The intellectual journey of a researcher Olga - Huygens ING

LEXICOGRAPHY, TERMINOLOGY, INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
The intellectual journey of a researcher
Olga Weijers
My life as a researcher was guided by my involvement in the Lexicon Latinitatis
Nederlandicae Medii Aevi, the dictionary of Medieval Latin from Dutch sources, which was
part of the international “Du Cange project” (named after Charles du Fresne, seigneur Du
Cange, a 17th-century scholar who wrote a Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis), a
project of the Union Académique Internationale aiming to replace this old dictionary by
modern ones. Immediately after secondary school (at the Gymnasium Haganum, The Hague),
in 1965, I started to assist my teacher of Latin, Dr J.W. Fuchs, with his work on the dictionary
and during my years at Leiden University, where I studied Classical Languages, I continued
to do so, at first during holidays, then for two days a week. On January 1, 1968, I was
officially appointed as his assistant and after the end of my studies, in 1972, I started to work
fulltime. Dr Fuchs had already collected an enormous number of cards, established by
colleagues to whom he had sent the medieval Latin texts that formed the sources of the
dictionary. Their mission was to note all words, expressions, grammatical forms and so on
which deviated from Classical Latin. The files were stored in ten or eleven large metal chests
of drawers.
While this work of ‘excerpting’ the texts written in the Low Countries (or by Dutch
authors living elsewhere) between ca. 800 and 1500 continued, we began to write the articles
of the dictionary, Dr Fuchs starting with the letter A and I with the letter M, in the somewhat
optimistic idea that he would join me some years later. Unfortunately, in the spring of 1974,
while I was in Paris following lectures at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes and finishing
my dissertation, Dr Fuchs suddenly died, at the age of 65. I had to take over the dictionary,
not only because I had promised him to finish it if something would happen to him, but also
because this kind of long term research would, even then, never be financed again. The
dictionary was in full stream, the first fascicules had appeared and the enterprise had to be
carried on.
I never personally met the president of the first Dutch “DuCange committee”, the well
known Professor Christine Mohrman, but its secretary, Professor Waszink, who had been my
teacher at the university, gave me all the help he could and provided me with an assistant.
After a few years, in 1978, I succeeded to persuade Marijke Gumbert to join me and together
we managed to publish two fascicles a year, until we finally reached the end of the alphabet in
2005.
The whole project was financed by the Dutch organisation for scientific research
(called at first ZWO, then NWO), and it was a genuine pleasure to be employed by them. I
was appointed for one year, with the possibility to get a prolongation if the yearly report (one
page) and publications were satisfactory. It was hardly a stable position, but the good thing of
a work in alphabetical order is that its progress is very measureable and can hardly be
interrupted. My relations with the responsible functionaries of NWO, first Ben Otker, than
Hans Smits, were excellent, and friendly enough to be reassured about my future. Moreover, I
enjoyed a considerable degree of freedom. Nobody objected to the fact that I returned
regularly to Paris to continue my studies and research. On the contrary, my ‘parallel’
publications, written mainly during weekends and evenings, were always welcomed. Marijke
Gumbert took charge each time I obtained a grant of some kind for a longer stay in Paris.
Starting out as a Classicist, I was thus almost automatically immerged in the Middle
Ages from the beginning of my academic career. My first publications (aside from my work
on the Dictionary) were text editions, but soon I became interested in the terminology of
intellectual life in the Middle Ages. In 1978 the Thomas Institute in Cologne organised a
colloquium on the theme “Soziale Ordnungen im Selbstverständnis des Mittelalters” and I
presented a paper on the terms used by the medieval intellectuals to talk about universities – a
new institution emerging around 1200 – and teaching at these institutions. The question was
whether they used newly coined words or rather new meanings for already existing terms,
how these words were compatible with the new situation and what exactly was their new
meaning. Later, I developed this first study in a publication entitled Terminologie des
universités au XIIIe siècle, which appeared in Rome in the series “Lessico Intellettuale
Europeo”, in 1987.
While working on this subject I noticed once and again how inaccurately modern
historians used medieval terms and how much value semantic research contributes to
intellectual history. Some historians even coined Latin terms from their own language, terms
that were in turn used by others as if they had an original meaning. I became convinced that
the study of technical vocabulary was an essential part of history. Moreover, since my interest
in the history of intellectual life, including (of course) the universities, gradually extended
beyond the terminology alone, I decided to extend my semantic research to a wider
intellectual context. So I took the initiative to create the “Comité international du vocabulaire
des institutions et de la communication intellectuelles au moyen âge” abbreviated as
CIVICIMA. The aim of the CIVICIMA project was to inventory and describe the terminology
of medieval institutions of intellectual life and their means of communication (teaching,
instruments and methods, libraries, etc.). The basic idea was that the study of terms leads to
the understanding of the concepts they represent and via the concepts to the understanding of
the reality to which they refer. The combination of historical and semantic research leads to a
better understanding of the facts.
