theme 3 - Association d`anthropologie méditerranéenne
Transcription
theme 3 - Association d`anthropologie méditerranéenne
0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 141 3 Ateliers / Workshop TERRE, ESPACE, TERRITOIRE LAND, SPACE, TERRITORY THÈME 3 : Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation et de reconversion autour du patrimoine ou de sites Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage 141 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-1 intro Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 142 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities “SONG CULTURES IN CONTACT : OPPOSITIONS AND AFFINITIES”, CULTURE DES CHANSONS EN CONTACT : OPPOSITIONS ET AFFINITÉS, Luisa DEL GIUDICE, Italian Oral History Institute, Los Angeles (USA) This panel will consider song cultures in contact in European and European diaspora contexts. Historic and contemporary case studies will present opportunities for examining cultural collision and opposition, as well as cultural alignment and synergy, through song texts and cultural contexts. Cet atelier étudiera les contacts entre cultures chantées en Europe et au sein des diaspora européennes. Des études de cas historiques et contemporains seront l’occasion d’examiner à travers des paroles de chansons, les rencontres et les oppositions culturelles ainsi que les synergies et les rapprochements culturels. 3 142 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 143 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities 3-1.1 Thème 3 15/04/04 Traveling of the "Hasanaginica" Ballad through the Mediterranean, Itinéraire de la ballade d'hasanaginica à travers la Méditerranée, Lada BUTUROVIC, University of Mostar, Sarajevo (Bosnie) This presentation is inspired by two literary works: one being from oral, the other from written literature - The sad poem about the noble wife of Hasanaga and the novel by Irfan Horozoviç The Kadi from Imotski (Sarajevo 2002). The ballad about Hasanaginica in Slav and Italian was published by Fortis in his work The Viaggio in Dalmazia in 1774. Very soon translations followed into German and French, especially very famous by Goethe. Publishing the ballad marked two moments: its coming into written literature and the entrance of Bosnian and Muslim literature in the European and world leterary trends. Contrary to romantic and drama realisations of the ballad which are far from its value, only Horozoviç’s novel comes close to it in its literary appreciation. The writer has succeeded in this by expanding the poem and its characters in the tracks of mature Mediterranean novel. Time span in the novel is the whole human life in the form of letters, in fact memories about the teacher to the pupil and the friend, written in the territories of the former Ottoman Empire from Imotski, Mostar, Budapest, Dubrovnik, Venice, Istanbul, Damask, Alexandria. Seen through the eyes of its hero and writer, Bosnia is the centre and frontier simultaneously and it pulsates from West to East and from East to West. The problem of the novel lies in how its writer treats the question of an individual and his or her freedom as well as his relation with others, near or distant and also silence and the word which ought to disturb this silence. In the novel encounters are present which, on the level of overlapping, make the perfect whole. This shows the impossibility of enslaving the man who knows and possesses a feature of tolerance and silence and this is the key of this promenade in the Mediterranean. 143 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-1.2 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 144 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities Canciónes de ida y vuelta: new flamenco and the theatre of difference, Canciónes de ida y vuelta: le nouveau flamenco et le théâtre de différence, Ian BIDDLE, University of Newcastle (GB) This paper examines the work of several practitioners of so-called flamenco nuevo in order to explore some of the ways in which cultural difference is negotiated in contemporary flamenco practices. The ‘differences,’ are constituted both as ‘internal’ to Spain in the figuration of Spanish gitanos as Other, and ‘external’ to Spain in the polemicisation of the putative ‘origins’ of flamenco in ‘Arab’ musical traditions. 3 144 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 145 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities 3-1.3 Thème 3 15/04/04 Navigando: New Mediterranean Sounds in Italy, Navigando: nouvelles sonorités méditerranéennes en Italie, Goffredo PLASTINO, University of Newcastle, International Center for Music Studies (GB) The paper (whose title is taken from the album of the Calabrian band, Quartaumentata) examines the recent releases of several Italian ‘folk-revival’ bands and musicians, that express, in their composition and/or arrangements, a Mediterranean ‘tinge’ (through the use of Mediterranean musical instruments, melodies, voices). These ‘links’ between some local musical cultures and ‘other’ Mediterranean musics are explored as a new way to reestablish identities that are internal and external as well. 3 145 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 3-1.4 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 146 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities Orientations: Greek Urban Song and the Eastern Question, Les chansons grecques urbaines et la question de l'Est, Gail HOLST-WARHAFT, Inst. for European Studies, New York (USA) The lyrics of popular Greek songs texts of the 20th century reflect an ambiguous relationship between modern Greece and its urban past, but also its European past. This ambivalence has strong political implications, The post World War II songs, in particular, demonstrate rejection or acceptance of the "oriental" in Greek culture according to fluctuations in the political and cultural dynamics of the society at large. 3 146 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 147 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities 3-1.5 Thème 3 15/04/04 Slovene Folk Song at the Crossroads of Influences, Contacts and Oppositions of the East, West, North and South, La chanson folklorique slovène aux croisements des influences, contacts et oppositions de l'Est, de l'Ouest, du Nord et du Sud, Marjetka GOLEZ KAUCIC, Glasbenonarodopisni institut, Ljubljana (Slovenie). The historic and geographic location of Slovenia, its territory as an important thoroughfare, the blending of cultures and languages of the past, the Slovene minorities in Italy, Hungary and Austria, the political conditions and other socio-cultural circumstances have all turned the imagery of Slovene songs into a mirror of those foreign elements which have, one way or another, left their mark on folk songs and, through them, on the attitude of the songwriter towards the different or the foreign. Throughout Slovene song heritage, a signifying contrast can be observed between foreign countries as faraway and threatening places on the one hand, and as lands of milk and honey on the other. This blending of fear and hope was also marked by contacts with different cultures. Through the content of individual songs and the analysis of formal structures and melodic elements, the paper addresses a broad variety of cultural elements that were transferred from the traditions of other nations to Slovene tradition, and which influenced it in one way or another. It also addresses the original subjects, themes and motifs that have been transferred from Slovene folk song heritage to the tradition of other European countries. 147 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-1.6 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 148 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities A Slovene ballad about a killer of young women in France a tale about a journey of exciting stories or a tale about a journey of people ? Une ballade slovène à propos d'un tueur de jeunes filles en France: l'histoire d'un périple de récits ou d'un périple de personnes ? Marija KLOBCAR, Institute of Ethnomusicology, Slovene Academy (Slovénie) 3 In the first half of the 19th century, an interesting song of obviously foreign origin was recorded in north-eastern Slovenia. The song speaks about a mass murderer from Toulouse, France. It was discovered among other songs composed and sung to commemorate cases of sudden or unusual death in this part of Slovenia, and among other records. The question is how the ballad reached Slovenia and what the contacts between Slovenes and other nations and countries were like. The song may have arrived in Slovenia through various channels. The content and form of the ballad resemble the songs of street or fair singers that came to Slovenia from abroad. But because the song was discovered in a poor and remote area, it is not likely that it arrived there through this channel. It could be part of religious propaganda connected with pilgrim sites in Slovenia, but it is most unlikely that it is a translation of a foreign leaflet, as some have suggested. In my opinion, the most probable channel was pilgrimages abroad. People from this part of Slovenia travelled abroad when they embarked on pilgrimages to the Rhineland. There they met pilgrims from other countries, who brought with them their traditions and exciting news. As guests staying with Germans they also learned about their attitude towards different nations. Although the origin of the song has not been fully determined, the ballad is an opportunity for reconsidering contacts between different nations and for a new approach towards our own heritage. 148 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 149 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities 3-1.7 Thème 3 15/04/04 We named the place "King William’s Bridge" and "Dolly’s Brae" no more, Nous avons nommé le lieu "Dolly’s Brae" non plus "King William’s Bridge" John MOULDEN, Center for the Study of Human Settlement and Historical Change, National University of Ireland, Galway and Folk Music Society of Ireland, (Irlande) The Orange Order had its foundation in a disputed march and owes its modern notoriety to an annual disputation at Drumcree, Co Armagh. The events of 12th July 1849 at Dolly’s Brae, near Castlewellan, Co Down, in which an Orange march was attacked and where revenge was taken on innocent residents of the area, were followed by a Public Inquiry which generated two books of evidence, several Parliamentary debates, the dismissal of magistrates and a ban on processions. Even today it is the subject of a booklet published by the Orange Order; the episode is presented as an example of how not to defend one’s right to march! It is also the subject of at least seventeen songs, most of them contemporary but some recent. They represent both sides of the conflict. This presentation will expound the events and compare the official accounts with those contained in the songs. 149 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-1.8 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 150 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities Constructing the Missionary Through Song: Native Hawaiian and Colonial Perspectives, Construire le missionnaire par la chanson: autochtones hawaïens et perspectives coloniales, Kati SZEGO, School of Music and Dept. of Folklore, Memorial University, St. John's (Canada) 3 European American missionaries arrived to the Hawaiian Islands in 1820, initiating a series of encounters that culminated in the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili’uokalani and her Kingdom of Hawai’i. Four years later, Lili’uokalani penned an English libretto for a nationalist comic opera detailing the revolt of her "missionary cabinet" and her subsequent imprisonment. While Lili’uokalani satirized her oppressors using linguistic parody and texts bearing the influence of Gilbert & Sullivan, her work remained distinctively Hawaiian, drawing liberally from her corpus of previously- composed Hawaiian-language songs. In 1920, Ethel Damon and Jane Winne celebrated the centennial of their missionary ancestors’ arrival to Hawai’i by producing a grandiose pageant in Honolulu. For this occasion, Damon and Winne’s primary musical medium was the recitative, also patterned after Western European models. Their libretto, which obscured the overthrow, replicated a common colonial narrative that moved from descriptions of indigenous "barbarism," to Christian conversion and supremacy. In this paper I examine textual strategies used in these two musical works, exposing the political tensions and aesthetic alignments that emerged from the encounter between 19th-century European American evangelists and Native Hawaiians. 150 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 151 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities 3-1.9 Thème 3 15/04/04 Parodying the Other in Times of Violence, Parodier les autres en temps de violence, Susana FRIEDMANN, Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Colombie) In the light of recent studies of "the Other" and in view of the constant changes brought about by migration to urban centers as well as to adaptations that were un predictable but imperative due to clashes between guerilla and paramilitary forces, a new look at song texts and music of former inhabitants of Colombia’s Pacific Lowlands reflects the awareness of other forms of representation and empowerment. Music is seen as a unique source for defining limits of cultural identity, while at the same time it is a means of crossing social, racial and cultural barriers in order to integrate communities that were subject to dispersion and whose heritage has been displaced. Communities that have been reconfigured have recognized the need to negotiate their presence within a culture that tends toward homogeneization. 151 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-1.10 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 152 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 1 Culture des chansons en contact : oppositions et affinités Song cultures in Contact : Oppositions and Affinities Tradition versus self-expression in older Estonian folk songs, Tradition contre “expression de soi” dans les vieilles chansons folkloriques estoniennes, Mari SARV, Estonian Folklore Archives, Tartu (Estonie) 3 The poetic code of the older Balto-Finnic song tradition (the so-called Kalevala code) forms a distinct secondary language. On the one hand, its poetic characteristics imply a memorizing function. On the other hand, it has undoubtedly been a widely used pattern, structuring oral poetic selfexpression. The singers can choose the songs and motifs that ‘speak’ for them (at a given moment) from a broad (mental) corpus of texts and arrange these according to their purpose; they can also amend and adapt them to a greater or lesser degree. In Estonia most of the recordings of songs date from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The focus of the collecting has been mostly on the texts of the songs; the process of creating and learning the songs and the singer’s personal relationship to the song has only rarely been commented on. It can also be presumed that creativity has first and foremost been manifested in traditional singing situations and that the situation of collecting has elicited songs with more fixed texts. Thus we have rather little information about the functioning mechanisms of poetic self-expression. The presentation will comment on the results of a study combining an analysis of the verse composition of the regional text corpora with personal observations of singers. 