www.canadianarchaeology.com

Fall 2012
www.canadianarchaeology.com
1
Volume 30, Issue 1
And last but certainly not least, those who finished
Masters or PhDs this year are listed in Newly
Minted 2011-2012. Congratulations to everyone!!
Hello everyone, and welcome to the Fall issue of the
CAA’s Newsletter. I hope that everyone who was out
in the field this year had a safe and productive season,
with fingers crossed that those still there have a few
more days of good weather before too much snow
arrives!
Karen Ryan
[email protected]
It’s been an eventful several months for archaeology in
Canada, and I hope everyone is aware that the CAA
has two Facebook pages where they can share and
follow news, offer opinions and advice, and generally
keep in touch with those working near and far. The
CAA “group” site now has almost 650 members, while
the CAA “community” has more news for and about
its members. Check them out!
British Columbia
http://www.asbc.bc.ca/
Alberta
http://www.albertaheritage.net/directory/archaeolog
ical_society.html
This issue of the Newsletter has a range of submissions
– messages from William Ross, Jennifer Birch, and the
organizers of the 46th annual CAA conference (in
gorgeous Whistler, BC!). There are two contributions
from the Canadian Museum of Civilization: the first is
an update on the ongoing construction in the
archaeology collections by Stacey Girling-Christie,
while Lucie Johanis discusses the challenges of
developing and maintaining a bilingual archaeological
sites database in the face of increasingly varied
terminology. Christina Robinson highlights differential
global positioning system technology as a tool for the
subsurface examination of a large aboriginal
occupation site in Newfoundland.
Saskatchewan
http://canoesaskatchewan.rkc.ca/arch/sasadd.htm
Manitoba
http://www.manitobaarchaeologicalsociety.ca/
Ontario
http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/
Quebec
http://www.archeologie.qc.ca/
Alwynne Beaudoin has a great review of Peter
Ackroyd’s First Light - his take on archaeological
excavation and interpretation is bound to strike a
chord, while Joyce Wright gives her thoughts on a
History Channel documentary on the Mantle site.
New Brunswick
http://www.archaeological.org/societies/newbrunsw
ick
Nova Scotia
http://www.novascotiaarchaeologysociety.com/
Finally, the CAA is soliciting nominations for its
various awards, and the Newsletter is still looking for a
regional fieldwork editor for Nunavut Please think
about volunteering!
Prince Edward Island
http://www.gov.pe.ca/peimhf/
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I was very gratified by the many letters sent to the
Prime Minister’s Office by Canadian and
international colleagues. It is vey evident that Parks
Canada is highly esteemed throughout the world.
All correspondence that has been copied to us is
posted on our webpage. To date, most of the
political replies have been platitudes and “there,
there, now - no need to worry”. It appears that our
objections have fallen on deaf ears. Nonetheless it
is very important that we made our objections
known. Thank you to Tim Rast, who allowed us to
use materials from his website, William Moss, who
assisted with some quick translations and contacts
with French speaking colleagues, Rob Ferguson for
numerous letters, Jennifer Birch, our new VP,
colleagues from the eastern Canada who were
particularly vocal and many others. I apologize if I
have missed mentioning anyone.
Hello all:
Thank you for your vote of confidence. It is an
honour and a privilege to be elected as your
President. I would like to welcome Dr. Jennifer
Birch who was elected Vice-President and to thank
the executive for making my entry as President as
smooth as possible.
For those who don’t know me, I spent most of my
archaeological career with the Ontario Government
as a Regional Archaeologist. Since retirement in
2002, I have run a small consulting business
conducting CRM surveys in Northwestern Ontario.
Eldon Yellowhorn’s introduction in his last
President’s message requires a correction. I do not
have a PhD and although I am on the faculty list of
the Department of Anthropology at Lakehead
University, I am a Professional Associate, not a
faculty member.
I would also like to thank Karen Ryan for
improving our newsletter. It looks great, it reads
even better and I would encourage colleagues to
make contributions. Karen can only produce an
outstanding newsletter if members make
contributions.
Thank you to Adrian Burke, Claude Champdelaine,
Brad Loewen and their crew for a well-run
conference in Montreal. Speaking of conferences, I
hope members are making plans to attend our next
annual meeting in Whistler, BC, May 15 to 19,
2013.
Don’t forget the Canadian Journal of Archaeology
that is now available as a CD Publication. Our
editor, Gerald Oetelaar, is always looking for new
submissions.
At the 2012 AGM, members requested that the
executive ask the Canadian Museum of Civilization
when access to their collections would be accessible
to researchers. Mark O’Neill, President and CEO,
has replied that the museum is undertaking a major
expansion of their existing collections storage to
both improve storage and facilitate greater access to
the collections and the project is expected to be
completed by September 2013.
Our webmaster and service provider have facilitated
much of the revised website and have been
particularly effective at ensuring the postings are
current,
including
the
Parks
Canada
correspondence. Both our You Tube channel and
Facebook page can be accessed from our webpage.
We encourage all members to participate.
There are many awards presented by the CAA.
Most need nominations and details can be found on
the webpage.
During the summer we lead an extensive letter
writing campaign against the draconian cuts to
Park’s Canada’s archaeologists and conservators.
The University of Western Ontario has graciously
volunteered to host the 2014 annual meeting. If you
3
are interested in hosting the 2015 annual meeting
please contact the executive.
The CAA is your organization and it is your time
and effort that makes it successful. I encourage
members to contact the executive with ideas for
improvements that they think may encourage others
to get involved. I am especially interested in
encouraging students to become more active.
The CAA is looking for new photos to update the
images
on
our
website
(http://canadianarchaeology.com/caa/).
Send pictures from your fieldwork, research, and
archaeological
travels
in
Canada
to
[email protected].
Thank you once again to all the volunteers.
Regards
Photos should be high-resolution and include a
caption and the name of the photographer. We'll
post them on our Facebook page, and those with the
most likes will be included in the banner for our
webpage.
William Ross
President
4
189 Peter Street
Thunder Bay, ON P7A 5H8
Department of Archaeology
University of Calgary
Calgary, AL T2N 1N4
[email protected]
[email protected]
Department of Anthropology
University of Georgia
250A Baldwin Hall
Athens, Georgia 30602
32 Redwood Road
Brantford, ON N3R 3M1
[email protected]
[email protected]
4 Salter Place
Whitehorse, YT Y1A 0C6
Archaeology and History Division
Canadian Museum of Civilization
Gatineau, QC K1A 0M8
[email protected]
[email protected]
Historic Resources Branch
213 Notre Dame Ave.
Winnipeg MB
Department of Archaeology
Simon Fraser University
2833 McGill Street
Vancouver, British Columbia V5K 1H7
[email protected]
[email protected]
5
[email protected]
– if interested, please contact
[email protected]
– if interested, please contact
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
http://canadianarchaeology.com/caa/archcanada/
6
Greetings all! We are proud to announce that the
46th annual Canadian Archaeological Association
(CAA) Conference will take place in Whistler,
British Columbia from May 15th-18th 2013. The
papers, posters, and other formal conference
proceedings will take place at the Whistler
Conference Centre, while cultural festivities and the
banquet will take place the Squamish-Lil’wat
Cultural Centre. Please view the following links for
more information.