The first meeting of our international committee took place in Leiden and The Hague
in 1985. We established a programme, essentially consisting in five points: the terminology of
schools, of universities, of books and writing, of methods and instruments of intellectual
work, of the names of disciplines and their students. Every two years we organised a
colloquium in a different European country, in collaboration with a national institution, in
order to make our project known internationally. Thus, a colloquium in Paris in 1987, in
collaboration with the French Comité DuCange, concerned the theme “Vocabulaire du livre et
de l’écriture au moyen âge”. The next one took place in Rome in 1989, in collaboration with
the Ecole française de Rome, on the theme “Vocabulaire des écoles et des methodes
d’enseignement”, and so on (colloquia in Leuven, London, Porto). The proceedings of the
colloquia were published in a new series, “Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel au moyen
âge”, published by Brepols (see bibliography). The last colloquium we had planned in Jena in
1998, never took place. I had the impression that the most important part of our programme
had been covered and that it was time to synthesize and to close the project. Thus we planned
a final volume, which would recapitulate the terms treated in the previous volumes, this time
in alphabetical order and with short descriptions of their history and use, and which would at
the same time describe the numerous lacking terms. This work was entrusted to a young
researcher, Mariken Teeuwen. She published the very useful final volume, completing the
CIVICIMA series, in 2003, under the title Vocabulary of Intellectual Life in the Middle Ages,
and after its completion she continued to work in our institute on other projects.
For the inquiry into a field of research the study of the technical vocabulary is
indispensable, but at the same time it is insufficient to obtain a thorough knowledge of the
historical reality. My interest shifted from vocabulary to the contents and methods of
teaching, in particular at the Faculty of Arts. In 1992 I consulted Louis Holtz, then director of
the Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes (CNRS, Paris) about the possibility of a
common research programme, with his institute and my small DuCange Institute in The
Hague as participants. We decided to base such a programme on the theme “La Faculté des
arts dans les universités médiévales (Paris et Oxford, XIIIe-XVe s.)”, comprising the study of
all aspects of the Arts Faculties, especially those of Paris and Oxford. Thus I found a new
research environment, the IRHT, one of the biggest European institutes devoted to the history
of the Middle Ages in its various aspects (philology, palaeography, history of libraries, Greek,
Arab and Hebrew studies, etc.). I owe much to its succeeding directors and my French
colleagues, inside and outside the IRHT: without them the programme would not have been
possible.
One of the main projects within this programme was to make a new “Glorieux”, that is
to say to make a repertory of Parisian masters of Arts and their writings. The volume of
Palémon Glorieux, La Faculté des arts et ses maîtres au XIIIe siècle, published in 1971, was
not only limited in time, but also very deficient. It was, therefore, not my basic source, but a
supplementary source. The essential basis of my work was the card-index system called
“Répertoire bio-bibliographique” of the IRHT (Section Latine), which contains in principle all
Latin authors and anonymous texts from the end of Antiquity until ca. 1500. Of course, this
system had to be completed by various more or less recent publications as the repertory of
commentaries on the works of Aristotle by Charles Lohr, the Handlist of British Authors of
Richard Sharpe, etc., as well as by new research. I decided to create an international network
of scholars working on various aspects of the Arts faculty and to ask them to correct and
complete the first drafts of my articles. This proved to be a very fruitful approach: generally
about thirty or forty correspondents provided me with missing details, important corrections
and sometimes new authors, until then unknown to me. Some of my ‘readers’ reviewed the
whole files, every page of them, others commented on authors familiar to them. Two of them
have to be mentioned explicitly because of their fidelity from the beginning to the end and
because of the special friendship that bound us: Louis Jacques Bataillon, who died in 2009,
before the end of the repertory and was much missed afterwards, and Professor L.M. de Rijk,
my teacher and friend, still going strong. Sten Ebbesen also provided me from the beginning
with lots of pieces of important information, allowing me to complete many articles and to
eliminate many errors, especially in the field of logic, while Angel d’Ors, joining us later, was
an unfailing corrector and source of new articles on Spanish authors. In fact, all information I
received from my correspondents was essential for the quality of the repertory. The ever
growing bibliography made the work on the repertory more and more difficult, but luckily
Monica Calma could join forces with me in 2006: together we published the last fascicules: 7
(P), 8 (R) and 9 (S-Z).
