Outline

Outline
! Global Trade & Pest Introductions
! Tree Pests
! Defoliating Pests
! Piercing Sucking Pests
! Tip, wood and cambium borers
Joseph J. Doccola
Director of Research
Arborjet, Inc.
GLTE
January 07, 2008
! Arboricultural Strategies and Solutions
! Tools in the Tool Box
! IPM and Resources
! A Case Study
! Innovative Methods of Tree Treatment
! Chemistry and Efficacy Studies
Global Trade & Pest Introductions—the
Industrial Age
Global Trade & Pest Introductions—WW
II
Historical Event
Pest Introduction
Historical Event
! The Industrial Age (late
18th-early 19th C.)
! Gypsy Moth, Medford,
MA, 1869 (France)
! Dutch elm disease,
Cleveland, OH, 1930
(Asia)
! Chestnut blight, NYC,
1904 (China or Japan)
! Japanese Beetle, NJ
1916 (Japan)
! WW I (1914-1918) ,
Japan joins Allies
Pest Introduction
! WWII (1939-1945)
Japan joins Axis powers,
1941
! Elongate hemlock Scale
1942 (Japan)
Global Trade & Pest Introductions—post
WW II to Present
Global Trade & Pest
Introductions—What’s New
Historical Event
Historical Event
Pest Introduction
! Most recent history
! Erythrina Gall Wasp,
Manoa, Oahu, 2005
(Africa)
! Cold War with Soviet Union,
1945 - 1990
! People’s Republic of China
established 1949
! Reform of Chinese economy
to market based economy,
1978
! US and Russia sign a bilateral trade agreement, 1990
Pest Introduction
!
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Richmond,
VA, 1951 (Japan)
!
Asian Gypsy Moth, Washington,
Oregon 1991 (Eurasian)
!
Pine Shoot Beetle, Cleveland, OH 1992
(Europe)
!
Asian Longhorned Beetle, Brooklyn,
NYC, 1996 (China)
!
Redgum Lerp Psyllid, Los Angeles
County, CA, 1998 (Australia)
!
Emerald Ash Borer, Detroit, MI, 2002
(China)
!
Winter Moth, Cap Cod, MA, 2002
(Europe)
! Sirex Wood Wasp,
NYS, 2005 (Europe,
Asia, North Africa)
! Light Brown Apple
Moth, California 2007
(Australia)
A Crate Story
A Gypsy Caravan
Evergreen! Ha!
Not for long!
! Tip, wood and
cambium borers,
oddly enough ride
on the inside They’ll
Hey guys,
we there
yet?
never find
us in
here!!!
Yeah, we’re
sticking to
you like glue
Yeah , you
blend
Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
http://www.geoffering-ceramic.com/images/tiles_FCL_loaded_pallets.jpg
http://www.boatingsf.com/photos/031105/DSC_3833_edited-1.jpg
Out of Trouvelot’s Box?
Etienne Leopold Trouvelot was
born on Dec. 26, 1827 in Aisne,
France. In 1852, he settled in
Medford, Massachusetts, a Boston
suburb.
An amateur entomologist, his main
interest was in identifying native
silkworms that might be used for
silk production.
Gypsy Moth: a polyphagous defoliator
Scientific
name:
Lymantria dispar
Insect Order
Lepidoptera
Native to:
Europe/Asia
Date of U.S.
introduction:
Medford, MA 1869
Description of Defoliator
Damage
In the late 1860's he returned from
a trip to France with some gypsy
moth egg masses. He was
culturing them on trees in back of
his house when some of the larvae
escaped.
Trouvelot understood the potential
magnitude of this accident and
notified local entomologists but no
action was taken.
Impact:
feed on over 500 species of trees
and shrubs. Gypsy moth
(Lymantria dispar L.) poses a
serious threat to trees as its
caterpillars are one of the most
destructive defoliators of hard
and softwood trees
Multiple Introductions from 1869 to 2000
Introduction of HWA into Richmond, VA
1991
2000
1869
1997
1951
US and Russia sign a bi-lateral trade
agreement, 1990
http://www.mindfully.org/Water/2004/Oxygen-Starved-Zones1jan04.gif
http://www.mindfully.org/Water/2004/Oxygen-Starved-Zones1jan04.gif
Introduction of Pine Shoot Beetle, Cleveland OH
Scientific
name:
Adelges tsugae
Insect Order
Homoptera
Native to:
Asia
Date of U.S.
