Appendix 5: List of the 500 most frequent occupations coded

The coding of 19th century
occupations from three different
Belgian regions into ISCO68
Koen Matthijs - Hilde Peeters
Ann Van Den Troost - Ilse Van de Velde
Onderzoeksverslag van het Departement Sociologie
Afdeling Gezin, Bevolking en Gezondheidszorg
GB/1997-2
 Departement Sociologie
E. Van Evenstraat 2B
B-3000 Leuven
Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door
middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, of op welke andere wijze ook, zonder
voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur.
D/1997/1192/13
Table of contents
Introduction
1
1. International Standard Classification of Occupations
1
2. The research at the university of Leuven
2.1. The occupation as an indicator of social stratification
2.2. The dataset
2
2
3
3. The first phase: conversion to ISCO68
3.1. The selection of occupations
3.2. Coding problems
3.2.1. Titles that are too general
3.2.2. Titles that are too specific
3.2.3. Titles that refer to activities outside the labourmarket
3.2.4. Titles that are absent
3.2.5. Titles that refer to two occupations
3.2.6. Interpretation problems
3.2.7. Commercial occupations
3.3. Conclusions
3
3
4
4
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
4. The second phase: formulating general principles for frequent encountered problems
4.1. General principles
4.2. Titles that are too general
4.3. Titles that are too specific
4.4. Commercial occupations
4.5. Titles that are absent
4.6. Evaluation
4.7. Conclusions
11
11
12
13
14
15
15
17
Conclusion
17
References
18
Appendix 1:
Appendix 2:
Appendix 3:
Appendix 4:
Appendix 5:
Overview of the ISCO-classification
Overview of the PRODUCT-variable
Guidelines for coding 19th century occupations into ISCO
List of new codes for occupations that do not appear in ISCO68
List of the 500 most frequent occupations coded into HISCO
i
19
30
33
34
35
Introduction
Occupations are a very important element in the historical study of mobility and stratification of social
groups. Within such a study the comparison of different regions and periods is an interesting research
purpose. Nevertheless the comparability of cross national data entails a lot of problems. Because of
this the elaboration of a common method to classify occupational titles is an indispensable element in
the study of the historical occupational mobility.
Recently some researchers grouped themselves under the name HISMA (the Historical International
Social Mobility Group) with the intention to exacerbate on the coding problems of occupations in
historical and comparative research. It concerns researchers from different countries: Belgium, France,
Germany, Great-Britain, the Netherlands, Canada, Sweden and the United States. Based on the existing
ISCO-classification (International Standard Classification of Occupations) they aim to develop an
adjusted occupational classification named HISCO (Historical International Standard Coding of
Occupations). On the one hand this classification has to make an international comparison of
occupations possible and on the other hand it has to allow a regrouping of the different historical titles
into a satisfying stratification scheme.
This paper addresses the development of the adapted occupational classification. A first paragraph
is devoted to a short presentation of the ISCO-classification. In a second paragraph the research that is
conducted at the department of sociology at the University of Leuven will be presented. Also some
remarks regarding the occupation as an indicator of social stratification are made. In order to indicate
the process of developing an adapted classification, first of all the experiences of the researchers of
Leuven will be rendered. Also the other researchers involved, wrote down their remarks on the use of
ISCO68 for coding 19th century occupations. The different researchers formulated proposals to deal
with some frequently occurred problems. The third paragraph treats the discussion that took place
among the different HISMA members regarding the coding problems. This meeting resulted in a few
coding principles which were tested again. The result of this second coding phase regarding to the
dataset of Leuven will be discussed and evaluated in the last paragraph.
1. International standard classification of occupations
The idea to elaborate an international classification takes his first form in the middle of this century with
the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). The purpose of ISCO is to make a
comparison of occupations between different nations possible. ISCO also aims at handing a standard
that every country can use in function of the elaboration or reformation of his own, more contextadapted classification. The classification of 1958 was the beginning of a very though process that can’t
be realised without intense efforts and collaboration on the international level. Based upon the
suggestions of different countries, a revised version of the classification originated in 1968.
Within ISCO 1506 occupational titles are distinguished and described. These titles are grouped in 284
unit groups that make part of 83 subgroups. These subgroups are once more grouped within 8 major
groups. A code of 5 digits attached to each occupation admits to determine the higher groups to which
the occupation belongs. The classification makes it possible for each user to code individual occupation
1
titles and then, dependent on the research purpose, the period and/or the region, to reclassify these
codes in a stratification scheme according to his own wishes.
An overview of the unit-, sub- and majorgroups of the ISCO68-classification is given in appendix I.
2. The research at the university of Leuven
This paragraph addresses some aspects about the use of the occupation as an indicator of social
stratification. Also the dataset and the occupational classification, developed in Leuven, are described
concisely.
2.1. The occupation as an indicator of social stratification
The purpose of the research at the university of Leuven is analysing the different aspects of the
nuptiality of different social groups. The data for this study were gathered from marriage records of the
19th century (1800-1913). Several variables can be an indicator of social stratification. However in the
marriage records only one indicator was mentioned, namely the occupation. This was available for
different actors : the bride, the groom, their parents and the witnesses. With the exception of the
witnesses, several occupations were reported in particular cases.
The use of occupations as an indicator of socio-economic status causes some problems. First some
questions arise concerning the correctness of the rendering of social stratification when only the
occupation is used as an indicator. A researcher would be more capable to study the social stratification
of a population if he uses other more objective criteria such as properties, diploma, taxes, ... On the
other hand many authors state that the occupation is the best indicator to analyse social ranks in a
society (Giddens, 1993: 216-220; De Jager & Mok, 1994: 192-199). It can be brought up for discussion
to which extent this also applies to the 19th century society.
Secondly, the dual meaning of occupational titles in historical documents has to be taken into
account. After all, someone can report his occupation based on the occupational knowledge or based
on the activities who are actually performed. Moreover, studies show that information about the
occupation of a person, originating from two different sources and registrated in a short time span, isn’t
always similar. This may lead to the conclusion that persons often practice more than one occupation.
A third consideration concerns the random indication of the reported occupation. For most of the
grooms the occupation recorded in the marriage certificate refers to the beginning of their career. This
means on the one hand that the researcher is limited in his study of social mobility within the life course
but on the other hand that the occupation of the father must be taken into account to determine the
social status.
Nevertheless the occupational variable is a good indicator for the social stratification of a population.
First because of practical reasons and second because of the fact that in most historical demographic
research the classification of occupations is only a means and not a purpose in itself. As a consequence
different occupational classifications can exist side by side dependent on the research questions.
2.2. The dataset
2
The dataset contains information of marriage records of three regions in Flanders: Leuven, Bierbeek and
Aalst. Leuven was characterized by traditional handicrafts while Bierbeek was a typical rural region.
Finally, Aalst constitutes especially an industrial region. Taken into account that in Bierbeek all records
of the 19th century were included and in the other regions only one third of the records, we weighted
the latter ones by taken together the three regions. Each occupation was exactly noted like the marriage
certificate indicated. In this manner we wanted to avoid losing information that could not be corrected
in the end.
In a next step all the wrong or similar notations (e.g. fabricant chandelles, fabricant en chandelles,
fabricant de chandelles) were traced. To come to a uniformity a new variable with a uniform notation
was made for each occupational variable.
Next, all the occupations were classified within occupational categories. An alternative classification
was elaborated based upon the advantages of existing classifications but especially taken into
consideration their disadvantages. Herewith it was endeavoured to minimize the differences within the
same group and to maximize the differences between the occupational groups. In contrast to ISCO,
hierarchical categories can be distinguished in the classification of Leuven. These categories are divided
on their turn in groups that are no longer hierarchic.
Since most of the occupations had a French name, the French version of the classification, published
in 1969, was used. In the next paragraph the results of our selection and method are discussed.
3. The first phase: conversion to ISCO68
In this paragraph the first phase of coding 19th century occupations into ISCO68 is discussed. The first
subparagraph deals with the selection of the occupations. In the second subparagraph the different
encountered coding problems are examined.
3.1. The selection of occupations
With the purpose of making an inventory of problems with ISCO-coding only a subset of the 500 most
frequent and first mentioned occupations of the grooms was taken into consideration. In the initial
phase the 100 most frequent occupations were selected. These occupations had a frequency of 80 or
more and covered 71% of the grooms in the dataset. In a second phase this selection was extended to
500 occupations which covered 94% of the grooms. On the one hand this means that an ISCO-code
can be assigned to the majority of the grooms of the dataset but on the other hand it’s possible that
precisely that part that wasn’t yet included can pose the most difficult problems because of their rarity.
This presumption cannot be confirmed when the first and the second phase are compared
concerning the coding problems. Among the 100 most frequent occupations 69 can be coded in ISCO
without much problems. The 31 occupations that were problematic can be reduced to 20 because of
equivalent coding problems1. Only 38 of the other 400 occupations involved, can be considered as
The absence of an ISCO-code or an occupational description that was too detailed or too general was
considered as problematic. Occupations by wich an interpretation led up to the assignement of an ISCO-code
were not considered as problematic. Also the absence of the distinction between different positions e.g.
garçon-maître were not taken into account, since it concernes a general remark.
1
3
problematic2. So, compared with the first phase, it can be concluded that the classification of the
occupations in the second phase causes less problems. A real difference with the first phase concerns
the interpretation problems. More than it was the case for the 100 most frequent occupations, a lot of
discussion preceded the coding of the other 400 selected occupations.
3.2. Coding problems
In the following the different problems that occurred by coding occupational historical titles are
described. For each problem a possible solution is given.
3.2.1.
Titles that are too general
First it can be remarked that ISCO68 is characterized by a very detailed description of the occupational
titles. In many cases, the occupation noted down in the marriage records, was of a very general nature.
It was very difficult to classify these occupations into ISCO68 without losing information. ISCO has a
category X-20.10 in which all the occupations that aren’t described precisely can be classified. In this
case an important part of the information is lost since most of the time these occupations can already be
classed in a major group or subgroup but further concrete classification is impossible. Even the .90
category “not classified elsewhere” is not usable since this category is mainly reserved for classifying
detailed, not former mentioned occupations in that subgroup. Like already stipulated by other authors it
would be better to create a separate code for these occupations. Attention was especially paid to the .10
or .05 category or code that is mentioned in the introduction of ISCO68 but that’s obviously not
sustained consistently in the classification. In case that the coder doesn’t have the disposal of additional
information the general code can be used for a generally described occupation and his connected
activities. Under the condition that the occupation is precisely defined the other codes of ISCO can be
used.
The following occupational titles were too general to be classified in any of the more precise ISCOcodes.
Occupational title
tailleur
tisserand /faiseur étoffes
teinturier
maçon
brasseur
manipulateur tabac/ouvrier fabricant tabac
instituteur
cigarier
ISCO
7-91.00
7-54.00
7-56.00
9-51.00
7-78.00
7-81.00
1-30.00
7-82.00
5-70.00
Problem
-manual work or machine-made
-manual work or machine-made
-which part of the production process
-with bricks or other stones
-which part of the production process
-which part of the production process
-which part of the production process
-which part of the production process
-for men/women
It’s worth mentioning that 19 military jobs for wich no ISCO-code was available, were only charged for one
problem.
2
4
coiffeur
horloger
tourneur bois
employé commerce
ingénieur
musicien
chapelier
passementier
manipulateur peaux
professeur
professeur université/professeur athénée
professeur école moyenne
professeur de musique
relieur de livres
cuisinier
camionneur
foreur
bobineur
couvreur
cuiseur
fondeur de fer
pelletier
gantier
machiniste chemin de fer
faiseur bonnet
courtier (de commerce)
imprimeur
8-42.00
8-12.30/8-12.40
4-51.00
0-29.00
1-17.10
7-93.00
7-59.00
7-61.00
1-39.00
1-31.00
1-32.00
1-39.00
9-26.00
5-31.00
9-85.50/9-85.60
7-13.00
8-53.00
9-53.00
7-70.00
7-21.00/7-23.00
7-62.00
7-94.70/7-94.80
9-83.20/9-83.30
7-55.00
4-41.00
9-20.00
-salesman, repairer,...