152 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 153 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 2 Construire le patrimoine: le cas Méditerranéen 3-2 Thème 3 15/04/04 Making heritage : the case of the Mediterranean MAKING HERITAGE : THE CASE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, CONSTRUIRE LE PATRIMOINE: LE CAS MÉDITERRANÉEN, Mary BOUQUET, University College, Utrecht University (Pays-Bas) & Nélia DIAS, ISCTE, Departamento de Antropologia Social, Lisbonne (Portugal) . This workshop explores the category ‘Mediterranean’ from the comparative perspective of heritage. Historically the Mediterranean was defined by certain territorial, geological, climatic, geographical and biogeographical characteristics and was synonymous with European civilisation. The issue we would like to explore is how the ‘Mediterranean’ figures as ‘heritage’, ‘patrimoine’, ‘culture’ and ‘civilisation’ in (and beyond) contemporary European states, and how that varies according to national tradition. How do museums and other forms of heritage actively constitute the boundaries of cultures or civilisations conceptualised as ‘Mediterranean’? Participants are invited to explore the unity and diversity of this concept through specific case studies concerning heritage policies, neo-mediterranean heritage, and controversies surrounding museum displays. Cet atelier examinera la “Méditerranée” dans une perspective comparative des politiques patrimoniales. Historiquement, la Méditerranée a été définie par des caractéristiques géologiques, climatiques, géographiques et biogéographiques et a été synonyme de civilisation européenne. La question que nous voudrions explorer est celle de la représentation de la Méditerranée comme “héritage”, “patrimoine”, “culture” et “civilisation” au sein des États européens contemporains (et au-delà), et de ses variations selon les pays considérés. Comment les musées et les autres institutions patrimoniales fabriquent-ils activement les frontières des cultures ou des civilisations labellisées comme “méditerranéennes” ? Les participants sont invités à examiner l’unité et la diversité de ce concept à travers des études de cas spécifiques relatifs aux politiques patrimoniales et aux controverses entourant les expositions des musées. 153 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-2.1 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 154 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 2 Construire le patrimoine: le cas Méditerranéen Making heritage : the case of the Mediterranean Classicism, Consumerism and the Mediterranean as a "Way of Life", Classicisme, consumérisme, la Méditerranée comme mode de vie, Judith L. GOLDSTEIN, Department of Anthropology, Vassar College, NewYork (USA) 3 The workshop, "Making Heritage," asks, "How do museums and other forms of heritage actively constitute the boundaries of cultures or civilisations conceptualised as ‘‘Mediterranean?’" I would like to respond to that question by posing an extension of it: How does the "museumification" of the Mediterranean as a "way of life" for those outside the region work with and against these regional conceptualisations? The Mediterranean "way of life"-patrimony as everyday life--has been elaborated since the 1950s as consumerism joined classicism as a basis for the region’s appeal. I will suggest that the triumvirate around which this commercialized "way of life" revolves- home, food and the mores of local inhabitants--encroach on the traditional purview of the folklore museum, just as the learning experiences of the expatriate writer living in Provence or Tuscany echo those of the anthropologist as insider/outsider. Beginning in the early fifties, Americans participated in a new "lighthearted tourism," promoted in travel journals and films, in which the cup of coffee drunk at a cafe overlooking the Pantheon was as important, in its own way, as the Pantheon itself. My talk will thus bring a complementary perspective to the discussion of making heritage by analyzing the ways in which more classical ideas of patrimony (of the "Mediterranean" as the heritage of the "Northern" European states and the "New World") have been transformed into an appealing "way of life" in which people from outside the region could have a share--through travel, expatriate residence, and, even abroad, through the adaptation of "Mediterranean cuisine" or "Mediterranean style" for their homes. How do local museums coexist or compete with this "museumification" of everyday life? What impact, if any, do these "style of life" conceptions of the Mediterranean have on the figuring of the Mediterranean as "‘heritage’, ‘patrimoine’, ‘culture’ and ‘civilisation’ in (and beyond) contemporary European states?" What, in sum, is the contribution of consumerism to the entwined traditions of classicism and "popular arts and traditions" in the Mediterranean? 154 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 155 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 2 Construire le patrimoine: le cas Méditerranéen Making heritage : the case of the Mediterranean 3-2.2 Thème 3 15/04/04 L’élevage ovin transhumant ou l’exception méditerranéenne, Fréderique ROY, EHESS, Paris (France) Calquées sur la logique de conservation muséale propre au patrimoine culturel, les préoccupations croissantes en faveur de la nature ont induit la réorientation de certaines activités agricoles. Alors figure emblématique d’un paradis perdu, l’élevage ovin transhumant pratiqué en Région PACA est devenu l’instrument d’un renouveau de la nature. Le pastoralisme se voit érigé en modèle légitimé par ses modes d’occupation et de conservation des espaces naturels et de son appartenance séculaire au territoire méditerranéen. Élaboré en patrimoine commun à l’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen, il devient en même temps un référant de l’identité provençale. Ces représentations massives confortent la place assez marginale réservée au “pastoralisme” en France, place qui autorise une “patrimonialisation” tant des activités que du système d’élevage lui-même. Il s’agira ici de dégager les processus d’élaboration du pastoralisme comme particularisme territorial défini par sa capacité à gérer un paysage, un milieu naturel, un territoire et de mesurer les enjeux sociaux, politiques, économiques que ces processus impliquent nécessairement. L’analyse portera précisément sur les modes d’appropriation et les stratégies d’utilisation de cet “objet patrimonial” par les acteurs du monde agricole et extra agricole et leur résonance au sein des pratiques pastorales. TRANSHUMANT SHEEP-BREEDING OR THE MEDITERRANEAN EXCEPTION - Following the logic of museum conservation in cultural heritage, the increasing public concern for nature has led to a reorientation of certain agricultural activities. As an emblematic figure of a lost paradise, transhumant sheep-breeding practiced in the ProvenceAlpes-Côte d’Azur region has become the instrument of a renewal of nature. Pastoralism has been elevated to a legitimate model for its ways of occupying and preserving natural spaces and for its centuries-old association with the Mediterranean landscape. Elaborated as heritage common to the entire Mediterranean basin, it has also become a referent for Provençal identity. These impressive representations compensate for the quite marginal place of “pastoralism” in France, a place which authorizes making the activities and system of breeding into heritage objects. This paper attempts to unravel the processes which articulate pastoralism as a territorial particularism defined by its capacity to manage a landscape, a natural environment and a territory; at the same time, it gauges the social, political and economic stakes that these processes necessarily entail. The analysis will deal specifically with the means of appropriation and the utilization strategies of this “heritage object” by actors from the agricultural and nonagricultural worlds, as well as their resonance in pastoral practices. 155 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-2.3 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 156 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 2 Construire le patrimoine: le cas Méditerranéen Making heritage : the case of the Mediterranean At the Mediterranean’s Edge : Colonial and National Patrimonies in Play, Syria 1922-1946, Aux limites de la Méditerranée: les patrimoines coloniaux et nationaux en jeu, Syrie 1922-1946 Heghnar WATENPAUGH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, Cambridge (USA) 3 In the interwar period, the new nation-state of Syria was carved out of the Ottoman empire and placed under French Mandate. Within this broad theme of cultural politics of Syria, this paper will focus on two overlapping, sometimes competing movements within the management of culture in the new nation: the elaboration of a national, Arab-Muslim past for Syria, and the elaboration of a French past in the region, focusing on Crusader monuments. This paper will compare two major projects of the period, the creation of the national museum in Damascus, and the restoration of the Krak des Chevaliers, a Crusader castle. Each project aimed at creating a distinct past, and a distinct patrimony, in the space of the same nation-state. The comparison is fruitful because it reveals the mechanics and agencies of the construction of patrimony, and the reclamation of ‘usable pasts’, in a period of intense cultural reorientation. 156 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 157 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 2 Construire le patrimoine: le cas Méditerranéen Making heritage : the case of the Mediterranean 3-2.4 Thème 3 15/04/04 Bridging the Mediterranean : On the Evidence of Representational Heritage in the case of Morocco at Expo 2000, Un pont sur la Méditerranée: la preuve du patrimoine représentatif du Maroc à l'Expo 2000, Alexa FÄRBER, Humboldt University Berlin, Department of European Ethnology, (Allemagne) Morocco’s national participation at Expo 2000 in Hanover was inscribed into a topography that was echoing global power-relations through the uses of technological vs. presentational exhibition tools. The Moroccan communication strategy was placing the architecture (from the staging of museum exhibits to the cultural performances) into an overall colonial visuality. A representational heritage that countered many of the theoretical goals that had been formulated by the project-team. It was thus rationalised as a situational tool for meeting public attention at first sight with presentational strategies, and then displaying a “real Morocco” with technological tools. Based on fieldwork in Rabat and at Expo 2000 I would propose to argue in this paper that within this situational stereotyped representation the Mediterranean was incorporated by Morocco, envisioning itself as a bridge between Africa and Europe, East and West, tradition and modernity. The Mediterranean stood for a culture of hybridity, a historical frame for the meeting of civilizations, a territory of encounter between cultures. I would like to develop the relation between this specific identification of and with the Mediterranean, the representational heritage and the ‘medial correspondences’ that the national participation of Morocco was based on. 157 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 158 3-3 intro Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership CULTURE, COPY AND OWNERSHIP, CULTURE, COPIE ET PROPRIÉTÉ, Pertti J. ANTTONEN, Dpt.of Cultural Research University of Helsinki (Finlande) 3 In many social theories, inventions characterize modernity while people in traditional societies are viewed as having merely replicated ideas and practices. Modernity itself has been viewed as a Western import, to be copied by "copycat" countries and traditional cultures with no "birth-right" to it. This workshop makes the politics of replication an entrance point to a general debate on culture as an issue of copying and ownership. Copyright regulation and related issues will be tackled from a variety of perspectives, including the methodology of folklore research and its keen observation of variants, the cultural construction of value in electronic music and digital media, and the international politics of establishing protective legislation for heritage and tradition as "intellectual property". Copies, replications, and claims for their ownership will also be discussed in the context of constructing ethnic, gender or geopolitical identity, the representation of history, and the production of modernity. Finally, the workshop will reflect upon current trends in the politics and politicizing of tradition and discuss possibilities for a research methodology that would go beyond explaining cultural transmission with metaphors of property. Dans de nombreuses théories sociales, les inventions caractériseraient la modernité, tandis que, dans les sociétés traditionnelles, les gens reproduiraient simplement les idées et les pratiques. La modernité elle-même est perçue comme un produit d’importation occidentale, destiné à être copié par des pays “copieurs” et les cultures traditionnelles n’y auraient aucun “droit acquis”. Les études récentes sur l’héritage politique ont éclairé la façon dont les constructions du passé ont placé les possessions matérielles et symboliques dans une compétition pour les identités collectives et leur reconnaissance politique. Le concept de “tradition” est utilisé ici pour désigner “l’héritage” ou le “patrimoine”, et est conçu comme une reproduction qui rend crédible la revendication par la culture du droit de propriété. Pourtant, alors même que la réglementation du copyright représente un aspect sans cesse croissant de la production et de la consommation moderne, il existe des principes culturels et des pratiques représentatives qui créent chez certains l’espérance qu’ils pourront copier les autres, produisant ainsi des traditions qui ne constituent pas pour autant une possession. Cet atelier fait de la politique de duplication le point de départ d’un débat plus général sur la culture en tant que question de duplication et de propriété. 158 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 159 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership 3-3.1 Thème 3 Copying Western Femininities? (Or Who Owns the High Heels?), Copier les féminités occidentales (ou qui a le monopole des talons aiguilles?) Karin Söderholm LINDELÖF, Södertörn University College, Hudding (Suède) Who owns the ‘career woman’? The gender equality? The high heels? The sex shops? The lipstick? Virgin Mary? Or Feminism? Is it the post-socialist East and Central European countries or the ‘West’ that holds the true birthrights of these phenomena - or is it both? This presentation deals with the issue of culture as ownership and copying in relation to three tightly connected issues: 1) the so-called transition/transformation in East and Central Europe, 2) female gender identities/gender construction, and 3) feminism/gender equality. The starting point is my on-going empirical research among a group of young women in Poland, and I want to discuss these problems in relation to the concept of cultural globalisation. Are the processes of globalisation reciprocal - or always only ‘one-way’? How big is ‘the Globe,’ really? And is it meaningful to speak about ‘globalisation’ when it is all about Europe (although with some input from the USA)? 