The team organizing the conference event includes
CAA past president Eldon Yellowhorn, and Rudy
Reimer, Sarah Carr-Locke, and Jennifer Lewis all of
Simon Fraser University. We are currently planning
more details for the gathering/event, so watch for
updates on the CAA website, on Facebook and
other announcements over email and other media.
We are looking forward to an intellectually
stimulating meeting, but also a fun time through
social and cultural events in and around Whistler.
http://meetings.whistler.com/conference_centre/
Cheers!
http://www.slcc.ca/
The CAA 2013 conference organizing team.
7
building. Collections Management staff expertly
manoeuvred the cabinets into every available open
area in other collections storage rooms.
The Canadian Museum of Civilization located in
Gatineau, Québec is undergoing a massive facelift
which will result in the expansion of their storage
space by ten percent. A new full concrete floor is
planned to be built above the space currently used
for the archaeology collections. This major
renovation project will lead to an expansion of some
1500 square metres of collections storage.
Archaeology cabinets now in ‘closed’ storage at CMC.
Collections Room 5103 (Archaeology) prior to the
beginning of construction.
During this extended period of closure we have
taken advantage of the availability of additional
staff assigned to the project. We have processed a
fair amount of material held in our backlog
inventory.
For researchers who have never visited the
archaeology collections curated at the Canadian
Museum of Civilization, the material is located on
the fifth floor (Room 5103) of the Curatorial wing.
Much of the material is housed in 85” x 50” x 26”
metal or wood storage cabinets.
The company Montel Inc. dismantled the bays of
movable storage units. Metal plates were drilled into
the concrete floor to cover and protect the existing
movable storage rails. We will be switching from a
power mobile storage system to a manual assist
system.
During the Fall of 2010 385 cabinets were lifted off
of five large bays of movable storage units and
weighed. Based on in-house research requirements
and cabinet weight, these cabinets were then
distributed over several floors of the Curatorial
8
The following provides an outline of the many
aspects involved in the floor construction:
A new pull-out art storage panels system will be
installed on the sixth floor. It is anticipated that all
the furniture which once lined part of the perimeter
of the storage room plus filled one moveable storage
bay will not return to 5103. We hope to have a
separate visiting researcher room where collections
can be laid out. This room would also act as a
private viewing area for repatriation needs. We hope
that some of the Alternate Storage boxes which
primarily contain faunal material and flake lots will
be re-located from the first level to 5103. Also being
discussed are plans to re-locate our extensive cast
collection which is currently held on another floor.
1. Construct new 6th floor structural steel and
complete floor assembly.
2. Install new electrical distribution on 5th and
6th floors.
3. Install spray-applied fire proofing to new
structural steel.
4. Install new ventilation on 5th floor.
5. Finish all surfaces. (e.g. drywall, concrete
patching, painting).
6. Install doors and modify existing doors for
special communications.
7. Install new lighting and dimming systems on
5th and 6th floors.
8. Install new data, telecom, and special
communications on 5th floor.
9. Install new fire protection (sprinklers) on 5th
floor and re-feed 6th floor sprinklers.
10. Install, verify, and re-program digital
controls.
Partially dismantled moveable storage bays.
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
SCHEDULE
December 2012
Shop drawings & fabrication of steel
January 2013
Beam delivery onsite
January – March Installation of beams & pour concrete
Collections Room 5103 after removal of artefact cabinets
but before the moveable cabinet bases were dismantled.
A section of the corridor wall between the hallway
and 5103 has been removed in anticipation of the
large beams which will be delivered in January.
9
April to July
Installation of architectural, mechanical
& electrical infrastructures
August
Installation of shelving on 5th & 6th floors
September 2013
Tentative move back in and operational
We currently anticipate the cabinets to begin their
journey back into Room 5103 in September of
2013. We expect to re-open in the Fall of 2013.
imposition for Canadian, American and European
researchers. We regret apologize (are sorry for) the
inconvenience this has posed and we do appreciate
your patience.
All requests for access during this period of closure
are recorded and researchers will be notified in
advance as to when the archaeology collections
repository will re-open. All requests for access
should be directed to Stacey Girling-Christie,
Registrar,
Archaeology,
CMP
[email protected].
Thank you to CMC staff Alain Proulx, Head,
Architectural Technology for the project update
information and Janet Young and Karen Ryan for
photo assistance.
Wall section removed to permit the transport of large
steel beams into Collections Room 5103.
Collections Room 5103 prior to construction.
Collections Room 5103 following the installation of
protective metal tracks.
The Canadian Museum of Civilization realizes the
extended period of closure has been a major
10
:
Prolific is the word that springs to mind when
surveying Peter Ackroyd's career. He has written 33
non-fiction books so far, mostly biographies of
people and places, especially those connected with
London, while also publishing 16 novels and 3
volumes of poetry. First Light was his fifth work of
fiction and came after two acclaimed and awardwinning novels. It proved to be a disappointment to
the lit-crit crowd. Thomas Disch described it as
"unfathomably bad" in a review for The Washington
Post Book World, while John Crowley in The New
York Times book review remarked on its "slapdash
match of fiction and common reality". So why
bother? Admittedly, it's wildly uneven, with
passages of considerable lyricism, followed by
segments that are just plain silly. Yet, it's interesting
because Ackroyd tries to get inside the dynamics of
a field crew and explore the atmosphere of an
archaeological excavation beyond a superficial
level.
The excavation takes place in the fictional Pilgrin
Valley, which lies in the borderlands between
Devon and Dorset in southwest England, and is a
place that is still deeply rural. A recent fire on
Forestry Commission land has removed part of an
ancient ash forest and revealed a tumulus, a mound
about eighty feet long and twelve feet high,
surrounded by a stone circle. The feature is
unrecorded and unknown to the archaeological
community but initial inspection determines that it
could be a highly significant site, possibly around
four thousand years old. Mark Clare, a mid-career
archaeologist partial to deerstalker hats, is tasked
with excavating the site, under the inept
administration of Evangeline Tupper, a resolutely
urban senior civil servant from the Department of
Environment in London.
Mark goes about the task in a thorough and
systematic fashion. Too thorough really, as modern
professionals do not usually excavate sites in
totality, which is exactly what he intends to do.
Mark's goal is "total recovery, objective
interpretation and comprehensive explanation". He
wants to build up an electronic archive of all their
finds and data, because in "archaeology we always
ruin the evidence even as we find it". They "will
have to tear [the mound] apart as [they] excavate",
something he regrets even as he organizes his field
team and plans the schedule. Mark gathers
experienced supervisors—Owen Chard, site
surveyor, Martha Temple, finds supervisor, and
Julian Hill, environmentalist and remote-sensing
11
enthusiast—and a field crew of twenty people from
the local Archaeological Unit and begins work. First
task is field walking, marking finds, and trying to
locate any associated structures and outlying
features. They look "for flints, for particles of bone,
for seeds, for snail shells". All find are mapped. A
test trench is dug to examine the soil layers. Next
task is a geophysical survey, delineating the edges
of the structure. Then they begin opening the
mound, revealing a complex series of chambers and
passages that lead back into the hill slope.
is ideal for this research station. To Mark, stars and
site become closely linked as he examines the
artifacts and structure of the mound. From the
astronomers, he learns that we are all made from the
material of dead stars and hence are connected to
the greater universe. Thus death has no real
meaning, a thought he finds comforting.
