po ndi ngwa y.Thi sr e qui r e sadi s c i pl i newhos epur pos ei st he f or ma t i onoft hes o und. e r i al ,dur c h we l c he n de r Dar s t e l l e rs e i ne (Au r de r Ge s t al ti s tde r Ton dasMat e ・ hi g Ans c hauunge nve r s i nnl i c ht . De rTonmu r ,wi edi eGe s t al t ,be ge i s t i gtundf dahe ・ c kz us pi e ge l n. ge ma c htwe r de n,de npoe t i s c he nGe hal taufe i nee nt s pr e c he ndeWe i s ez ur Di e sbe di ngtdi eDi s c i pl i n,de r e nZwe c kdi eBi l dungde sTone si s t .RT,10) R・t s c he rc ons i de r sac t or s ・s oundt obea・ mat e r i al ・f ors t agee xpr e s s i on,t hes ameast he i rbody. r ei nc l ude d,s uc hasr e f i ne me ntofar t i c ul at i on,poe t r yand Forvoi c et r ai ni ng,var i ousl e s s onswe s c he re s pe c i al l yval ue s dr amar e c i t at i on,s t udyofr hyt hm,andc l os er e adi ng.Ther e as onwhyR・t s oundi sbe c aus ehec ons i de r e dac t or swhohadapur es ound,wi t houtdi al e c t ,t os pe aks t andar d et heaudi e nc eandt hef or mat i ono ft he i rnat i onali de nt i t y.The r e f or e , Ge r mana ndt oi nf l ue nc l owe dt oe nr ol li n ac c or di ngt ohi sc onc e pt ,anappl i c antwi t has t r ongdi al e c two ul dnotbeal ac t i ngs c hoo l (RT,5). s c he r ,wec anr e f e rt ohi sTh eAr to fDr a ma t i cPe r f o r ma nc e ,i n Cons i de r i ngt hi st e nde nc yi nR・t es oundwi t h whi c hhepr opos e st hei de als t at eoft heac t orasana r t i s twhos houl dac qui r eapur nodi al e c t ,i nor de rt oe mbodyt henat i onals oul (1919,7694). Mor e ove r ,ac c or di ngt ot he ,Gar dt (1999,159fand169171),St uke nbr oc k (2005,157170 s t udi e sofWe i t has e (1961,334f f ) e nt ur yi nGe r many, and241305),andKr e me r (2007,2575),i nt hemi ddl eoft heni ne t e e nt hc al i ngui s t i cnat i onal i s m―amove me ntf ort hef or mat i onofas t andar dGe r manl anguage ―wason ualc l as s .Mo r e ove r ,ar adi c alande xc l us i vel anguagepur i s m was t her i s eandl e adbyt hei nt e l l e c t nguage sonGe r man e xpandi ng,andi ns i s t e ntont hee l i mi nat i ono ft hei nf l ue nc eo ff or e i gnl a (Ki r kne s s1998,293298).Notonl yunde rs uc he xpande dnat i onal i s m andpat r i ot i s m,butal s o heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y,di dGe r manl anguagee duc at i ont ur nt o t hene whumani s t i ct e nde nc yoft t hee nl i ght e nme nto ft hemode r n publ i c ,and de ve l op as t r e ngt he ne ds ys t e m f ort hel e gal 981),i nt he mai nt e nanc eoft hes c hools ys t e m. Ac c or di ng t o Mar t i na G.L・ke(2007,3 e duc at i onalr e f or m o ft he Pr us s i an gove r nme nt ,bas e d on Humbol dt ・ s ne w humani s t i c anguag easas c hools ubj e c twaspr omot e d. I n e duc at i onali de a,t hea dopt i onofGe r manl c onne c t i onwi t ht hi si de a,r e adi ngl e s s onswi t hGe r manpoe msandc ompos i t i onsal s obe gant obe s he di ne l e me nt ar ys c hoolandgymnas i ums (Me ye r Ka l kus2001,226) e s t abl i nl i ght e nme nt ,t he I nt hi se duc at i onals i t