UE23-EC2-Examen
Transcription
UE23-EC2-Examen
SERVICE D’ENSEIGNEMENT A DISTANCE DE L’UNIVERSITE DE REIMS SESSION DE JUIN 2011 UE43 EC2 Anglais L1 DE PSYCHOLOGIE Durée : 1 heure 30 Document autorisé : AUCUN Sujet de M.HOCHART Behaviorism, John B. Watson, 1924 During the rise of scientific psychology, which lasted from the middle of the nineteenth to the beginning of this century, Watson breaks definitively with the subjective psychology of introspection. He proposes an objective psychology founded on the observation of behavior. He bases himself on a consequence of Darwinian theory which still provokes hostile reactions when stated as plainly as Watson does: that human beings are animals. 1. Looking back over the history of the behavioristic movement since it began in overt form in 1912, it seems hard at first sight to understand why behaviorism has had to weather such a continuous storm. 2. Behaviorism, as I tried to develop it in my lectures at Columbia in 1912 and in my earliest writings, was an attempt to do one thing - to apply to the experimental study of man the same kind of procedure and the same language of description that many research men had found useful for so many years in the study of animals lower than man. We believed then, as we do now, that man is an animal different from other animals only in the types of behavior he displays. 3. I think the forcing of this conviction caused most of the storm. It brought out the same type of resistance that appeared when Darwin's "Origin of Species" was first published. Human beings do not want to class themselves with other animals. They are willing to admit that they are animals but "something else in addition." It is this "something else" that causes the trouble. 4. Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology IS THE BEHAVIOR OF THE HUMAN BEING. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic. 5. The great mass of the people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery - it wants to believe in magic. 6. One example of such a religious concept is that every individual has a SOUL which is separate and distinct from the BODY. This soul is really a part of a supreme being. This ancient view led to the philosophical platform called "dualism." This dogma has been present in human psychology from earliest antiquity. No one has ever touched a soul, or seen one in a test tube, or has in any way come into relationship with it as he has with the other objects of his daily experience. Nevertheless, to doubt its existence is to become a heretic and once might possibly even have led to the loss of one's head. Even today the man holding a public position dare not question it. 7. With the development of the physical sciences which came with the renaissance, a certain release from this stifling soul cloud was obtained. A man could think of astronomy, of the celestial bodies and their motions, of gravitation and the like, without involving soul. 1 I (20 points) : a) Ecrivez les mots de l'introduction ("During the rise of scientific psychology, ... ... that human beings are animals.") qui les PREMIERS correspondent aux schémas accentuels proposés. N'écrivez jamais plus d'un mot par schéma. Il n'y a pas lieu de renseigner tous les schémas. ( . = syllabe non-accentuee ; O = syllabe accentuée) 1) O . = 2) . O = 3) O . . = 4) . O . = 5) . . O = 6) O . . . = 7) . O . . = 8) . . O . = 9) . . . O = 10) O . . . . = 11) . O . . . = 12) . . O . . = 13) . . . O . = b) 1 SHIP 6 EYE 11 SHOE 16 BOY 2 BIRD 7 CAR 12 CUP 17 HEAR 3 SHEEP 8 DOG 13 CAKE 18 HAIR 4 HEAD 9 HORSE 14 MOUTH 19 POOR 5 HAT 10 FOOT 15 NOSE Ecrivez le numéro correspondant à la prononciation de la voyelle accentuée. Exemple : si SOLUTION se trouvait dans le tableau ci-dessous, il faudrait écrire 11 . En effet, c'est la deuxième syllabe de "soLUtion" qui est accentuée et le son vocalique ("voyelle") est le même que dans 11 SHOE. ORDINARY = MACHINES = AGREEMENT = MINORITY = DISCUSSION= COMPUTATIONAL = OPERATION = MAJORITY = POSITION = PRACTICE = AUTOMATICALLY = INDICATING = SPECIALIST = 2 II ( 20 points ) a) (6pts) Relevez, dans les phrases ci-dessous, six groupes verbaux noyaux de proposition et ayant des structures différentes (un changement de temps n'est pas un changement de structure). Ne donnez qu'un groupe verbal par structure. N'écrivez que le groupe verbal noyau (ni sujet, ni complément(s)...). Tout élément non verbal entraînera la nullité de la réponse. Phrases If you have seen Embarrassing Bodies – and almost four million people each week watch it – then you will understand the graphic aptness of its title. We are trying to find a book to put the original image on. Some black widows, probably killed, have been delivered to frighten people. The King's Speech was crossing those barriers too. She said "this is another clear example of lottery money supporting a great British film that has further strengthened the global reputation of our homegrown film talent." The Globes, so often dismissed as a rackety institution, actually did its modest bit to assert modernity in the movies; this being a world in which human interaction is being redefined by the internet It's a smart choice for overall winner. The Social Network was a sleek, hyper-literate, unstereotypical picture which found a way to respond to one of the most important things happening in all our lives. 1= 2= 3= 4= 5= 6= b) (6pts) Ecrivez les groupes verbaux correspondants. ( MODAL = n'importe quel modal ) PRESENT + (BE >> ing) + (BE >> Participe passé) + KEEP =>He.................................................................................................................. PASSE + MODAL + (HAVE >> Participe passé) + GET =>He.................................................................................................................. PRESENT + MODAL + (HAVE >> Participe passé) + (BE >> Participe passé) + BRING =>He.................................................................................................................. PRESENT + (HAVE >> Participe passé) + (BE >> ING) + CATCH =>He.................................................................................................................. 3 PRESENT + MODAL + (BE >> ing) + FEEL =>He.................................................................................................................. PASSE + (HAVE >> Participe passé.) + (BE >> Participe passé) + MAKE =>He.................................................................................................................. c) (4pts) Posez la question portant sur le/les mots entre parenthèses : Daniel Ezralow had that same idea (a month ago). The $65m Broadway musical Spider-Man is making (more money). Kevin Aubin (slammed into the stage). (Julie Taymor) should be stopped. d) (4pts) Mettez les phrases suivantes au passif. Producers have shrouded the hotly anticipated musical. Natalie Mendoza is playing the principal villain. The soaring action scenes make the show. They must sell more tickets. 4