-manual work or machine-made
-retail or wholesale business
-no information about the branch
-composer, singer, ....
-manual work or machine-made
-manual work or machine-made
-which part of the production process
-level of education
-level of education
-level of education
-level of education
-manual work or machine-made
-for private interest or public institutions
-short or long distances
-which part of the production process
-manual work or machine-made
-which kind of material
-food business or chemical industry
-both codes are possible
-which part of the production process
-which kind of material
-both codes are possible
-manual work or machine-made
-which kind of broker
-books, paper, textile
In the previous table some educational occupations are listed. Since the ISCO-classification takes the
different educational levels and disciplines into account, it is advisable to create systematically special
codes for generally described educational titles. Adding other such general codes might be useful not
only for the educational sector but also for many other occupations which are not sufficiently accurate
to indicate an ISCO-code.
By doing so the problem of ‘over-specification’ can be remedied. Some occupational definitions and
descriptions of tasks are so refined and divided up in the ISCO-classification as a result of which
situations occur by which more than one code can be assigned to the occupation in question. For
example the .10 category for the occupational title of ‘tailleur’ could be a junction of the .20 and .30
code. This problem arises also for other occupations such as ‘horloger’ and ‘cordonnier’.
For several occupations belonging to the major group 7/8/9 the historical occupational titles are that
vague that it is advisable to refine the group 9-99. For occupations like ‘tourneur, ‘graveur’, ‘polisseur’
it’s unclear which material they working with e.g. stones, wood, metal,... As the occupations which are
associated with one particular material are classified within the same (sub)group it becomes impossible
to add one special code indicating these generally described occupations. The same problem holds for
occupational references such as ‘mechanicien’, ‘électricien’, ‘machiniste’, ‘monteur’ and ‘ajusteur’ which
belong to different groups. About the occupation of ‘journalier’ the coder has no information
concerning the rural or industrial sector. Within the ISCO-classification it’s supposed that a ‘journalier’ is
always working in the rural sector. Since no more information is available a special code is necessary.
5
Example
9-99.10 : manoeuvre
9-99.15 : ouvrier (de fabrique), ouvrier fabricant, ouvrier atelier
9-99.20 : garçon
9-99.25 : journalier
9-99.30 : ajusteur
9-99.35 : monteur
9-99.40 : tourneur
9-99.45 : graveur
9-99.50 : méchanicien
9-99.55 : machiniste
9-99.65 : polisseur
9-99.70 : électricien
...
9-99.90 : artisan
Based on the occupational title the division between mechanical work and handwork cannot always be
made. Nevertheless such information is important to study transitions from handmade to
machinemade labour. However these transitions are so strongly related to the region and period in
question that as far as this concerns a lot of prudence must be displayed. For example during the 19th
century the mechanic weaving loom was introduced but because of different factors, for instance
financial, the application of these machines may happen over time and does not take place instantaneous
in all regions. Since changing definitions of occupational contents were characteristic at the turn of he
century the distinction between handmade and machinemade labour has to be handled carefully.
Moreover, we think on the one hand that the division between industrial and handmade labour is too
simple since it doesn’t hold for all occupations and on the other hand that a lot of workers in the
industry also execute handwork. In consequence it may be more useful to extend the distinction and to
include a variable ‘sector’.
Example of the variable ‘sector’
0 : no information
1 : artisanal ( the focus is especially on craftsmanship and not on manual labour)
2 : industry
3 : agriculture
4 : employees and servants
5 : commerce and sales
6 : professions and educational sector
It must be remarked that especially the fourth sector ‘employees and servants’ is interpreted in a wide
sense. Employees, servants, coachmen as well as the police force are classified in this sector. For some
6
occupations as ‘cordonnier’ it was not always clear if it referred to an artisanal occupation or an
industrial one.
3.2.2.
Titles that are too specific
Besides titles that are too general, some historical occupational definitions contain more information
than can be found in the ISCO-classification. Especially the distinction between different positions like
‘maître-ouvrier-garçon’ are frequently mentioned. This distinction was taken into account in our own
elaborated classification. Proceeding from the fact that the same tasks are exercised, ISCO does not
consider these differences and consequently does not provide a distinct category. However for some
research questions this difference in hierarchy can be very important. So far as this concerns the ISCOclassification isn’t consistently since this distinction is made for ‘jardinier’ (maître jardinier/ouvrier
jardinier). A possible way out for this problem can consist of including an extra code or category in
which these positions can be reported.
Example of the variable ‘status’
0 : occupational title
1 : maître
2 : compagon
3 : employé
4 : ouvrier
5 : garçon
6 : manoeuvre
7 : domestique
8 : manipulateur
9 : aide
Each reference of position was coded separately in order to make it possible to combine these categories
according to a particular purpose of research.
Like already stipulated by other authors, ISCO does not distinguish between self-employed workers
and salaried workers (e.g. ‘fleuriste’: this person can be a shopkeeper or working in a floriculture).
Nevertheless this distinction is important to study the occupational mobility. For a solution of this
problem we can join the proposal made by van Leeuwen en Maas (1996) to add an extra variable,
namely employment status. Again it can be remarked that there is some inconsistency in the ISCOclassification as this distinction is made for the farmers. A word of caution is in order here since for
several occupations this distinction is not quite clear by which the researcher is forced to take a
subjective decision or to leave the differences out of consideration. The degree in which the occupation
is dependent on the economic and commercial practices can be used as a possible criteria for
determining whether it is a salaried worker or a self-employed one.
Subconclusion
When the previous solutions are kept in mind, a researcher should be more able to do a codification of
different occupational references. Occupations containing detailed information as well as occupations
who are generally described or not sufficiently accurate, can be classified. In this way a general historical
title can be rendered by a .10 code, whereby a code 0 is assigned to the 2 extra variables “status” and
7
“sector”. In case more information is implied in the title, a coder can for example assign a general code
.10 to “tailleur” completed with a code 1 for “maître” and a code 1 for “artisanal labour”.
3.2.3.
Titles that refer to activities outside the labourmarket
It can be recommended to include in the classification also activities which are taking place outside the
labourmarket e.g. student, disabled people, rentier, pensioner,... For this purpose the group X can be
further enlarged as follows :
X-4.10 : sans profession (which is not the same as “no occupation reported”)
X-4.20 : particulier
X-4.30 : rentier
X-4.40 : étudiant, élève en médecine
X-4.50 : retraité
X-4.60 : invalide
X-4.70 : honoré
X-4.80 : propriétaire
If necessary a researcher can decide to specify the category ‘retraité’ according to the previous
performed occupations.
Special attention must be paid to the category ‘sans profession’ as this term can give the wrong
impression that we’re dealing with a person looking for a job but in reality also and probably most of the
time, can refer to a rentier.
3.2.4.
Titles that are absent
ISCO distinguishes some codes for occupations belonging to the railway sector such as: railway guard,
pointsman,... Other related occupations e.g. railway employee and railway labourer cannot be classified
anywhere. Dependent on the frequency of these occupations special codes are desirable. For ‘employé
chemin de fer’ the problem also turns up if it is about a labourer or a clerk.
Military occupations also can’t be classified within ISCO68. Dependent on the military ranks it
should be considered to include also separate codes.
11-0.10 : soldat, lancier, militaire, flanquer, cannonier, fuselier, grenadier, fourrier
11-0.20 : corporal, maréchal des logis, sergent, sergent-major, brigadier
11-0.30 : officier, adjudant
11-0.40 : (sous-)lieutenant, major
Some occupations like ‘infirmière en armée’ and ‘docteur en armée’ are classified within the
occupational group of respectively nurse and doctor. On the contrary ‘Chasseur à l’armée’ was added to
the military jobs. This distinction was made within the presumption that the content of the function of
hunter in or outside the army isn’t the same, which is not the case for the two other occupations.
In pursuance of this note it can also be useful to add an extra variable in order to classify all the
military jobs or occupations which are performed in the army. Dependent on the research question the
distinction between occupations, performed in or outside the army (e.g. a shoemaker), can be taken into
account.
8
3.2.5.
Titles that refer to two occupations
A problem of a different nature appears when an occupational title indicates two different occupations
e.g. commis-négociant. Do we have to put this occupation in the category of ‘commis’ or in
‘négociant’? In this case a subjective decision of the researcher is necessary.
3.2.6
Interpretation problems
Questions arose by the exact meaning of some occupations and therefore a choice has to be made
between several codes. For instance ‘fabricant’ can refer to an owner of a trade as well as to someone
who makes a particular product. Moreover in certain periods the production and the sale of a product
were most of the time combined. The occupational title of ‘boutiquier’ causes a similar problem. It’s
not quite clear we’re dealing with an owner of a shop or with a ‘colporteur’ (someone who goes from
door to door in order to sell products) like in some periods was assumed. Another example is the
occupation “commissionnaire” that can apply to a lower employee, namely a messager, as well as to
someone who works in the housing business. The same consideration holds for “garde-trains” that can
be thought of as a railway guard or as a level-crossing keeper. Based upon the knowledge of the region
we preferred the option that was most likely.
The overview below lists some considerations and interpretations which preceded the assignment of
a particular ISCO-code.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
‘chauffeur’ is not interpreted in the sense of a driver but as a fireman (locomotive);
‘tapissier’ is not considered as a paper-hanger but as a upholsterer;
in general ‘peintre’ refers to a painter of buildings;
‘ouvrier ardoisier’ is interpreted as a roofer and not as a labourer in the slate-quarry;
a ‘cabaretier’ is considered as a proprietor of a pub and not as a merchant in drinks that was sometimes called
that way;
an ‘architecte’ is considered as a designer of plans and not as an interior decorator or projector of boats;
to “candidat notaire” the same code as “notaire” was assigned. According to the logic of ISCO we should
classify this title in a residuary category. Since “notaire” was already classified in a category ‘not classified
elsewhere’, the same code was used. Dependent on the research question of interest a separate category can
be added to ‘not classified elsewhere’;
‘boulanger de pâte en croûte’ is classified as 7-76.90 since he is not a labourer and also not a general baker;
it was difficult to make a distinction between the codes 8-33.20 en 8-34.20 concerning the occupation
‘tourneur fer’. Also the code 8-39.40 can be assigned;
‘portier’ is interpreted as a door-keeper of public buildings and not as a door-keeper of a hotel;
‘instituteur communal’ refers probably to a teacher in primary school;
‘relieur’ is considered as a bookbinder and not as a binder of threads. Moreover the bookbindery in the 19th
century made use of threads;
astonishing was the absence of an ISCO-code for ‘briquettier’ in the sense of brick-maker. This occupation
could not be classified unambiguously so that it finally ended up in the 8-20.90 category;
‘chef garde’ is interpreted as a superintender of the performed work of subordinates and not as a guardian of
buildings;
problems were also faced by classifying the occupation “secrétaire”, to which finally the code 3-99.90 was
assigned;
the ISCO-code 8-71.20 was assigned to the occupational title of ‘ouvrier gazier’, referring to someone who is
responsible for the distribution of gas. But it is also possible that this occupation refers to someone who
worked in the gas factory of Leuven.
some occupations are considered as synonymous or are classified in the same ISCO-category based on the
similar tasks they perform: In reality these occupations indicate different positions e.g. ‘commis’ refers
probably to a higher employee and a ‘clerk’ to a lower one. However the ISCO-classification does not take this
distinction into account as a result of which the code 3-93.10 was assigned. Alternatively a special code like 3-
9
99.10 can be added since no information is available about the location where the occupation is practiced e.g.
in an office or in a store.