uat i on,de ve l o pi ngunde rhumani s ma ndnat i onale ac qui s i t i onofas t andar dl anguageandapur es oundwasr e qui r e df orpe opl et oi nt e ns i f yt he i r he at e r ,asane wmor alande duc at i onali ns t i t ut i onf ort hepe opl e ,a c t or s nat i onali de nt i t y.I nt het al e c twe r ei nwi dede mand.I nt he andac t r e s s e swhol e ar ne dbe aut i f ular t i c ul a t i onwi t houtdi s c he rc onc e i ve dofanac t i ngs c hool c ont e xtoft hi se duc at i onalandl i ngui s t i cs oc i als i t uat i on,R・t s ys t e m unde rwhi c hac t or sac qui r equal i f i e ds ound.The r e by,at e nde nc yf orac t or s ・t os pe akwi t h i onal i z e dandhomoge nousar t i c ul at i onwasac c e l e r at e dandus e dasamo de lf ort hepe opl e . anat c omeamode lands howpl ac ef oranat i onal Byt hee ndoft heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur y,t he at e rhadbe pr onunc i at i on,andt hea c t orhadc omet opl ayane duc at i onalne wr ol e . ― 134― As ukaYamazaki TheConceptofAct i ngSchooli nt heGermanSpeaki ngSpherei nt heFi rs tHal foft heNi net eent hCent ury Concl usi on Thet hr e epr opone nt swr ot et he i rc onc e pt sofac t i ngs c hoolatat i mewhe nt he at e rhade xpande d lwi t ht hi se xpans i onoft he at e rc ul t ur ei nt hef i r s thal fof s oc i alandc ul t ur ali nf l ue nc e .I npar al l e ede ve l opme ntwe r e t heni ne t e e nt hc e nt ur yi nGe r ma ns oc i e t y,bot hc har ac t e rbui l di nga ndc ul t ur de ma nde do fc i t i z e ns ,ac c or di ngt oane w humani s t i ci de al . Theac t orwhowasgr adual l y t yal s one e de dt or e s pondt os uc hs oc i alde mands . as s i mi l at e dandbe c ameame mbe rofc i vi ls oc i e The r e f or e ,t he s ec onc e pt soft he at e rs c hoolac t ual l yr e s ul t e di nt hef oundat i ono fTheVi e nna Cons e r vat or i um i nAus t r i ai n1 874,t hef i r s tac t i ngs c hooli nt heGe r mans pe aki ngs phe r e .Thi s nSe pt e mbe r1 874,f i f t ya ppl i c ant st ooki t sf i r s t ac t i ngs c hoolhadat woye arc ur r i c ul um,andi ei n e nt r anc ee xami nat i on (G.vonG.1876,9).I nt he s ec andi dat e s ,wec anr e c ogni z ea ni nc r e as ac t or s ・a s ki ng f or mo r e advanc e d pe r f or manc e me t hodsand c ul t ur e d and s ophi s t i c at e d nt hatt het he at e rs c hool sadvoc at e d by pe r s onal i t i e s .I ts houl d bet ake ni nt oc ons i de r at i o s c he rc ont r i but e dnotonl yt ot hegr adual l y i nf l ue nt i alf i gur e sl i keDe vr i e nt ,Gut z kow,andR・t c hangi ng awar e ne s sofac t or sasar t i s t s ,l i kemus i c i ansorpai nt e r s .I tal s of unc t i one dt o al i z eac t or si nt oane wnat i onalt he at e rs ys t e m,i nor de rt oe voket henat i onale mot i onand s t r uc t ur f yt hepe opl et hr o ught he i rs upe r i orac t i ngt e c hni que . i de nt i t yofaudi e nc e sandt onat i onal l yuni 1Al lEngl i s ht r ans l at i onsf r om Ge r mana ndFr e nc hpr i ma r ys our c e sar emi ne . 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