P302 - The Rwanda Documents Project

Internattorlal:Cdminal
Tribunal
for.Rwanda
Tribunal
PénàlInternafionaï:
pourle Rwanda
.
NATIOHS
i Arusfia
Intë~nàUonàl
Confe~nce.CenV’e
P.0.Box
6016,
AruSha,
Tatjzania
~:B:P.
6QI,.6,
AbJsha,
Tanzanle
Tel:
.i-255
(27)
250.420’7-11
250-4367«72
o1::~1’(212).
963-2850
FaX:
963~2
+255~’9
848/;
(27}
250:A00914373
or+1(212)
. ¯
".
.
OFFICE OF THE
.,.
PROSECUTOR.. ¯,
BDRE.~U
DU PROCUREUR
=
2’o:
¯
From:
"
- .
,
, ,
-
L Mssrs.R. Constant
ànd P.. Skoln~J,Y; Degli;.P. Erlinder
~nd A. Tremblay;
K. Ogetto
: .» Ci "
(~
~nd G. OtachiBw’Omanwa
(Defezice
C0unsel),’,.-.
Ms: B. Mulvaney (Pr°secuti°n
¯
,
¯
¯¯.
¯
.:
Ce’~~"
~1~:
~V_~~,
.
.
. :"~el)
. "« ’.""
.
: ~’~
." ¯ "~"~
.
L Through:Mr. N. M. D~~llo(Legs10ffioe~,.TCI
Coordinator);.:Ms.
M~ Ben: S~lim
0 (LegaYOfficer)
.
Ce;"
JudgeE. M~se-~Presiàing
Judge);Judge3: R; Reddy;JudgeS. A. Egorov;Mr. K.
A~ande.
(LegalOfficer;..C_hi~f
OeU)
Disclosureof.Expert
.
,, Report;
¯
__
. L _":~ " . -
1.
2J
~°
4.,
¯
..
.
-
TheProsecutionhereby
discloSes.the
expert
¯report
oîVv-itness:GI-IH.
Should
youh~veanydiffîcu
lties
regard
mg,tl~~s.,
disc!osu~,
please
contact
the
ProsecutionfMilitary
I..tesm
thrgugh.the
~enmr
.~~za~.~~~orney.
Theaforementioned
CONFtDENOE,
&ocument;is
filedv¢ïthReg~stry
andserved
on~heJudges
and.theD.ëfence
in,this
caseONLY,
Bestregards.
1.
¯ International
Criminal
Tribunal
forRwanda
Prosecutor,
v..Bagosora
etal.
ExpertWitnessStatement
by :~ipReyntjens
on."«Civiltan
Self-Defense’,
t0 comment
on.~e foll0wing
documentsrelated
to "Civilian
I. I havebeenasked,
Self-Defense":
fromtha agendaaïtributcd
to-Col..Bag0sora(BAGOTHE-24,
- Extraets.
K023-9526t6K023~9536);
Extmetfrom"ContribUtion
des FAR"(FARZZZ,
,K102-0949);
"Organisation
del’auto-d6fÇnse
é~vile"
(K004!42Tto-K004ï
!439);
i.~tter
dated30 Mareh19.94fromGen,:Nsabïmana.to
Minister
of DefoEee
(FARZZ, K003-1548
to K003~
1549).;
Lett¢rdàtexi
31.Match1994£romlCoE
Renzah0to
Chefd’Etat-Major
de
l’ArméeRwandàise(MELVLIN-24,
L00i-0424)
pourla .défense
civile",
ha~dwfitten
notesattribute~
to Coi.
- ’îAction
Bagosora;
May1994(USSDEPT~06.
f L000~8696
fo L000-8697
andL0008662 to L000-8665).
2. Thesedocuments»
c0mbined.with
0ther:sources
of information,
showa greatdeal.
ofeontinuity
;andeohereneel
The.treads,
which
I sha.U.det~il
by referring
to the
documents,
arethefollowing:
of-"eivilian
selï-defense"
go.backto
eaflier
experimcnts
in the
- Theroozs
North
whichwere-later
expanded.to
mostof the.couriR’y;
leadership:
creati0n
of,co-ordi~ation.strUctures
at aU.levels;
eo- Statc
op¢Tafionbetween
theMinistries
of Defenseand..0fthe
Interior;
Kindof.p~rsonnel
used,.(mscrvïsts,
communal
police,andev¢nactive
membcrs
of FARandG~hdarmcrie),.
’inaddition.to
’Yobust
youngmen";
use:Of "tmditional
.weapons"
in .additiOn.
to ftream3s,
mainly
gunsand
grenades;
iavolved
arep.~.of the"tendance
r6publicaine"
or adhere
to
- People
the"cause.de.la
défense
.delarépublique";
Logie
of"the
resun~ti0n
ofhostilities.
3. Building
on earIier
expeviments
Justlikeinitialiy(fzom
1.992onwards)!..in
the.N0~la,.