159 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 160 3-3.2 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership Copies and Variants in Folklore, Copies et variantes dans le folklore, Vilmos VOIGT, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest (Hongrie) 3 The problem of copies versus variants exists today in several fields of research and communication theory. There is, among others, a very prolific "semiotic" approach, initiated by Umberto Eco. It deals mainly with the problem, in case of copies/variants what is STANDING FOR what (aliquid stat pro aliquo). However in folklore research there is a very elaborated praxis of dealing with variants - the results of which are mostly neglected by scholars who are not folklorists. E.g. in the catalogue of tale types concerning AaTh type 327A there are about 400 "variants" listed from about 50 different peoples or ethnic groups. Folklorists know how to deal with that amount of copies/variants! The same problem arises when we look to "copyright" problems of intangible cultural heritage. In folklore research the scholars know how and to whom we can ascribe the copies/variants. The paper will give discussion of the topic, suggesting a solid solution to it, and suggesting its application by WIPO too. 160 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 161 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership 3-3.3 Thème 3 Prefab Music - The Recycled Sounds of Digital Media, Musique préfabriquée: les sons recyclés des médias numériques, Robert WILLIM, Lund University, Lund (Suède) Digital media open up for new cultural practices. The use of prefabricated digital objects in the creation of new works makes questions of copyright and ownership crucial. Sounds that are public and in a legal sense copyright free can for example be sampled and used in commercial products. Important questions worth raising then is how a specific value of a work is being culturally constructed? And how do different actors actually handle different sound objects by using digital media? My paper will deal with these questions by discussing recent phenomena within electronic music. 3 161 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 162 3-3.4 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership Copies and Originals: The International Politics of ‘Intangible Heritage’ and ‘Traditional Knowledge’, , Copies et originaux: les politiques internationales du "patrimoine immatériel" et du "savoir traditionnel", Valdimar HAFSTEIN, University of California (USA) 3 In June 2003, UNESCO Intergovernmental Expert Committee approved the final draft for a new international convention for the safeguarding of "intangible cultural heritage". Meanwhile, a special body within WIPO (the UN agency responsible for the promotion of intellectual property worldwide) is studying ways to adjust the intellectual property rights system so as to extend protection to folklore and traditional knowledge. This paper will focus on work currently underway at WIPO and UNESCO to protect folklore by means of intellectual property regimes. Through critical analysis of the discourse of intergovernmental committees, national delegations, and NGOs, and an historical critique of central concepts in this discourse, I attempt to understand the paradoxes posed by the juxtaposition of intellectual property rights and unauthored materials (folklore). Tracing the roots of these paradoxes to social developments and conceptual realignments in 18th and 19th century Europe, the paper will place the current international debates in the context of colonial relations and the rise of possessive individualism in the expressive sphere, with the invention of authorship, the advent of copyright, and the construction of originality. 162 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 163 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership 3-3.5 Thème 3 "Tu n’es pas une Tsigane authentique !" La construction de l’authenticité dans une foire dédiée aux traditions des Roms, Iulia HASDEU, Université de Genève (Suisse) Dans mon intervention, je voudrais proposer une incursion anthropologique dans ce qu’on pourrait appeler la mise en scène des traditions à travers des événements de type foires ou expositions. Cette mise en scène est organisée par des instances qui font autorité en la matière, comme les musées ethnographiques. Plus concrètement, il s’agit de montrer comment des Roms kalderash sont confrontés à leur propre image, fournie par un musée ethnographique réputé de la capitale roumaine, Bucarest. Déçus, intrigués, déconcertés, contrariés, les Roms finissent par s’approprier cette image fabriquée en dehors d’eux et sans eux et l’utilisent comme stratégie de marché. Les Roms utilisent ainsi, une fois de plus, les outils fournis par les Gadje - en occurrence, les idées “d’authenticité” et de "pureté" ethnique - pour se construire de nouvelles stratégies identitaires et devenir (co)auteurs de cette mise en scène de Soi-même comme un Autre. “YOU’RE NOT AN AUTHENTIC GYPSY!”: THE CONSTRUCTION OF AUTHENTICITY IN A FAIR DEDICATED TO ROMA TRADITIONS - In this paper, I propose an anthropological incursion into what we may call the mise-en-scène of traditions through exhibit and fair events. This mise-en-scène is organized by authorities who set the rules in this field, such as ethnographic museums. Specifically, I demonstrate how the Kalderash Roma are faced with an image of themselves offered up by a well-known ethnographic museum of the Romanian capital, Bucharest. Disappointed, intrigued, disconcerted and irritated, the Roma end up appropriating this image manufactured from without and without their participation, and they use it as a marketing strategy. Thus, once again, the Roma utilize the tools furnished by the Gaje (nonGypsies) – in this case, the ideas of “authenticity” and ethnic “purity” – to construct new identity strategies for themselves and become (co-)authors of this mise-en-scène of Self as an Other. 163 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 164 3-3.6 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership Whose Apostle ? Stephen of Perm, Georgi Lytkin and the Rise of Komi (Zyrian) Nationalism in late 19th Century, Apôtre de qui? Stephen de Perm, Georgi Lytkin et la montée du nationalisme Komi (Zyrian) à la fin du XIXe siècle, Indrek JÄÄTS, Department of of Ethnology, University of Tartu (Estonie) 3 St. Stephen of Perm was a Russian clergyman of late 14th century, the first bishop of Perm. He created a special alphabet for Zyrians and translated some ecclesiastical texts into Komi. He converted Zyrians to Orthodox Christianity and united their lands with the principality of Moscow. Zyrian literacy disappeared soon after Stephen of Perm, but not completely. Georgi Lytkin (1835-1907) was a linguist, historian, translator and one of the first Komi nationalists. In my presentation, I would like to show how Lytkin used Stephen of Perm and his legacy in his own work of nation building. He linked his works on Komi linguistics and history with the tradition created by Stephen of Perm, who was a legitimate and positive hero in those days in Russia. Lytkin propagated Stephen of Perm as the Apostle of the Komis and probably saw himself as successor of St. Stephen’s work. 164 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 165 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership 3-3.7 Thème 3 Tradition is Ownership ? La tradition est-elle une propriété? Pertti J. ANTTONEN, Dpt.of Cultural Research University of Helsinki (Finlande) Recent studies on heritage politics have shed light on how ideological constructions of the past and cultural belonging yield symbolic and material possessions in competitions over collective identities and their political recognition. The papers in this workshop serve to witness of the multitude of critically important issues that need to be addressed in this regard. But to what extent does our research into heritage making follow conceptually its politicized object? Does our methodology in the study of "traditionality" and the replication of cultural practices confine itself to concepts and cognitive models that lend culture to claims of ownership? Do we explain cultural transmission with metaphors of property ? 3 165 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 166 3-3.8 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 3 Culture, copie et propriété Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Culture, Copy and Ownership The Emergence of International Law surrounding Cultural Heritage, L'émergence d'une réglementation internationale en matière de patrimoine culturel, Valdimar HAFSTEIN, University of California (USA) 3 Strange though it may seem, some of the most important work in progress on folklore and traditional culture is being done not by ethnologists or folklorists, but by lawyers and national delegates in the international organizations of the United Nations system. A special section devoted to "intangible cultural heritage" was established within UNESCO in the last decade as a complement to the organization’s work on the protection of tangible cultural heritage. Another special body within WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) is studying ways to adjust the intellectual property rights system so as to extend protection to folklore and traditional knowledge. Concrete steps have already been taken, e.g. the development of an intellectual property toolkit for "traditional knowledge holders" which is likely to have considerable effect on the conditions of access of scholars to cultural materials. European ethnologists and folklorists have for the most part been remarkably indifferent to these developments, which concern the very objects of their study and the people with whom they collaborate. The work undertaken by WIPO and UNESCO raises many questions which ethnologists and folklorists are uniquely equipped to grapple with. This roundtable is designed as a forum where SIEF members can gain greater insight into the work in progress at UNESCO and WIPO, while contributing their own insights and sharing their concerns directly with the officials in charge of these matters at these UN organizations., will present the work of their respective organizations in the field of intangible cultural heritage and traditional culture and seek input from researchers in our fields". 166 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 167 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? LES CENTRES ANCIENS, PATRIMOINES COMMUNS ? ANCIENTS SITES, COMMON HERITAGE ? 3-4 intro Thème 3 Abdelmajid ARRIF, MMSH- IREMAM, Aix-en-Provence (France) Cet atelier vise à rompre avec certaines évidences et invite à interroger le patrimoine, urbain et architectural en Méditerranée, non pas en soi, comme s’il s’agissait d’une valeur immanente, mais en tant qu’objet de construction sociale et symbolique pris dans des processus et des enjeux de patrimonialisation qui engagent diverses modalités d’intervention, logiques d’action, différents acteurs, usages et systèmes de référence. C’est cette pluralité instable et polémique des usages et des représentations du patrimonial qui sera privilégiée ici. La réponse à ces questionnements, ouverts, prendra appui sur différents vecteurs de conflits d’usage et d’appropriation/expropriation tels indiqués ci-dessous à titre d’exemple : - le tourisme - la muséification des territoires urbains (centres historiques…) - la gentification négatrice de la mixité sociale exprimée parfois en termes de reconquêtes du centre historique ; ses effets d’exclusion, de délégitimation et de stigmatisation - les enjeux d’autochtonie, de citadinité… - les enjeux de mémoire : exemples de la mémoire coloniale, “migratoire”… - les “patrimoines métisses” : lieux religieux, pèlerinages, villes coloniales… - les enjeux d’identité nationale, régionale, diasporique… This work-group aims at dealing with widespread theories. It encourages the examination of urban and architectural Mediterranean heritage, not in itself, as an inherent value, but as an object of social and symbolic construction, involved into processes and issues of evolution, into heritage which require various modes of intervention and dynamics of action, different actors, ways and systems of reference. We will focus precisely on this unstable and controversial multiplicity of uses and representations of heritage. Answers to these wide open interrogatory will lean on various spheres of conflicts over use and appropriation/expropriation as indicated by the examples listed below: - Tourism - The conversion of public areas into museums (historical places…) - The development of separate communities as a negation of social blending, sometimes expressed by reaffirming the use of the historical site; its effects of exclusion, delegitimization, and stigmatization - Issues concerning indigenous and minority rights - Issues of memory (colonial memory, “migrant” memor) - “Hybrid heritage”( religious places, places of pilgrimage, colonial towns) - Issues of national, regional, diasporic identities (related to nations, regions, diasporas …) 167 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 168 3-4.1 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? Patrimoine problématique ou la difficile construction symbolique de Jerez de la Frontera, Miranda JESUS, Centre de Recherches et d’Études Anthropologiques, Lyon (France) 3 La ville de Jerez de la Frontera est associée aux vins, pourtant depuis quelques années, les “bodegas” désaffectées – autrefois en périphérie, aujourd’hui en centre-ville – posent problème. Les qualités architectoniques, ajoutées à une pression foncière importante, rendent ce patrimoine industriel on ne peut plus problématique. Les pouvoirs publics, principaux acteurs de la construction symbolique de la cité jouent un rôle central dans l’articulation de différents intérêts contradictoires. Ville andalouse, Jerez de la Frontera possède un caractère social marqué par la polarisation, l’asymétrie et l’inégalité ; c’est-àdire une société avec deux grandes différenciations sociales qui se traduisent par des relations de domination et de soumission presque traditionnellement. Pourtant le caractère ouvrier et syndical local, dans la construction de l’image moderne de la cité, est complètement passé sous silence. À travers le devenir du patrimoine industriel, se joue un affrontement autour de la mémoire entre les autorités municipales et la société civile. THE PROBLEMATIC HERITAGE, OR DIFFICULTIES IN THE SYMBOLIC CONSTRUCTION OF - The city of Jerez de la Frontera is associated with the culture of regional species of white wine (“sherry”) , yet in the last several years,but disaffected “bodegas” – once located in the periphery, now in the city center- pose a problem. Architectonic features, together with a significant pressure for land, make this industrial heritage all the more problematic. Public authorities, the principal actors in the symbolic construction of the city, play a central role in the articulation of contradictory interests. The Andalusian city features a social context marked by polarization, asymmetry and inequality; that is, a society with two large social classes organized into somewhat traditional relations of dominance and submission. Yet in the public construction of the modern image of the city, its working-class and local trade union are completely overlooked. Through the creation of places and monuments of industrial heritage, a confrontation over memory is getting played out between City Hall and the civil society. JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA 168 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 169 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? 