-inspecteur d’assurances=employé d’assurances
-clerk=employé de bureau=commis
-commis voyageur=représentant de commerce
-garçon de bureau=messager=fripier
-buandier=blanchisseur
The general occupational reference of ‘employé’ was interpreted as a clerk. Another possibility consists of
referring to someone who works for a superior. In this case an employee can exercise manual work or non
manual work. When we decide in favour of this last alternative, it is advisable to add a separate code to group
9.
3.2.7.
Commercial occupations
A distinction was made between the different occupations concerning trading and the retail or wholesale
business. The following codes were assigned.
• fabricant, entrepreneur en industriel : 2-11.10
• négociant : 4-10.20
• marchand, boutiquier : 4-10.30
Concerning the previous codes the distinction between the 2-11.10 en 2-12.10 is not always clear by
which it is advisable to point out the differences more precisely.
3.3. Conclusions
The coding of the selected 500 most frequent occupations entails some problems. Five types of
problems are distinguished of which some are considered more problematic than others. A first
problem refers to the absence of an ISCO-code or the absence of a general code. Several times the
historical occupational title could be classified in different (sub)groups through which it wasn’t possible
to add a special code in one group. Consequently, it is desirable to include a separate group to classify
these titles. A second problem arose if the ISCO description was too vague but also the possibility
existed to add an extra code within a group or subgroup. An occupational description not precise
enough for a more detailed historical title was considered as a third problem. This concerns the
distinction between the different positions like indicated in the variable ‘status’. A problem of a
different nature concerns the assignment of two or more codes to one occupation. In this case based
upon the knowledge of the subject in question the researcher must take a subjective decision. However
a certain degree of interpretation always plays a part in coding occupational titles, for some occupations
it is more distinct than for others. Finally, double occupational titles were indicated as a fifth problem.
4. The second phase: formulating general principles for
frequent encountered problems
The 500 most frequent occupations in the historical datasets of Belgium, Canada, England, France,
the Netherlands and Sweden were coded. Almost all researchers who used the ISCO-classification
for coding occupations of the 19th century encountered a few similar problems. Therefore a set of
10
several guidelines were made, which in combination with the already existing ISCO68-classification
make coding of occupations possible. These guidelines were based on the coding experience of an
international group of historians and sociologists. The combination of these guidelines and the
ISCO68-classification is called HISCO. In this paragraph an overview of the different coding
principles corresponding the agreements made during the discussion about the problematic
occupations in the various historical datasets, is given. The discussion was based on the several
proposals that were formulated by the researchers during the first phase.
4.1. General principles
A difficulty that every researcher has to contend with was the way in which the knowledge of the
region and/or the period may be used while coding occupations. For example at the beginning of
the 19th century a weaver refers to the manual worker but furtheron the 19th century it referred to
mechanical work. In fact there comes no end to the additional information that can be gathered to
optimize the coding. Because of the diversity of periods and/or regions it is not desirable to use
only one code. Additional variables have to be called into being so that manual as well as
mechanical weaving receive one and the same code. This has the advantage that we can code
automatically, without interpretation In such way, only the information that is included in the
occupational title as found in the source is used to classify that occupation.
A lot of the coding problems of the first phase concerning the loss of information can be
remedied by creating new variables. Two possibilities occur: or each occupation will be coded on
the new variables or the variables will only be coded in the case of information loss. According to
the last case, the PRODUCT-variable f.e. is not coded if an ISCO-code already include information
about the product that is dealt in. There was decided to follow the last principle. If the additional
variables contain information that’s already included in the occupational title than these variables
will be left open. Only in the case that not filling in the additional variables would mean a loss of
information, these variables will be used.
4.2. Titles that are too general
In almost all datasets the problem occurs that a lot of occupational titles were too vague and in
consequence several ISCO-codes were possible.
When the historical titles are to vague it is recommended to create additional general codes.
Like mentioned before ISCO provides with some general codes ending on a 10 or 05, although this
option is not always possible. Within the ISCO-classification this general code refers to an
occupation, combining several tasks e.g. a baker who bakes bread as well as fancy cakes. However
it is of great importance to distinguish these occupations from other occupations of which the title
in se is not general but not specified enough to decide which activity is meant. For example the
occupation weaver : the weaver can weave manual (75430) or mechanical (75440), with weavethread
(75450) or with other materials etc. Four solutions were proposed for the distinct problematic
occupations.
Whenever the occupational title includes a combination of tasks the logic of the ISCOclassification will be followed. The ISCO-codes ending on .10 or .05 will be used or new codes will
be created. However this guideline can’t be followed when occupations implicate production as
11
well as trade. Within ISCO these occupations belong to different major groups. So there was
decided that such occupations are to be coded as production and the additional information about
trade is to be rendered by a separate numeric variable COMNUM. This variable gets the value ‘1’
whenever the occupation includes a combination of production and trade, a ‘2’ when more than one
possible ISCO-code can be given to the occupation (infra), and a ‘3’ whenever more than one
occupational title is contained in the occupation (infra). Of the 500 most frequent occupations of
the dataset of Leuven3 30 occupations were indicated as a combination of production and trade.
If several codes are possible, the most simple case is that where 2 or 3 codes within the same
can be attached to the occupational title. When this is the case a new ‘in-between’ code
will be created. For example hairdresser can mean a ladies as well as a men’s hairdresser, so a code
57025 is created. To 12 selected occupations such an in-between-code was assigned.
ISCO-group
It can also happen that all codes of the same ISCO-group can be assigned to the occupational title
e.g. collegeprofessor. This general title lacks information about the subjects that he teaches. It is
clear that he doesn’t teach every subject but that one code of the group can be assigned. In this
case the code of the unitgroup is used and 00 is added (13100). When the occupation exceeds the
limits of a unitgroup and can belong to all occupations within one subgroup like is the case with e.g.
‘teacher’, then the code of the subgroup is assigned and 000 is added (13000).
It will become more complex when a general occupational title can refer to several occupations
in different unit-, sub-, and major groups. For example this situation occurs for an occupation for
which it is unclear which material is used in the production process. A ‘turner’ can work with metal
(83320), wood (81230) or stone (82050). For the time being it has been agreed to give to these
occupations the code 99998 and to make use of 2 separate variables : COMNUM gets the value ‘2’
and the alphanumerical variable COMTXT contains all possible codes that can be applied. In the
discussion of the first coding phase some occupations were mentioned for which some
considerations and interpretations preceded the assignment of a particular ISCO-code. Because of the
new coding principles the code 99998 is now assigned to a lot of these occupations. In all, 25
occupational titles of the new selection refer to distinct occupations at which different codes can be
given.
A 4th situation refers to occupational titles that are so vaguely defined that they can refer to
many sorts of activity e.g. ‘business employee’, ‘technician’, ... These occupations are coded with
99999. Six occupations of our selection were too vague to assign a specific code.
4.3. Titles that are too specific
In all the historical datasets some titles were too specific so information was lost. The specific
historical titles can be classified within ISCO’s more general categories but that means unavoidably a
loss of information. A first example of such specific occupations are the double occupational titles
like messenger-village policeman. Because of the infinite number of possible combinations the
proposal to code these double occupations separately was overruled. So there was decided to code
3 For coding the occupations in the second phase a new selection was made. In contrast with the first phase in
wich only the first occupation of the groom was taken into account, a new selection from all the occupations of all
men was made. In consequence the second or third occupation was also taken into consideration for the selection,
as are all the men of the dataset (so also the fathers of the bride and groom and the witnesses). Like in the first
phase the 500 most frequent occupations were selected. Each occupation has a frequency of 37 or more.
12
the first occupation and to render the second in the COMTXT variable. In this case the COMNUM is
set on 3.
With some of the occupations there was also information available on ‘employment status’:
maitre, garcon, etc. Usually, the researcher hasn’t the possibility of coding this information within
the ISCO-classification. The ISCO-guidelines for this information, like rendered in the manual, is not
sufficient. Apprentices for instance are coded according to activities carried out, helpers end up in
the residual categories. Students on their turn are not classified according to their studies but on a
lower level within the same occupational group. In this case you can ask yourself if a student in
medicine have to be coded as a nurse? It seemed more efficient to create an additional variable
STATUS. Moreover this method has the advantage that sometimes the occupational activities are not
indicated but only information about the status is available f.i. ‘student’. This information can than
be included in the STATUS-variable and the ISCO-code gets a missing value ‘-1’. This extra variable
will only be used in case of the insufficiency of the ISCO-codes. By creating this variable the status
information can be included for 67 occupational titles of our selection.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
no indication
master
journeyman
apprentice, learner
helper, assistant
supervisor, head-, chef
student
graduate
honourary
It is also possible that an occupation is not longer exercised (or will be exercised in the future) e.g.
‘pensioner teacher’. This information can be rendered in a separate variable ‘TEMP’ and the occupation
itself will be coded within the ISCO-classification. Since students can have a code on the STATUS as well
as on the TEMP-variable, there was decided to use only the STATUS-variable. Only in rare cases such as
‘future student in medicine’ both variables can be used. Comparable with the principle in the previous
paragraph, occupations that only refer to a former or future situation will be coded with the TEMPvariable and the value of ISCO is set on ‘-1’. In all, 6 occupations could be coded more specifically
because of this additional variable.
0
1
2
no indication
former
future
4.4. Commercial occupations
A lot of historical occupations encompasses information about the product that is made, sold or bought.
Within the ISCO-classification this information is often lost. Because of this there was decided to create
a new variable in which this information can be included. A good classification must be a classification
consisting of different levels. The highest level can refer to food, clothes,.... while within each level a
more specific division can be made. Evidently the developing of such a classification requires a lot of
time and energy so that the researchers of Leuven proposed to use an existing classification namely the
‘family budget inquiries’ (FBI).
13
The FBI are investigations that are frequently conducted by private families in order to analyse their
pattern of expenses. Such inquiries are performed not only in Belgium but also in other European and
not-European countries. With the purpose of making international comparisons possible, EUROSTAT
attempted to harmonise the distinct FBI’s. In the EUROSTAT-publications FBI: comparative tables (1990)
the classification of products is publicized in different languages. The availability in different languages
and the possibility to use a very detailed classification offer a lot of advantages.
First of all the usefulness of the classification was tested by the researchers of Leuven. All
occupational titles including ‘marchand’ or ‘negociant’ were selected and this method resulted in 114
distinct titles. Next there was an attempt to classify the products of this titles into the FBI.
Unfortunately the result was pitiable since only 50% of the occupations could be classified without
problems. On reflection it seemed that the products of the occupations that could not be classified
were products that would scarcely be bought by private persons : cattle fodder, cows. On this point we
met the disadvantages of the FBI. In these inquiries the research object is the consumption of private
families. In consequence wholesale and retail businessmen can hardly be classified but on the other
hand regarding to the ISCO purposes some categories of the FBI are also superfluous such as road
taxes,...
In a next step the titles that weren’t classified were divided into 5 groups: animals, textile, animal
skins, raw materials and basic and derived agricultural products. The group 90000 (expenses not
mentioned before) was reserved for classifying these products. Because of this adaptation the
percentage of titles not possible to classify was reduced to 5%. This percentage concerns occupations
by which no product was mentioned (e.g. merchant in jail,...).
When more than one product was traded by one person, the more general codes of the classification
will be used.
It can be concluded that the FBI is a useful instrument in order to classify the products of the distinct
occupations. In appendix II an overview of this classification is offered.
4.5. Titles that are absent
Like already mentioned before some occupational titles are absent within the ISCO-classification e.g.
military jobs. For this occupations new codes were created.