Ackroyd populates his tale with a range of quirky
characters, both sad and amusing. Some, like Mark
Clare, he treats sympathetically, others he portrays
more harshly. His cruel depiction of Evangeline
Tupper's fey relationship with her partner,
Hermione Crisp, contrasts with his thoughtful
chronicling of astronomer Damian Fall's mental
disintegration. There are strong echoes of Thomas
Hardy in the characters and setting, with an
occasional nod to Stella Gibbons' Cold Comfort
Farm. In their professional rivalries and squabbling,
the archaeologists are the most rounded characters
in the story. I especially enjoyed Julian Hill. He has
a theory about everything. Utterly self-absorbed, he
lacks social skills and understanding of human
behaviour, present or past. He's desperate to get
published and is continually in the process of
writing a monograph, laden with technical jargon
and couched within the latest theoretical
perspective. When his survey work gives results that
diverge from his preconceived notions he's most
indignant. "The theory is right" he maintains, "It's
just the evidence which is wrong". Ah yes! We may
wince but we've all thought that at times, haven't
we?
The archaeologists soon encounter the local
farmers, the Mints, father and son, who used to own
the land where the mound sits. The Mints feel very
protective towards the site and regard themselves as
especially connected it. Though they are never
openly hostile or obstructive, their peasant
impassiveness
and
seemingly
willful
misunderstanding of the archaeologists' work
betokens an obstinate resistance to the project.
Despite their unprepossessing demeanour, the
Mints, Mark soon realizes, are community leaders
because many local people are members of their
extended clan. Keeping them on-side soon forms an
important part of his and Evangeline's management
activities. The Mint clan has deep roots and Mark
senses that they know more about the mound and
stone circle than they are letting on.
Deep roots and time in its various manifestations
pervade this story. The personal time of human
relationships, however complicated they may be,
forms one level. The time for slow accretion of
material at the site, measured in millennia, is a
further circle. Beyond that and enclosing all is
cosmic time, the stately movement of the stars and
planets, something that also concerned the builders
of the mound. Star time preoccupies astronomers at
a nearby observatory, who are using a large
telescope and associated instruments to measure the
behaviour of Aldebaran, a red star that is prominent
in the night sky. With its skies dark from lack of
light pollution, the upland beside the Pilgrin Valley
Peter Ackroyd (1989) First Light. Abacus by
Sphere Books Ltd. 328 pages. ISBN 0-3491-01574. $9.95
12
et al 2012). The newcomer to this technological
toolbox at Phillip's Garden is the differential global
positioning system (DGPS). The DGPS was used to
collect accurate spatial information, XYZ coordinates, over a 0.5m grid covering the entire 2.17
ha site (Renouf 2011). This information will be
processed via a geographical information system
(GIS) to generate a 3D surface model of the site
(Fig. 2). This 3D model will corroborate the 2D map
developed through previous works, the total
station and magnetometer survey, and will also
function to reveal areas of interest previously
unrecognised. Initial analysis suggests that
dwellings may number over 120, a significant
increase which will have resounding influence upon
future excavation and interpretation at Phillip's
Garden.
Since 1984 when the Port au Choix Archaeology
Project (PACAP) was first conceived, technology has
played an increasingly greater role in the
archaeological investigation, interpretation and
analysis of the Dorset Palaeoeskimo site of Phillip's
Garden at Port au Choix, Newfoundland (Renouf
2011). The 2012 field season at Phillip's Garden
employed the most intensive use of technology to
date, with a focus on generating the first detailed
map of the site aimed at identifying the full extent
of occupation. Prior to this season, 68 dwellings
had been identified and recorded, (Fig. 1), with the
location of additional potential dwellings
recognised, though not yet recorded (Renouf 1986;
1987; 2011; Eastaugh and Taylor 2011).
Figure 1: A GPS-generated 3D surface map of a
probable dwelling depression recorded at Phillip's
Garden during the 2012 field season.
Figure 1: The current map of Phillip's Garden (PACAP)
References:
Eastaugh, E.J.H. and Taylor, J. 2011. Settlement Size
and Structural Complexity: A Case Study in
Geophysical Survey at Phillip's Garden, Port au
Choix. In The Cultural Landscapes of Port au Choix:
Precontact Hunter-Gatherers of Northwestern
Some of the technologies employed during this
field season are not new to Phillip's Garden. The
total station, for example, has been the primary
method of digital recording since 2004 and two
separate magnetometer surveys were undertaken
in 2001 and 2011 (Eastaugh and Taylor 2011; Wells
13
Newfoundland edited by M.A.P. Renouf, 179-188.
Springer, New York.
Renouf, M.A.P. 2011. On the Headland: Dorset Seal
Harvesting at Phillip's Garden, Port au Choix. In The
Cultural Landscapes of Port au Choix: Precontact
Hunter-Gatherers of Northwestern Newfoundland
edited by M.A.P. Renouf, 131-160. Springer, New
York.
Renouf, M.A.P. 1986. Archaeological Investigations
at Phillip's Garden and Point Riche, Port au Choix
National Historic Park Report of 1985 Field
Activities. On file, Parks Canada, Archaeology,
Atlantic Region, Halifax.
Wells, P.J., Renouf, M.A.P., Tudor, C. and Lavers, D.
2012. The 2011 Field Season at Phillip's Garden
(EbBi-1), Port au Choix National Historic Site. In
Provincial Archaeology Office 2011 Archaeology
Review edited by S. Hull, 172-174. Department of
Tourism, Culture and Recreation, Newfoundland
and Labrador.
Renouf, M.A.P. 1987. Archaeological Excavations at
the Port au Choix National Historic Park: Report of
1986 Field Activities. On file, Parks Canada,
Archaeology, Atlantic Region, Halifax.
Your membership in the Canadian Archaeological Association is due on April 1, of the New Year. In order to receive
your two issues of the CAA Newsletter, the Canadian Journal of Archaeology, and maintain your logon account for the
Members Only Section of the CAA Web Site, you are encouraged to establish or renew your membership as soon as
possible.
Votre cotisation à l'Association canadienne d'archéologie est de la première journée de janvier de la nouvelle année.
Afin de recevoir vos exemplaires du Journal canadien d'archéologie, du Bulletin de l'ACA et de continuer à accéder à la
Section des Membres WWW de l'ACA, nous vous encourageons à renouveler votre adhésion ou encore à devenir membre
de l'Association canadienne d'archéologie.
Student / Étudiant - $35.00
Membership Period is April 1st-March 31st
Regular/Régulier - $ 75.00
Membership Period is April 1st–March 31st
Supporting - $ 100.00
https://canadianarchaeology.com/caa/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=1
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14
Les mises à jour sont effectuées régulièrement pour
corriger les erreurs ou normaliser les données ou
encore pour rendre compte de l’évolution de la
nomenclature, des méthodes et des pratiques sur le
terrain. Par exemple, dans les années 90, avec la
venue des technologies GPS et SIG et la montée en
flèche des projets de gestion des ressources
culturelles, la tendance était (et demeure) à la
précision positionnelle et à la terminologie
descriptive.