3-4.2 Thème 3 Urban alteration and memory : Citizen involvement with regards to making heritage in Ciutat de Mallorca, Mutation urbaine et mémoire : l'engagement citadin au regard du patrimoine dans la ville de Mallorca, Marc Andreu MORELL I TIPPER, & Jaume FRANQUESA I BARTOLOMÉ, Universitat des Illes Balears, Ciutat de Mallorca (Espagne) Production processes valuing urban space for tourism are based on heritage referents. The whole Historic Centre is regarded as a heritage core or circuit (its layout, cracked perspectives, its life…). Urban actions embellish the landscape and attach significance to spaces; they produce social and cultural settings, as well as strong impacts on the population, which does not always take part in the decision-making process. The policy of memory defines the landmarks to be remembered, not always taking into account the memory of those living there, making heritage through urban alterations: a policy of places linked to exclusion and gentrification processes. Meanwhile, programmed spaces are typified by a defined image from above and to a great extent guided by market interests. This often glossy image contrasts with the fact that the new spaces and its heterogeneous mobilities become sources of conflict and renegotiation. 169 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 170 3-4.3 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? Lien et séparation ethnique en Transylvanie. Les usages du patrimoine à Cluj-Napoca, Bianca BOTEA, Université Lumière, Lyon (France) 3 Mon intervention propose une analyse des utilisations du patrimoine et de ces enjeux dans la ville de Cluj-Napoca, capitale historique de la Transylvanie (Roumanie). La Transylvanie est une région multiethnique et multiconfessionnelle, mais également une région qui fît l’objet de nombreuses controverses tout au long de l’histoire entre les populations hongroises et roumaines. Rappelons qu’en 1918 la Transylvanie est passée du Royaume Hongrois à la Roumanie, ce qui a laissé une forte minorité hongroise au sein du territoire roumain (à Cluj-Napoca la minorité hongroise représente aujourd’hui 16,8 % de la population de la ville). Le centre ville de Cluj-Napoca est une excellente illustration des compétitions entre les deux élites, hongroise et roumaine, pour l’occupation symbolique de l’espace. Certains bâtiments, statues, les noms des rues, les objets de musées, apparaissent comme le patrimoine exclusif de chacune des deux communautés. Cette confrontation des mémoires collectives et cette négociation de l’autochtonie à l’échelle de la ville touchent plus largement la Transylvanie, considérée comme territoire-patrimoine pour chacune des deux parties. Mais le patrimoine n’est pas seulement celui qui sépare, il est aussi celui qui rassemble. Sous l’influence des nouvelles actions civiques et des nouveaux enjeux régionaux et européens, une autre compétition a lieu, entre une Transylvanieespace des fragmentations identitaires, des séparations ethniques, et une autre, encore timide, de la mise en commun et du lien qui unit les différences. ETHNIC TIES AND SEPARATION IN TRANSYLVANIA: THE USES OF HERITAGE IN CLUJNAPOCA - My paper aims to analyze the uses and stakes of heritage in the city of Cluj-Napoca, historical capital of Transylvania (Romania). Transylvania is a multiethnic and multireligious region, but it is also a region which was the object of several disputes between the Hungarian and Romanian populations throughout history. It must be recalled that in 1918, Transylvania passed from the Hungarian Kingdom to Romania, and this left behind a substantial Hungarian minority within Romanian territory (in Cluj-Napoca, the Hungarian minority today makes up 16.8% of the city’s population). Cluj-Napoca’s city center is an excellent illustration of competitions between the two elites, Hungarian and Romanian, for the symbolic occupation of space. Certain buildings, statues, street names and museum objects appear as the exclusive heritage of each of the two communities. The confrontation of collective memories and the negotiation of autochthony at the local level concerns Transylvania as a whole, considered as heritage-territory for both parties. But heritage is not only what separates; it is also what unites. Under the influence of new civic actions and new regional and European stakes, another competition is taking place between one Transylvania – a space of fragmentary identities of ethnic separations- and another one, still tentative, of sharing and ties which unite differences. 170 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 171 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? 3-4.4 Thème 3 Les nouvelles routes sahariennes en Mauritanie post-colonial: la valorisation touristique et idéologique de Ouadane, Francisco FREIRE, Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical/Centro de Estudos Africanos e Asiáticos, Lisbonne (Portugal) La Mauritanie est après l’indépendance officiellement définie comme “trait d’union” entre le monde “noir” et le monde “arabe”. Dans cette communication on veut questionner le poids de ces chemins, en prenant comme exemple la ville de Ouadane. Située au Nord, Ouadane, qui était un important entrepôt caravanier, liant le Sud et la Méditerranée, est aujourd’hui valorisé touristiquement. Son importance est reconnue par l’UNESCO et les touristes européens. On fait aussi officiellement la publicité de la région comme élément identitaire privilégié - le “berceau de la nation”. Les relations culturelles entre la Mauritanie et le Portugal (deux pays méditerranéens périphériques) se mobilisent aujourd’hui essentiellement sur Oudane, avec la récupération du centre historique de la ville (500 années après l’effective présence portugaise). On exposera les caractéristiques de la valorisation du Nord de Mauritanie en contexte post-colonial, visibles dans les nouvelles formes de coopération, et en même temps analyser la possibilité d’une relocalisation du pays dans un espace méditerranéen. NEW SAHARAN ROUTES IN POST-COLONIAL MAURITANIA: THE TOURISTIC AND IDEOLOGICAL VALORISATION OF OUADANE - Independent Mauritania is officially defined as a “crossroads of civilization” between the “African” and “Arab” worlds. In this presentation, we will question the value of these paths, taking the village of Ouadane as a case study. This northern village - in the past a fundamental caravan centre, connecting the South with the Mediterranean -, is today promoted as a touristic destination, with its importance recognised by UNESCO and by the many visitors flocking there from Europe. This region is also officially described as a fundamental element of identity – the “cradle of the nation”. Cultural relations between Mauritania and Portugal (two peripheral Mediterranean nations) are today mostly memorized utilizing Ouadane, with the restoration of the ancient city center (500 years after the actual Portuguese presence). We want to expose valorisation of the north of Mauritania in a post-colonial context, focusing on newly adopted forms of cooperation, at the same time we seek to analyse the chances of the country’s relocation in a Mediterranean territory. 171 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 172 3-4.5 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? Rencontres et conflits entre monde musulman et monde européen autour des funduks, Muriel DUTRAIT, Université de Toulouse le Mirail – UFR d’Histoire, Arts et Archéologie. FRAMESPA, Toulouse (France) 3 La présence d’un funduk dans une ville constitue le rare témoignage urbain de la présence des Européens en terre d’Islam au Moyen Age. A Tunis, à Damas, à Alexandrie, en Cilicie, les Catalans, les Vénitiens, les Génois, les Pisans bénéficiaient de quartiers réservés construits sur un même modèle d’origine orientale. Or, la transformation évidente du tissu urbain de ces cités au cours du temps, ne permet pas d’avoir aujourd’hui une vision et une compréhension immédiates de ces lieux, et semble poser de nombreux obstacles à la recherche archéologique. Le recours aux archives est alors nécessaire : la confrontation des sources européennes et arabes peut d’ailleurs être éclairante sur les statuts politiques et juridiques de ces quartiers. Mais l’enquête doit aller plus loin et revenir sur les approches historiographiques. Car les enjeux de mémoire sont ici divers et sensibles, et les interprétations parfois contradictoires. L’étude de la présence de ces étrangers chrétiens dans les villes musulmanes pose les questions de l’identité, de l’assimilation, de la rencontre, de l’hospitalité, mais aussi celles de la colonisation, du conflit, de l’exclusion. Enfin, ces funduks peuvent-ils représenter un patrimoine architectural commun et partagé entre monde européen et monde musulman au sein de la Méditerranée ? ENCOUNTERS AND CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE MUSLIM AND EUROPEAN WORLDS : THE CASE OF FUNDUKS - The presence of a funduk in a city constitutes rare urban evidence of the presence of Europeans in Islamic territories during the Middle Ages. In Tunis, Damascus, Alexandria, and Cilicia, the Catalans, Venetians, Genoese and Pisans benefitted from reserved quarters constructed on the same Oriental model. The striking transformation of the urban fabric of these cities over the course of time does not allow us today to have an immediate vision and understanding of these places, it also tends to place numerous obstacles in the way of archaeological research. Recourse to archival work is thus necessary: the comparison of European and Arab sources can, moreover, shed light on the political and juridical status of these quarters. But the investigation must go still further on and re-examine historiographic approaches: here, the stakes of memory are diverse and sensitive, and interpretations are sometimes contradictory. The study of the presence of Christian foreigners in Muslim cities poses questions of identity, assimilation, encounter and hospitality, but also of colonization, conflict and exclusion. Can these funduks, then, represent a common architectural heritage, shared by both, Europeans and Muslims in the heart of the Mediterranean? 172 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 173 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 4 Les centres anciens patrimoines communs ? Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Ancients Sites, Common Heritage ? 3-4.6 Thème 3 Réinvention des lieux et interprétation du passé : patrimoine et manifestations artistiques dans la vieille ville de Plovdiv (Bulgarie), Krassimira KRASTANOVA, Institut de Folklore Plovdiv (Bulgarie) & Michel RAUTENBERG, Centre lillois d’études et de recherche sociologiques et économique, Faculté des sciences économiques et sociales, Villeneuve d’Ascq (France) A l’heure de l’intensification des échanges la question de la localité prend une pertinence nouvelle dans le débat anthropologique. Les villes développent des stratégies d’image des politiques touristiques qui ont des incidences sur les pratiques et les représentations que les citadins ont de leurs cités. Dans le cadre des politiques patrimoniales de la Bulgarie communiste “Staria Grad” -le vieux Plovdiv- a été érigé en secteur sauvegardé sur un mode proche de ce qu’on a connu en France. Il s’agissait de conserver ce qui avait fait la richesse de l’histoire de la Bulgarie, et Plovdiv avait été choisie comme l’exemple type de l’architecture urbaine de la “Renaissance bulgare” qui ouvrit la période de lutte contre les Ottomans. Derrière les décisions politiques, d’autres dynamiques ont été engagées qui ont fait de Plovdiv un haut lieu de la peinture nationale. Il s’agira dans cette communication de montrer comment les Plovdiviens envisagent les continuités et les évolutions de ces manifestations, cette singularité de la ville étant toujours revendiquée par les milieux culturels et artistiques, entre souvenirs d’une période culturellement florissante et marchandisation actuelle de la culture et de l’art. THE REINVENTION OF PLACES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE PAST : HERITAGE AND ARTISTIC EXHIBITS IN THE OLD CITY OF PLOVDIV (BULGARIA) - In a period of intensifying exchanges, the question of locality takes on a new relevance in anthropological debate. Cities develop image strategies in their tourist policies, which French politics of monumental space have consequences for the practices and representations that citizens carry their cities. In the framework of heritage policies of communist Bulgaria, “Staria Grad” – the old city of Plovdiv – was made into a protected sector in a manner similar to develop about. The approach was to preserve what made the richness of history in Bulgaria, and Plovdiv was chosen as a model example of urban architecture from the “Bulgarian Renaissance”, which began the period of struggle against the Ottomans. Behind these political decisions, other dynamics were set into motion which made Plovdiv one of the privileged places of national painting. In this presentation, we show how the Plovdivians envisage the continuities and evolutions of these exhibits; the uniqueness of the city is constantly being claimed by cultural and artistic milieus, between memories of a culturally fertile period and the current marketing of culture and art. 173 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-5 intro Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 174 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking BUILDING – DWELLING – THINKING : “ HERITAGE ” AS MEANS OF CULTIVATING OR FORTIFYING THE ETHNIC FRONTIER, CONSTRUIRE - HABITER - PENSER : LE PATRIMOINE COMME MOYEN DE CULTIVER ET RENFORCER LES FRONTIÈRES ETHNIQUES, Ullrich KOCKEL, Centre for European Studies, University of the West of England, Bristol (GB) 3 As global processes create increasingly diffuse ‘cultures’ and ‘identities’, heritage becomes an important political and economic issue. A Janus-headed concept facing towards the future at least as much as towards the past, heritage is used inclusively, to ‘cultivate’ places and spaces of togetherness, or exclusively, to ‘fortify’ one’s Own against the Other. It is a renewable resource with all the ecological opportunities and threats that entails. The workshop critically examines examples of built, lived and imagined heritages, different actors in the competition for heritage as a resource in polyethnic society, and theoretical approaches to the problematic. En tant que procédé qui créé des “cultures” et des “identités” de plus en plus diffuses, le patrimoine devient un important sujet politique et économique. Concept qui, comme Janus, fait au moins autant face au futur qu’au passé, la notion de patrimoine est utilisée pour inclure en “cultivant” les lieux et les espaces de rencontre ou pour exclure, en fortifiant le bien de l’Un contre l’Autre. Il s’agit d’une ressource renouvelable avec toutes les occasions écologiques et les menaces que cela entraîne. L’atelier examinera d’un point de vue critique des exemples de patrimoine construit, vécu et imaginé, les différents acteurs en compétition pour l’appropriation du patrimoine en tant que richesse dans une société pluriethnique ainsi que les approches théoriques de la question. 174 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 175 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking 3-5.1 Thème 3 15/04/04 Some characteristic features of the formation and interaction of ethnocultural groups in the cities of Ukraine in the second half of the XXth century (up till 1991), Quelques aspects de la formation et de l'interaction des groupes ethno-culturels dans les villes ukrainiennes dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle (jusqu'en 1991) Oleksandra MATYUKHINA, Department of Philosophy, National University “Lvivska Polytechnica”, Kiev (Ukraine) Every city has a unique culture that has been created by its natives and bearers. But after World War II changes have taken place in the composition of the population of the central and east European cities. An overwhelming majority of the natives perished during the war being deported or banished from the cities. It was replaced by newcomers from the nearby towns and villages. The following ethnocultural groups were formed in big cities of Ukraine in the second half of the XXth century: a) natives living in the city since the beginning of the XXth century or even earlier; b) newcomers from the nearby towns and villages; c) newcomers from other regions of Ukraine and different republics of the former USSR. Constant communication among the representatives of different groups, the influence of urbanization factors led to the intermingling of different groups and forming a new urban culture. Similar integration processes were also characteristic, to different extent, of big cities of Byelorussia, Moldova and Russia. 