58300
58310
58320
58330
military, specialisation unknown
officer
non-commissioned officer (sergeant, corporal)
soldier
In addition to this military occupations also new codes for day-labourers (99910) and factoryworkers (99920) were called into existence. There was thought of distinguishing the manual and
industrial labour in a separate variable. Since former coding experiences had learned that most of the
time such a distinction leads to differentiate between ‘factory workers’ and ‘workers’, only an additional
variable for the first occupation was assigned. A code for labourers in general already exists within ISCO
namely ‘99910’.
Finally titles that not indicate an occupation in se have to be taken into account. For the time being
4 groups were distinguished: having no occupation, poor, independent and nobility.
14
In appendix III an overview of the different coding principles are listed. The new occupational
variables are indicated in appendix IV. In appendix V the 500 most frequent occupations and assigned
codes are given.
4.6. Evaluation
In general it can be concluded that based on the agreed coding principles, most of the coding problems
were solved, even regarding the new occupational selection. Nevertheless some gaps need to be
remedied and a few coding principles have to be reviewed.
The interpretation of some occupations on the basis of knowledge of the region and/or period stays
a precarious problem. Other researchers yet indicated the obscure line between the pure information
that is included in the occupational title and the interpretation of this information. Probably each
researcher himself has to decide on this delicate matters in order to gain as much information as
possible and to loose as few. Because of this the comparability between different regions and/or
periods don’t have to be hard pressed. In the case of indistinctness the researcher will assign the code
‘99998’ and will render all the possibilities in the COMTXT-variable. Moreover it will be almost
impossible in comparative research to control the interpretation of particular occupations. This doesn’t
mean that no efforts have to be made to cater for such a problem, which inheres in historical data.
This interpretation problem holds also for indicating that a certain occupation can be understood as
a combination of production and trade. For some occupations this combination is obvious f.e. ‘baker’.
But for others the knowledge of the region and/or period is of great concern for the indication of this
combination. For occupations like ‘tailor’ or ‘smith’ it is also possible that the person in question is not
a trader.
In order to reduce the loss of information additional variables (STATUS, PRODUCT) were created.
Also there was agreed to use these variables only when the related information is not included in the
occupational title. In addition to the remark of Boonstra (1997) I found that this is indeed not a
systematically way of working. Because of this it will be better to always code the available information
of the ISCO-code into the separate variables. So for example two occupations ‘chef train’ and ‘marchand
journaux’ get also a value on the status and the product variable. The STATUS-variable is for the
occupation ‘chef train’ set on ‘5’. Nevertheless the product information of ‘marchand journaaux’ is
already included in the ISCO-code, the PRODUCT-variable is set on ‘73012’. Dependent on certain
research questions it is probably more efficient and time-saving that all these variables were filled in
systematically.
Another difficulty within the new coding scheme is the use of the codes ‘99999’ and ‘99998’.
Whenever an occupational title is too vague the ‘99999’ code is assigned. However a too general
occupational title at which distinct codes can be given, receive a ‘99998’-code. In this last case the
question can be asked how much codes can be assigned before deciding to give a ‘99999’ code. For
example this problem is faced for the occupation of ‘mécanicien’. Within the ISCO-classification many
codes of different groups can be adjudged to this occupation. Do we than have to conclude that the
occupation is too vague? Or do we have to render all the possibilities in the COMTXT-variable? The
difference between the two codes is not univocal so that these new principles have to be reviewed.
By coding the occupations of the first phase some codes were lacking. For example this was the
case for some occupations at the railway company. Since in the second phase a new code was created
for ‘employé chemin de fer’, it is also desirable to create a code for ‘ouvrier chemin de fer’.
15
Regarding the PRODUCT-variable we have not met so many problems. Naturally this is because of
the preparing phase that preceded the coding of occupational products. For the problematic products
several immediate solutions were given. Probably occupational titles of the other datasets will reveal
other problems. A further elaboration of the ‘90000’-group classification must than be pursued.
Already in the first phase there was indicated for the dataset of Leuven that it might be useful to also
include information about the place where someone exercises his occupation f.e. ‘messager mairie’. No
further attention was paid to this matter in the second phase. Also Boonstra (1997) has pointed out this
loss of information. He even added some other aspects: the kind of services that are provided, the tools
that are used, the way the work is done, the moment when the occupation is held (day/night), the
company someone works at and the type of government someone works at (local or national). At the
beginning of the second phase is noted that there comes no end to the gathering of information.
Nevertheless it seems that regarding to the dataset of Leuven the place where someone works as well as
the kind of services that are provided might be relevant variables. For the moment occupations like
‘notary’ and ‘barrister’ are coded within ISCO like ‘jurist’. How far these distinct sorts of information
must be included, is a subject of discussion.
4.7. Conclusions
The presented coding principles have to facilitate the coding of 19th century occupations in a less
ambivalent manner. For the more general as well as for the very concrete occupational titles some
solutions, that must reduce the problematic occupations to a minimum, were offered. Nevertheless
some problems still are to be solved. Besides that already agreed coding principles have to be further
elaborated so that occupations can be coded more correctly. In prospect of a next review of the coding
rules it will be useful to code the 1000 most frequent occupations as well as the female occupations. On
the basis of this new coding it will be easier to indicate more precisely the existing problems and how to
deal with them.
Conclusion
When certain conditions are fulfilled, the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO68)
can be a starting point for elaborating a common occupational classification. On this moment some
simple tricks are enough for several coding problems. This does not remove the fact that the coding of
occupations is attended with a certain degree of interpretation. The data is emanated from historical
documents whereby no information is available on the manner that they were filled in. Maybe persons
belonging to different social classes made use of other criteria to report their occupation. Moreover
there’s probably no uniform denomination of occupations and maybe there are several occupational
titles referring to the same occupation or task.
The coding of historical documents poses also problems in case of less clear and less readable words
or paragraphs. Besides this the different occupations are a social and historical construction and
therefore the meaning and content is dependent on the social context of a certain period. In
consequence we have to bear in mind that the meanings between the ISCO-description of an occupation
and the real content of the same occupation in the 19th century can differ. This warning holds also for
the assignment of codes to the same occupation in different periods and regions.
16
The elaboration of a hierarchical classification and its international comparability based upon ISCO68
poses some questions. First of all each researcher will probably reclassify the occupations in larger
groups since the ISCO-classification is too detailed. Because there is no common method for this, the
advantage of ISCO on the international level is reduced. Moreover, such common method is almost
impossible to develop because of the previous mentioned regional differences. Most likely, different
codes will be assigned to the same occupations dependent on the region.
Those remarks do not remove the fact that attempts must be undertaken to maximize the
comparability on the international level. Whatever classification is used, some subjective decisions will
always be made by coding occupations. Probably several discussions will precede the elaboration of an
adequate classification scheme. Based upon the suggestions formulated in this paper, the ISCOclassification can already be adjusted and worked out to a more useful instrument.
References
BOONSTRA, O. (1996). Classifying occupations with ISCO: Experiences with the Eindhoven dataset. Nijmegen:
Universiteit van Nijmegen, Vakgroep Geschiedenis, onuitgegeven paper.
BOONSTRA, O. (1997). Evaluating HISCO500.
geschiedenis, onuitgegeven paper.
Nijmegen: Universiteit van Nijmegen, Vakgroep
DE BELDER, J. (1976). Beroep of bezit als een criterium voor de sociale doorsnede. Een aanzet tot
uniformisering van reconstructiemethoden. Tijdschrift voor sociale geschiedenis, 257-279.
BUREAU INTERNATIONALE DU TRAVAIL (1969). Classification Internationale Type des Professions. Genève:
Bureau Internationale du Travail.
DE JAGER, H., MOK, A.L. (1994). Grondbeginselen der sociologie. Houten: Stenfert Kroese.
DE SEVE, M., BOUCHARD, G. (1996). Coding the 100 most frequent occupational titles in the IREP BALSAC
database. Canada: Université Laval & Université du Québec, onuitgegeven paper.
GIDDENS, A. (1993). Sociology. Cambridge: Oxford, Polity Press.
MAAS, I. (1996). Coding 19th century occupations into ISCO68. The example of the Netherlands. Herziene versie
van de paper voorgesteld op het European Social Science History Conference, 9-11 mei 1996 te
Noordwijkerhout.
MAAS, I., VAN LEEUWEN, M. (1997). HISCO Coding Principles. Status quo after having coded the 500 most
frequent male occupations in historical datasets from Belgium, Canada, England, France, the Netherlands and
Sweden, onuitgegeven paper.
PEETERS, H., MATTHIJS, K. (1996). De beroepenclassificatie toegepast op de huwelijksakten van Leuven, Bierbeek en
Aalst (1800-1913). Leuven: Departement Sociologie, Afdeling Gezin, Bevolking en Gezondheid,
onuitgegeven werk.
VAN LEEUWEN, M., MAAS, I. (1996). Creating an Historical International Standard Coding of Occupations:
questions of comparability, validity, flexibility and efficiency. Amsterdam/Berlin: N.W. Posthumus
Institute/Max Planck Institute for Human Development, onuitgegeven paper.
