Fiche Biblio n° 3. La recherche scientifique sur les

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Fiche Biblio n° 3. La recherche scientifique
sur les portraits-robots
Frank Arnould
INIST-CNRS
[email protected]
Publié le 31 juillet 2013
http://psychotemoins.inist.fr/?Fiche-biblio-no-3-La-recherche
C’est en Angleterre, en 1910, que le portrait-robot, sous la forme d’un croquis du criminel, est
utilisé pour la première fois dans l’histoire judiciaire. Il a contribué à l’arrestation du Docteur
Crippen, soupçonné du meurtre de son épouse, alors qu’il tentait de fuir son pays à bord d’un
paquebot transatlantique.
En France, c’est au cours de l’enquête sur le meurtre d’Eugénie Bertrand, en 1953, que le portraitrobot fait sa première apparition. Son utilisation s’est d’ailleurs soldée par un échec. Les enquêteurs
ont utilisé une technique conçue quelque temps plus tôt par Roger Dambron. L’inventeur avait
découpé des photographies de personnes, l’assemblage des morceaux permettant ensuite de créer
des visages nouveaux.
Malgré l’ancienneté de la méthode, la recherche scientifique sur les portraits-robots n’a
véritablement démarré que dans le courant des années 1970 (voir la bibliographie ci-dessous). Un
consensus s’est dégagé de ces travaux : dans leurs formes classiques (croquis d’artiste, systèmes
mécaniques ou informatisés d’assemblage de traits faciaux), les portraits-robots produisent
généralement des représentations peu fidèles des visages.
Comment expliquer ce résultat décevant ? Les chercheurs considèrent généralement que nous
analysons les visages de manière globale (un mode de traitement dit configural ou holistique). Or, la
méthode des portraits-robots impose aux témoins oculaires d'aborder les visages trait par trait. Ce
mode de traitement serait donc incompatible avec la manière habituelle dont nous percevons et
reconnaissons les visages.
Les chercheurs ne s’avouent toutefois pas vaincus et plusieurs équipes tentent d’améliorer la
technique en suivant différentes pistes, comme l’ajout d’un entretien holistique (afin d’encourager
le témoin à penser à la configuration globale du visage), le morphing de portraits-robots de témoins
différents (qui produit une représentation plus fidèle d’un visage que les portraits-robots individuels
de chaque témoin), ou encore le développement de logiciels évolutionnistes (dits aussi darwiniens)
pour la construction de portraits-robots (EvoFIT, EFIT-V, ID…) reposant sur le principe du
traitement holistique des visages.
À lire également sur PsychoTémoins
Sous-rubrique Actualités de la recherche – Portraits-robots
Bibliographie
Sauf exception, n’ont été retenus que les articles publiés dans revues scientifiques à comité de lecture.
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