introduction:
1951 (east coast)
1992
Description of Piercing sucking—extracts CH2O
Damage
from xylem parenchyma
Impact:
feed on twigs of hemlock
significantly reducing growth;
unchecked, can kill trees in 4-5
years
http://www.mindfully.org/Water/2004/Oxygen-Starved-Zones1jan04.gif
Asiatic Borer Introductions, 1996 - 2002
2002
Scientific name
Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus)
Order/Family
Coleoptera: Curculionidae:
Scolytinae
Europe
Native to:
Date of U.S.
introduction:
Cleveland, OH 1992
Description of
Damage
attacks new shoots, stunts growth;
prefers Scotch pine but will feed on
most, if not all, species of pine
Impact:
Christmas-tree farms and pine-tree
nurseries in Michigan, Indiana,
Ohio, New York, Illinois, and
Pennsylvania
Asian Longhorned Beetle
Scientific
name
Anoplophora glabripennis
Order/Family
Coleoptera: Cerambycidae
Native to:
China, Japan, Korea
Date of U.S.
introduction:
Brooklyn, NY 1996
Description of
Damage
Wood borer; prefers maple
species (Acer spp.), including
boxelder, Norway, red, silver,
and sugar maples. Other known
hosts are alders, birches, elms,
horsechestnut, poplars, and
willows.
1996
China to market based economy, 1978
!
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/inhsreports/novdec98/psbeet.gif
http://www.mindfully.org/Water/2004/Oxygen-Starved-Zones1jan04.gif
Emerald Ash
Borer
http://www.ojibway.ca/eab2.jpg
Scientific name
Agrilus planipennis
Order/Family
Coleoptera: Buprestidae
Native to:
China
Date of U.S.
introduction:
2002, Detroit MI
Description of
Damage
Cambium borer; attacks native
ash, including White, Black and
Green Ash
Newest Pest Introductions 2005 - 2007
2007
Light Brown Apple Moth—polyphagous
species
The moth has no
resting stage
Scientific name
Epiphyas postvittana
Order/Family
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
--2 generations in cool
climates,
Native to:
Australia
Date of U.S.
introduction:
Hawaii (late 1800’s)
California, 2007
-- 4 to 5 in warmer
climates
2005
5th instar larva
Description of Damage Feed on leaf, fruit, bud
Impact:
Attacks over 250 host
species including
fruit crops, ornamentals,
vegetables, glasshouse
crops, and occasionally
young pine seedlings
http://www.mindfully.org/Water/2004/Oxygen-Starved-Zones1jan04.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eposlarvae.jpg
Arboricultural Strategies and Solutions
New Tools in the Arborist Toolbox
Approaches to Management of Insect Pests of
Trees
! Inventory—what trees and pests do you need
to manage?
! Resources—MSU IPM on line for Woody
Landscape Plants
" http://www.ipm.msu.edu/woodylandscape.htm
! Management Strategies
" Plant selection
" Cultural practices
" Enhance plant health
" Encourage natural predators
" Targeted chemical applications
Taking a closer look at IPM
! Inventory Host Plants
" Species and Number
" Condition
Arboricultural Strategies
! Diversity, diversity, diversity…
" The devastation caused by exotic pests such as
" Value
! Pest(s)
" Occurrence in the area
" How destructive?
! Management
Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, and emerald
ash borer has taught us the importance of species
diversity in our landscape. Exotic pests can be
especially destructive because our native species
may not have evolved resistance mechanisms.
# Bert Cregg and Robert Schutzki
Michigan State University
Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry
" Cost/benefit
" Treatment Timing
USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
30 Recommended Trees for Michigan
Tree Species
Insect Pest
problems
Tree Species
American
Hornbeam
borers
Hedge Maple
American
Horphornbeam
borers
Honeylocust
Amur Corktree
Baldcypress
Basswood
Bur Oak
Chinkapin Oak
Dawn Redwood
Elm Hybrids
European
Hornbeam
Freeman Maple
Insect Pest
problems
Honeylocust plant bug,
spider mite, borer,
webworm
Japanese Pagodatree
Katsura Tree
Japanese beetles, mites,
aphids, borers, leaf
miners & scale
London Planetree
Case StudY: Current Street Tree
Planting List for a Michigan
Municipality
Trees recommended for use in
the right of way:
Prohibited tree species
include:
" Poplar
" Norway Maple
" Box Elder
" Red Maple
Soft Maple
" Catalpas
" Mulberry
" Cottonwood
" Marshall’s Seedless Ash
"
gypsy moth
Red Maple
Sawtooth Oak
Shantung Maple
Shingle Oak
Swamp Whiteoak
Leafhoppers
Sweetgum
Gingko
Hackberry
Hardy Rubber Tree
Trident Maple
Tulip Tree
Tupelo
Leaf hoppers, borers
orange-striped oakworm
borers
galls, scales, borers,
miners
"
Summit Ash
" Maidenhair Tree
"
Thornless Honey locust
" Bradford Pear Tree
scale
"
Northern Red Oak
This page last modified 03/14/07 .