17
Appendix 1: Overview of the ISCO-classification
Grands groupes, sous-groupes et groupes de base
Grand groupe 0/1
Personnel des professions scientifiques, techniques, libérales et assimilées
0-1
Spécialistes des sciences physico-chimiques et techniciens assimilés
0-11 Chimistes
0-12 Physiciens
0-13 Spécialistes des sciences physico-chimiques non classés ailleurs
0-14 Techniciens des sciences physico-chimiques
0-2/0-3 Architectes, ingénieurs et techniciens assimilés
0-21 Architectes et urbanistes
0-22 Ingénieurs civils
0-23 Ingénieurs électriciens et électroniciens
0-24 Ingénieurs mécaniciens
0-25 Ingénieurs chimistes
0-26 Ingénieurs métallurgistes
0-27 Ingénieurs des mines
0-28 Ingénieurs en organisation
0-29 Ingénieurs non classés ailleurs
0-31 Géomètres
0-32 Dessinateurs
0-33 Techniciens du génie civil
0-34 Techniciens électriciens et électroniciens
0-35 Techniciens mécaniciens
0-36 Techniciens de chimie industrielle
0-37 Techniciens métallurgistes
0-38 Techniciens des mines
0-39 Techniciens de l'industrie non classés ailleurs
0-4
Pilotes, officiers de pont et officiers mécaniciens (marine et aviation)
0-41 Pilotes d'avions, navigateurs et mécaniciens navigants
0-42 Officiers de pont et pilotes (navigation maritime et fluviale)
0-43 Officiers mécaniciens (navigation maritime et fluviale)
0-5
Biologistes, agronomes et techniciens assimilés
0-51 Biologistes, zoologistes et spécialistes assimilés
0-52 Bactériologistes, pharmacologistes et spécialistes assimilés
0-53 Agronomes et spécialistes assimilés
0-54 Techniciens des sciences biologiques et agronomiques
18
0-6/0-7 Médecins, dentistes, vétérinaires et travailleurs assimilés
0-61 Médecins et chirurgiens
0-62 Assistants médicaux
0-63 Dentistes
0-64 Dentistes assistants
0-65 Vétérinaires
0-66 Vétérinaires assistants
0-67 Pharmaciens
0-68 Pharmaciens assistants
0-69 Diététiciens et spécialistes des problèmes de nutrition (santé publique)
0-71 Infirmiers diplômés
0-72 Personnel infirmier non classé ailleurs
0-73 Sages-femmes diplômées
0-74 Sages-femmes non classées ailleurs
0-75 Optométriciens et opticiens
0-76 Physiothérapeutes et ergothérapeutes
0-77 Techniciens de radiologie médicale
0-79 Médecins, dentistes, vétérinaires et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
0-8
Statisticiens, mathématiciens, analystes de systèmes et techniciens assimilés
0-81 Statisticiens
0-82 Mathématiciens et actuaires
0-83 Analystes de systèmes
0-84 Techniciens des statistiques et des mathématiques
0-9
Economistes
0-90 Economistes
1-1
Comptables
1-10 Comptables
1-2
Juristes
1-21 Avocats, procureurs et conseils juridiques
1-22 Juges
1-29 Juristes non classés ailleurs
1-3
Personnel enseignant
1-31 Professeurs d'université et d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur (troisième degré)
1-32 Personnel enseignant du second degré
1-33 Personnel enseignant du premier degré
1-34 Personnel enseignant de l'éducation préscolaire
1-35 Personnel enseignant d'éducation spéciale
1-39 Personnel enseignant non classé ailleurs
1-4
Membres du clergé et assimilés
1-41 Ministres des cultes et membres d'ordres religieux assimilés
1-49 Membres du clergé et assimilés non classés ailleurs
19
1-5
Auteurs, journalistes et écrivains assimilés
1-51 Auteurs et critiques
1-59 Auteurs, journalistes et écrivains assimilés non classés ailleurs
1-6
Sculpteurs, peintres, photographes et artistes créateurs assimilés
1-61 Sculpteurs, peintres et artistes assimilés
1-62 Décorateurs, étalagistes, dessinateurs créateurs de modèles et travailleurs assimilés
1-63 Photographes et cameramen
1-7
Musiciens, acteurs, danseurs et artistes assimilés
1-71 Compositeurs, musiciens et chanteurs
1-72 Chorégraphes et danseurs
1-73 Acteurs et metteurs en scène
1-74 Producteurs (théâtre, cinéma et radio-télévision)
1-75 Artistes de cirque
1-79 Musiciens, acteurs, danseurs et artistes assimilés non classés ailleurs
1-8
Athlètes, sportifs et assimilés
1-80 Athlètes, sportifs et assimilés
1-9
Personnel des professions scientifiques, techniques, libérales et assimilées non classé ailleurs
1-91 Bibliothécaires, archivistes et conservateurs de musée
1-92 Sociologues, anthropologues et spécialistes assimilés
1-93 Travailleurs sociaux
1-94 Spécialistes des problèmes de personnel et d'information professionnelle
1-95 Philologues, traducteurs et interprètes
1-99 Autres travailleurs des professions scientifiques, techniques, libérales et assimilées
Grand groupe 2
Directeurs et cadres administratifs supérieurs
2-0
Membres des corps législatifs et cadres supérieurs de l'administration publique
2-01 Membres des corps législatifs
2-02 Cadres supérieurs de l'administration publique
2-1
Directeurs et cadres dirigeants
2-11 Directeurs généraux
2-12 Directeurs de production (à l'exception des entreprises agricoles)
2-19 Directeurs et cadres dirigeants non classés ailleurs
Grand groupe 3
Personnel administratif et travailleurs assimilés
3-0
Chefs de groupe d'employés de bureau
3-00 Chefs de groupe d'employés de bureau
3-1
Agents administratifs (administration publique)
3-10 Agents administratifs (administration publique)
20
3-2
Sténographes, dactylographes et opérateurs sur machines perforatrices de cartes et de rubans
3-21 Sténographes, dactylographes et télétypistes
3-22 Opérateurs sur machines perforatrices de cartes et de rubans
3-3
Employés de comptabilité, caissiers et travailleurs assimilés
3-31 Aides-comptables, employés de comptabilité et caissiers
3-39 Employés de comptabilité, caissiers et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
3-4
0pérateurs sur machines à traiter l'information
3-41 Opérateurs sur machines comptables et machines à calculer
3-42 Opérateurs sur machines de traitement automatique des données
3-5
Chefs de services de transports et de communications
3-51 Chefs de gare
3-52 Chefs de bureau de poste
3-59 Chefs de services de transports et de communications non classés ailleurs
3-6
Chefs de train et receveurs
3-60 Chefs de train et receveurs
3-7
Facteurs et messagers
3-70 Facteurs et messagers
3-8
Opérateurs des téléphones et des télégraphes
3-80 Opérateurs des téléphones et des télégraphes
3-9
Personnel administratif et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
3-91 Employés d'approvisionnement
3-92 Agents de planning et d'ordonnancement
3-93 Employés de service administratif
3-94 Réceptionnistes, hôtesses d'accueil et employés de bureaux de voyages
3-95 Employés de bibliothèque et classeurs-archivistes
3-99 Employés de bureau non classés ailleurs
Grand groupe 4
Personnel commercial et vendeurs
4-0
Directeurs (commerces de gros et de détail)
4-00 Directeurs (commerces de gros et de détail)
4-1
Propriétaires-gérants de commerces de gros et de détail
4-10 Propriétaires-gérants de commerces de gros et de détail
4-2
Chefs des ventes et acheteurs
4-21 Chefs des ventes
4-22 Acheteurs
21
4-3
Agents commerciaux techniciens et voyageurs de commerce
4-31 Agents commerciaux techniciens et inspecteurs commerciaux techniciens
4-32 Voyageurs de commerce, représentants et placiers
4-4
Agents d'assurances, agents immobiliers, courtiers en valeurs, agents de vente de services aux
entreprises et vendeurs aux enchères
4-41 Agents d'assurances, agents immobiliers et courtiers en valeurs
4-42 Agents de vente de services aux entreprises
4-43 Vendeurs aux enchères
4-5
Commis vendeurs, employés de commerce et travailleurs assimilés
4-51 Commis vendeurs, employés de commerce et démonstrateurs
4-52 Vendeurs ambulants, vendeurs à domicile et vendeurs de journaux
4-9
Personnel commercial et vendeurs non classés ailleurs
4-90 Personnel commercial et vendeurs non classés ailleurs
Grand groupe 5
Travailleurs specialisés dans les services
5-0
Directeurs d'hôtels, de cafés ou de restaurants
5-00 Directeurs d'hôtels, de cafés ou de restaurants
5-1
Propriétaires-gérants d'hôtels, de cafés ou de restaurants
5-10 Propriétaires-gérants d'hôtels, de cafés ou de restaurants
5-2
Chefs de groupe d'employés de maison et travailleurs assimilés
5-20 Intendants, économes et travailleurs assimilés
5-3
Cuisiniers, serveurs, barmen et travailleurs assimilés
5-31 Cuisiniers
5-32 Serveurs, barmen et travailleurs assimilés
5-4
Employés de maison et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
5-40 Employés de maison et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
5-5
Gardiens d'immeubles, nettoyeurs et travailleurs assimilés
5-51 Gardiens d'immeubles
5-52 Femmes de ménage, nettoyeurs et travailleurs assimilés
5-6
Blanchisseurs, dégraisseurs et presseurs
5-60 Blanchisseurs, dégraisseurs et presseurs
5-7
Coiffeurs, spécialistes des soins de beauté et travailleurs assimilés
5-70 Coiffeurs, spécialistes des soins de beauté et travailleurs assimilés
5-8
Personnel des services de protection et de sécurité
22
5-81 Pompiers
5-82 Agents de la police publique et agents de police privée
5-89 Personnel des services de protection et de sécurité non classé ailleurs
5-9
Travailleurs spécialisés dans les services non classés ailleurs
5-91 Guides
5-92 Entrepreneurs de pompes funèbres et embaumeurs
5-99 Autres travailleurs spécialisés dans les services
Grand groupe 6
Agriculteurs, éleveurs, forestiers, pêcheurs et chasseurs
6-0
Directeurs et chefs d'exploitations agricoles
6-00 Directeurs et chefs d'exploitations agricoles
6-1
Exploitants agricoles
6-11 Exploitants agricoles polyvalents
6-12 Exploitants agricoles spécialisés
6-2
Travailleurs agricoles
6-21 Garçons de ferme polyvalents
6-22 Ouvriers agricoles des cultures de plein champ et maraîchères
6-23 Ouvriers agricoles des cultures d'arbres et d'arbustes
6-24 Ouvriers agricoles de l'élevage, sauf du bétail laitier
6-25 Ouvriers agricoles de l'élevage du bétail laitier
6-26 Ouvriers agricoles de l'aviculture
6-27 Ouvriers pépiniéristes et jardiniers
6-28 Conducteurs de machines agricoles
6-29 Travailleurs agricoles non classés ailleurs
6-3
Travailleurs forestiers
6-31 Bûcherons
6-32 Travailleurs forestiers, à l'exception des bûcherons
6-4
Pêcheurs, chasseurs et travailleurs assimilés
6-41 Pêcheurs
6-49 Pêcheurs, chasseurs et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
Grand groupe 7/8/9
Ouvriers et manoeuvres non agricoles et conducteurs d'engins de transport
7-0
Agents de maîtrise et assimilés
7-00 Agents de maîtrise et assimilés
7-1
Mineurs, carriers, foreurs de puits et travailleurs assimilés
7-11 Mineurs et carriers
7-12 Ouvriers du traitement des minerais et des pierres
7-13 Foreurs de puits et travailleurs assimilés
23
7-2
Ouvriers de la production et du traitement des métaux
7-21 Conducteurs de fours de sidérurgie
7-22 Lamineurs
7-23 Conducteurs de fours de deuxième fusion et de fours à réchauffer
7-24 Couleurs de métaux
7-25 Mouleurs en sable et noyauteurs
7-26 Ouvriers des traitements thermiques des métaux
7-27 Tréfileurs et étireurs de métaux
7-28 Electroplastes et ouvriers assimilés des revêtements métalliques
7-29 Ouvriers de la production et du traitement des métaux non classés ailleurs
7-3
Ouvriers de la première préparation des bois et de la fabrication du papier
7-31 Ouvriers du traitement des bois
7-32 Scieurs, colleurs et ouvriers assimilés de la préparation des bois
7-33 Préparateurs de pâte à papier
7-34 Ouvriers papetiers
7-4
Conducteurs de fours et d'appareils chimiques
7-41 Concasseurs, broyeurs et calandreurs
7-42 Conducteurs de fours et d'appareils de traitement thermique (chimie)
7-43 Conducteurs d'appareils de filtrage
7-44 Conducteurs d'appareils de distillation et de réaction
7-45 Ouvriers du raffinage du pétrole
7-49 Conducteurs de fours et d'appareils chimiques non classés ailleurs
7-5
Ouvriers du textile
