First Record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus amygdali in
Transcription
First Record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus amygdali in
Short Communication First Record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus amygdali in Tunisia Asma Zeiri, Mohamed Braham, Centre Régional des Recherches en Horticulture et en Agriculture Biologique, Chott Mariem, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia, Université de Sousse, and Mohamed Braham, Institut de l’Olivier, Station of Sousse, 40 Rue Ibn Khouldoun, 4061, Sousse, Université de Sousse, Tunisia __________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Zeiri, A. Braham, M. and Braham, M. 2011. First record of Cephalonomia hypobori on Scolytus amygdali in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 6: 43-47. The biology and the life cycle of Scolytus amygdali collected from the Sahel of Tunisia were studied. Adults were collected together with their natural enemies. Branches of infested almond, plum, apricot, and peach were taken to the laboratory and insects were reared in plastic boxes at 25°C and photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark). In November 2009, Cephalonomia hypobori was collected among other parasitoids of S. amygdali. To our knowledge, this is the first record of this species from Tunisia. A total of 73 Bethylidae wasps were collected. Only females of this wasp were observed. Keywords: Cephalonomia hypobori, parasitoids, Scolytus amygdali, Tunisia __________________________________________________________________________ The Almond bark beetles Scolytus amygdali can cause a serious damage to fruit trees. It attacks a variety of trees such as almond, peach, apricot, plum and even apple. The development of integrated pest management requires the exact identification of natural enemies and data about their role in population regulation. Hymenopterous parasitoids are the most important natural enemies of bark beetles, and have been largely studied on scolytids in many countries (1, 2, 5, 7, 10). Parasitoids of the Bethylidae family were recorded on larvae and pupae of S. amygdali in Morocco (1, 2) and Israel (7). They were also recorded from other Scolytidae hosts such as Hypoborus ficus Erichson (9). The data were obtained during 2009-2010 from the center (Souassi and Jemmel) of Tunisia. S. amygdali and its parasitoids were reared from S. amygdali attacked almond, peach, apricot, plum branches putted in rearing boxes (21 × 21 × 9 cm) at 25°C and a photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark). Insects were maintained in 70° alcohol until identification and morphological analysis. The diagnostic of the species and the identification were made according to the key proposed by Berland (3). The identification was confirmed by Mr. Jeroen de Rond MA Corresponding Author : Asma Zeiri Email: [email protected] Accepted for publication 14 September 2011 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 43 Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 (Freelance entomologist, writer and designer at Natural Media, Lelystad, the Netherlands). Photos were taken with a Canon Power Shot S50 camera attached to a stereomicroscope LEICA (MZ 12.5) and by electron microscopy in SEM (Quanta 200 FEI). head of C. hypobori is prognathous and arranged horizontally, the mouth being at the end of the head directed forward and not down. Ocelli were placed near the edge of occiput. Antennae have 12 articles in both sexes (3). The pronotum is relatively long and touching the tegulae (Fig. 2a). The scutellum is not bordered by an anterior transverse carina and shows no sign of lateral pits. Notaulus is present and is strongly converging towards the scutellum (Fig. 2a). The specimen presents a reticulate long medial segment (Fig. 2b). The metasoma of C. hypobori female (Fig. 2c) is with 6 or 7 exposed terga. The (Fig. 2d) shows legs and tarsi of C. hypobori. C. hypobori is a cryptoparasitoid attacking larvae and pupae of S. amygdali on Prunus infested branches. This is, to our knowledge, the first record of this species Tunisia. A total of 73 specimens were collected from the center of Tunisia in November 2009 as cryptoparasitoids attacking larvae and pupae of S. amygdali on Prunus infested branches. Only females were observed. According to Berland’s key (3), the bethyloid wasp found on S. amygdali in Tunisia belongs to the superfamily of Chrysidoidea, family of Bethylidae, subfamily of Epyrinae and genus of Cephalonomia. The specimen was identified as Cephalonomia hypobori (Fig. 1). The Fig. 1. Female of Cephalonomia hypobori Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 44 Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 Fig. 2. Some morphologic characters of Cephalonomia hypobori: a. Pronotum, b. Medial Segment, c. Metasoma, d. Leg, e. Head in lateral view, f. Female in lateral view, g. Head in dorsal view. (Not to the same scale) The species of Bethylidae family are parasites of larvae of beetles. Host is paralyzed with venom from female. Eggs are deposited on body of host. Larvae develop as primary, gregarious external parasites of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera larvae. C. hypobori is a cryptoparasitoid and search its host in the galleries entering through the egg tunnels, ventilation holes and emergence and reemergence holes of the beetles. This parasitoid attacks larvae and pupae stages. The larvae are legless, small with white spots on the body. They live in groups of 2 to 12 individuals on a single larva. They can detect their hosts through