The title under which the repertory has been published (by Brepols, see bibliography)
may cause amazement at first sight: Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris:
textes et maîtres. It has been my goal to stress its basic approach: I considered the writings of
the masters and the contemporary works they used in their teaching and research as more
important than prosopographical information. This was inspired by the conviction that the
works related to their teaching at the Arts faculties should be considered as a closely
interrelated tradition, and not as a series of independent literary productions. As René-Antoine
Gauthier remarked: “les maîtres ès arts forment un milieu homogène, leur enseignement est
l’enseignement d’une faculté plus que d’un homme » (preface to his Anonymi magistri artium
... Lectura in librum De anima, published in 1985). My intention was to give a picture of the
intellectual life at the Parisian Arts faculty. The texts of colleagues used by the masters when
writing their own commentaries were also important, even if those colleagues never taught at
the Arts faculty, as for example Albert the Great. This approach has been criticised by some
scholars, because it would give a false idea about the number of Parisian masters. However,
the difference between the two categories is clearly indicated by symbols: M for masters, S
for sources, D for doubtful. And a list of authors in each fascicule makes it easy to see the
proportion between them. A more serious flaw, to my mind, is the absence of anonymous
works. They are numerous and often important, but it seemed impossible at this stage to
include them. I hope that the online version of the repertory, which will appear in some years,
will incite scholars to complete it and carry on to research the fascinating milieu of the
Medieval Arts faculty.
Another project in the context of the research programme is the study of the
disputatio, one of the basic methods of teaching and research at the Medieval universities. A
first, limited publication under the title La ‘disputatio’ à la Faculté des arts de Paris (12001350 environ) appeared in 1995. Afterwards I wrote a more complete study on the disputation
at the Arts faculties (La ‘disputatio’ dans les Facultés des arts au moyen âge, published in
2002) and then widened the context to the other faculties, theology, law and medicine
(Queritur utrum. Recherches sur la ‘disputatio’ dans les universités médiévales, published in
2009). The subject is wide ranged in its variety and implications. One of my future projects is
a larger study on the practice and techniques of disputation and discussion from Antiquity to
Early Modern times.
To accompany the research programme mentioned above we started a new series with
Brepols Publishers: “Studia Artistarum. Etudes sur la Faculté des arts dans les universités
médiévales”, a joint series of the two institutes (the Huygens ING in The Hague and the IRHT
in Paris). Apart from the fascicles of the repertory and the above mentioned studies on the
disputation, the series also includes a number of proceedings of colloquia (among which the
one organised by Louis Holtz and myself in 1995 on “L’enseignement des disciplines à la
Faculté des arts de Paris” and the one organised by Claude Lafleur in Québec entitled
“L’enseignement de la philosophie à la Faculté des arts”, published in 1997), as well as other
studies. In the “Subsidia” of the series I published a volume originated by a year of teaching
at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, in 1993-1994, under the title Le maniement du
savoir. Pratiques intellectuelles à l’époque des premières universités (see bibliography). In
this study I tried to describe the various aspects of the teaching at the Arts faculty and some
other intellectual practices, like the use of indexes and repertories, a description based on the
knowledge we had in those years, rather incomplete compared to what we know today. This is
another project for the future: a different and more up to date description of this subject.
Thus, over the years, my interest shifted from terminology to intellectual history, from
the Arts faculty to academic teaching methods in general, but everything originated from my
work on the dictionary. Words, concepts, reality, this is still the underlying approach of my
research. And this is what determined the three big projects of my intellectual career: the
dictionary, the CIVICIMA series and the project on the Arts faculty. Naturally, the three
themes did not exclude each other. Terminology remains a basic interest. Some years ago I
had the opportunity to offer a new life to the “Glossaire du Latin philosophique”, an old cardindex system of philosophical vocabulary of the Middle Ages, which was sleeping in a corner
of the Sorbonne. We managed to transfer the card-boxes to the Institut de Recherche et
d’Histoire des Textes, where it is now easily accessible. Moreover, all the cards have been
scanned and may now be consulted online (http://gestion-fiches.irht.cnrs.fr). In the
proceedings of a small workshop concerning the “Glossaire” (Les Innovations du vocabulaire
latin à la fin du moyen âge, see Bibliography) one can read about its history and contents.