Bagosora’s
diary
mentions
tlae.i~eedfora "Définition
desZonesde
Combat
et à haute
tension",
in.whieh
he includes..themaj~rityofprefeetures
(Kigalirural,
Kibungo,Ruhen.geri,Byumba,-Gisenyi,
Kibuye,:-Cyangugu
and
G~o,ngoro)
(K023-9532).
desFARoutlines
thelaistory,
showing
theextension
- The. Contributi’on
fromtheMutaramgionfirst,thento tliebordersof Ruhengeri
and
Kiyombe
è0mmune.in
Byumba,
andfmaUyto other..regions
ÇK102-949).
Thisis
.confirmed
in"Organisation
de la d6fense
Civile",
wherëpp.9-10
inëlude
i(igati-ville,
a number
of.eornmunes
in K.igalïrural,
anda number
of communes
in Byumba,
Ruliengeriïmd
OE’seny!.(K00g.1435
to 1436).
Therëference
to:"le.-test
du 21.rnai
1994.’:in.
"Action
pourladéfense
civile
» sh0ws
thatthë.structures
Werehot(fully)
inplace
by6 April
1994
(L000-8662),
:butis alsodemonstrates:
OEat.th6
intention
wasto fully
complete
the-proj~t.
"
4..State
Ieadership:.
creation
of.ca(ordination
structures
.at:ail-levels;,
cogoperation
between
theMini«tries
ofDefense
andofthe
lnterïor
- Bagosora’s
diaryinelu~ès
"Ecrire
Minitmso
et .Mininter
» (K023-9526);
"unsystème
de.c0ordïnation
(...)
aveclesmiiitair~S".
(K023=9527);
,Mise
eu placed’une
c0mmissi~n
de coordinatioil’,
(K023-9530).
desFAR"m e~tions
.... a"Comm~sslon
..........
- The"Contribution
.dès.Forces
Années
Rwandaises
ï speeially
put.in.place
f0roverseeing.!~is
.programme
(K!020949).
- "Organisation
de l’auto-,d6fense
civile"
refers
t0«"Mininter-Minadef
’ as
resp0nsible:f0r.~ë
seRing
up.ofanationat
coordination
c0mmittee
andto
national,
prefeet0ral,
and communal
committès:..
~eseareofficial
structuresand. go. Up to the. highest,ievel, as PRESIREP
(présidence/président:deia
Rëpubliqt~e)
is"included
Several
rimes(K00414311
to1434):
coordination
Structures
areagain
outlined:in
K004-1437
to
1438.
TheNsabimana.~etter
refers
to forma1
eo~0tdination
between
thearmyand
theMinistrY
ofthëIrtterior,.
because
thepréfetof:PVt
~ whodepends
from
thisMïnisffy,
isformal!y
assoeiated
withthe:draffing
oftheconclusions
which
Nsab:imanai:tran~raïtS.to:the
Mimster
of Defence
(K003-1548).
e ontïrmed
byflaë.Renzalao
lëtt¢r
(L.’00:1-042~4):
- Theaboveis
5. Personnel
used
- Bagos0ra’s
diarymentions
"2.000
personnes
entraînées
parFAR"(K0239526),
!’les
policiers
communaux"
(K023-9527),
"Foï,n’mtion
parlapolice
communale"
(K023-9528),
"60personnes
par.eomuiune
à choisir
parmi
lespersonnes:,
ma~i’ée
s quiont(?)à défendre’,:
OE023-9531),
"2
inStmeteurs
réservistes,
choisis.dans
la.
I commune.
Coneemés
[sic]"
(I(023953t),
"(armer)les
personnes
Sûrës".
(K023-9531):,
."totis-les
officiers
rmation(K023-9531),
1 officier;
5 .eaporaux
ou soldatsde
communemême"(K023~9531),
’ïesrésèrvis~esïde
=ia.commune;
police
communale
~~ (K023-9533),
"sOUSOfficiers
réservistes
AR et GdNdes
communes
lesplus
menacées~’.
(K023-9534),
"chaque
;secteur,.
chaque
cellule
élitles.membres
:à.armer,
à entraîner
- 1 armepour
3» (K0239535).
- "Organisation
del’auto-défense
civile"
refers
to:,réservistes,
gendarmes
etmilitaires
résidant
dans.des
quartiers"
(K004-I429),
:!~personnes
valides
et aptes"
(K00.4-1430),
"réservistes
C..)militaires
et gendarmes
(...)
personnes
valides,
.aptes.
et.moralëment_équilibrées"
I(K004-1431
.te1434),.
"réser,Astes
(..i)
militaixe$
etgendarmes
(...)jeunesse
despartis
politiques
de tendance,
républieaine"-(KO04-1435)
, "persorm¢s
valides,
aptes,
moralëment
éqUilibrées.
et prêtes
à-défëndre
l’idé0Iogie,
républieaine"
(K004-1436),
Likewise,
the Nsabimana
1errermentions
:theMil (militaires)
and
"réservisteset
aUtres
civils
fiabies"
(K003-I548).
Again,
theRenzaho
letter-transmits:
a fistofpersons
"(réservistes
et
autres)"
(L001a0424).