7-51 Préparateurs de fibres
7-52 Fileurs et bobineurs
7-53 Régleurs de métiers à tisser et à tricoter et metteurs en cartes
7-54 Tisserands et ouvriers assimilés
7-55 Tricoteurs et ouvriers de la bonneterie
7-56 Blanchisseurs, teinturiers et finisseurs de produits textiles
7-59 Ouvriers du textile non classés ailleurs
7-6
Tanneurs, peaussiers, mégissiers et ouvriers de la pelleterie
7-61 Tanneurs, peaussiers, mégissiers
7-62 Ouvriers de la pelleterie
7-7
Ouvriers de l'alimentation et des boissons
7-71 Meuniers et ouvriers assimilés du travail des grains
7-72 Ouvriers de la production et du raffinage du sucre
7-73 Bouchers et ouvriers assimilés du travail des viandes
7-74 Cuiseurs et ouvriers assimilés de la conserve
7-75 Ouvriers des produits laitiers
7-76 Boulangers, pâtissiers, confiseurs
7-77 Ouvriers de la préparation des thés, des cafés et des cacaos
7-78 Brasseurs et ouvriers du travail des vins et ouvriers assimilés du travail des boissons
24
7-79 Ouvriers de l'alimentation et des boissons non classés ailleurs
7-8
Ouvriers des tabacs
7-81 Préparateurs de tabac
7-82 Cigariers
7-83 Ouvriers de la fabrication des cigarettes
7-89 Ouvriers des tabacs non classés ailleurs
7-9
Tailleurs, couturiers, couseurs, tapissiers et ouvriers assimilés
7-91 Tailleurs et couturiers
7-92 Fourreurs et travailleurs assimilés
7-93 Modistes et chapeliers
7-94 Patronniers et coupeurs
7-95 Couseurs et brodeurs
7-96 Tapissiers et travailleurs assimilés
7-99 Tailleurs, couturiers, couseurs, tapissiers et ouvriers assimilés non classés ailleurs
8-0
Bottiers, ouvriers de la chaussure et du cuir
8-01 Bottiers et cordonniers réparateurs
8-02 Ouvriers de la chaussure
8-03 Ouvriers du cuir
8-1
Ebénistes, menuisiers et travailleurs assimilés
8-11 Ebénistes
8-12 Conducteurs de machines à bois
8-19 Ebénistes, menuisiers et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
8-2
Tailleurs et graveurs de pierres
8-20 Tailleurs et graveurs de pierres
8-3
Ouvriers du façonnage et de l'usinage des métaux
8-31 Forgerons, marteleurs et conducteurs de presses à forger
8-32 Outilleurs, modeleurs et traceurs
8-33 Régleurs-conducteurs de machines-outils
8-34 Conducteurs de machines-outils
8-35 Conducteurs d'appareils à surfacer, polir et affûter le métal
8-39 Ouvriers du façonnage et de l'usinage des métaux non classés ailleurs
8-4
Ajusteurs-monteurs, installateurs de machines et mécaniciens de précision (électriciens
exceptés)
8-41 Ajusteurs-monteurs et installateurs de machines
8-42 Horlogers et mécaniciens de précision
8-43 Mécaniciens de véhicules à moteur
8-44 Mécaniciens de moteurs d'avion
8-49 Ajusteurs-monteurs, installateurs de machines et mécaniciens de précision (électriciens
exceptés) non classés ailleurs
8-5
Electriciens, électroniciens et travailleurs assimilés
25
8-51
8-52
8-53
8-54
8-55
8-56
8-57
8-59
Ajusteurs-électriciens
Ajusteurs-électroniciens
Monteurs en appareillage électrique et électronique
Dépanneurs d'appareils récepteurs de radio et de télévision
Electriciens d'installation
Monteurs d'installations téléphoniques et télégraphiques
Monteurs de lignes électriques
Electriciens, électroniciens et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
8-6
Opérateurs de stations d'émissions de radio et de télévision, opérateurs d'appareils de
sonorisation et projectionnistes de cinéma
8-61 Opérateurs de stations d'émissions de radio et de télévision
8-62 Opérateurs d'appareils de sonorisation et projectionnistes de cinéma
8-7
Plombiers, soudeurs, tôliers-chaudronniers, monteurs de charpentes et de structures
métalliques
8-71 Plombiers et tuyauteurs
8-72 Soudeurs et oxycoupeurs
8-73 Tôliers-chaudronniers
8-74 Monteurs de charpentes et de structures métalliques
8-8
Joailliers et orfèvres
8-80 Joailliers et orfèvres
8-9
Verriers, potiers et travailleurs assimilés
8-91 Souffleurs, mouleurs, tailleurs, meuleurs et polisseurs de verre
8-92 Potiers et travailleurs assimilés (argile et produits abrasifs)
8-93 Conducteurs de fours de verrerie et de céramique
8-94 Graveurs de produits vitrifiés
8-95 Peintres-décorateurs sur verre et sur céramique
8-99 Verriers, potiers et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
9-0
Ouvriers de la fabrication d'articles en caoutchouc et en matières plastiques
9-01 Ouvriers de la fabrication d'articles en caoutchouc et en matières plastiques (excepté
les confectionneurs et vulcanisateurs de pneus)
9-02 Confectionneurs et vulcanisateurs de pneus
9-1
Confectionneurs d'articles en papier et en carton
9-10 Confectionneurs d'articles en papier et en carton
9-2
Compositeurs typographes et travailleurs assimilés
9-21 Compositeurs typographes
9-22 Conducteurs de presses à imprimer
9-23 Stéréotypeurs et clicheurs-galvanoplastes
9-24 Graveurs d'imprimerie (excepté les photograveurs)
9-25 Photograveurs
9-26 Relieurs et travailleurs assimilés
9-27 Développeurs de photographies en chambre noire
26
9-29 Compositeurs typographes et travailleurs assimilés non classés ailleurs
9-3
Peintres
9-31 Peintres en construction
9-39 Peintres non classés ailleurs
9-4
Ouvriers à la production et assimilés non classés ailleurs
9-41 Luthiers, facteurs et accordeurs d'instruments de musique
9-42 Vanniers et brossiers
9-43 Ouvriers de la fabrication de produits minéraux non métalliques
9-49 Autres ouvriers à la production et assimilés
9-5
Maçons, charpentiers et autres travailleurs de la construction
9-51 Maçons, briqueteurs et carreleurs
9-52 Ouvriers en béton armé, cimentiers-applicateurs et poseurs de sol en terrazzo
9-53 Couvreurs
9-54 Charpentiers, menuisiers et parqueteurs
9-55 Plâtriers
9-56 Installateurs de matériel d'isolation et d'insonorisation
9-57 Vitriers
9-59 Travailleurs de la construction non classés ailleurs
9-6
Conducteurs de machines et d'installations fixes
9-61 Conducteurs d'installations de production d'énergie
9-69 Conducteurs de machines et d'installations fixes non classés ailleurs
9-7
Conducteurs d'engins de manutention et de terrassement, dockers et manutentionnaires
9-71 Dockers et manutentionnaires
9-72 Gréeurs et épisseurs de câbles
9-73 Conducteurs de grues et d'autres appareils de levage
9-74 Conducteurs d'engins de terrassement
9-79 Conducteurs d'engins de manutention et de terrassement non classés ailleurs
9-8
Conducteurs d'engins de transport
9-81 Matelots de pont, mariniers et bateliers
9-82 Matelots des salles de machines et des chaufferies
9-83 Conducteurs et chauffeurs de locomotives
9-84 Serre-freins, aiguilleurs et agents de manoeuvre
9-85 Conducteurs de véhicules à moteur
9-86 Conducteurs d'animaux et de véhicules à traction animale
9-89 Conducteurs d'engins de transport non classés ailleurs
9-9
Manoeuvres non classés ailleurs
9-99 Manoeuvres non classés ailleurs
Grand groupe X
Travailleurs ne pouvant être classés selon la profession
27
X-1
Personnes en quête de leur premier emploi
X-10 Personnes en quête de leur premier emploi
X-2
Travailleurs ayant fait au sujet de leur profession une déclaration imprécise ou insuffisante
X-20 Travailleurs ayant fait au sujet de leur profession une déclaration imprécise ou
insuffisante
X-3
Travailleurs n'ayant déclaré aucune profession
X-30 Travailleurs n'ayant déclaré aucune profession
Forces armées: Membres des forces armées
28
Appendix 2: Overview of the PRODUCT-variable
10000 FOOD, BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
11000 Food
11010 Bread and cereals
11011 Rice
11012 Flour and other cereals
11013 Bread
11014 Pastries, cakes and biscuits
11015 Noodles, macaroni, spaghetti
11016 Other cereal products
11020 Meat
11021 Beef
11022 Veal
11023 Pork
11024 Mutton, lamb or goat's meat
11025 Poultry
11026 Delicatessen
11027 Processed meats and other
products containing meat
11028 Other meats, fresh, frozen or
deep-frozen
11030 Fish
11031 Fish, fresh, frozen or deepfrozen
11032 Fish, dried or smoked
11033 Other seafoods
11034 Fish and other sea products,
preserved or processed
11040 Milk, cheese and eggs
11041 Milk, other than preserved
11042 Milk, preserved
11043 Other milk products (excluding
cheese)
11044 Cheese
11045 Eggs
11050 Oils and fats
11051 Butter
11052 Margarine
11053 Edible oils except olive oils
11054 Other animal and vegetable fats
11059 Olive oils
11060 Fruit and vegetables, other than
potatoes and similar tuber
vegetables
11061 Fresh fruit
11062 Dried fruit and nuts
11063 Fruit, frozen, preserved and juice
11064 Fresh vegetables
11065 Dried vegetables
11066 Frozen vegetables
21015 Haberdashery and hire of clothing
22000 Footwear
22010 Footwear
22011 Men's footwear
11067 Preserved or processed vegetables,
soups and other vegetable-based
products
11070 Potatoes, manioc and other tuber
vegetables
11071 Potatoes
11072 Potato products, manioc and other
tuber vegetables
11080 Sugar
11081 Sugar
11090 Coffee, tea, cocoa
11091 Coffee
11092 Tea
11093 Cocoa
11100 Other foods, including preserves
and confectionery
11101 Jams, marmalades, jellies, honey
and syrups
11102 Chocolate
11103 Confectionery
11104 Edible ice
11105 Condiments, sauces, spices, salt
and other food products, n.e.c.
12000 Non-alcoholic beverages
12010 Non-alcoholic beverages
12011 Mineral water
12012 Other soft drinks
13000 Alcoholic beverages
13010 Alcoholic beverages
13011 Liquors and spirits
13012 Wine
13013 Beer
13014 Other alcoholic beverages
14000 Tobacco
14010 Cigarettes
14011 Cigarettes
14020 Other tobacco products
14021 Cigars and small cigars
14022 Other tobacco products and
accessories
20000 CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR
21000 Clothing other than footwear
21010 Clothing other than footwear
21011 Men's garments
21012 Ladies' garments
21013 Children's garments (3-16 years
inclusive)
21014 Infants' clothing (0-2 years inclusive)
utensils
44010 Glassware, tableware and household
utensils
44011 Glassware and tableware
29
22012 Ladies' footwear
22013 Children's and infants' footwear
(0-16 years inclusive)
30000 WATER, FUEL, AND POWER
31000 Water
31020 Water
31021 Water
32000 Fuel and power
32010 Electricity
32011 Electricity
32020 Gas
32021 Town gas and natural gas
32022 Liquefied gas
32030 Liquid fuels
32031 Fuel-oil and other liquid heating
products
32040 Other fuels
32041 Coal, coke and other solid fuels
40000
FURNITURE, FURNISHINGS AND
HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT
41000 Furniture, fixtures, carpets, other floor
coverings
41010 Furniture, fixtures, carpets, other floor
coverings
41011 Furniture and fixtures
4I012 Floor coverings
42000 Household textiles, other furnishings
42010 Household textiles and other
furnishings
42011 Household textiles and other
furnishings consisting mainly of
textiles, and their accessories
43000 Heating and cooking appliances,
refrigerators, washing machines and
similar major household appliances
43010 Heating and cooking appliances,
refrigerators, washing machines, etc.
43011 Refrigerators, freezers and fridgefreezers
43012 Washing machines, spin driers and
tumble driers
43013 Dish-washers
43014 Cookers, plate warmers
43015 Heaters, electric or not, airconditioners
43016 Cleaning and maintenance equipment
43017 Sewing and knitting machines
43018 Other household appliances
44000 Glassware, tableware and household
71020 Photographic equipment, musical
instruments, boats and other major
durables
71021 Cameras and photographic equipment and ancillaries, projectors
71022 Musical instruments, boats and
other major durable goods
71030 Other recreational goods
44012 Cutlery
44013 Kitchen and domestic utensils of all
materials without motor
44014 Garden appliances
44015 Electric light-bulbs, points, wire,
cables and switces, batteries, etc.