Alors, ce qu’un chercheur aurait
auparavant nommé « tent ring » est aujourd’hui
souvent classé « stone circle » par des consultants
soucieux de se compromettre en proposant une
interprétation hâtive.
J’ai même récemment
découvert
l’expression
« humanly
placed
rocks (HPR’s)» dans un rapport de fouilles pour
décrire une structure de pierres alignées,
difficilement visible. Je n’ai pas retenu cette
expression optant plutôt pour la formule
« aménagement de pierres (alignement) ». Mais
laissons là les complexités du débat sur la question
de l’analyse descriptive vs l’interprétation des
vestiges. Ce qui est important c’est de normaliser
les termes de façon à permettre des requêtes rapides
dans la base de données du MCC.
L’une des tâches principales qui m’est assignée au
MCC est la gestion d’une base de données sur les
sites archéologiques localisés au nord du 60e
parallèle.
Au début des années 80, la vaste majorité des
données étaient répertoriées en anglais seulement.
Or, très peu (voire aucune !) ressource n’existait à
l’époque – aucun dictionnaire ou glossaire bilingue
spécialisé pour décrire les structures et vestiges
archéologiques des cultures arctiques et subarctiques
du Canada.
Au MCC, la pratique prônait l’utilisation de termes
interprétatifs (tent ring, longhouse, mid-passage,
cache, burial, hunting blind etc.) tirés directement
des notes de terrain, des rapports de fouilles et des
publications courantes, tous des documents
majoritairement de langue anglaise.
Entre temps, d’autres ressources en ligne vinrent
s’ajouter, y compris le site du programme
d’archéologie Tuvaaluk de l’UQAM que j’ai souvent
consulté pour son glossaire spécialisé. Cette
ressource a permis de trouver ou de confirmer
certaines expressions françaises et d’intégrer la
notion de « structure » sans pour autant adopter les
systèmes de classification proposés, trop complexes
pour les besoins des utilisateurs de la base de
données du MCC.
Ce fut le point de départ d’un long projet
d’élaboration et de normalisation terminologique.
L’objectif était de trouver l’équivalent français et de
l’intégrer dans la base de données de façon à pouvoir
exécuter des requêtes rapides, sans passer par un
système de classification trop fortement hiérarchisé
ou codifié. Le défi était de taille.
Au fil des années, les termes pertinents vinrent
s'ajouter à la liste et en 2008, les premiers tableaux
de terminologie bilingues (non sans erreurs) furent
affichés sur le site du MCC.
Le problème du « tent ring »
Le « tent ring » est un vestige omniprésent dans
l’archéologie du grand nord. Il figure au premier
rang au tableau de fréquence des termes utilisés avec
une fréquence de récurrence de 6,631 sur les 21,100
enregistrements de la base de données du MCC.
15
cette structure d’habitation. Et, pour rendre la
question encore plus complexe, « l’emplacement de
tente » réfère généralement, dans la base de données
du MCC, à des vestiges plus récents qui remontent à
la période post-contact. Alors, lesquels de ces
termes choisir ?
Structure d’habitation (cercle de tente)
Structure d'habitation (cercle de pierres)
Structure d’habitation (tente, cercle de pierres)
Structure d'habitation (pierres de charge)
Structure d’habitation (tente, cercle de pierres de
charge)
« Tent ring » – Nunavik. (K. Ryan, 1997).
La traduction directe est le « cercle de tente ». Or,
selon le site web Tuvaaluk, l’expression est un
« Calque de l’anglais. En français, cela évoque des
tentes placées en cercle. C’est un emplacement de
tente. » (Site web Tuvaaluk, P. Plumet, concepteur,
version mai 2002).
J’ai longtemps jonglé avec ce terme et je n’ai
toujours pas tranché de façon définitive sur la
question. Je soupçonne que l’expression « tent
ring » ne fût pas plus claire en anglais, à son origine,
mais qu’elle soit devenue, avec le temps, la
définition opératoire par excellence pour décrire
barn
barrel stave
blind (hunting)
blind (shooting)
boat
boat frame
boat landing
bone (worked)
bridge
brush structure
Pour le moment, je m’en tiens à « cercle de tente »
puisque l’expression semble gagner du terrain auprès
des chercheurs francophones. Une recherche rapide
en ligne indique aussi que l’expression est reprise
dans certains glossaires et dictionnaires notamment
ceux du ministère de la Culture et communications
Québec et de l’agence culturelle Avataq. Le
glossaire archéologique en ligne de Parcs Canada
évite la question en ne proposant qu’un terme
générique, le terme « aménagement » pour référer à
tous les types de structures archéologiques.
structure de bâtiment (grange)
douve
mur d'affût
mur d’affût
bateau
carcasse de bateau
lieu d’atterrissage
os (façonné)
pont
structure d'habitation (camp de broussailles)
16
cabin
cabin (foundation)
cabin (outline)
cable (mooring)
cache (kayak)
cache (outline)
cache (pit)
cache (platform)
cache (pole)
cache (rack)
cache
cache (tree)
cairn
canoe
capstan
caribou fence
cave
cellar
cellar (ice)
cellar (root)
church
clearing
claim post
corral
corral (goose)
crib (dynamite)
culvert
cut wood
cut wood (axe)
cut wood (adze, log)
cut wood (log)
cut wood (pole)
cut wood (post)
cut wood (adze, stump)
cut wood (stone adze, stump)
cut wood (axe, stump)
cut wood (stone axe, stump)
cut wood (stump)
dam (salmon)
depression (circular)
structure d'habitation (cabane)
structure d'habitation (cabane, fondation)
structure d'habitation (cabane, contour)
amarrages
cache (kayak)
cache (contour)
cache (fosse)
cache (plate-forme)
cache (perche)
cache (support)
cache
cache (arbre)
cairn
canot
cabestan
clôture à caribous
grotte
cellier
glacière
cellier (légumes racines)
structure de bâtiment (église)
clairière
poteau de démarcation
enclos
enclos (pour oies)
boîte à dynamite
caniveau
bois coupé
bois coupé (à la hache)
bois coupé (bûche) (à l'herminette)
bois coupé (bûche)
bois coupé (perche)
bois coupé (poteau)
bois coupé (souche) (à l'herminette)
bois coupé (souche) (à l'herminette de pierre)
bois coupé (souche) (à la hache)
bois coupé (souche) (à la hache de pierre)
bois coupé (souche)
barrage (à saumons)
dépression (circulaire)
17
Depression
depression (gravel)
depression (rectangular)
depression (square)
depression (structural)
ditch (drainage)
dock
dog pen
dog stake
doghouse
drive lane (caribou)
drive lane
drum (fuel)
drying rack (fish)
drying rack
dump
dump (coal)
dump (slag)
dwelling (mid-passage)
dwelling
flume
forge
foundation
foundation (rectangular)
fuel drum
furnace
game field
garden
grave (boulder)
grave (box)
grave (cairn)
grave (cairn, cross)
grave (chamber)
grave (coffin)
grave (cross, picket fence)
grave (cross)
grave (depression)
grave (fence)
grave (log, driftwood)
grave (log)
dépression
dépression (de gravier)
dépression (rectangulaire)
dépression (carrée)
dépression (structurale)
fossé de drainage
quai
enclos à chiens
piquet d'attache pour chiens
niche pour chien
voie de rabattage (caribous)