6. Useof traditional
weapons
This.ffequent
referenee
is highly
.relevant,
.be¢auso
theseamasare
obviouslynot
effective
in.eombat,against,:the":RPF,
and:e~monlybe
used
againSt
eivilians.
Thisnoti0n
was:notisolated~:,
asit:.was
fonnulated
atthe
highest
leveI"
thusPrVSi~ient
Habyarimana
àdvoeatëda:seff-defenee
force
withtra~ti0nat
wëapons,
as ¢arlyas February
1993(A.DesForges,
Leave
NoneToTell..The
Story,
p.!10).
TheB ag0sor~
dioey
refers
te "flèche,
lançe"
(K023-9533).
"OrganiSation
dë l’auto-défenseeivil¢"
mentions
"armes
traditionnelles
(lances,
arcsetflèches.
Sui,tout)"
.oE004214.33)
"and!’armesblanches
(lances,
arcs
et.flèohes....,)’?
OE004-1438
to.:1439);
TheNsabimana
!errermentious.the
need:forthe mayorste trainthë
population
inthcuseof
"armes
tradit~0nuelles
(épées,
lances,
maehettes,
¯ arcsetflèches),
(K003-1549).
7. Tendance
Républicaine
In thebipolar
politieal
landscape
ttmtwasRwanda’s
during
theïn’st
montlas
of 1994,"flfiS
expression
elearly
referslto
parties
andpersons
belonging
tethe."Hutu
Power’"tendeney.i
It.is
n0te.worthy
in thise0ntext
thatthenaine
of themostextremist:
Hum.part-y,
thëCDR;-was
"Coalition
pourla Défense
de la.R~’p~bliq~’.
¯.
. . . ~,
~~
. ~ : ¯
"Organisation
de I ,auto~defense..cIvile
states
that~he..groupes
mihtarocivils
pourune
auto-défense
Stru.¢.turée"
mustbe coherent
andstmetured,
and.limated
te lesaoeérents
.desp~ politiques.gagnes
à la causede la
défense
e
delaRëpublique
et de la DSmoeratié"
OE00421429).
Thesepeopl
¯ "
;"
.....
" " "’ " " "
*’ ’ ""
"’ ’
"
¯"
"S
andtlie
p01itieal
pam.es
thataremvolved:m
~s" projeetmust
be~~décldée
àluttërpo
~purla R ublÏque
et la Démoeratie.
OE004-i430)
" Idem.K0041430(responsables
.despart/s
politiques
et la .population:
detendance
républieaine),
K004»1435
(jeunesse
despartis:!pbiitiques~
de tendance
républieair~e)
andK004:-1436
(prêtes.
~t..défendre"l’idéologie
répub~eaine).
Thisis in apparent
e6ntfadietion:
te.a coneern
«expressed
m seine
documents,
namely
theneedteav0id
partisan
h0stility
inthedistribution
of m’ms:«éviter
les:considérations
partisanes"
in :theBagosora
diary
(K023-9527)
and"Ia-.transparenee
d~sil’organisa
tionafm.d’6viter
les
soupçons
entrelesdifférentes
couches
de -lapopulation
et lespartis
"
....... ’"
" FAR"OE102-0949).
. . ....
However,
this
politiques"
in:the,,
. Contribution
aes..
conoeadictlon
isonly
app
arent,
gven.tlie
factthattheairewaste forge
and/or
reinforee
Humsotid~ty
andte
avoidfurther
i~tra-Hutu
violertee.
8~
Logic
oftheresumptionof
hostilities:
Itis.clear
that,
during
th0months,preeeeding
~e geno¢ide,
theregime
was
reasoning
inthelogie
of.the.rësumption
offilewar..)
.nomarrer
whatthe
polifical
ëvolution:
Thistranspires
iih.atl
and:it
ispartioularly
, ¯
. - documentS,
)~,.
çç
’.
"Ï
p~spective
des
. ¯
explieit
in
"Organisation
de1
auto-,
défense
.Clylle...-.-.En
¯ ..
. .
..
" -. , . . ^’.:oE
reprises.dvsntuelles:
deshosfilit6s
par
. lo F.P,1L,
mem.aprèsla miseen
placedosi~tituti0ns,de
trans~fion.ià
baseéloegi¢’.’
(K004-1429);
"au
momentde
la.reprise.des
hostilit6s"
(K064~i433),
’~Durantla
période
des
"
l~ostilités"
OEOO4A435).
:
- Thisbeing
said,~h~étheregimewasaetiVely
preparing
forwar,se was
F RPF.A growing.nm~aber::o.fls6m’°eSlXa~e!in~~at~
the
,!a~:e!Y.:t~,~.~eÔ~w
-..;,
~,~« "sttateo~
of
’ ~mowing
mat-zr..¢om«noL
t~,.v .
,
.....
. tension
~~
pVLtott~~~
tliroughpotiffeal
means;it
toooptedfor
warandthe:seizure
ofpower
by
military
means.
Antwerp,
20 June2004