aphids
Yellowwood
Insect Strategy/What to look out
for
Insect
Feeding behavior
Tree Species
attacked
Symptoms
Gypsy Moth
Leaf defoliator
Polyphagous—broad
host range 500
species of plants
(esp., White oak)
Leaf predation
Tree Inventory and Susceptibility
Defoliator
Pine Shoot
Beetle
Twig Borer
Pines (esp. Scotch
Pine)
Dieback of terminals
Asian
Longhorned
Beetle
Wood Borer
Prefers Maple, also
alders, birches, elms,
horsechestnut,
poplars, and willows
Frass, large round
exit holes, canopy
dieback
Emerald Ash
Borer
Cambium Borer
Ash (esp. Black and
Green)
D-shaped exit hole,
canopy dieback
Applying Insecticides—some
considerations
Method
Pros
Cons
Canopy
Spray
Fast and easy
Immediate activity upon contact
Requires large Equipment
Needs to be repeated
Risk of Drift
Incomplete coverage in tall trees
Applicator Exposure
Higher risk to beneficial insects
Soil
Fast & easy
Extended activity
Moves into canopy of very large trees
Trunk
Injection
Easy to apply
Reduced exposure to applicator,
environment and beneficial insects
More efficient use of chemistry
Immediate, season long to extended (multiyear) activity
Moves into canopy of very large trees
Requires time for root
absorption—delay in activity
Risk of leaching in soils
Potential risk to soil beneficial
insects
Requires drilling into sapwood
Uptake time may be variable
Oak
Maple
Linde
n
GM
GM
GM
Borer
ALB
Sucking
Insects
aphids
Ash
Honey
Locust
Webworm
EAB
aphids
Micro-InfusionTM devices
such as Arborjet’s Tree
I.V. are designed to deliver
high volume efficiently for
large tree applications
GM
PSB
Plant bug
Trunk Injection Applications
Trunk Injection takes
advantage of the trees
vascular system when
applications are placed
into the sapwood
The sapwood (xylem) is
differentiated tissue
designed to move water
and solutes usually from
roots to canopy
Examples of tree microinjectors are:
Arborjet’s QUIK-jet
JJ Mauget’s microinjection capsule
Bradford White
Pear,
Pine
Ginkgo
Relationship between Canopy
Volume and Stem Diameter
Arborjet Label Doses adjusted to
tree size
! Canopy Volume is a function
of (a) height, (b) width and (c)
depth
! The volume of the canopy Vc =
!ab x c, where c = radiusz
a
! The relationship of the stem
radius (rs ) to canopy volume is
logarithmic, not linear
c
b
! For example, if rs =0.5ft, Vc =
678.6ft3
!
rS
Comparing 0.4 g and 0.1-0.6 g
dose across tree size
0.4 g A.I./DBH”—drop in
residues
0.1-0.6 g A.I./dbh”—drop in
residues
Change in Residues: comparing
range and mean
Range (small and large)
DBH trees vary significantly
Mean does not vary
significantly
Boxplot of 10" tree, 60" tree
0.3
0.25
0.2
60
500
50
400
40
Data
0.06
300
30
0.04
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Boxplot of 30" tree, 40" tree
600
0.1
0.08
Data
0.4
0.35
200
0.02
Dilution (mg/L or ppm)
0
mg/L
Insect Activity and Treatment Timing
Treatments are most
effective when insects
are small (1st, 2nd instar)
Treat early or proactively
Know your chemistries
OP chemistries are
designed to kill and
degrade quickly
These are best applied
when insects are active
Newer chemistries such
as nicotinoid and
avermectins have good
residual activity when
trunk injected
This makes it possible to
treat prior to damage or
in anticipation of
infestation, such as EAB
or GM
Applications in the fall
(at leaf color) are
possible with the newer
chemistries
20
100
10
0
0
10" tree
60" tree
30" tree
40" tree
Trunk Injection Chemistries
Chemist Class
ry
Water
Solubility
Effective
against
Acephat
e (ACE)
Organophosphate
Very High
Broad
Spectrum
Imidaclo
prid
(IMA)
Nicotinoid
Intermediat Homoptera,
e
Coleoptera
Emamec Avermectin
tin
Derivative
Benzoat
e (EMB)
Virtually
Insoluble
Residu Design
al
ed for
Activity
Short
Actively
term
feeding
insects
Interme
diate
Lepidoptera, Long
Coleoptera
term
Best
for
Quick
knock
down
Sucking Tree
insects protecti
on
Defoliat
ors,
borers,
nemato
des
Tree
protecti
on
Defoliators: Signs and Symptoms
Reliable Indicators for Treatment
Tree Inventory/Selection of
chemistry
! Signs (egg masses) and
symptoms are obvious;
response to infestation can
occur when damage is early,
but:
" First instar larvae of winter
moth feed on the primordial
leaves within the dormant bud
! A unique treatment approach
is to apply chemistries in the
fall, prior to their feeding
activity that persist long
enough to effect control
http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/bild1/bild1270.jpg
Operophtera brumata
Control
Fall treatment:
Emamectin Benzoate
Efficacy and Persistence
Winter Moth No Choice Test
24H
!