voie de rabattage
baril (pétrole)
séchoir (poisson)
séchoir
dépotoir
amas de charbon
crassier
structure d'habitation (aménagement axial)
structure d'habitation
structure de bois (conduit d'eau)
forge
fondation
fondation (rectangulaire)
baril (pétrole)
fournaise
terrain de jeu
jardin
sépulture (amas de pierres)
sépulture (boîte)
sépulture (cairn)
sépulture (cairn, croix)
sépulture (caveau)
sépulture (cercueil)
sépulture (croix, enclos, piquets)
sépulture (croix)
sépulture (dépression)
sépulture (enclos)
sépulture (bois flotté)
sépulture (rondins)
18
grave (marker)
grave (mound)
grave (pit)
grave (slab)
grave (stone)
grave
grave (vault)
hearth box
hearth
hearth row
hide drying ring
hide stretcher
hopping stone (nangissat)
hopping stone (nangissat)
house (building, foundation)
house (building)
house (building, outline)
house (depression)
house (foundation)
house (log)
house (mid-passage)
house (mound)
house (outline)
house (pit)
house (semi-subterranean)
house (sod, boulder)
house (sod)
house (sod, whalebone)
house (spirit)
house (stone)
house
house (summer)
house (winter)
hut
icehouse
inuksuk
kayak building feature
kayak cover
kayak
Kiln
sépulture (marquée d'un repère)
sépulture (tertre funéraire)
sépulture (fosse)
sépulture (dalles)
sépulture (pierres)
sépulture
sépulture (caveau)
foyer (boîte)
structure de combustion (foyer)
structure de combustion (foyers en rangée)
structure de séchage des peaux
structure d'étirement des peaux
structure de jeu (nangissat)
structure de jeu (pierres alignées)
structure de bâtiment (fondations)
structure de bâtiment
structure de bâtiment (contour)
structure d'habitation (dépression)
structure d'habitation (fondation)
structure d'habitation (bois rond)
structure d'habitation (aménagement axial)
structure d'habitation (tertre)
structure d'habitation (contour)
structure d'habitation (fosse)
structure d'habitation (semi-souterraine)
structure d'habitation (tourbe, pierres)
structure d'habitation (tourbe)
structure d'habitation (tourbe, os de baleine)
structure funéraire
structure d'habitation (pierres)
structure d'habitation
structure d'habitation (d'été)
structure d'habitation (d'hiver)
structure d'habitation (hutte)
glacière
inuksuk
kayak (support de construction)
kayak (recouvrement)
kayak
four
19
komatik
ladder
leanto
lichenglyph
longhouse
marker
mid-passage
midden
midden (shell)
mink pen
modified tree
modified tree (blazed)
modified tree (limbed)
monitoring stand
monument
mound
outcrop
outcrop (chert)
outcrop (copper)
outcrop (flint)
outcrop (granite)
outcrop (ore)
outcrop (quartz)
outcrop (quartizite)
outhouse
palisade
path
petroglyph
pit (borrow, sod)
pit (cache, kayak)
pit (fire)
pit (mining)
pit (refuse)
pit (shooting)
pit (storage, flint)
pit (storage)
pit
platform (storage)
pole cluster
pole (lodge)
komatik
échelle
appentis
art rupestre (lichens)
maison longue
repère
aménagement axial
dépotoir
amas de coquillages
enclos (à visons)
arbre modifié
arbre modifié (noirci)
arbre modifié (ébranché)
station de surveillance
monument
tertre
affleurement
affleurement (chert)
affleurement (cuivre)
affleurement (silex)
affleurement (granite)
affleurement (minerai)
affleurement (quartz)
affleurement (quartzite)
latrines
palissade
sentier
pétroglyphe
structure de creusement (banc d'emprunt, tourbe)
structure de creusement (entreposage, kayak)
structure de creusement (foyer)
stucture de creusement (puits de mine)
structure de creusement (fosse à rebuts)
structure de creusement (poste de tir)
structure de creusement (entreposage, silex)
structure de creusement (entreposage)
structure de creusement
plate-forme (de rangement)
perche (concentration)
perche (abri)
20
pole
pole structure
privy
qaggiq (communal structure)
qaggiq (house, communal)
qarmaq
ramp
rendering cauldron
sawbuck
sawhorse
scatter (artifact)
scatter (bone)
scatter (charcoal)
scatter (coal)
scatter (copper)
scatter (fire cracked rock)
scatter (lithic)
scatter (metal)
scatter (refuse)
scatter (wood)
school
scow
shack
shed
shelter
shelter wall
ship
sidewalk
sled part
sled
sluice (box)
smokehouse
smoking frame
snowmobile
sod structure
stairway
stand (boat)
stand (hunting)
stand (kayak)
stand (komatik)
perche
perche (structure)
latrines
qaggiq (édifice communautaire)
qaggiq (édifice communautaire)
qarmaq
rampe
chaudron à faire fondre
chevalet
chevalet
dépôt (artefacts)
dépôt (ossements)
dépôt (charbon de bois)
dépôt (charbon)
dépôt (cuivre)
dépôt (pierres éclatées par le feu)
dépôt (matériel lithique)
dépôt (métal)
dépôt (rebuts)
dépôt (bois)
structure de bâtiment (école)
chaland
cabane
remise
abri
abri (muret)
vaisseau
trottoir
traîneau (pièce de)
traîneau
écluse (boîtier)
fumoir
fumoir
motoneige
structure de tourbe
escalier
support (embarcation)
support (chasse)
support (kayak)
support (komatik)
21
stand (sled)
stand (umiak)
stone feature
stone feature (alignment)
stone feature (boat shaped)
stone feature (box)
stone feature (box, nesting)
stone feature (circular)
stone feature (concentration)
stone feature (coursed)
stone feature (dance ring)
stone feature (dwelling)
stone feature (enclosure)
stone feature (floor)
stone feature (foundation)
stone feature (H-shaped)
stone feature (kayak shaped)
stone feature (marker)
stone feature (outline)
stone feature (oval)
stone feature (pavement)
stone feature (pile)
stone feature (pillar)
stone feature (platform)
stone feature (rectangular)
stone feature (ring)
stone feature (scatter, boulder)
stone feature (semi-circular)
stone feature (shelter)
stone feature (slab)
stone feature (structure)
stone feature (structure, square)
stone feature (umiak shaped)
stone feature (unidentified)
stone feature (vault)
stone feature (wall)
store
storehouse
stove
stretching rack (moose hide)
support (traîneau)
support (umiak)
aménagement de pierres
aménagement de pierres (alignement)
aménagement de pierres (en forme d’embarcation)
aménagement de pierres (boîte)
aménagement de pierres (nichoir)
aménagement de pierres (circulaire)
aménagement de pierres (concentration)
aménagement de pierres (assise)
aménagement de pierres (circulaire - pour la danse)
aménagement de pierres (habitation)
aménagement de pierres (enclos)
aménagement de pierres (plancher)
aménagement de pierres (fondation)
aménagement de pierres (en forme de H)
aménagement de pierres (en forme de kayak)
aménagement de pierres (repère)
aménagement de pierres (contour)
aménagement de pierres (oval)
aménagement de pierres (dallage)
aménagement de pierres (amas)
aménagement de pierres (pilier)
aménagement de pierres (plate-forme)
aménagement de pierres (rectangulaire)
aménagement de pierres (en forme de cercle)
aménagement de pierres (dépôt diffus de blocs)
aménagement de pierres (semi-circulaire)
aménagement de pierres (abri)
aménagement de pierres (blocs)
aménagement de pierres (structure)
aménagement de pierres (structure, carrée)