On the institutional level, the tiny DuCange Institute of the beginnings - with only two
permanent members, Marijke Gumbert and myself, intermittently completed by a third
employee – was incorporated in a bigger institute created by the Royal Dutch Academy of
Arts and Sciences, the Constantijn Huygens Instituut, at first mainly centred on text editions,
but, after much discussion, also open to intellectual history, even if essentially concerning the
Netherlands. I still remember gratefully how the president of the DuCange committee in those
times, Frits Hugenholtz, who was at the birth of the new institute, signed a new agreement
between the Dutch Academy and the IRHT for the common programme on the Arts faculty,
thus securing my research activities other than the work on the dictionary. The institutional
situation in The Hague became much less pleasant than before, until my colleague Henk
Braakhuis took over the direction of the institute for some years, then making place for a new
director, Henk Wals, and a new institute, called Huygens Institute. On Henk Wals’s behest the
name of the Institute was changed, to make it possible to include Constantijn Huygens’s
brother Christiaan – a famous scientist – in the Institute’s scope of research, thus introducing
the history of science next to philology and literature. This new direction of the field of
research and the new director greatly improved my personal situation. Until my official
retirement in October 2011 I benefited from an efficient infrastructure, support from my near
colleagues and our director, and from a total liberty to do my research in Paris, during the
publication of the last fascicles of the dictionary and afterwards. The last development, the
fusion between the Huygens Institute and the Institute for Dutch History, in the spring of
2011, was for me more a formal than a real change. This new large institute (called Huygens
Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis), with about one hundred employees, will follow
other directions, but happily under the guidance of Henk Wals, who will certainly secure its
success for the coming years.
These 47 years of research in various institutes and in various working places – from a
small table amidst the bookshelves of the old Royal Library in The Hague, via a magnificent
office overlooking the Lange Voorhout, in the same old library, and various spots in the new
building of the Royal Library, not forgetting my place in the IRHT in Paris, evolving from a
very limited space to a comfortable bureau – may seem rather monotonous to some. However,
it left enough space for travel, in order to participate in various congresses or give lectures.
My life as a researcher was also enlivened, from time to time, by teaching at the Ecole
Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris, at the invitation of Colette Sirat and Jacques Verger.
More importantly, it was enriched by continuous communication and discussion with many
colleagues and friends. Apart from the ones mentioned above, some of them have to be
mentioned here by name in memory of our friendship: my teachers, colleagues and friends
André Vernet and Jacques Monfrin, who both died too soon, and Louis Jacques Bataillon
(already mentioned), who probably was the most intelligent, open minded and luminous
person I knew. The younger generation needs no tribute: they know how much I appreciate
their presence and collaboration.
The change in my institutional career, brought about by retirement, does not imply an
end to my intellectual work. My time of producing extensive tools for research is over. I hope
that the ones I produced will help the younger generations in their research on the intellectual
history of the Middle Ages. For me, a new period begins, a time of synthesis and new
interests, of freedom to do research for pure pleasure, on the basis of what I learned before.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Lexicon Latinitatis Nederlandicae Medii Aevi (in collaboration with J.W. Fuchs and Marijke
Gumbert-Hepp); eight volumes published by Brill, Leiden 1977-2005, 5505 pp. and Index
Fontium (epilogue, abbreviations and list of sources), Leiden 2005, 119 pp.
1976 William of Doncaster, Explicatio aphorismatum philosophicorum (edition and notes),
Leiden / Köln 1976 (Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters XI), 137 pp.
1976 Pseudo-Boèce, De disciplina scolarium, (critical edition, introduction and notes), Leiden
/ Köln 1976 (Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters XII), 191 pp.
1981 Les Questions de Craton et leurs commentaires, Leiden / Köln 1981 (Studien und Texte
zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters XIV), 151 pp.
1981 (in collaboration with L.M. de Rijk) Repertorium commentariorum medii aevi in
Aristotelem latinorum quae in bibliothecis publicis Neerlandicis asservantur, Koninklijke
Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Letterkunde, Verhandelingen Nieuwe
Reeks 109, Amsterdam etc. 1981, 61 pp.
1987 Terminologie des universités au XIIIe siècle, Roma, (Lessico Intellettuale Europeo
XXXIX), XLII + 437 pp.
1991 Dictionnaires et répertoires au moyen âge. Une étude du vocabulaire, Turnhout 1991
(Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 4), 212 pp.
1994 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500), I.
A-B, Turnhout 1994 (Studia Artistarum. Etudes sur la Faculté des arts dans les Universités
médiévales 1), 92 pp.
1995 La 'disputatio' à la Faculté des arts de Paris (1200-1350 environ), Turnhout 1995
(Studia Artistarum. Etudes sur la Faculté des arts dans les Universités médiévales 2), 175 pp.
1996 Le maniement du savoir. Pratiques intellectuelles à l'époque des premières universités,
Turnhout 1996 (Studia Artistarum. Subsidia), 266 pp.