the heating caused by the larval activity, issued by the phenomena of sexual partner’s beetles and the receptors located in the ovipositor (4). The parasitoid was recorded on S. amygdali from Morocco (1, 2) and Israel (7) and on Hypoborus Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection ficus (9). C. hypobori appears to be able to overwinter in all stages and may be able to continue its development in winter. The insect develops three or four generations and has the potential to synchronous its development with its host (1). Mendel (7) indicates that it parasites Ruguloscolytus mediterraneus and S. amygdali. According to the same author, C. hypobori could establish at least six generations per year depending on climatic conditions (1). C. hypobori has a secondary importance for Phloeotribus scarabaeoides on olive as the rate of parasitism reported in Spain did not exceed 0.05% (5). In almond, C. hypobori is considered the major enemy of S. amygdali (2). Nakládal and Turčáni (8) have used it against Hylesinus fraxini. Another Cephalonomia species, C. cursor was previously reared from S. amygdali (2). C. hypobori is known from France, 45 Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Dr. Jeroen de Rond (Freelance entomologist, writer and designer at Natural Media, Lelystad, The Netherlands) for his support in identifying the insect species = http://www.naturalmedia.nl/NL/biodiversiteit.html. We would like also to thank the analysis unit of SEM, Borj –Cedria Tunisia for the help with the photos of the specimens. Italy, Israel, Iran and Morocco (3). In Tunisia, C. hypobori is recorded for the first time in this paper and if its effectiveness will be confirmed under field conditions, it may be included in an integrated pest management program. __________________________________________________________________________ RESUME Zeiri A. Braham M. et Braham M. 2011. Premier enregistrement de Cephalonomia hypobori sur Scolytus amygdali en Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 6: 43-47. La biologie et le cycle de vie de Scolytus amygdali, insecte collecté du Sahel de la Tunisie ont été étudiés. Les adultes ont été recueillis avec leurs ennemis naturels. Des branches infestées d'amandier, de prunier, d’abricotier et de pêcher ont été ramenées au laboratoire et les insectes élevés dans des boîtes en plastique sous 25°C et une photopériode (16Lum./8Obs.). En Novembre 2009, l’espèce Cephalonomia hypobori a été remarquée parmi les parasitoïdes de S. amygdali. A notre connaissance, il s’agit du premier enregistrement de cette espèce en Tunisie. Un total de 73 insectes Bethylidae a été collecté. Seules les femelles ont été observées. Mots clés: Cephalonomia hypobori, parasitoïdes, Scolytus amygdali, Tunisie __________________________________________________________________________ ة$& '( Cephalonomia hypobori ة$ ا! ا"ول.2011 . أء و اه و اه،اا ي Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 6: 43-47 .01*2 ./ Scolytus amygdali ء ا*ز+,،#$% ا ! )* )( ا'& اScolytus amygdali دُر ا واورة ا ة ء ا اراق/< وا ? وا>خ1ا/ق7وع از وا0 *) ت ت: ُأ. 1 ( ا23 ا وأا/0 ت.+ , !+ *< #0 و.( P 8/ءJ 16) 3J س ودورة°25 C %D+ E<دF #0 2% + إ@ ا > و+B ا .S. amygdali ت أى ـD(%) XY * أ+ Cephalonomia hypobori ر 'ة2P U' ،2009 0$/#$Rا 'ة73 , ! ` ./$ #0 ّ ا^ول1< تD(% اXYا اع )* أ:ن ! & ه0 ،ا ا !ل: ه#0 )1) ]+و .f0 ث$eر ا2P U'(& و%) cا ا:)* ه __________________________________________________________________________ LITTERATURE CITTED 1. Benazoun, A. 1983. Etude bioécologique sur les scolytes de l’amandier Ruguloscolytus amygdali Guérin (Col., Scolytidae) au Maroc. Doctorat Es-Sciences Naturelles. Université de Paris VI, France, 140 pp. 2. Benazoun, A. et Schvester, D. 1990. Biologie et cycle de Scolytus (Ruguloscolytus) amygdali Guérin au Maroc. Actes Inst. Agron. Vét. (Maroc) 10: 21-34. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 3. Berland, L. 1928. Faune de France 19: Hyménoptères vespiformes II: (Eumenidae, Vespidae, Masaridae, Bethylidae, Dryinidae, Embolemidae. Paris, France, 208 pp. 4. Dix, M.E. and Franklin, R.T. 1974. Inter- and intra-specific encounters of southern pine beetles parasites under field conditions. Environ. Entomol. 8: 178-181. 46 Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 5. Gonzalez, R. and Campos M. 1990. Evaluation of natural enemies of Phloeotribus scarabaeoides BERN. (Col. Scolytidae) in Granada olive groves. Acta Hort. Oliv Growing. 286: 355-357. 6. Kieffer, J.J. 1914. Bethylinae. Pages 228-595. In: Das Tierreich R. Friedländer und Sohn. Berlin, Germany. 7. Mendel, Z. 1986. Hymenopterous parasitoids of bark beetles (Scolytidae) in Israel: host relation, host plant, abundance and seasonal history. Entomophaga 31: 113-125. 8. Nakládal, O. and Turčáni, M. 2007. Contribution to knowledge of Hylesinus fraxini (Panzer, 1779) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) natural Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection enemies from Northern Moravia (Czech Republic). J. For. Sci. 53: 54-57. 9. Richards, P.W. 1955. The secondary succession in the tropical rain forest. Sci. Prog. Lond. 43: 45-57. 10. Zeiri, A., Mitroiu, M., Braham, M., and Braham, M. 2010. First record of Cerocephala eccoptogastri (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on the almond bark beetle (Scolytus amygdali GUERIN) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Tunisia. Analele ŞtiinŃificeale UniversităŃii. Al. I. CuzaIaşi. S. Biologie animală. L 6 : 91-95. ------------------------- 47 Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 48 Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011