aménagement de pierres (en forme d'umiak)
aménagement de pierres (non identifié)
aménagement de pierres (voûte)
aménagement de pierres (mur)
structure de bâtiment (entrepôt)
structure de bâtiment (entrepôt)
poêle
structure d'étirement des peaux (orignal)
22
survey marker
tent cabin
tent emplacement
tent emplacement (berm)
tent emplacement (depression)
tent emplacement (rectangular)
tent emplacement (floor)
tent frame
tent frame (foundation)
tent frame (foundation, log)
tent peg
tent pole
tent ring (mid-passage)
tent ring
tent structure
tent
tepee floor
tepee ring
tepee
toboggan
toy structure
toy (fort)
toy (house)
toy (kayak)
toy (ring)
toy (tent ring)
toy (trap)
toy (umiak)
trail
trailer
trap (bear)
trap (deadfall)
trap (duck)
trap (fox, cairn)
trap (fox)
trap (fox, tower)
trap
trap (polar bear)
trap (sliding door)
repère de levé
structure d’habitation (tente cabane)
structure d’habitation (emplacement de tente)
structure d’habitation (emplacement de tente, bourrelet)
structure d’habitation (emplacement de tente, dépression)
structure d’habitation (emplacement de tente,
rectangulaire)
structure d’habitation (emplacement de tente, plancher)
structure d’habitation (charpente de tente)
structure d’habitation (charpente de tente, fondation)
structure d’habitation (charpente de tente, fondation en
bois rond)
piquet de tente
perche de tente
structure d'habitation (cercle de tente, aménagement axial)
structure d'habitation (cercle de tente)
structure d'habitation (tente)
structure d'habitation (tente)
structure d'habitation (tipi, plancher)
structure d'habitation (cercle de tipi)
structure d’habitation (tipi)
toboggan
structure de jeu
structure de jeu (fort)
structure de jeu (maisonnette)
structure de jeu (kayak)
structure de jeu (de forme circulaire)
structure de jeu (cercle de tente)
structure de jeu (piège)
structure de jeu (umiak)
sentier
roulotte
piège (ours)
piège (assommoir)
piège (canard)
piège (renard, cairn)
piège (renard)
piège (renard, tour)
piège
piège (ours polaire)
piège (porte coulissante)
23
trap (wolf)
trap (wolverine)
trench (mining)
trench (ship)
trench
umiak
vein (chert)
vein (quartz)
weir
well
windbreak
wood feature (structure)
wood feature (driftwood)
wood feature (floor)
wood feature (log)
wood feature (raft)
wood (worked)
piège (loup)
piège (glouton)
tranchée (minière)
tranchée (navale)
tranchée
umiak
veine (chert)
veine (quartz)
barrage à poissons
puits
pare-vent
construction de bois (stucture)
construction de bois (bois flotté)
construction de bois (plancher)
construction de bois (bois rond)
construction de bois (radeau)
bois (façonné)
http://collections.civilisations.ca/sites/sito
f01f.html
http://collections.civilisations.ca/sites/sitof
01e.html
24
Prescott, Ontario. Like the Mantle site, the
Maynard-McKeown site dates to the early 16thcentury or, p–––ossibly (on the basis of radiocarbon
dates), to the late 15th-century. Both sites were
large villages with strong defensive works exhibiting
evidence of expansion over time. The difference is
that one was Wendat and the other St. Lawrence
Iroquoian and, whereas the axe fragment was
interpreted as being derived from a ritual feature,
the iron awl was found in a defensive ditch. Both
the axe fragment and the iron awl were
independently interpreted as having been acquired
from European fisherman and moved inland by the
St. Lawrence Iroquoians (who are known to have
fished in the Baie de Gaspé) or via hand-to-hand
trade rather than direct trade with Europeans in the
place of discovery.
This past July, a docu-adventure produced by
Toronto’s Yap Films aired on the History Channel.
Curse of the Axe, while occasionally lurid and in at
least one instance unintentionally comical,
nevertheless accomplishes something that is truly
commendable: it offers the general public an alltoo-rare chance to catch a glimpse of a small part of
Canada’s exciting past.
The focus of the story is a fragment of iron axe
discovered at the early 16th-century Wendat
(Huron) Mantle site in Whitchurch-Stouffville. In the
course of the two-hour broadcast, the viewer
accompanies Ron Williamson and other researchers
associated with Archaeological Services Inc. as they
employ CSI-like testing on the fragment, consult
with other North American specialists and even
travel to view comparative collections abroad in a
quest to understand who made it and how it came
to be in a place where history tells us no European
had yet traveled. The story is fascinating and, like
Christopher Moore2, I am inclined to excuse the
frequent excesses of drama in appreciation of the
larger role this film plays in helping to popularize
the Canadian past.
Long recognized as the first solid evidence of
contact between Europeans and St. Lawrence
Iroquoians, information about the awl was included
on a heritage plaque unveiled at the MaynardMcKeown site late in September of this year.
A.H.B.I. Associates Inc. supplied research, writing
and design services at the request of the Grenville
County Historical Society which has assumed
responsibility for commemorating this important
site. Anyone interested in viewing this plaque may
do so at www.ahbiassociates.com/design.html.
Efforts to entice the Ontario Heritage Trust to install
a provincial plaque have, unfortunately, not yet
been successful (but please feel free to give them a
prod!).
I have a few quibbles, of course, but the most
significant point that needs to be made is that the
fragment of iron axe discovered at the Mantle site
was not, as is claimed, the earliest European (and,
specifically, iron) object to have been found on a
North American interior site. Twenty-five years ago
a small iron awl was excavated at the St. Lawrence
Iroquoian Maynard-McKeown site located near
Published references to the Maynard-McKeown iron
awl include:
Wright, J.V.
2004 A History of the Native People of Canada,
Volume III, Part 1 (A.D. 500 – European
Contact). Gatineau: Canadian Museum of
Civilization (see pages 1281-1282).
1
Curse of the Axe can be viewed at www.history.ca
(select “Video” and type “Curse of the Axe” in the search
field).
2
http://www.christophermoorehistory.blogspot.ca/
25
Wright, J.V. and D.M. Wright
1990 “A News Item from the McKeown Site”.
Arch Notes 90-5:4.
____
1993 “Iroquoian Archaeology: It’s the Pits”. Pp. 17 in James F. Pendergast and Claude
Chapdelaine (eds.) Essays in St. Lawrence Iroquoian
Archaeology: Selected Papers in Honour of
J.V. Wright. Occasional Papers in
Northeastern Archaeology No. 8. Dundas:
Copetown Press.
http://www.history.ca/curseoftheaxe/v
ideo/feature+presentation/curse+of+t
he+axe/video.html?v=2253301891&p
=1&s=dd#curseoftheaxe/video/featur
e+presentation
http://www.ahbiassociates.com/design.html
26
We are now soliciting nominations for CAA awards,
to be presented in conjunction with the 2013 Annual
Meeting, to be held in Whistler, British Columbia.