1996 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500),
II. C-F, Turnhout 1996 (Studia Artistarum 3), 100 pp.
1998 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500),
III. G, Turnhout 1998 (Studia Artistarum 6), 135 pp.
2001 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500),
IV. H-Johannes C., Turnhout 2001 (Studia Artistarum 9), 169 pp.
2002 La disputatio dans les Facultés des arts au moyen âge, Turnhout 2002 (Studia
Artistarum 10), 383 pp.
2003 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500),
V. J (à partir de Johannes D.), Turnhout 2003 (Studia Artistarum 11), 196 pp.
2005 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500),
VI. L-O, Turnhout 2005 (Studia Artistarum 13), 210 pp.
2007 Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres (ca. 1200-1500),
VII. P, Turnhout 2007 (Studia Artistarum 13), 250 pp.
2009 Queritur utrum. Recherches sur la ‘disputatio’ dans les universités médiévales,
Turnhout 2009 (Studia Artistarum 20), 308 pp.
2010 (with Monica Calma) Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et
maîtres (ca. 1200-1500), VIII. R, Turnhout 2010 (Studia Artistarum 25), 257 pp.
2011 Etudes sur la Faculté des arts dans les université médiévale. Recueil d’articles,
Turnhout 2011 (Studia Artistarum 28), forthcoming.
2012 (with Monica Calma) Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et
maîtres (ca. 1200-1500), IX. S-Z, Turnhout 2012 (Studia Artistarum), forthcoming.
FICTION
(with Colette Sirat) Olga Colette, D’encre et de feu, Paris 1999.
EDITION OF COLLECTIVE VOLUMES
Actes du colloque "Terminologie de la vie intellectuelle au moyen âge" (Leiden / Den Haag
20-21 septembre 1985), Turnhout 1988 (Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge
1).
Vocabulaire du livre et de l'écriture (Actes du colloque Paris 1987), Turnhout 1989 (Etudes
sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 2).
Méthodes et instruments du travail intellectuel au moyen âge. Etudes sur le vocabulaire,
Turnhout 1990 (Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 3).
Vocabulaire des écoles et des méthodes d'enseignement (Actes du colloque Rome 1989),
Turnhout 1991 (Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 5).
Vocabulaire des collèges universitaires (XIIIe-XIVe siècle) (Actes du colloque Leuven 1992),
Turnhout 1993 (Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 6).
Vocabulary of Teaching and Research Between Middle Ages and Renaissance (Actes du
colloque London 1994), Turnhout 1995 (Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge
8).
L'enseignement des disciplines à la Faculté des arts (Paris et Oxford, XIIIe –XVe s.), (in
collaboration with Louis Holtz), Turnhout 1997 (Studia Artistarum 4).
(in collaboration with C. Sirat and S. Klein-Braslavy): Les méthodes de travail de Gersonide
et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques, Paris 2003.
(in collaboration with J. Hamesse) Ecriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux.
Volume d’hommage offert à Colette Sirat, Turnhout 2007.
(in collaboration with J. Meirinhos, Florilegium medievale. Etudes offertes à Jacqueline
Hamesse à l’occasion de son éméritat, Louvain-la-Neuve 2009.
(in collaboration with Iacopo Costa and Adriano Oliva) Les innovations du vocabulaire latin à
la fin du moyen âge : autour du Glossaire du latin philosophique, Turnhout 2010 (Studia
Artistarum 24)
ARTICLES
1. Some notes on 'fides' and related words in Medieval Latin, in Archivum Latinitatis Medii
Aevi (Bulletin DuCange) 40 (1977) pp. 77-102.
2. Contribution à l’histoire des termes 'natura naturans' et 'natura naturata' jusqu'à Spinoza,
in Vivarium16,1 (1978) pp. 70-80.
3. Les Pays-Bas au Moyen Age, in Septentrion 5, 2 (1977) pp. 5-15.
4. Les lexiques du latin médiéval, in Studia Zródloznawcze (Commentationes) 23 (1978) pp.
143-151.
5. Terminologie des universités naissantes, in Soziale Ordnungen im Selbstverständnis des
Mittelalters, éd. A. Zimmermann, Berlin / New York 1979-1980 (Miscellanea Mediaevalia
Band 12/1) pp. 258-280; revised and translated into Italian in Filosofi e teologi. La ricerca e
l’insegnamento nell’Università Medievale, éd. L. Bianchi et E. Randi, Bergamo 1989
(Quodlibet 4).
6. Le système traditionnel de la lexicographie appliqué au latin médiéval, in La lexicographie
du latin médiéval et ses rapports avec les recherches actuelles sur la civilisation du Moyen
âge (Colloques intern. du C.N.R.S. 589, Paris 1978), Paris 1981, pp. 481-485.
