1 Prof. Marion Kaplan Spring 2010 Office hours: Thursdays, 11 AM
Transcription
1 Prof. Marion Kaplan Spring 2010 Office hours: Thursdays, 11 AM
Prof. Marion Kaplan Spring 2010 Office hours: Thursdays, 11 AM, KJCC 110 Email: [email protected] G78.2689 G57. 2689 Nazi Germany, the “Racial State” and the Persecution of Minorities The destruction of European Jewry has been a central focus in studying Nazi extermination policies. This course will examine Nazi policies towards the Jewish people and how the “racial state” dealt with those it deemed “racially unfit” to belong to the German Volk. It will look at the heritage of racial thought that came before 1933 and the ways in which the Nazis sought to create a nation based on “blood and race,” although these terms were mutable (including and excluding “asocials” and social outsiders by plan or whim). It will investigate policies towards the so-called “enemies” of the Third Reich, including Jews, Sinti and Roma, Afro-Germans, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled, etc. as well as how these policies interacted with each other. The readings will analyze measures that the government took to delegitimize, isolate, rob, incarcerate, sterilize, and/or murder many of these minorities. Readings will also examine measures intended to increase the numbers of the preferred “Aryan” population (another term that remained slippery and changeable) and reduce the numbers of “Aryans” the Nazis deemed inadequate. Where possible, we will also determine ways in which individuals in these groups held out against or defied Nazi policies. Students will, moreover, note the extent to which Germans not included in these groups opposed or supported the persecution of “others” and the extent to which the government’s “biomedical vision” succeeded in bringing a people who had been split by class, religion and politics into a unified nation based on “blood and race.” Course Requirements: serious and consistent class participation (including regularly introducing the readings and leading class discussions), occasional written statements, and term paper. BOOKS: Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, 1989) Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus, Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, 1995) 1 Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann, eds., The War in the East: The German Military in World War II, 1941-1944 (New York/Oxford, 2000) Marion Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (NY 1998) Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge, Mass. 2004) Hans Massaquoi, Destined to Witness: Growing up Black in Nazi Germany May Opitz, Katharina Oguntoye and Dagmar Schults, eds., Showing our Colors: AfroGerman Women Speak Out Claudia Schoppmann, Days of Masquerade: life stories of lesbians during the Third Reich (trans. Allison Brown) (NY, 1996) Week 1: Introduction Week 2: Excerpts from Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement [blackboard] and Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 (chaps. Intro- 5) Week 3: Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus, Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany (chaps. 1-2) and Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (esp. chaps. 2 and 3 “Modernity, Racism, Extermination”) (Ithaca, 1989) Week 4: Marion Kaplan, Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (NY 1998) Recommended: Judy Scales-Trent, “Racial Purity Laws in the US and Nazi Germany” [on Project Muse] Week 5: Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 Week 6: The Disabled Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State, pp. 136-66 (skim) and 2 Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, 1995) and Herwig Czech, “Medical Crimes, Eugenics, and the Limits of the ‘Racial State’ Paradigm in the Third Reich” [conference paper on blackboard with the permission of the author] Week 7: Sinti and Roma USHMM symposium: “Roma and Sinti: Under-studied victims…” [blackboard] and M. Zimmermann, “The Nazi Solution of the ‘Gypsy Question’: Central Decisions, Local Initiatives…” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, winter 2001 [blackboard] and Wolfgang Wippermann, “Christine Lehmann and Mazurka Rose; Two ‘Gypsies’ in the Grip of German Bureaucracy, 1933-1960,” in Michael Burleigh, ed., Confronting the Nazi Past: New Debates on Modern German History, pp. 112- 123 [on blackboard] and Ian Hancock, review of Guenther Lewy book, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies in Journal of Genocide Research, 2001 [on blackboard: read pp. 120-127 only] Recommended: Sybil Milton, “‘Gypsies’ as Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany,” in Gellately and Stolzfus (chap. 10) Guenther Lewy, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies (NY, 2000) Week 8: Homosexual men and women Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State, 182-97 and Claudia Schoppmann, Days of Masquerade: life stories of lesbians during the Third Reich (trans. Allison Brown) (NY, 1996) and Stefan Micheler, “Homophobic Propaganda and the Denunciation of Same-Sex-Desiring Men under National Socialism,” The Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 11, nos. 1-2 (Jan/April 2002) [available online: Project Muse] and Geoffrey Giles, “The Institutionalization of Homosexual Panic in the Third Reich,” in Gellately and Stoltzfus (chap. 11) and Erik Jensen, “The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution,” The Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 11, nos. 1-2 (Jan/April 2002) [available online: Project Muse] and Recommended: Geoffrey Giles, “The Denial of Homosexuality: Same – Sex Incidents in Himmler’s SS and Police,” The Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 11, nos. 1-2 (Jan/April 2002) [available online: Project Muse] Giles in USHMM pamphlet: “Why Bother about Homosexuals?” Homophobia and Sexual Politics [online] 3 Week 9: Afro-Germans May Opitz, Katharina Oguntoye and Dagmar Schults, eds., Showing our Colors: AfroGerman Women Speak Out [pp. 1-76] and Raffael Scheck, “’They are Just Savages’ German Executions of Black Soldiers from the French Army,” Journal of Modern History, June 2005 [blackboard] and Hans Massaquoi, Destined to Witness: Growing up Black in Nazi Germany (recommended to read entire memoir, but you may stop with his decision to come to the U.S.) Week 10: Disciplining the “Aryan Population” and (including Intermarriages between “Aryans” and Jews) Burleigh and Wippermann, “Asocials,” pp. 167-82 and and Nikolaus Wachsmann, “‘Habitual Criminals’ in the Third Reich,” in Gellately and Stoltzfus (chap. 8) and Burleigh and Wippermann, Youth, Women and Men, chaps. 7 - 9 and Jill Stephenson, “Women, Motherhood and the Family in the Third Reich” in Michael Burleigh, ed., Confronting the Nazi Past: New Debates on Modern German History, pp. 167-182 [on blackboard] and Nathan Stoltzfus, “The Limits of Policy: Social Protection of Intermarried German Jews in Nazi Germany” in Gellately and Stoltzfus (chap. 6) Recommended: N.Wachsmann “Annihilation thru Labor: the killing of state prisoners in the Third Reich,” Journal of Modern History (JSTOR) Week 11: Sexuality Dagmar Herzog, ed., Sexuality and German Fascism, special issue of The Journal of the History of Sexuality vol. 11, nos. ½ (Jan/April 2002) [available online and also republished by Berghahn Books, 2004] [including essays on the intersections of sexuality, racism, fascism, prostitution, “race defilement,” etc. We will have read the articles on homosexuality during Week 8.] Week 12: Foreign Workers and Soviets Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann, eds., The War in the East: The German Military in World War II, 1941-1944 (New York/Oxford, 2000) esp. ch. 4 “Soviet Prisoners of War in the Hands of the Wehrmacht,” by Christian Streit; ch. 5 “The Logic of the War of Extermination: The Wehrmacht and the Anti-Partisan War,” by Hannes Heer; ch. 10 “On the Way to Stalingrad: The 6th Army in 1941-42,” by Bernd Boll and Hans Safrian; ch. 13 “ [all articles on blackboard] 4 Robert Gellately, “Police Justice, Popular Justice, and Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany,” in Gellately and Stolzfus, pp. 256-72 And B. Kundrus, “Forbidden Company: Romantic Relationships between Germans and Foreigners, 1939-45,” in Journal of the History of Sexuality-vol. 11, No. 1 and 2, Jan/April 2002, pp. 201-222 [available online: Project Muse] Week 13. How and Why? Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge, Mass. 2004) and Christopher Browning, “Holocaust Perpetrators: Ideologues, Managers, Ordinary Men,” (March 6, 2002 lecture at US Holocaust Memorial Museum [available online http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/analysis/details/2002-03-06/browning.pdf ] and “When good people do evil: the Milgram experiments revisited,” Yale Alumni Magazine, Jan/Feb. 2007 [blackboard-Milgram]; Benedict Carey, “Decades Later, Still Asking: Would I Pull That Switch?” NY Times, July 1, 2008 [find online and view slides as well] and “Finding Hope in Knowing the Universal Capacity for Evil,” New York Times, April 3, 2007 [blackboard-Zimbardo] Week 14: Student Paper Presentations 5