Details about each award and the nomination process
are listed below. For more information on these
awards
please
visit
http://www.canadianarchaeology.com/caa/about
/awards
or
contact
Jennifer
Birch
at
[email protected].
Some years ago, the Canadian Archaeological
Association established an award to recognize
exemplary contributions to Canadian archaeology by
avocational archaeologists.
The Smith-Wintemberg Award is presented to
honour members of the Canadian archaeological
community who have made an outstanding
contribution to the advancement of the discipline of
archaeology, or to our knowledge of the
archaeological past of Canada. This award is
presented in any year, as merited, to recognize
outstanding achievement or service.
The award shall be made to an individual or
organization who meets one or more of the
following criteria: conducted original research;
published; delivered papers at conferences; been
involved and supportive of National; Provincial
and/or Territorial Archaeological societies;v actively
trained other avocational archaeologists; positively
interacted with professional archaeologists; and
embodies all of the Principles of the CAA.
This award was originally established through the
generous support of the Pendergast family in 2000 to
honour the memory of a dedicated Canadian
avocational archaeologist, the late James F.
Pendergast (1921–2000). Although the Pendergast
family has had to withdraw their financial
support, the CAA is still committed to the
continuation of this award program.
In the first part of the twentieth century there were
very few professional archaeologists in Canada. In
the history of our profession two individuals stand
out as people who laid many of the foundations of
our discipline, one that we so easily take for granted.
These two ardent and consummate archaeologists,
Harlan I. Smith and William J. Wintemberg, inspired
the Canadian Archaeological Association to create
an award recognizing others who have followed in
their footsteps with similar passion and commitment.
Smith and Wintemberg, as well as the archaeologists
who have been honoured with the SmithWintemberg Award are our professional elders. We
can learn much from their professional lives.
Please not that membership in CAA not required in
order to receive this Award. A member of the CAA
may nominate an avocational archaeologist or
organization for the Pendergast award. The
statement of nomination, not to exceed five pages,
must include reasons for nomination based on above
guidelines. The award will be announced at the CAA
Annual General Meeting. The commemorative
award will be presented at a mutually convenient
location for the recipient and the CAA executive.
The award includes one year's membership in the
CAA.
Nominations should be submitted by no later than
April 15 of each year and will be evaluated by the
award committee. One award will be made each
year. Please note that the committee reserves the
right to not make an award.
For nominations
contact: [email protected]
27
Nominations should be sent to:
persons other than professional archaeologists and
their employers.
Bjorn Simonsen
Victoria, BC V8S 5J3
[email protected]
As many as four (4) awards may be made in this
category. Recipients of a Public Communications
award in this category will each receive a $200 cash
prize and a commemorative plaque. The actual
number of awards made will depend on the number
and
quality
of
the
submissions.
Professional / Institutional. This category includes
practising archaeologists, institutions involved in
carrying out archaeology (museums, government
departments, universities, etc.) or individuals
employed by such institutions, and public
broadcasting corporations and their employees.
Since 1985, the Canadian Archaeological
Association (CAA) has presented annual awards to
acknowledge
outstanding
contributions
in
communication that further insight and appreciation
of Canadian Archaeology. These awards recognise
contributions by journalists, film producers,
professional archaeologists and institutions and are
adjudicated by a committee composed of a regional
representation of CAA members. CAA members are
encouraged to forward materials for consideration to
the Public Communications Awards Chairperson.
As many as three (3) awards may be made in this
category. The Professional / Institutional Award
recipients will receive a commemorative plaque,
only. The actual number of awards made will depend
on the number and quality of the submissions.
The competition for all awards is limited to items
published / produced during the last calendar year,
January 1
to
December 31,
2012.
Submissions must focus on some aspect of Canadian
archaeology and be written in a format suitable for
the general public. Articles about Canadian
archaeologists conducting fieldwork / research
abroad are not eligible.cSubmissions may be in
English or French, but must be written / produced in
lay terms. The minimum acceptable length for any
written category is approximately 1000 words.
The following types of works are eligible: Articles
published in a magazine, journal or newspaper with
wide circulation in Canada; Books, pamphlets or
other publications; Television / video or radio
productions; Electronic publications (web site, CDROM)
Authors do not have to be Canadian citizens or a
resident of Canada. Submissions made by someone
other than the principal author(s) must be
accompanied by the written consent of the author(s).
Current members of the Public Communications
Committee are not eligible for the awards.
Recipients may receive an award for two (2)
consecutive years only. Submissions must include
seven (7) original copies and be forwarded to the
Chairperson of the Public Awards Committee by
March
15th.
Winners of the Awards are notified shortly before
the Association's Annual General Meeting, usually
held in May. Proclamation and presentation of the
Awards will take place at the General meeting.
There are two (2) categories of award:
Writer / producer. This category includes writers,
journalists, producers and others. It is aimed at
28
Please send your entries by March 15th to:
science education on the other. His attempts to
improve Inuit-southern Canadian relations and
awareness stand as a model for our time." (Allen P.
McCartney, 1984, Études/Inuit/Studies 8(10):103)
Meaghan Peuramaki-Brown
Department of Archaeology
University of Calgary
2500 University Dr NW
Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4
[email protected]
To honour Daniel and his work, the Canadian
Archaeological Association established the Daniel
Weetaluktuk Award.
This Year Prizes Are Available For: Best
Undergraduate Student Paper and best Graduate
Research Paper On Any Topic Related to Canadian
Archaeology. These may be written papers and do
not need to be presented at the annual meeting.
“Daniel Weetaluktuk (1951-1982) of Inukjuak (east
coast of Hudson Bay) made increasingly important
contributions to arctic anthropology between 1976
and 1982. His interests in archaeology, traditional
Inuit lifeways, cultural resources, and natural history
bridged native and scientific perspectives. Daniel
participated in government-sponsored excavations in
1976 and 1977, and began investigating northern
Quebec archaeological sites thereafter. Working
through the Makivik Corporation, he clearly
expressed the need of greater Inuit influence in
cultural affairs, on the one hand, and of training and
The winners will each receive $250.00 plus the
opportunity to have their paper published in
the Canadian Journal of Archaeology.
Entries should be submitted to:
Dr. Gary Coupland
Department of Anthropology
University of Toronto
100 St. George St.
Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3
[email protected]
For information on student funding sources, click on the CAA link below:
http://canadianarchaeology.com/caa/discover-archaeology/student-resources/available-funding
29
BIITNER, Katie M., 2011 (UAlberta). Characterization of Middle and Later Stone Age Lithic
Artifacts from Two Rockshelter Sites in Iringa Region, Southern Tanzania.