!
Boxplot of DS EMB 2005, DS ACE-jet 2005, DS UTC 2005
Both TREE-äge (EMB) and
ACE-jet were effective 30
DAT against Winter Moth
Infestation
Defoliation Severity
3.0
2.5
2.0
! TREE-äge may be injected
either spring or fall whereas
ACE-jet may be applied as an
early spring treatment only
1.5
DS EMB 2005
DS ACE-jet 2005
Boxplot of EMB Treatment (2005), ACE-jet Treatment (2005) Trees, UTC
2.5
2.0
EMB Treatment (2005)
ACE-jet Treatment (2005) Trees
UTC
Hemlock: Mean %HWA mortality & New Hemlock Shoot
Growth
Total
HWA/cm
Shoot
growth
(cm)
2004
2005
IMA-jet
Control
IMA-jet
Control
IMA-jet
Control
91.4%a*
53.3%b
98.5%a
20.5%b
98.5%a
46.8%b
2.57a
6.03 a
3.46a
5.71a
0.59a
5.79a
24 HR
2. Treatment with new
3.0
1.0
% HWA
mortality
chemistry at 240 DAT (Fall
‘05)
DS UTC 2005
1.5
2003
++4
*1
1. Treatment with new
1.0
Defoliation Severity
! Only TREE-äge (EMB)
demonstrated persistence
against WM 365 and 730 DAT
10 WM larvae placed in
petri dish with foliage
forced from treatment
and control trees as
follows:
3.04b
4.78b
0.20a
6.26a
*100% larval
mortality
++no
larval
mortality
Treatment
Dates
Study
gm A.I./ Larvae/
m2
DBH””
DBH
F 2005
Larvae/m %
2
Dieback
F 2006
S 2005
%
dieback
S 2006
S 2005
Therapeutic
0.1
0.0a
0.0a
17.0
16.7
0.2
0.0a
0.0a
25.0
26.7
0.4
0.0a
0.0a
31.0
28.2
0.6
0.0a
0.0a
42.0
34.3
0.0
59.2b
X*
19.0
54.0
Controls
*controls removed fall ‘06
*values followed by a different letter are statistically significant
++3
Emamectin benzoate(TREE-äge):
Efficacy and Duration vs. EAB
4.91b
5.48b
*2
chemistry at 365 DAT
(Spring ‘05)
3. Treatment with ACE-jet at
365 DAT (S ‘05)
4. Controls (S ’06)
EAB Field Studies with EMB
(TREE-äge) in Troy, MI
control
control
treated
0.4g A.I./DBH”
A.I./DBH”
photos: 365 DAT
References
!
http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/morgantown/4557/gmoth/trouvelot/
!
http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/chestnut/
!
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/Ornamental/odin18/od18.htm
!
http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_ded/ht_ded.htm
!
http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/ehscale/ehscale.htm
!
http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/hemlock/hwa_05.pdf
!
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/alb/alb_pa.pdf
!
http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/wyoming/agriculture/resources/ipd/longhorn_beetle.htm
!
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN253
!
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7460.html
!
http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/psb/facts.txt
!
http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/aab/AABfactsheet.pdf
!
http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/defoliators/winter_moth.pdf
!
http://www.emeraldashborer.info/
!
http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/sirex_woodwasp/sirex_woodwasp.htm
!
http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/npa/npa05-03-EGW.pdf
!
http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/gallwasp.html
!
http://www.hrt.msu.edu/ash.alt/List.htm
!
http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/agm/AGM%20Pest%20Alert.pdf
!
http://www.cityofgrandville.com/Services/PublicWorks/StreetTrees.htm
!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_brown_apple_moth
!
http://www.ipm.msu.edu/woodylandscape.htm