45000 Household operation
45010 Non-durable household goods
45011 Cleaning and maintenance products
45012 Other non-durable household products
50000 HEALTH
51000 Medical and pharmaceutical products
51010 Medical and pharmaceutical products
51011 Pharmaceutical products
51012 Other medical products
52000 Therapeutical appliances and equipment
52010 Therapeutical appliances and equipment
52011 Therapeutical appliances and equipm.
55010 Accident and sickness insurance
55011 Accident and sickness insurance
60000 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
61000 Personal transport equipment
61010 Motorcars and other automotive vehicles
61011 Motorcars and other automotive
vehicles
61020 Other personal transport equipment
62000 Operation of personal transport
equipment
62010 Tyres and tubes, parts and accessories
62011 Tyres and tubes, parts and accessories
62020 Motor fuels, oils and greases
62021 Motor fuels
62022 Oils and greases
62030 Other personal transport equipment
62031 Other personal transport equipment
64000 Communication
64010 Postal services
64011 Postage
64020 Telephone and telegraph
64021 Telephone, telegraph and telex
70000 RECREATION, ENTERTAINMENT
71000 Equipment and acessories
71010 Radio and television sets, recordplayers, etc.
71011 Radio sets
71012 Television sets
71013 Sound recording and reproduction
equipment
91012 Horned cattle and calves
91013 Pigs
91020 Poultry and other birds
91021 Poultry
91022 Other birds
91030 Game
91031 Game
91040 Other animals
30
71031 Records, tapes, cassettes and
accessories
71032 Sports goods and accessories
71033 Games and toys, small musical
instruments, stamps and albums for
philately
71034 Films, other photographic supplies
71035 Flowers
71036 Pets (other than horses) and their
feeding
71040 Parts and accessories for recreational
goods
71041 Parts and accessories for
recreational goods
73000 Books, newspapers and magazines
73010 Books, newspapers and magazines
73011 Books, brochures and the like
73012 Magazines, newspapers and other
printed matter
91041 Leech
92000 Textile
92010 Fabrics
92011 Linen
92012 Cotton
92013 Flax
92020 Textile products
92021 Lace
92022 Passementerie
92023 Silk cords
92024 Cloths
92025 Rags
92026 Sheets
92027 Linen cloths
93000 Animal skins
93010 Leather
93011 Leather
93020 Fur
93021 Fur
93030 Others
93031 Rabbit skin
94000 Raw materials
94010 Metal
94011 Iron
94012 Scrap
94020 Wood
94021 Wood
94030 Minerals, sand, stone etc.
94031 Sand
94032 Lime
94033 Marmor
94034 Bort
95000 Basic and derived agricultural products
95010 Field
95011 Seed
95012 Sprigs
95013 Hop
95014 Fertilizer
95020 Livestock
95021 Cattle fodder
95030 Brewery
95031 Swill
99000 Other products
99010 Other products
99011 Knick knacks
99012 Chemical products
80000 MISCELLANEOUS GOODS
81000 Goods for personal care
81020 Goods for personal care
81021 Goods for personal care (durable
and semi-durable toilet articles)
81022 Non-durable toilet articles
82000 Goods n.e.c.
82010 Jewellery, watches, rings and precious
stones
82011 Jewellery, watches, rings and
precious stones
82020 Other personal goods
82021 Travel goods and baggage items for
personal use
82022 Other personal goods n.e.c.
82030 Writing and drawing equipment
and supplies
82031 Writing and drawing equipment
and supplies
84000 Package tours
84010 Package tours
84011 Package tours
90000 NEW CATEGORIES, ESPECIALLY FOR HISCO
91000 Animals
91010 Cattle
91011 Horses
Appendix 3: Guidelines for coding 19th century occupations
into ISCO
1.
2.
Only information included in the historical occupational title as found in the source is used for
coding.
New variables are used only if information in the historical occupational title would be lost
when coding into ISCO68.
31
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
If a title is general because the occupational activity itself is general (i.e. combining a number of
tasks), one uses existing .10 and .05 ISCO68 codes or creates new .10 or .05 coded.
If a title is general because the occupational activities include both production and retail, the
production activity is coded and the variable COMNUM is set at 1.
If a title is so general that it might refer to a small number of occupations within an ISCO68-unit
group, a new in-between-code is created for the relevant occupations.
If a title is so general that it might refer to all occupations within a ISCO68-unit group a new
code is created ending on 00. If the occupation might refer to all occupations within a minor
group, a new code is created ending on 000.
If a title is so general that it might refer to occupations in 2 or more unit-, minor- or even major
groups, the HISCO-code is 99998, COMNUM is 2 and all possible ISCO68 codes are listed in
COMTXT.
If an occupational title refers to very many occupations or if it is wholly unclear what the title
means, HISCO is 99999.
In the case of double occupational titles, the first occupation is coded, COMNUM is set at 3, and
the code for the second occupation is written in COMTXT.
If an occupational title contains information on both an occupation and employment status, the
occupation is coded and the status information is stored in the variable STATUS.
If an occupational title only contains information on status, this status is coded on the variable
STATUS and HISCO becomes -1.
If an occupational title contains information that the occupation is not exercised at present, the
occupation is coded into ISCO68 and the temporal information is stored in the variable TEMP.
If an occupational title only contains temporal information, this information is coded on the
variable TEMP and HISCO becomes -1.
If an occupational title contains information on a product, made or traded, lost in ISCO68, the
product is coded in the variable PRODUCT.
32
Appendix 4: List of new codes for occupations that do not
appear in ISCO68
21220 contractor
21985 superintendent, inspector
23000 manufacturer
39960 railway employees
41040 working proprietor (hiring out)
58300
58310
58320
58330
military, specialisation unknown
officer
non-commissioned officer
soldier/private
61115 small subsistence farmer
71106 coal miner
75710 ropemaker
75720 weelturner in the ropemaking process
83610 cutler
99920 day-labourer
99930 factory worker
99981
99982
99983
99984
having no occupation
having no occupation, poor
having no occupation, independent (rentier, particulier,...)
having no occupation, nobility
33
Appendix 5: List of the 500 most frequent occupations coded into HISCO
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
FRENCH TITLE
cultivateur
journalier
cordonnier
ouvrier
tailleur
sans profession
retordeur
garçon retordeur
jardinier
menuisier
employé
boutiquier
ébéniste
négociant
cabaretier
boulanger
domestique
tisserand
ouvrier cordonnier
boucher
ajusteur
maçon
ouvrier quai
forgeron
aubergiste
cultivatrice
ouvrier brasseur
ouvrier menuisier
tonnelier
particulier
FREQ ISCO68
21171
61110
12652
99920
11199
80115
5773
99910
5764
79100
5209
99981
4779
75240
4722
75240
4131
62740
4092
95410
3994
99999
3739
41030
3711
81120
3696
41020
3480
51050
3070
77610
3022
54020
2987
75400
2661
80110
2418
77310
2185
99998
2070
1947
1878
1875
1845
1656
1632
1594
1553
95135
97120
83110
51020
61110
77810
95410
81930
99984
COMNUM
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
STATUS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TEMP
PROD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
COMTXT
85100 (electrician)
85200 (electronic)
84100 (fitter)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
rentier
charretier
garçon maçon
ouvrier tonnelier
garde champêtre
colporteur
barbier
cocher
ouvrier teinturier
peintre
garçon brasseur
ouvrier tailleur
tapissier
agent de police
chauffeur
1517
1407
1388
1362
1307
1278
1277
1226
1185
1180
1095
1089
1059
1055
1037
99984
98620
95135
81930
58220
45230
57030
98620
75622
93120
77810
79100
79620
58220
99998
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
ouvrier canal
ouvrier maçon
ouvrier peintre
ouvrier meunier
manipulateur tabac
messager mairie
marchand
agriculteur
garçon cordonnier
soldat
propriétaire
tailleur pierres
journalier
serrurier
avocat
garçon tisserand
mecanicien
plafonneur
aide messager mairie
badigeonneur
magasinier
1017
1008
987
951
942
903
881
819
804
800
782
747
741
741
719
680
673
670
669
665
665
99910
95135
93120
77120
78100
37040
41030
61110
80110
58330
99984
82020
99920
83930
12110
75400
99999
95510
37040
93190
39140
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98330 (steam-engine)
98500 (driver)
67 couvreur de ardoises
68 ouvrier ardoisier
629
609
95320
99998
69
70
71
72
73
74
peintre bâtiment/équipages
maître cordonnier
instituteur
brasseur
ferblantier
machinist
594
586
584
582
574
571
93120
80115
13000
77810
87340
99998
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
maréchal ferrant
typographe
messager chambre
teinturier
cigarier
ouvrier agricole
sculpteur/artiste sculpteur
docteur en médecine
meunier
ouvrier corroyeur
ardoisier
566
565
552
548
539
538
538
531
519
519
507
83110
92110
37040
75622
78200
62105
16120
6105
77120
76150
99998
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
maître tailleur
chaudronnier
débardeur
facteur postes
fabricant
ouvrier serrurier
industriel
débitant de boissons
507
506
502
479
460
456
452
447
79100
87310
97120
37030
23000
83990
21110
41030
439
438
81925
98190
94 charron
95 batelier
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95320 (roofer)
71100 (worker in the slate quarry)
96910 (stationary engine operator)
96930 (boiler fireman)
98220 (ships fireman)
98320 (railway engine)
98330 (railway steam-engine)
98360 (mine and quarry)
95320 (roofer)
71100 (worker in the slate quarry)
12000
13000
96 employé mairie
97 écrivain
98 garçon ardoisier
435
434
432
31010
15120
99998
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
ouvrier plafonneur
vannier
maître menuisier
musicien
employé chemin de fer
garçon menuisier
garçon tailleur
ouvrier ébéniste
messager
tanneur
tourneur fer
423
412
411
411
410
409
405
402
399
386
385
95510
94220
95410
17100
39960
95410
79100
81120
37040
76145
99998
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
faiseur allumettes soufrées
vitrier
garçon teinturier
ouvrier peintre bâtiment/équip.