175 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-5.2 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 176 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking L’autoportrait architectural d’un village Bulgare musulman, Bojidar ALEXIEV, Académie des Sciences Bulgare 3 Je me propose d’analyser le cas du village de Tchepintsi, district de Smolyan, dont les habitants (Bulgares musulmans) ont décidé après la chute du régime communiste en Bulgarie d’entreprendre la construction d’une nouvelle mosquée. La tentative a mené le village et ses leaders à la nécessité de répondre à des questions importantes. Préserver ou détruire l’ancienne mosquée ? Ce qui voulait dire : conserver le patrimoine ou opter pour la modernisation ? Les paysans de Tchepintsi ont tenté de ne pas opposer la modernité au passé, reniant ainsi la façon d’agir du régime totalitariste et athée à l’égard des signes de l’islam dans les Rhodopes. On a dû aussi chercher les formes architecturales qui exprimeraient l’adhésion à la civilisation islamique et à la fois désigneraient l’originalité des Bulgares musulmans à l’égard des Turcs, sans manquer d’augmenter le prestige du village par rapport aux localités voisines. Les habitants de Tchepintsi et leurs leaders ont réussi à visualiser les principes constituant l’originalité de la minorité religieuse tout entière, ainsi que leur projet d’avenir : rester fidèles à ce qu’ils considèrent comme leurs propres traditions tout en repoussant l’idée que "musulman" signifie "arriéré". THE ARCHITECTURAL SELF-PORTRAIT OF A MUSLIM BULGARIAN VILLAGE - In this presentation, I analyse the case of the village of Tchepintsi, in the district of Smolyan, whose inhabitants (Muslim Bulgarians) decided to build a new mosque after the fall of the communist regime in Bulgaria. This endeavor obliged the village and its leaders to answer some important questions: should the old mosque be preserved or destroyed? Or, to put it differently, should one preserve heritage or opt for modernization? The peasants of Tchepintsi sought to avoid opposing modernity with the past, thus denying the totalitarian regime’s atheist stance towards traces of Islam in the Rhodopes. It was also necessary to look for architectural forms which would express aderence to Islamic civilization and at the same time indicate the originality of the Muslim Bulgarians in comparison with the Turks. But another ain was to increase the village’s prestige with respect to neighboring towns. The inhabitants of Tchepintsi and their leaders have managed to visualize the principles which make up the originality of that religious minority, as well as their project for the future, which is to remain faithful to what they consider their own traditions while completely rejecting the idea that “Muslim” means “backwards”. 176 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 177 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking 3-5.3 Thème 3 15/04/04 The interior of the Tatar dwelling – cultural heritage and space of polyethnicity, L'intérieur d'une demeure Tatare - patrimoine culturel et espace de polyethnicité, Suleymanova DILYARA, Kazen State University (Russie) The interior of the dwelling as the closest culturally constructed space to a human reflects many aspects of development of a culture and its history, preserving the most valuable and essential elements of cultural heritage. The interior of traditional dwelling of Volga-Ural Tatars (19 - beginning of the 20th century) maintained and reproduced in its structure the traditional Turkic ideas about the structure and order of the world. The peculiarities of the Volga-Ural region – its polyethnicity - reflected on the dwelling interior: many elements of furniture are belonging to a Slavic and Finno-Ugric tradition while division of inner space and decorative organization reflects Turkic traditional outlook. It’s also a model of the diachronic coexistence of ancient Turkic-Muslim traditions and modern European innovations. 177 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-5.4 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 178 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking The utilisation of cultural heritage(s): conflicting identity policies and strategies in a polyethnic suburban village, L'utilisation des patrimoines culturels: politiques identitaires conflictuelles et stratégies dans une banlieue pluriethnique, Judit GULYÁS, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest (Hongrie) 3 Piliscsaba is a village in the vicinity of the capital, Budapest (Hungary). Since the 18th century, three ethnic and national minorities can be found in the village: Germans, Slovaks and Roma. The ethnic differences have been manifested in the spheres of (folk) culture, economy, lifestyle and the use of space. Since the 1930s the village has also become a popular holiday destination for well-off middle class people. In the 1990s many upper class residents of the capital moved to settle in the formerly scarcely populated villages in the vicinity of Budapest. This sub-urbanisation in the case of Piliscsaba resulted in various conflicts. The new-comers have begun to dominate cultural and other public institutions, and have tried to establish, invent and import such (primarily cultural) products, “traditions” and institutions that are not derived from the traditional multi-national culture of the village. Meanwhile, all three nationalities have made different attempts to re-shape, revive and re-interpret their traditional culture as well as national and local identity. The presentation reveals the complex relationship and strategies of the various parties in the utilisation and re-interpretation of cultural heritage as a means of identity-construction and of determining local public life and community. The survey is based upon document analysis, interviews and observant participation. 178 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 179 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking 3-5.5 Thème 3 15/04/04 The role of cultural and mental heritage in political power relations and in the accumulation of economic capital, Le rôle du patrimoine culturel et mental dans les relations politiques de pouvoir et dans l'accumulation de capital economique, Gyöngyi SCHWARCZ, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (Hongrie) The paper investigates the changing attitudes of the German population to political power relations in a Hungarian village after the second World War. It makes an attempt at revealing what role the preserved mental and cultural heritage and traditions have played in individual and community achievements. In the settlement concerned the majority of local population had been made up of Germans for centuries. Following the second World War, the German population in the village lost its former political and economic chief roles, and these positions were grasped by a few local Hungarian families. At this time Hungarian new-comers settled down in the village. However, in the late Socialist period (1970s and 1980s), the Germans gradually began to take over the key positions of the village management. After the turn of the regime, the majority of the members of the local council elected in a democratic manner belongs to the German national minority. The turn of regime brought about quite serious economic hardships. The settlement has managed to cope with those problems, and in this process the capital flowing into the village from Germany played a considerable role. Besides, this procedure also contributed to the assignment of new roles to the preservation of custom, language and identity. The preservation of mental heritage previously occurred only at family and school level, but in the last decade owing to political and economic change it has become conscious and more community-based. It has been utilised as a source in the accumulation of economic capital by the local German villagers and by the local council as well. 179 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-5.6 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 180 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking Transit experiences: with and without tradition, Expériences de migrants : avec et sans tradition, Elka TSCHERNOKOSHEWA, Sorbisches Institut Bautzen (Allemagne) What do people take with them when they move from one place to another? What function has tradition and what place does it take in our lives? Which parts of it are people’s own decisions and which are expectations and forces from the outside world? The paper discusses these questions and studies different transit experiences: - Horno: resettlement of a village population (Lusatia) - immigration experiences in Germany - socialist tradition after reunification (transformation experiences in Eastern Germay) 3 180 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 181 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking 3-5.7 Thème 3 15/04/04 Frontiers as communicative spaces, Les frontières comme espaces de communication, Máiréad NIC CRAITH, University of Ulster, (GB) Regional and minority cultures across international borders provide the focus for this contribution which evaluates the extent to which such groups engage in cross-border activities as a means of reviving, developing and enhancing their cultural and linguistic heritage. Beginning with an examination of the concept and status of cross-border and/or kin state languages, the paper reviews the extent of transfrontier co-operation between different cultural groups in Europe. It assesses the potential benefits of such initiatives on the ethnic frontier but also draws attention to reasons why some minorities may prefer to maintain the border as a symbol of separateness rather than one of unity. In conclusion the contribution calls for greater incentives for crossborder activities and the dissemination of information on good practice. 3 181 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 3-5.8 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 182 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking The British Empire and Commonwealth museum as a cultural artefact, Le musée de l'empire britannique et du Commonwealth, objet culturel, Penelope HARNETT, University of the West of England, Bristol (GB) & Elizabeth NEWMAN, University of the West of England Bristol (GB) The first part of the paper asks: Whose stories are told within the museum? Who are we and who is the other? How fluid are the boundaries between ourselves and the other? What does the imperial and commonwealth heritage look like? The second part of the paper looks at the interpretation of that heritage - firstly by trainee teachers: What sense do they make of it? How do they mediate this to young children from a range of ethnic backgrounds? Secondly, the voice of the children: Do they make links with the museum and their own identities? The session includes examples of trainee teachers’ and children’s work. 3 182 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 183 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking 3-5.9 Thème 3 15/04/04 Monarchy, Heritage and British Identities, Monarchie, patrimoine et identités britanniques, Anne ROWBOTTOM, Manchester Metropolitan University (GB) The nation has been described as an "imagined community" (Anderson 1983) and in the United Kingdom the official symbol of this imagining is the Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II. Through the historical continuity of the institution of monarchy the Queen provides the embodiment of national heritage and, in her heirs and successors, simultaneously projects the idea of continuation into the future. Rituals centering on the Queen and her family form a central component of the civil religion of the nation- state in which, as well as symbolising the unity of the component nations of the U.K., the style of monarchy provides a means of differentiating Britain from other European nations. The most obvious and well known displays of British national heritage and unity are seen in the lavish rituals of the Coronation, royal weddings, funerals and the recent Golden Jubilee. However, the most regularly performed royal rituals are visits to civic, commercial and charitable organisations throughout the country. In this paper I draw upon extensive participant observation and interviews with organisers and recipients of royal visits to the North of England, in particular to a town which has been affected by the decline of the cotton industry, and where immigration has produced a multicultural society. My discussion uses the concept of vernacular civil religion to demonstrate the way royal visits may construct a sense of national identity and unity while paradoxically being used in the promotion of competing identities and economic interests. 183 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-5.10 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 184 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking The Mother of Grace Club: continuity, transformation, and negotiation in the vernacular Catholicism of Portuguese and Italian-American women, “The mother of Grace Club”: continuité, transformation et négociation dans le catholicisme vernaculaire des portugaises et des italiennes d'Amérique, Leonard Norman PRIMIANO, Cabrini College, Radnor (USA). 3 In 2001, I was contacted by professional photographer, Dana Salvo, and asked whether I would be willing to collaborate with him on a project studying the activities of the members of the "Mother of Grace Club," an extraordinary social and religious alliance of Portuguese-American and Italian-American women, primarily the wives of fishermen, living today in historic Gloucester, Massachusetts, the oldest seaport in America. The Mother of Grace Club had its genesis as a support group for women anxious about the safety of their husbands and sons during World War II. With its transplanted European traditions of pageants, parades, feasts, and novenas, the Club members played a significant role in the civil, social, ethnic, and religious life of Gloucester as the organization evolved from a war-time activity to a robust cultural and religious outlet for these women. Fifty years later, the members still gather to eat, sing, socialize, and pray. Their prayers and hopes for blessings -- for their young family members; alcohol and drug problems; sickness; and for an abundance of fish -- remain an integral reason for this organization’s existence. This paper will chronicle and analyse the rich cultural traditions of these women, as well as the significant institutional, community, and individual negotiations found within their vibrant vernacular Catholic spirituality. 