7. Marsile d'Inghen. Un professeur néerlandais à Paris au XIVe siècle, in Septentrion 10, 3
(1981) pp. 40-47.
8. Le 'Lexicon Latinitatis Nederlandicae Medii Aevi', in Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi
(Bulletin DuCange) 42 (1982) pp. 161-163.
9. Collège, une institution avant la lettre, in Vivarium 21, 1 (1983) pp. 73-82.
10. The Chronology of John of Salisbury's Studies in France (Metalogicon II,10), in The
World of John of Salisbury, ed. M. Wilks, Oxford 1984 (Studies in Church History, Subsidia
3), pp.109-116.
11. Spiritus et ses dérivés dans le latin médiéval néerlandais, in Spiritus. Atti del IVo
Colloquio Internazionale del Lessico Intellettuale Europeo, Roma 1984, pp.145-156.
12. Les glossaires latins dans les Pays-Bas médiévaux, in Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi
(Bulletin Ducange) 43 (1984) pp.101-118.
13. De terminologie van de universiteiten in de 13e eeuw, in Batavia Academica 2,1 (1984)
pp. 1-11.
14. L'appellation des professeurs au XIIIe siècle, in Sine invidia communico. Opstellen
aangeboden aan A.J. de Groot, Nijmegen 1985, pp. 303-320.
15. De invloed van het Nederlands op het Latijn van de Middeleeuwen, in Ons Erfdeel 30/3
(1987) pp. 389-395.
16. L'appellation des disciplines dans les classifications des sciences aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles,
in Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi (Bulletin Ducange) 46-47 (1986-87) pp. 39-64.
17. La spécificité du vocabulaire universitaire, in Actes du colloque "Terminologie de la vie
intellectuelle au moyen âge" (Leiden / Den Haag 20-21 septembre 1985), Turnhout 1988
(Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 1), pp. 35-41.
18. Le pouvoir d'imagination chez les philosophes néerlandais des XIVe et XVe siècles, in
Phantasia-Imaginatio, Vo Colloquio Internazionale del Lessico Intellettuale Europeo, Roma
1988, pp. 205-220.
19. L'influence de la langue néerlandaise sur le latin du moyen âge, in Septentrion 17,3
(1988) pp. 33-45.
20. Lexicography in the Middle Ages, in Viator 20 (1989) pp. 139-153.
21. Le vocabulaire de l'enseignement et des examens de l'Université de Cologne, in Die
Kölner Universität im Mittelalter, éd. A. Zimmermann, Berlin/New York 1989 (Miscellanea
Mediaevalia 20), pp. 415-432.
22. La production du livre universitaire médiéval, nouvelles recherches (compte rendu), in
Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques 73 (1989) pp. 570-573.
23. Les dictionnaires et autres répertoires, in Méthodes et instruments du travail intellectuel
au moyen âge. Etudes sur le vocabulaire, ed. O. Weijers, Turnhout 1990, pp. 197-208 (Etudes
sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen âge 3).
24. Le vocabulaire du Collège de Sorbonne, in Vocabulaire des collèges universitaires (XIIIeXVIe siècle), ed. O. Weijers, Turnhout 1993 (Etudes sur le vocabulaire intellectuel du moyen
âge 6), pp. 9-25.
25. L'enseignement du trivium à la Faculté des arts de Paris: la 'questio', in Manuels,
programmes de cours et techniques d'enseignement dans les universités médiévales, ed. J.
Hamesse, Louvain-la-Neuve 1994, pp. 57-74.
26. Les règles d'examen dans les universités médiévales, in Philosophy and Learning.
Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. M.J.F.M. Hoenen, J.H.J. Schneider, G. Wieland,
Leiden/New York/Köln 1995, pp. 201-223.
27. Les index au moyen âge sont-ils un genre littéraire?, in Fabula in tabula. Una storia degli
indici dal manoscritto al testo elettronico, ed. C. Leonardi, M. Morelli, F. Santi, Spoleto
1995, pp. 11- 27.
28. Le commentaire sur les 'Topiques' d'Aristote attribué à Robert Kilwardby, in Studi e
Documenti sulla Tradizione Filosofica Medievale VI (1995) pp. 107-143.
29. Notice sur le "Vocabularium Bruxellense" (Ms. Bruxelles, B.R. II 1049), in Archivum
Latinitatis Medii Aevi (Bulletin Ducange) 54 (1996) pp. 233-238.