coiffeur
horloger
entrepreneur
pharmacien
garçon imprimeur coton
notaire
garçon tonnelier
compagon typographe
jardinier
scieur de bois
plombier
garçon tanneur
concierge
384
380
379
366
362
359
351
349
348
346
344
339
339
335
330
328
327
94990
95700
75622
93120
57025
84222
21110
6710
92950
12910
81930
92110
62740
73210
87105
76145
99998
321
321
99910
41030
127 manoeuvre
128 marchand charbon
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
4
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
95320 (roofer)
71100 (worker in the slate quarry)
83320 (operator)
83420 ((semi)automatic)
83940 (chase on metal)
55130 (building)
54055 (hotel)
32041
129
130
131
132
133
sapeur pompier
garçon serrurier
imprimeur
ouvrier chemin de fer
facteur
312
303
303
303
300
58110
83930
92000
99910
99998
134
135
136
137
clerc régence
garçon boulanger
ouvrier tanneur
polisseur
297
295
294
294
31010
77610
76145
99998
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
ingénieur
comptable
contre-maître
corroyeur
ouvrier de fabrique
tourneur bois
particulier
pâtissier
charpentier
ouvrier potier
chapelier
marbrier
médecin
étudiant/élève
huissier
poêlier
commis négociant
ouvrier marbrier
orfèvre
voiturier
lieutenant
épicier
291
288
288
288
286
285
279
279
272
270
266
264
264
262
253
242
240
240
238
237
234
231
2000
11010
70010
76150
99930
81235
99984
77630
95410
89210
79300
82020
6105
-1
12910
83930
45100
82020
88050
98620
58310
41030
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
37040 (postman)
94100 (maker of instruments)
82020 (stone)
83520(metal, using machine)
83590 (metal, by hand)
88030(gem)
89148(plate-glass)
90190 (plastic)
10000
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
architecte
boudineur coton
garçon meunier
garçon corroyeur
maréchal des logis
mercier
ouvrier chaudronnier
sellier
commissionnaire
228
228
223
219
216
216
216
216
213
2120
75240
77120
76150
58320
45220
87310
80320
99998
169 poissonnier
212
99998
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
210
210
207
204
204
204
201
201
198
192
192
190
188
187
186
186
184
183
183
180
180
180
177
177
174
51020
95135
77610
79620
58110
13100
92270
99930
3210
56010
81120
23000
89210
81120
77120
77920
75615
77390
78100
30010
83930
13000
80110
81230
95510
aubergiste
maître maçon
ouvrier boulanger
ouvrier tapissier
pompier
professeur université
ouvrier imprimeur papier
ouvrier usine
dessinateur
buandier
garçon ébéniste
fabricant tabac
potier
faiseur meubles
farinier
garçon huilier
garçon blanchisseur
charcutier
ouvrier fabricant tabac
chef bureau
maître serrurier
professeur
bottier
tourneur chaises
maître plafonneur
2
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
37090 (messenger)
44130 (housing agent)
77940 (preparation of fishes)
41030 (PROD=11030, merchant)
14000
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
ouvrier tisserand
tisserand soie
liquoriste
manoeuvre maçon
scieur de long
voyageur
droguiste
confiseur
fripier
maître tonnelier
bourrelier
remouleur
sacristain
fermier
garçon de café/table
clerc notaire
relieur
adjudant
agent affaires
aide messager
candidat notaire
garçon imprimeur
gardien de prison
pensionné
brossier
garde barrière chemin de fer
chargeur de pierre
maître ferblantier
militair retraité/pensionné/ex
ouvrier cigarier
tailleuse
commis
ouvrier fabricant
marchand tailleur
clerc marchand
tourneur
174
174
171
171
171
171
169
167
162
162
159
159
159
157
157
156
156
153
153
153
153
152
152
152
151
149
145
144
144
144
144
141
141
139
138
138
75400
75490
77890
95135
63190
43220
6710
77660
37040
81930
80320
83590
55140
60020
53210
39340
92625
58310
44130
37040
12910
92000
58930
-1
94230
98990
97145
87340
58300
78200
79100
39000
99930
41030
45100
99998
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21000
81230 (wood)
82050(stone)
83320(metal)
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
brigadier
marchand bois
voyageur commerce
cordier
capitaine
garde convoi
manipulateur peaux
professeur de musique
137
137
135
134
132
132
132
132
58320
41030
43220
97210
58310
98990
76000
99998
239
240
241
242
243
244
portier
fabricant chaussures
sergent à l’ armée
étudiant/élève en médecine
artiste musicien
garde-trains
131
129
129
128
127
126
245 garnisseur
246 graveur
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
marchand poisson
ouvrier magasin
ouvrier pavé/paveur
employé commerce
faiseur étoffe
marchand vin
abatteur
faiseur bonnets
garçon chauffeur
256 imprimeur papier peint
257 polisseur de glace
258 marchand bestiaux
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59990
23000
58320
6105
17100
99998
2
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
126
126
79620
99998
2
0
0
0
0
126
126
125
123
123
121
120
120
120
41030
99930
95160
45100
75400
41030
77320
75500
99998
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
120
120
118
92270
89148
61240
0
0
0
0
0
0
94021
17140 (private)
13190(3th level)
13250 (2nd level)
22010
98990 (level crossing-keeper)
36020 (chief)
36030 (guard)
16150 (artist)
88080 (jewellery)
89400 (glass)
92400 (printing-work)
11030
13012
98330 (steam-engine)
98500 (driver)
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
ouvrier typographe
veilleur de nuit
cafetier
garçon boucher
gendarme
maître tisserand
marchand ambulant
commis mairie
commissaire
employé octroi
maître tapissier
maître vannier
ouvrier imprimeur
secrétaire communal
tireur
117
117
114
114
114
114
114
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
92110
58990
51050
77310
58220
75400
45220
31010
20210
31010
79620
94220
92000
31010
99998
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
télégraphiste
camionneur
relieur de livres
chevalier
garçon chapelier
garçon jardinier
marchand bières
boulanger de pâte en croûte
restaurateur
110
109
109
108
108
108
106
105
103
38040
98555
92625
58330
79300
62740
41030
77690
99998
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
maître maréchal ferrant
ouvrier cultivateur
secrétaire
sergent-major
marchand grain
coutelier
garçon batelier
géomètre
maître ardoisier
102
102
102
102
100
99
99
99
99
83110
62105
32120
58320
41030
83610
98190
3110
99998
2
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
92190 (printing-work)
90290 (tires)
92740 ( photography)
77850 (wine)
13013
51030 (owner of a restaurant)
16160 (paintings)
11012
95320 (roofer)
71100 (worker in the slate quarry)
292 maître ébéniste
293 ouvrier vannier
294 professeur musique
99
99
99
81120
94220
99998
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
propriétaire rentier
sous-lieutenant
tireur de vin
fleuriste
commis voyageur
ouvrier forgeron
passementier
pensionné état
chirurgien
garçon plafonneur
monteur
99
99
99
98
96
96
96
95
93
93
93
99984
58310
77850
61270
43220
83110
75922
-1
6110
95510
99998
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
ouvrier atelier chemin de fer
ouvrier ferblantier
tueur
docteur en droit
clerc
employé adm. communale
fuselier
fabricant meubles
fruitier
ouvrier gazier
93
93
93
91
90
90
88
87
87
87
99910
87340
77320
12910
39000
31010
58330
23000
41030
99998
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
représentant (de commerce)
tourneur cordes
capitaine en retraite/pensionné
carrossier
commissaire adj. police
serrurier poêlier
bourgemestre
87
87
84
84
84
84
83
43220
97210
58310
87370
20210
83930
20110
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
17140 (private)
13190(3th level)
13250 (2nd level)
84100 (machines)
84300 (motors)
84900 (other machines)
41000
11061
87120 (gas distribution)
99910 (workman of the gasfactory in Leuven)
323 briquettier
83
99998
2
0
0
324
325
326
327
328
329
sabotier
blanchisseur
banquier
couturier
domestique brasseur
gazier
83
82
81
81
81
81
81990
75615
21110
79140
77810
99998
1
2
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
330
331
332
333
334
335
imprimeur coton
lithographe
maître bottier
ouvrier imprimeur papier peint
vendeur gibier
électricien
81
81
81
81
81
79
92950
92415
80110
92270
61240
99998
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
336 forgeron de chevaux
337 terrassier
338 coupeur
79
79
78
83190
99910
99998
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
31010
75220
81925
87310
45220
41030
77310
95410
77920
99998
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
employé taxes municipal
fileur de coton
maître charron
maître chaudronnier
marchand forain
marchand parapluies
ouvrier boucher
ouvrier charpentier
ouvrier huilier
ouvrier tourneur
71220 (preparing)
89360 (baking)
87120 (gas distribution)
99910 (workman of the gasfactory in Leuven)
85110 (fitter)
85340 (bobbin)
85500 (general)
80200 (shoes)
79400 (confection)
89100 (optics)
79250 (fur)
80330 (leather)
73390 (paper)
82021
81230 (wood)
82050 (stone)
89290 (porcelain)
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
receveur contributions (directs)
vendeur loques
chef de train
commis bureau
libraire
maître vitrier
traceur
78
78
75
75
75
75
73
31010
41030
36020
39310
19120
95700
99998
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
commissaire police
marchand cuir
officier en armée
ouvrier charron
ouvrier sellier
sous-officier pensionné/retraité
paveur
receveur
72
72
72
72
72
72
71
70
20210
41030
58310
81925
80320
58310
95160
99998
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
364 artiste peintre
365 avoué/advocat avoué
366 fondeur de fer
69
69
69
16130
12910
99998
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
69
69
69
69
69
69
67
66
66
66
66
66
66
71110
61270
45240
95190
77850
41030
44120
70090
6130
33170
97150
51040
58310
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
garçon carrier
horticulteur
marchand journaux
rejointoyeur
soutireur/tireur de vin
vendeur poisson
agent assurances
chef garde
chirurgien-accoucheur
commis postes
emballeur
hôtelier
major
99000
82040 (stones)
87400 (metal)
79440 (clothing)
83250 (mechanics)
81990 (wood)
93010
31010 (taxes)
36030 (trains)
72100 (metal smelting, converting and refining)
72300 (metal smelters and reheaters)
11030
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
marchand draps
ouvrier gare
ouvrier plombier
professeur athénée
sous-officier
tondeur de peaux
chef station
constructeur de navires
distillateur
facteur grains
fondeur de cuivre
huilier
maître serrurier poêlier
maquignon
ouvrier passementier
perruquier
surveillant prison
corporal
barbouilleur
bonnetier
ouvrier tailleur pierres
planton
sergent
casquetier
employé post/télégraphe
garçon potier
greffier de justice (de paix)
métallurgiste
percepteur postes/télégraphe
ramoneur
louageur
conducteur
coupeur de chaussures
cuiseur
66
66
66
66
66
66
65
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
61
60
60
60
60
60
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
55
54
54
54
41030
99910
87105
13200
58310
62490
35110
87450
74490
21110
87330
77920
83930
61240
75922
57090
58930
58320
93190
75530
82020
59990
58320
79390
33170
89210
12910
83000
33170
55240
21220
36000
80225
99998
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
92010
11010
74220 (chemical)
77410 (preserving)
77415 (fish-preserving)
77420 (sterilising)
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
employé régence
garçon agriculteur
houilleur
marchand levure
musicien ambulant
ouvrier chapelier
fabricant harnais
garde forestier
garçon de magasin
bobineur
courtier (de commerce)
doreur
54
54
54
54
54
54
53
53
52
51
51
51
31010
61110
71106
41030
17990
79300
23000
63220
39140
85345
44140
99998
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
employé accises
fileur
garçon peintre bâtiments
garçon tapissier
garde boulevard
imprimeur libraire
maître sellier
marchand colporteur
médecin en armée
médecin vétérinaire
musicien armée
organiste
ouvrier cordier
ouvrier maréchal ferrant
ouvrier mineur
sans profession
couvreur en chaume
maréchal des logis gendarmerie
agent commercial
commis régence
directeur
foreur
garçon lithographe
instituteur communal
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
50
49
48
48
48
48
48
48
31010
75220
93120
79620
58220
92110
80320
45230
6190
6510
17190
17140
75240
83110
71105
99981
95360
58320
43220
31010
99999
71300
92415
13320
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11105
99000
89590 (porcelain)
92690 (books)
92025
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
lampiste
maître potier
négociant en vin (et spiritueux)
négociant toile
ouvrier fondeur de cloches
ouvrier ville
photopgraphe
teinturier soie
ouvrier jardinier
surveillant
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
46
46
99910
89210
41020
41020
72190
99999
16310
75620
62740
99998
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
garçon chaudronnier
garçon relieur
maître cordier
ouvrier fabricant papier
ouvrier tourneur bois
rabatteur (de fer)
garde
aide-forgeron
agent de change
commis chemin de fer
corporal sapeur pompier
cuisinier
greffier
juge tribunal
laboureur
ouvrier abatteur
ouvrier distillateur
peigneur
poulailler
vendeur public/juré
artisan
cantonnier
échevin
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
43
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
41
40
40
87310
92625
92710
73400
81235
71105
99999
83110
44140
39960
58110
53100
12910
12210
62105
77320
74490
75145
61240
44130
99999
99910
20110
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13010
92000
07110 (hospital)
35980 (post office)
03340 (housebuilding)
96990 (lock gates)
13940 (education)
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
lancier
clerc église
commis greffier tribunal
compagon chapelier
couvreur
directeur fabrique/usine
gantier
garçon ferblantier
gérant
juge de paix
lieutenant invalide hon.
pontonnier
trompettiste
vendeur journaux
chasseur
berger
employé ministère
loueur de voitures
40
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
38
37
37
37
58330
55140
39340
79300
95300
21110
79475
87340
21110
12210
58310
21220
17140
45240
64960
62430
31010
41030
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
61011