184 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 185 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 5 Construire - habiter - penser Building – Dwelling – Thinking 3-5.11 Thème 3 15/04/04 Parallels Between the Spain of Franco and the Yugoslavia of Tito, Parallèles entre l'Espagne de Franco et la Yougoslavie de Tito, Petra STEFANOVIC, University of Ljubljana, (Slovénie) In both cases there was an experience of a unique regime in the recent past: one of rightist and the other of leftist dictatorship. Nowadays these states, or the newly-formed states, are having difficulties accepting their history and acknowledging the consequences. It is hard to tide up the past and, at the same time, to fulfil the eager desire to catch up Europe and prove the capability to reach the standards of a successful democratic state. In my opinion, without a complete incorporation of the past into the present, the future, will be unstable. Slovenia and Spain are still struggling with the heritage of the past regimes. The topic of my research paper is to analyse how they confront their past through music, movies and literature. 3 185 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 3-6 intro Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 186 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage LIEUX DE CONFLITS, LIEUX DE PARTAGE : LES ESPACES ET LES CONSTRUCTIONS DU PATRIMOINE, PLACES OF CONFLICT, PLACES OF SHARING : SPACES AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF HERITAGE Valeria SINISCALCH., IDEMEC-MMSH, Aix-en-Provence (France) 3 La notion de patrimoine a eu des histoires différentes dans les divers pays de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée ; dans l’hétérogénéité de ce qu’aujourd’hui on considère comme “patrimoine”, on trouve les éléments bâtis, les espaces dits naturels, les sites, les ruines. Ils ne sont pas simplement “considérés” comme des objets patrimoniaux, ils sont construits et façonnés, puis protégés et gérés en tant que tels. Mais les objets du patrimoine (tant bâtis que naturels) ne sont pas des objets neutres : ils sont constamment manipulés et appropriés par les acteurs sociaux. Ils deviennent ainsi des enjeux sociaux, politiques, économiques, des lieux de conflits où l’on peut voir le croisement de regards et de logiques diverses, des différentes stratégies d’utilisation, des jeux de pouvoir. Quelles sont donc les batailles politiques, économiques ou symboliques, jouées autour des sites ou des éléments bâtis (des monuments aux petites chapelles, aux ruines) pour leur utilisation, reconversion, appropriation ou protection ? Quelles stratégies de manipulation sont réalisées par les différents acteurs sociaux sur les “lieux” patrimoniaux ? Sous quelle forme et selon quelles logiques les conflits autour des espaces patrimoniaux sont-ils exprimés ? Et comment les conflits ou les convergences d’intérêt, façonnent-ils les “objets” patrimoniaux mêmes ? Dans cet atelier nous voudrions essayer de répondre à ces questions, avec une attention portée à leur rapport avec le plan muséographique et à travers des exemples ethnographiques de différents pays de l’Europe et de deux côtés de la Méditerranée. The notion of heritage in various European and Mediterranean countries had different histories. Within the heterogeneous category of what is considered heritage today, there are buildings, “natural” spaces, sites and ruins. These are not simply “considered” heritage objects: they are constructed and shaped, protected and managed as such. But heritage objects (whether “natural” or built) are not neutral objects; rather, they are constantly the object of appropriation and manipulation by social actors. Thus they become stakes in social, political and economic arenas; they become places of conflict in which it is possible to observe the intersection of different types of perspective, logics and power games, as well as diverse strategies of utilization. What are, therefore, the political, economic or symbolic battles which get played out over sites or constructions (from monuments to small chapels to ruins) for their use, transformation, appropriation or protection? What kinds of strategies of manipulation are enacted by different social actors with regard to places of “heritage” ? How and according to what logics, do conflicts over heritage spaces get expressed? And how do conflicts or convergences of interest shape the heritage “objects” themselves? In our workshop we will attempt to answer these questions, with attention to their relation to museography and through consideration of ethnographic cases from various European and Mediterranean countries. 186 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 187 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.1 Thème 3 15/04/04 La Mecque des gréco-catholiques de Bucarest. Partages et conflits autour de la restitution de l’église “Sfîntul Vasile” (Bucarest, Roumanie), Filippo ZERILLI, Univesità di Perugia, (Italie) Cette communication s’intéresse aux enjeux juridiques, politiques et identitaires autour des conflits pour la restitution de l’église “Sfîntul VasilePolona” à Bucarest. Première église gréco-catholique érigée dans l’espace traditionnellement orthodoxe du “Vieux Royaume” de Roumanie, ce lieu de culte, aujourd’hui symboliquement représenté comme la “Mecque” de la communauté gréco-catholique de la capitale, se trouve actuellement en litige entre l’Eglise orthodoxe roumaine et l’Eglise gréco-catholique. A partir d’une enquête de terrain portant sur les différentes conceptualisations de la notion de propriété dans la période de “transition” en Roumanie, cette communication analysera plusieurs dimensions des conflits en cours en questionnant pratiques, stratégies et représentations de différents acteurs sociaux impliqués (les hiérarchies religieuses gréco-catholiques et orthodoxes, les associations laïques gréco-catholiques, les associations gouvernamentales qui soutiennent les actions judiciaires de restitution, les “croyants” eux-mêmes). On cherchera notamment à éclairer l’articulation des relations flexibles et complexes entre la rhétorique des droits de l’homme, l’appartenance religieuse et l’identité nationale. THE GREEK-CATHOLIC MECCA OF BUCHAREST: SHARING AND CONFLICT OVER THE RESTITUTION OF THE “SFÎNTUL VASILE” CHURCH (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA) - This paper deals with the legal, political and identity stakes surrounding the restitution of the “Sfîntul Vasile-Polona” church in Bucharest. The first Greek-Catholic church built in the traditionally Orthodox space of Romania’s “Old Kingdom”, this religious site is today symbolically represented as the “Mecca” of the Greek-Catholic community of the capital it is the object of dispute between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Greek-Catholic Church. Based on fieldwork on the different conceptualizations of the notion of property in Romania’s period of “transition”, this paper will analyze several dimensions of the on-going struggles by questioning the practices, strategies and representations of the different social actors involved. Special attention will be devoted to clarifying the articulation of the complex relations which exist among the rhetoric of human rights, religious identity and national identity. 187 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-6.2 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 188 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage The 1918 Finnish Civil War: Places lost, memoires regained, La guerre civile finnoise de 1918: lieux perdus, mémoires retrouvées Anne HEIMO, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu (Finlande) 3 After the 1918 Finnish Civil War the nation was in mourning and war memorials were built, but the official commemoration applied only to dead Whites, the victors of the war, whereas the families of the Reds were prevented from mourning and honouring the memory of their dead in public for decades. This was also the situation in Sammatti, a rural town of 1000 inhabitants, but which in proportion to the population had the third highest death toll of executioned Reds in Finland. The memorial for the Red victims was erected decades after the war in 1945. On the other hand the surrounding landscape is even today full of unofficial memorials and landmarks continuously reminding of the happenings of the war. In my paper I examine the dissonance heritage of the Civil War by examining the way official and unofficial memorials and other places related to the war are present in the landscape and are re-wakened in narratives. 188 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 189 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.3 Thème 3 15/04/04 Dialogue over symbolic resources of heritage in East Adriatics between conflict and integration processes, Dialogue autour des ressources symboliques du patrimoine dans l'Est de l'Adriatique, entre conflit et processus d'intégration, Jadran KALE, Muzej grada Sibenika, Sibenik (Croatie) An overview based on original research will be given, concerning realms of significant cultural traits as percepted in lives of various East Adriatic communities. Some of them were objects of standard cultural-historic analysis, but other stems from recent and actual cultural processes in which ethnological science usually states no research interest. Under turbulent, conflictual and violent experiences of the 90’s we are forced to compare and dissect representations and images of prehistoric, historic and modern eras side by side, as viewed by those who recognize themselves as the cultural traits bearers, emphasizing and rearticulating its forms. Therefore we come to the terms of heritage, in its living perception. Nature of such symbolic clashes do change over decades and centuries. Its depth and extent was always tied with forces of cultural particularization or integration. Simultaneous interplay of recognized particular identities and integrative aspirations during nineties and afterwards invites us to make parallels between previous and actual power schemes as recognized in organization of cultural knowledge. Tips of the icebergs of such structures and processes are often to be recognized as heritage spots, either objects or phenomenas, all under constant negotiation and redefinition. Political momentum of dividing and uniting identities now coincide with a ripe stage of heritage care, with refreshed old categories (of mundane and folk production) and added new ones (non-material monuments, dispersed monuments like non-dwelled zones and landscapes). Evidences from arhitecture, costume, language, music, cuisine and customs heritage and representations will suffice to illustrate these processes. 189 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-6.4 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 190 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage The Open Air Museum as a lieu de mémoire, Le musée de plein air comme lieu de mémoire, Adeiaan DE JONG, Openluchtmuseum, Arnhem (Pays-Bas) 3 In my paper I will treat the role of national open-air museums in the construction of heritage. Because open-air museums are a special place to relocate objects from different regions of the country, the objects and buildings transferred to the open-air museum get a new meaning: they become national heritage on a national piece of ground. There the public can appropriate them as objects of national identity and collective memory. In a certain way open-air museums took over the role of the presentations of vernacular architecture in landscape gardens in the 18th century and the ethnographic villages at universal exhibitions in the second half of the 19th century, which also expressed national identity. The ‘nationalisation’ of museum objects sometimes becomes a hot item. In times of conflicts between two states open-air museums in both states sometimes try to ‘conquer’ the same buildings from disputed regions to present them as part of their national heritage. This was for instance in the region of Schleswig, which was disputed during the 19th and 20th century between Denmark and Germany. A special issue is how the national open-air museums make the plans for the layout of the museum park. Sometimes, like in the Netherlands Open-Air Museum, the buildings were arranged by province and a tour through the museum became a walk through the nation. ‘Museumisation’ was in this case a tool for the nationalisation of the various building styles and ways of life. Another issue I will mention in my paper is the open-air museum as place for patriotic festivals where traditions from all over the country are revitalised and displayed together to celebrate national unity. This often leads to conflicts between those who want to make national propaganda and those who consider open-air museums more as a place for preservation of relics and for study. I will end with the question of ‘Europeanising’ of open-air museums, comparing this tendency with ‘nationalisation’ in earlier times. 190 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 191 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.5 Thème 3 15/04/04 Use of cultural heritage in post communist and preeuropean union Romania. Examples and perspectives, Usage du patrimoine culturel dans la Roumanie postcommuniste et pré-communautaire: exemples et perspectives, Lars Eric JONSSON, University of Lünd (Suède) This paper deals with open air museums and built cultural heritage in Romania with specific attention to the region of Maramures in the north of Romania. The questions of the paper concerns how cultural heritage in Romania is used and perhaps changed in order to adjust to the post communist conditions. How is cultural heritage used to understand the communist era? How is cultural heritage used and constructed to relate to western Europe? What parts of the Romanian past are possible to use? What parts are impossible? These questions are aimed at local, regional and national contexts, that is the (re)presentation of the region of Maramures and some of its villages as well as some of the open air museums in Romania. The paper focuses two main strategies in the construction of heritage. 1) Cultural heritage as a mean to understand local, regional and national contexts in a post communist society. 2) Cultural heritage as a mean to understand and relate to the European project. The paper is partly based on a minor fieldwork in Romania and the region of Maramures, including interviews with heritage officers at different levels and observations at open air museums and the countryside of Maramures. The paper is also based on studies of representations of Romanian cultural heritage on the Internet. 