30. Techniques et méthodes d'enseignement, in L'enseignement des disciplines à la Faculté
des arts (Paris et Oxford, XIIIe-XVe s.), ed. O. Weijers, L. Holtz, Turnhout 1997, pp. 337-344.
31. La 'disputatio', in L'enseignement des disciplines à la Faculté des arts (Paris et Oxford,
XIIIe-XVe s.), ed. O. Weijers, L. Holtz, Turnhout 1997, pp. 393-404.
32. Les genres littéraires à la Faculté des arts, in Revue des sciences philosophiques et
théologiques 82, 4 (1998) pp. 631-641.
33. Problema, une enquête, in Roma, magistra mundi. Itineraria culturae medievalis.
Mélanges offerts au Père L.E. Boyle, ed. J. Hamesse, Louvain-la-Neuve 1998 (F.I.D.E.M.,
Textes et études du Moyen Age 10), pp. 991-1008.
34. Note sur une expérience de 'reportatio', in Du copiste au colectionneur. Mélanges
d'histoire des textes et des bibliothèques en l'honneur d'André Vernet, ed. D. Nebbiai-Dalla
Guarda, J.-F. Genest, Turnhout 1998 (Bibliologia 18) pp. 185-190.
35. De la joute dialectique à la dispute scolastique, in Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres. Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 1999, Paris 1999 (2000) pp. 509-518.
36. La 'disputatio' à la Faculté des arts: le Midi de la France, in Eglise et culture en France
méridionale (XIIe - XIVe siècle), Toulouse 2000 (Cahiers de Fanjeaux 35), pp. 245-259.
37. The Evolution of the Trivium in University Teaching: The Example of the Topics, in
Learning Institutionalized. Teaching in the Medieval University, ed. J. Van Engen, Notre
Dame (Ind.) 2000, pp. 43-67.
38. Une trace de la cérémonie de l'"inceptio" à Oxford vers la fin du XIIIe siècle, in
Septuaginta Paulo Spunar oblata, ed. J.K. Kroupa, Praha 2000, pp. 185-191.
39. La place de la musique à la Faculté des arts de Paris, in La musica nel pensiero
medievale, ed. L. Mauro, Ravenna 2001, pp. 245-261.
40. Begrip of tegenspraak? Analyse van een middeleeuwse onderzoekmethode, KNAW,
Mededelingen van de Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 65 no. 6, Amsterdam 2002
(21 pp.).
41. La structure des commentaires philosophiques à la Faculté des arts: quelques
observations, in Il commento filosofico nell'occidente latino, ed. G. Fioravanti, C. Leonardi,
S. Perfetti, Turnhout 2002, pp. 17-41.
42. Un chercheur étranger à Paris, in Bulletin des Amis de l'IRHT, Paris 2002 (Supplément,
pp. 1-3).
43. Un type de commentaire particulier à la Faculté des arts: la "sententia cum
questionibus", in La tradition vive. Mélanges d'histoire des textes en l'honneur de Louis Holtz,
ed. P. Lardet, Turnhout 2003 (Bibliologia 20) pp. 211-222.
44. Le cursus des études et le cadre institutionnel et intellectuel chrétien, in Les méthodes de
travail de Gersonide et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques, ed. C. Sirat, S. KleinBraslavy, O. Weijers, Paris 2003, pp. 27-39.
45. Questions disputées et dispute scolastique à la Faculté des arts, in Les méthodes de
travail de Gersonide et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques, ed. C. Sirat, S. KleinBraslavy, O. Weijers, Paris 2003, pp. 135-149.
46. La structure de trois questions - Livre V, ch. 39-46, in Les méthodes de travail de
Gersonide et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques, ed. C. Sirat, S. Klein-Braslavy, O.
Weijers, Paris 2003, pp. 181-192.
47. La 'Questio de augmento' d'Adam de Bocfeld, in Ratio et Superstitio. Essays in Honor of
Graziella Federici Vescovini, ed. G. Marchetti, V. Sorge, O. Rignani, Louvain-la-Neuve 2003
(F.I.D.E.M., Textes et études du Moyen Age 24), pp. 243-262.
48. Les Néerlandais à la Faculté des arts de Paris, in Studi Medievali 3a serie 45, 1 (2004)
pp. 501-518.
49. Lexicographie au moyen âge et lexicographie du latin médiéval, in Bilan et perspectives
des études médiévales (1993-1998), ed. J. Hamesse, Turnhout 2004 (Textes et Etuds du
Moyen Age 22), pp. 283-297.
50. L’achèvement du ‘Lexicon Latinitatis Nederlandicae Medii Aevi’, in Comptes rendus de
l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, année 2005, Paris 2005, pp. 1313-1318.
51. La Commission léonine et l’histoire intellectuelle du XIIIe siécle, dans Revue des sciences
philosophiques et théologiques 89 (2005) pp. 17-21.
52. Quelques observations sur les divers emplois du terme ‘disputatio’, in Itinéraires de la
raison. Etudes de philosophie médiévale offertes à Maria Cândida Pacheco, ed. J.F.
Meirinhos, Louvain-la-Neuve 2005 (Textes et Etudes du Moyen Age 32), pp. 35-48.
53. The Literary Forms of the Reception of Aristotle: Between Exposition and Philosophical
Treatise, in Albertus Magnus und die Anfänge der Aristoteles-Rezeption im lateinischen
Mittelalter, ed. L. Honnefelder, R. Wood, M. Dreyer, M.A. Aris, Münster 2005, pp. 555-584.
54. Funktionen des Alphabets im Mittelalter, (translated by U.J. Schneider), in Seine Welt
wissen. Enzyklopädien in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. U.J. Schneider, Darmstadt 2006, pp. 22-32.
55. Un exemple de la cérémonie de l’inceptio à Oxford au début du XVe siècle, in « Ad ingenii
acuitionem ». Studies in Honour of Alfonso Maierù, ed. S. Caroti et al., Louvain-la-Neuve
2007 (Textes et Etudes du Moyen Age 38), pp. 547-561.
56. Les raisons de la réécriture dans les textes universitaires: quelques exemples, in Ecriture
et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d’hommage offert à Colette Sirat,
ed. J. Hamesse, O. Weijers, Turnhout 2007 (Textes et Etudes du Moyen Age 34), pp. 445463.
57. The Medieval Disputatio, in Traditions of Controversy, ed. M. Dascal, H.-L. Chang,
Amsterdam/Philadelphia 2007 (Controversies 4, John Benjamins), pp. 141-149.
58. La ‘disputatio’ comme moyen de dialogue entre les universitaires au moyen âge, in Les
élites lettrées au Moyen Age. Modèles et circulation des savoirs en Méditerranée occidentale
(xiie-xve siècles), ed. P. Gilli, Montpellier 2008, pp.155-169.
59. The Development of the Disputation between the Middle Ages and Renaissance, in
Continuities and Disruptions between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, ed. C. Burnett, J.
Meirinhos, J. Hamesse, Louvain-la-Neuve 2008 (Textes et Etudes du Moyen Age 48,
appeared 2009), pp. 139-150.
60. (in collaboration with Colette Sirat) Droit et logique: Gersonide et les jurists chrétiens, in
Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyan Age 75 (2008, appeared 2009) pp. 741.
61. (in collaboration with Louis Jacques Bataillon) Langton et les débuts des facultés
parisiennes, in Florilegium Medievale. Etudes offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l’occasion de
son éméritat, ed. J. Meirinhos, O. Weijers, Louvain-la-Neuve 2009 (Textes et Etudes du
Moyen Age 50, appeared 2010), pp. 1-18.
62. The Various Kinds of Disputation in he Faculties of Arts, Theology and Law (ca. 12001400), in Disputatio (1200-1800). Forme, Funktion und Wirkung eines Leitmediums
universitärer Wissenskultur, ed. M. Gindhart, U. Kundert, Berlin 2010 (Trends in Medieval
Philology), pp. 21-31.
63. Les instruments de travail au moyen âge. Quelques remarques, in Les instruments de
travail à l’époque de la Renaissance, ed. A. Van Uitgaerden, Bruxelles 2010, pp. 17-36.
64. Quelques réflexions sur le travail intellectuel au moyen âge. A propos d’un numéro récent
de la Revue de Synthèse, in Bulletin de Philosophie médiévale 51 (2009, appeared 2010) pp.
221-228.
65. Annexes (Liste des différentes parties du fichier; Quelques exemples tirés des différentes
parties du fichier), dans Les innovations du vocabulaire latin à la fin du moyen âge : autour du
Glossaire du latin philosophique, éd. O. Weijers, I. Costa, A. Oliva, Turnhout 2010 (Studia
Artistarum 24), pp. 135-148.
66. Conclusio. Nouvelles recherches sur un mot rebelle, in Mots médiévaux offerts à Ruedi
Imbach, ed. I. Atuche, D. Calma, C. König-Pralong, I. Zavattero, Porto 2011, pp. 149-158.
OTHER
Reviews, articles in encyclopaedias and handbooks: not listed.
Annual chronicles in Archivum Latinitatis Medii Aevi (Bulletin Ducange) about publications
concerning medieval Latin in the Netherlands, from 1975-76 until 2006.