191 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-6.6 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 192 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage La Déesse Blanche et le Real Madrid : célébrations sportives et patrimoine urbain, Carmen ORTIZ GARCIA, Dpt. de Antropologia, CSIC, Madrid (Espagne) 3 Les relations que les clubs européens de football professionnel ont avec leurs villes est un des aspects plus fréquemment remarqué par les anthropologues dédié/es aux expressions identitaires et culturelles développées autour de ce sport. Dans ce travail on part d’une présentation des conditions d’emploi de l’espace urbain, pratiques et symboliques, par les supporters des grands clubs de football de la ville de Madrid et d’autres villes espagnoles. Bref, on porte une attention spéciale sur la question polémique de l’emploi particulier de quelques éléments patrimoniaux urbains (monuments, places, fontaines) dans les grandes concentrations à l’occasion des célébrations des victoires des clubs. L’analyse de ces “fêtes du football” portera sur les différents agents sociaux qui jouent un rôle spécial dans la définition des biens patrimoniaux et de ses possibles emplois sociaux, parfois avec des intérêts opposés. THE WHITE GODDESS AND REAL MADRID : SPORTS CELEBRATIONS AND URBAN HERITAGE - The relationships which are maintained by professional European football clubs with their cities of origin are most frequently remarked by anthropologists studying the cultural and identity expressions which have developed around this sport. This paper describes the practical and symbolic conditions of the utilization of urban space by the fans of the large football clubs of Madrid and other Spanish cities. Particular attention will be devoted to the often contested use of certain elements of urban heritage (monuments, squares, fountains) during the great gatherings which celebrate the clubs’ victories. The analysis of these “football parties” will focus on the different social agents who play a role in the definition of heritage properties and their possible, sometimes conflicting social uses. 192 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 193 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.7 Thème 3 15/04/04 The Albayzín and Sacromonte neighbourhoods in Granada, Les banlieues Albayzin et Sacromonte à Grenade, (titre provisoire) Javier ROSON LORENTE, University of Granada (Espagne) et Paz PENA GARCIA, University of Granada (Espagne) The Albayzín and Sacromonte neighbourhoods have, throughout the times, configured the identity of the city and people of Granada, Spain. On the one hand, the Albayzín neighbourhood, the historical Arab quarter of Granada, is nowadays principally inhabited by Muslim convert intellectuals and academics, as well as by a middle class population and a massive flow of tourists looking for an “orientalist” ambiente. On the other hand, the Sacromonte neighbourhood is considered the natural habitat of the gypsy community of Granada, inhabited by them continuously since 1462. Presently both neighbourhoods are trying to reconstruct and reinvent their historical past by re-appropriating the historical space and creating new strategies of utilising their cultural heritage for cultural tourism purposes. Through an ethnographic study – conducted in the context of a transnational project supported by the EU through its EuroMed programme - we intend to reflect the diverse ways of appropriation of heritage places forgotten by the administration and autochthonous population and explain how they are rescued by way of oral histories, wich are creating new frameworks of expression through life experiences 193 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-6.8 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 194 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage L’institution des parcs en Sardaigne : conflits et négociations, Franco LAI, Università di Sassari (Italie) 3 En Sardaigne, comme dans d’autres régions de l’Europe contemporaine, l’institution des parcs naturels présente des problèmes différents. Leur localisation dans des régions avec une population dispersée dans le territoire, avec des formes d’exploitation des ressources diverses et avec des intérêts économiques très puissants, produit souvent des conflits politiques entre les autorités centrales, les mouvements environnementaux et les communautés locales, qui ne partagent pas les mêmes visions et les mêmes usages de la nature. Quand on se trouve en présence de ce type de conflit, il faut négocier pour trouver une médiation entre la nécessité de sauvegarder l’environnement et les requêtes de la société locale. Je porterai donc mon attention sur les formes qu’assume la conflictualité autour des espaces naturels et sur le problème de la construction du consentement local en Sardaigne. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PARKS IN SARDINIA : CONFLICTS AND NEGOTIATIONS In Sardinia, as in other regions of contemporary Europe, the establishment of natural parks presents various problems. The parks’ location in regions with populations that are highly dispersed throughout the territory, practicity different forms of resource utilization and with very strong economic interests, often produces political conflicts among the central authorities, environmental movements and the local communities. All the protagonists mentioned have do not share the same visions and utilizations of nature. When this type of conflict takes place, it is necessary to carry out negotiations with tje aim to achieve a mediation between the necessity of safeguarding the environment and the requests of the local society. Thus, I will devote my attention to the forms of conflict over natural spaces and to the problem of the construction of local consent in Sardinia. 194 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 195 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.9 Thème 3 15/04/04 La “cabane du berger”, un objet patrimonialisé ? Regard anthropologique sur un corpus de films pastoraux, Anne-Elène DELAVIGNE, Laboratoire Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (France) et Frédérique ROY, EHESS, Paris (France) Dans le cadre d’une recherche collective liant réflexion sur l’image, l’anthropologie et le pastoralisme, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à la façon dont l’habitat temporaire des bergers salariés pendant l’estive, ce petit patrimoine rural bâti, est représentée dans un corpus de films sur l’élevage ovin transhumant en Méditerranée. La “cabane du berger” est de plus en plus présente dans les films de la dernière décennie. Cela est en lien avec l’intérêt social, politique, environnemental renouvelé pour les espaces “sauvages”. A l’heure de la patrimonialisation du “Paysage”, ces bâtiments, en tant que “petit patrimoine rural bâti” sont amenés à être de plus en plus sous le regard public, érigés en édifices dans des “maisons du berger” ou objets d’exposition, nouveau faire-valoir de l’activité pastorale. Dès lors que la cabane n’est plus inscrite dans la durée de l’estive mais dans la durée d’un paysage patrimonialisé se pose la question du statut de cette habitation. Nous nous intéresserons à la redéfinition des conditions d’occupation des cabanes que ces films permettent de mettre au jour, et aux enjeux liés à l’aménagement de ces lieux. Ces “améliorations” sont effectuées dans le cadre des changements que connaît actuellement la filière ovine, changements relatifs à des facteurs socioprofessionnels mais aussi à la multifonctionnalité nécessaire du métier de berger dans ces lieux protégés, notamment l’accueil touristique. Nous montrerons qu’il s’agit de redéfinir les pratiques et les savoir-faire pastoraux et de nouvelles conditions d’exercice de cette activité dont les incidences ne sont pas seulement techniques, mais engagent des dimensions plus fondamentales des relations de l’homme à l’animal dans les sociétés pastorales. THE “SHEPHERD’S CABIN “ AS A HERITAGE OBJECT?: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON A CORPUS OF PASTORAL FILMS - Within the framework of a working group investigation drawing together reflection on image, anthropology and pastoralism, we have chosen to deal with the way in which the temporary habitat of wage shepherds is represented in a corpus of films on transhumant sheep husbandry in the Mediterranean. The film production “shepherd’s cabin” is increasingly present in the film productions of the last decade; this development is connected to the renewed social, political and environmental interest in “wild” spaces. In an era where heritage is made out of “landscape”, Shepherds’ cabins – considered “minor, constructed rural heritage”-are increasingly brought into the public view, raised to the level of “shepherd houses” or objects of display in a new valuing of pastoral activity. Since the cabin is no longer inscribed in the temporality of transhumance and seasonal variation, but in the spatiality of a landscape which has become heritage, the question of their status is raised. We are interested here in a redefinition of the cabin’s status revealed by these films and in the political interests tied to the regulation of these places. We show that the redefinition of pastoral practices and know-how are involved here, as well as new conditions for exercising transhumance; the consequences are not only technical, but also engage fundamental dimensions of the relations between man and animal in pastoral societies 195 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-6.10 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 196 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage For and against fakelore in a National Parc, Pour et contre le "fakelore" dans un parc national, RISTO JARV, Departement of folklore and literature, Tartu (Estonie) 3 The paper has been triggered by a particular case in South Estonia where a chain of recreation farms has been set up within the territory of a national park. If the aim of the national park is to preserve the nature of the region as intact as possible, and also to preserve the human culture (folklore) within the bounds of possibility, the tourist enterprises represent a somewhat different politics. The visitors are ostensibly treated with “beliefs and folk customs of the Estonian people”, yet this is not traditional local heritage, but has mostly been invented by the owners of the recreation farms. That the combination of a preservation-focused national park and an innovative recreation farm is by no means free of problems was clearly demonstrated during a recent folkloristic fieldtrip of the folklore scholars and students of Tartu University. Just as the local population, the members of the expedition were soon divided into two camps: one of them considering the means chosen by the recreation farm justified, the other seeing them as counteracting the aim of the national park. The difference in opinion apparently represents a fairly common contemporary problem that is related to using folklore in tourism – the question whether folklore can be exploited in tourist industry only with as little intervention as possible, or whether it can be developed in a desired direction, which means that from the point of view of folkloristics it becomes fakelore. The presentation explores the material collected during the expedition and, on the basis of later visits, discusses the views and explanations of both ‘parties’ in more detail. 196 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 197 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.11 Thème 3 15/04/04 Art, politique et patrimoine en Sicile, Berardino PALUMBO, Università di Messina (Italie) A travers l’analyse de deux cas ethnographiques concernant la Sicile, mon intervention cherche à montrer comment les “objets du patrimoine” sont des opérateurs du conflit politique et social : ils sont des instruments par lesquels on peut produire des tensions et des conflits qui servent à “essentialiser” l’espace publique local. Je considérerai d’un côté un ensemble de communes de la Sicile sud-occidentale, récemment inscrites dans la Liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l’Unesco ; de l’autre, la zone de Castel di Tusa, entre Messine et Palerme, où, suite à des commandes privées, des oeuvres d’art contemporain ont été réalisées. Une lecture ethnographique de ces “objets performatifs” peut permettre de comprendre la forme particulière que le champ politique et intellectuel italien assume en Sicile ; et sur un plan plus général peut permettre de déconstruire la sédimentation de significations agglomérées autour et grâce aux “objets du patrimoine”. ART, POLITICS AND HERITAGE IN SICILY - Through the analysis of two ethnographic cases regarding Sicily, my paper will attempt to demonstrate how “heritage objects” are vehicles of political and social conflict: they are the instruments through which it is possible to produce tensions and conflicts which serve to “essentialize” the local public space. On the one hand, I will consider a group of municipalities in Southwestern Sicily which were recently registered on the Unesco World Heritage List; on the other hand, I examine the area of Castel di Tusa between Messina and Palermo, where works of contemporary art have been created on private commission. An ethnographic reading of these “performative objects” can help us to understand the particular form that the Italian political and intellectual field assumes in Sicily, and on a more general level, it can help us deconstruct the sedimentation of agglomerated meanings surrounding “heritage objects” and produced by them. 197 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-6.12 Thème 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 198 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage What’s on the List ? The construction of an “Intagible Heritage of Humanity”, Le prochain sur la liste ? la construction du “Patrimoine immatériel de l’humanité”, Anne MEYER-RATH, Konstanz University (Allemagne) 3 In 1999, UNESCO launched the programme “Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity”, recognising for the first time cultural practices, traditional knowledge and the performers themselves as integral parts of a ‘world heritage’. This programme can be understood as a new effort to institutionalise policies against cultural standardisation by the means of standard-setting instruments. In my paper, I would like to present the findings of my research on current heritage politics of supranational organisations such as UNESCO by showing how the idea of an ‘intangible world heritage’ was developed and established during the recent decade within UNESCO. With reference to the “cultural space of the Jemaa el Fna square in Marrakech”, a ‘Masterpiece’ selected in 2001, I will discuss how this concept of an ‘intangible heritage of humanity’ has been put into practice on the local level and how actors both in UNESCO and in Marrakech have found (indeed: novel and surprising) ways of dealing with the inevitably emerging paradox of fixing the intangible for the task of safeguarding it. 198 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 9:15 Page 199 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Atelier 6 Lieux de conflits, lieux de partage Places of Conflict, Places of Sharing : Spaces and Constructions of Heritage 3-6.13 Thème 3 15/04/04 Les “Patrimoines singuliers”, Noël BARBE, DRAC Franche-Comté, Besançon (France) En 2002, le musée d’archéologie du Jura lance un appel à chaque jurassien pour qu’il lui prête un objet qui, pour lui, est du patrimoine. Ainsi a été constituée l’exposition Patrimoines singuliers. Ce projet s’est accompagné d’une enquête ethnologique s’attachant à décrire et interroger des pratiques et des discours qui désignent certains objets comme patrimoniaux, mais aussi la façon dont l’équipe d’un musée réfléchit et agit dans le cadre d’un projet qui mobilise des façons de faire habituelles. Ce projet pose, par la “prise de parole” suscitée, deux questions essentielles pour les machineries patrimoniales : 1) Les modes d’élection d’un objet au rang d’objet patrimonial. Se dessinent là des conceptions différentes de l’histoire ou de la connaissance. 2) L’identité des agents et les espaces de cette élection, ainsi que la possible ressource que constitue le patrimoine pour penser “sa propre culture”. ON “SINGULAR HERITAGES” - In 2002, the archaeological museum of the Jura made an appeal to each Jurassian to loan an object which, for him or her, was a heritage object. Out of this campaign, the exhibit “Singular Heritages” was created. The project was accompanied by an ethnographic investigation which sought to describe and interrogate the practices and discourses which designate certain objects as heritage, and also the way in which the staff of a museum reflects and acts within the framework of a project which mobilizes habitual ways of doing. By the “speaking out“ provocation of, this project poses two essential questions for heritage mechanisms: 1) The means by which an object is raised to the rank of a heritage object. Here, different conceptions of history and knowledge are traced. 2) The identity of the agents and the spaces of this designation, as well as the possible resource that heritage constitutes for thinking “one’s own culture.” 199 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 3-7 intro 3 15/04/04 9:15 Page 200 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums MUSÉES EN MUTATION, CHANGING MUSEUMS, Dejan DIMITRIJEVIC, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis (France) It appears in Balkan societies, in transformation ever since the collapse of the Berlin wall and the socialist systems of government, that a different display of their past is being developed. This complex task of deconstruction and reconstruction in a context of social disintegration is guided by often contradictory motives: the claiming and asserting of national identities, and the desire to create a picture of oneself which incorporates the new dominant key values: tolerance and reconciliation. This political design of legitimisation is intended both for local populations and for Western powers who, by way of international and non governmental organisations, take part in the financing of these projects and support them, even sometimes inciting them. Studying the museums’ transformations gives a relevant insight into this reconstruction of the past, which allows us to insert society into present times and gives us future prospects. The attention focused on these ideological changes should also throw a light on the difficulties in narrative construction which the museum’s staff are faced with when they display a new presentation of recent and remote history. We wish to compare the Balkan experience with other similar examples of transformation or creation in Europe and the Mediterranean. Nous constatons dans les sociétés balkaniques, en mutation depuis la chute du mur de Berlin et des régimes socialistes, un travail d’élaboration d’une autre présentation de leur passé. Cette entreprise complexe de décomposition et de recomposition dans un contexte de désagrégation sociale est guidée par des motivations souvent contradictoires : revendication et affirmation d’identités nationales, et volonté de construire une image de soi qui intègre les nouvelles valeurs cles dominantes : la tolérance et la réconciliation. Cette volonté politique vise un double objectif de légitimation : vis-à-vis des populations locales et des puissances occidentales qui, par l’intermédiaire des institutions internationales et des ONG, participent au financement de ces projets et les encouragent, quand elles ne les suscitent pas. L’étude des transformations des musées offre une lecture pertinente de cette reconstruction du passé, qui permet de poser la société dans le présent et offre des perspectives. L’attention portée à ces changements idéologiques doit aussi mettre en lumière les difficultés de construction narrative que rencontrent les praticiens des musées qui doivent mettre en scène une nouvelle présentation de l’histoire proche et éloignée. Nous souhaitons comparer l’expérience balkanique avec d’autres exemples de transformation ou de création similaires en Europe et en Méditerranée. 200 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 201 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums 3-7.1 Thème 3 Le Mémorial de Kragujevac, Nenad DJORDJEVIC. Musée de Kragujevac (Serbie) Le mémorial des quelques trois milles otages fusillés par les forces occupantes allemandes le 21 octobre 1941 qui, à sa création en 1976, était conçu comme un lieu de glorification de la résistance communiste, se transforme, après les guerres des années 1990, en un lieu de promotion de la tolérance. THE MEMORIAL OF KRAGUJEVAC - Upon its creation in 1976, the memorial of some three thousand hostages shot by German occupying forces on October 21, 1941, was conceived as a place for the glorification of the communist resistance; after the wars of the 1990s, it was transformed into a place for the promotion of tolerance. 3 201 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 202 3-7.2 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums La mise en scène muséographique du conflit et de la réconciliation dans les musées d’histoire des guerres du XXe siècle en Europe du Nord-Ouest", Sophie WANICH, LAIOS, Paris (France) 3 Nous étudierons le thème du remaniement des musées d’histoire des guerres mondiales en Allemagne, en France et en Grande-Bretagne. Quatre musées européens constitueront le terrain de l’analyse : le mémorial pour la paix de Caen et l’historial de la grande guerre à Péronne en France, l’Imperial War Museum à Londres et le musée juif de Berlin en Allemagne. L’objectif est de montrer comment les musées organisent la réconciliation, nationale ou internationale en décrivant des conflits, de chercher à comprendre quelles conceptions politiques et théoriques du conflit et de la réconciliation émergent de telles représentations. On s’intéressera plus particulièrement à saisir comment l’après guerre est incluse dans les représentations qui sont données explicitement ou implicitement de la guerre. THE STAGING OF CONFLICT AND RECONCILIATION IN HISTORICAL MUSEUMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WARS IN NORTH-WEST EUROPE - In this paper, I study the reorganization of museums World Wars in Germany, France and Great Britain. My terrain of research is made up by four European museums : the peace memorial of Caen ; the historical museum of the Great War in Peronne, France; the Imperial War Museum in London; and the Jewish Museum of Berlin, Germany. My aim is to show how the museums describe national or international reconciliation. I want to understand the political and theoretical conceptions of conflict and reconciliation which emerge from these representations. Particular attention will be devoted to grasping how the post-war period is included in representations which are explicitly or implicitly about war. 202 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 203 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums 3-7.3 Thème 3 Muséographie et réconciliation, Octave DEBARY, L.A.H.I.C., Paris (France) L’émergence des musées s’inscrit souvent à la suite de moments de ruptures historiques. L’institution muséale apparaît comme un espace privilégié où s’expose ce qui semble échapper à l’histoire. Il s’agit, après coup, de repenser et de réconcilier ce qui s’est rompu. La mémoire est invoquée comme un devoir, voire une dette, devant le tribunal de l’histoire. Des musées de la guerre, de l’holocauste à ceux de la récession économique, chaque drame réclame un droit au souvenir, un droit au musée. Faut-il des musées pour ne pas répéter ces drames ou bien pour congédier des souvenirs qui hantent un présent dont le passé ne peut s’oublier ? L’apaisement d’une mémoire implique autant le souvenir que l’oubli. Le trajet de Primo Levi montre comment ce travail de mémoire peut se heurter à une impossible réconciliation. Revenant à Auschwitz en 1965, il dira que le camp de la mort transformé en musée rate ce qu’il prétend montrer : "Il y a un musée où sont exposés de pitoyables vestiges, des tonnes de cheveux humains, des centaines de milliers de lunettes, des peignes, des blaireaux, des poupées, des chaussures d’enfants, mais cela reste un musée, quelque chose de figé, de réordonné, d’artificiel. Le camp tout entier m’a fait l’effet d’un musée". Sous figure de raconter l’histoire, le musée la neutralise en refusant et excluant son propre sujet : le drame et la violence. Quel sens peut avoir une muséographie du drame ? Comment peut-elle penser et exposer l’inhumanité de l’histoire ? Nous tenterons d’examiner en quoi la mise en exposition de la contingence de l’histoire représente une forme possible de retour sur l’histoire : montrer comment les choses sont advenues tout en montrant qu’elles répondent à des choix. Dans cette perspective, la contingence historique (l’idée que les choses peuvent ne pas être) renvoie à une éthique de la responsabilité et de l’engagement qui se dresse en face de l’immoralité de la violence. MUSEOLOGY AND RECONCILIATION - The emergence of museums is often inscribed into moments of historical rupture. The museum institution appears to be a privileged space where what seems to escape history gets exposed, reconsidering and reconciling, after the fact, what has been broken. Memory is invoked as an obligation, even a debt, before the tribunal of history. From war museums and Holocaust museums to museums of economic recession, each drama claims a right to memory, a right to a museum. Are museums necessary in order not to repeat these dramas, or to dismiss memories which haunt a present whose past cannot be forgotten? The appeasement of a memory implies remembering as much as forgetting. Primo Levi’s journey shows how this work of memory can collide with an impossible reconciliation. Returning to Auschwitz in 1965, he said that the death camp transformed into a museum missed what it was supposed to show: “There is a museum where pitiful vestiges are displayed, tons of human hair, hundreds of thousands of glasses, combs, shaving brushes, dolls, children’s shoes, but this remains a museum, something fixed, reordered, artificial. The camp as a whole gave me the impression of a museum.” Under the guise of telling history, the museum neutralizes it by refusing and excluding its subject: drama and violence. What sense can a museology of drama have? How can it think of and display the inhumanity of history? I examine how putting history’s contingency on display represents a possible form of return to history: to show how things occurred while showing how they responded to choices. In this perspective, historical contingency (the idea that things do not have to be) refers to an ethic of responsibility and of commitment which directly opposes the immorality of violence. 203 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 204 3-7.4 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums Musées d’entreprise dans les anciennes républiques soviétiques, António Eduardo MENDONÇA, Centre d’études soviétiques et postsoviétiques, Lisbone (Portugal) 3 Virtuellement toutes les grandes entreprises de l’ancienne Union Soviétique (et aussi d’autres pays socialistes) avaient leurs propres musées, où l’histoire de l’entreprise était trempée dans des intentions idéologiques et didactiques, et “la gloire du travail” combinée avec l’endoctrinement du Parti. Plus d’une décennie après la chute de l’Union Soviétique, quel fut le destin de ces musées ? D’après leur histoire récente dans différents pays – de la Russie à l’Asie Centrale, de la Mer Noire aux pays Baltiques -, cette présentation essaie aussi de montrer comment les communautés et les mémoires sociales modelèrent leurs propres identités nationales modernes (ou même ethniques) avec de différentes approches à l’héritage culturel des temps soviétiques - de l’inertie à la nostalgie, de l’anathème à l’anomie… ENTERPRISE MUSEUMS IN THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS - Virtually all of the great enterprises of the former Soviet Union (and also of other socialist countries) had their own museums, where the history of the enterprise was forged by ideological and didactic intentions, and by “the glory of work” combined with Party indoctrination. More than a decade after the fall of the Soviet Union, what has been the destiny of these museums? Following their recent history in different countries – from Russia to Central Asia, from the Black Sea to the Baltic countries - , this presentation will show how the communities and social memories model their modern national (or even ethnic) identities with various approaches to cultural heritage from the Soviet period – from inertia to nostalgia, from anathema to anomie… 204 Entres autres / Among others 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 205 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums 3-7.5 Thème 3 The national museums of Athens. history, ideology and relationship to the body social, Les musées nationaux d'Athènes. Histoire, idéologie et rapport à la société, Irene TOUNDASSAKI , Panteion University, Athènes (Grèce) & Roxani KAFTANTZOGLOU, National Centre for Social Research Athènes (Grèce) The advent of the modern public museum is inextricably tied to the emergence of the national state. Museums in their present form are institutions created in the period from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries, for the purposes of celebrating and making visible to citizens the prevailing ideals embodied in the concept of national history, culture and identity Our project explores the historical narrative offered by three major museums in Athens, the National Archaeological Museum, the National Museum of Byzantine and Christian History and the National Museum of Folk Art. Focusing on the links of these museums to the 19th century canon of national history, we examine the contribution of these three institutions to the construction and reproduction of national cultural identity, and investigate the ways in which their representations of the past are understood and negotiated by the body social. We also consider the politics of national museums toward the variety of national and ethnic cultures that have historically coexisted on what is since the 19th century Greek national territory, and toward the actual presence of large numbers of immigrants from Balkan countries. We argue that the homogeneous national monolithic narrative that aims to reinforce Greece’s position in the Western world seems to remain the dominant museological paradigm. The common historical fate of the Balkan peoples, the ethnocultural interaction of different ethnic groups within the Byzantine and the Ottoman empires and the recent phenomenon of Balkan peoples’ immigration to Greece have not been addressed by museum politics. Thus, the emergence of an inclusive museological narrative that would encourage tolerance and understanding of ethnic and national cultural differences remains outside the scope of national museum politics. 205 Entres autres / Among others 3 0404149P1411A238 15/04/04 9:15 Page 206 3-7.6 Thème 3 Conflits d’usage, stratégies d’appropriation… Atelier 7 Musées en mutation Conflicting Use and Strategies of Appropriation of Heritage Changing Museums The contributions of museums and ethnologists to swedish welfare state ideology, Contributions des musées et des ethnologues à l'idéologie de l'état providence en Suéde Bo G. NILSSON 3 This paper examines the contributions of museums and ethnologists to the building and legitimising of the Swedish welfare state "folkhemmet" (the people’s home) during the 1930’s and 40’s. I will illuminate the interaction between ideological and political needs of legitimisation of a new type of state and state-led planning on the one hand and the transformations of ethnology and ethnological investigations run by the Nordiska Museet (the national museum for cultural history) in Stockholm on the other. Leading Swedish ethnologists took part in discussions concerning a new type of societal planning, in which ethnological knowledge of the past was made relevant to the planning and building of modern egalitarian communities. Workers’ life stories were collected and published, contributing to a grand narrative of an older class society, which was to be replaced by modern welfare institution. The period came to an end with the onset of the Cold War. 206 Entres autres / Among others