Stone tools have a critical role to play in our understanding of the behavior of early humans. In particular, the types of raw materials that are present in stone
tool assemblages, and the sources from which they are acquired, provide information relating to decision making processes, planning, organization of
technology, and group mobility. The characterization of Stone Age lithic artifact assemblages from two rockshelter sites in southern Tanzania, Magubike
and Mlambalasi, allowed for the evaluation of inter- and intra-assemblage variability. Raw material characterization was conducted using macroscopic and
microscopic analyses. Numerous raw material sourcing studies have been undertaken on Stone Age lithic assemblages recovered from sites in Tanzania and
the rest of East Africa. Generally these studies have concentrated on identifying the sources of a particular type of stone raw material such as chert, obsidian,
and basalt; however, rarely are the attributes of the whole assemblage examined. Furthermore, few archaeologists describe stone materials in terms of their
basic petrographic characteristics. Both of these weaknesses are the direct result of the lack of a standardized methodology for describing lithic raw
materials, thus this dissertation outlines a strategy for raw material sourcing, with a focus on description and grounded in geoarchaeological theory. When
combined with typological and technological analyses, the results of the raw material analyses suggests the exclusive use of locally acquired lithics.
BLACKBURN, Amanda, 2010 (UManitoba). Bilateral Asymmetry of the Humerus throughout
Growth and Development.
Abstract not available.
BOS, Kirsten, 2012 (McMaster). Genetic Investigations into the Black Death.
This dissertation discusses molecular analyses of dental and skeletal material from victims of the Black Death with the goal of both identifying and
describing the evolutionary history of the causative agent of the pandemic. Through this work, Yersinia pestis DNA was successfully identified in skeletal
material from a well-documented Black Death burial ground, the East Smithfield cemetery of London, England (1348 -1350). The thesis presents two major
methodological advancements in the field of ancient pathogen research: 1) it describes a protocol to confirm the authenticity of ancient pathogen DNA, thus
circumventing tenuous issues relating to modern contaminants, and 2) it demonstrates the applicability of DNA capture methods to isolate ancient pathogen
DNA from its complex metagenomic background common to ancient DNA extracts. The dissertation is comprised of three publications. The first, submitted
to the journal BMC Systems Biology, describes a computational software program for oligo design that has applications to PCR, and capture techniques such
as primer extension capture (PEC) and array-based capture. The second manuscript, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
presents a novel capture technique for retrieval of the pestis-specific pPCP (9.6kb) plasmid which can be used as a simple screening tool for the presence of
Y. pestis DNA in ancient remains, and describes a method for authenticating ancient pathogen DNA. The third paper, published in the journal Nature,
presents a draft genome of Yersinia pestis isolated from the individuals of the East Smithfield collection, thus presenting the first ancient pathogen genome
in published literature. Evolutionary changes as they relate to phylogenetic placement and the evolution of virulence are discussed within an anthropological
framework.
BOSTON, Christine, 2012 (UWO). Investigations of the Biological Consequences and
Cultural Motivations of Artificial Cranial Modification Among Northern Chilean
Populations.
The purpose of this study is to build on existing normative models of craniofacial growth and previous craniofacial studies of artificial cranial modification
(ACM) in order to deepen the cultural and biological understanding of the this practice. Areas of concentration include a study of the biological changes to
cranial epigenetic traits and facial metrics related to ACM, an examination of the biological effects of ACM in order to assess their implications on
morbidity and mortality, and an investigation into the cultural motivations for ACM. Three hypotheses were tested: 1) ACM did not affect epigenetic trait
incidence or facial metrics; 2) ACM increased morbidity and mortality of modified individuals; and 3) ACM was a marker of either social status or ethnicity.
These hypotheses were addressed using quantitative and qualitative analyses of the craniofacial skeleton of ancient northern Chilean groups, including
cephalometrics, craniometrics, various statistical analyses, and survey of specific epigenetic traits, pathological conditions, and grave goods. As well, these
hypotheses were also addressed using various ACM typologies placed within the context of a “nested typology”. It was concluded that when ACM styles are
pooled the effects of ACM are not discernable, but the results did demonstrate that the various ACM styles do affect epigenetic traits and some facial
30
metrics. ACM did minimally affect morbidity and mortality within these samples. As well, ACM was not practiced solely as a marker of social status or
ethnicity, and it was ultimately determined that motivations for practicing ACM were multifactorial.
BOWER, Vandy E., 2011 (UAlberta). Caribou Hunting at Ice Patches: seasonal mobility and
long-term land-use in the southwest Yukon.
Recently documented ice patch sites in the southwest Yukon are ideal for evaluating precontact hunter-gatherer land-use patterns in the western subarctic.
Located in the alpine of the mountainous regions of the boreal forest, ice patches are associated with well preserved hunting equipment, caribou (Rangifer
tarandus) dung and an abundance of faunal remains dating to over 8000 years ago. However, current models are inadequate for explaining caribou hunting at
ice patches as they tend to emphasize large-scale communal hunts associated with latitudinal movements of caribou. Much less is known about the
alititudinal movment of caribou and the associated hunting forays to ice patches in the alpine. Based on literature from caribou biology an altitudinal hunting
model is proposed. During summer months caribou are predictable in their use of ice patches for relief from insect harassment. Pollen dated from caribou
dung frozen in organic layers from the Granger (JdUt-1) and Friday Creek (JcUu-1) ice patches was analysed and compared to pollen assemblages from
modern caribou dung to test whether ancient caribou were using these locations during summer months. The multivariate statistical technique, Nonmetric
Mutlidimensional Scaling shows that ancient pollen assemblages are unlike any modern dung. Results indicate that pollen derived from dung is complex and
various temporal transformations and taphonomic factors such as: (i) the use of modern analogue samples; (ii) changes in phenology; (iii) mode of
pollination and; (iv) caribou feeding strategies must be understood before making interpretations on seasonality from dung pollen. I propose that a qualitative
model of seasonal pollen signatures also be used to evaluate ancient pollen spectra, especially when there is no modern analogue. Regardless of these factors,
the identification of a diversity of forbs and the presence of insect-pollinated taxa such as Polemonium and Epilobium suggest that some of the dung was
deposited by caribou in the summer. Ancient hunters, knowing that caribou aggregate in mixed herds on ice patches in summer months, took advantage of
this behaviour. Hunting equipment found on ice patches indicates that atlatls (8360± 60 to 1250± 40 yrs BP) and bow and arrows (1300 ± 70 to 90 ± 40 yrs
BP) and hunting blinds were part of the ice hunting strategy. Faunal analysis suggests caribou was the primary game animal hunted at ice patches, although
sheep (Ovis dalli) may have been important at some locations. Developing an altitudinal migration model provides a fuller picture of caribou hunting at
alpine locations in the southwest Yukon and assists in understanding Holocene precontact hunting and land-use patterns in the western subarctic.
BURT, Nicole M., 2012 (UAlberta). Reconstructing Individual and Population Diet at
Fishergate House: application of a new Microsampling method for Stable Isotope
Analysis.
The stable isotope signature of childhood diet changes from a fetal signal (similar to the mother), to a breastfeeding signal, and finally to a weaned signal,
which may or many not match the adult diet. The patterning of these changes can give insight into child feeding practices and parenting. A stable isotope
microsampling method was created to allow the analysis of these diets in a single individual. Tooth dentine was used as once formed it does not remodel, as
does human bone. The method was developed and tested on a modern sample of 33 teeth collected from Edmonton, Alberta. The results showed changing
early childhood diet with some individuals being breastfed, while others were bottle fed. Despite the large variety of weaning foods available to modern
families, the weaned child diet was surprisingly uniform and did not reflect the variation seen in Canadian adults. Dentine analysis using the new
microsampling technique, as well as rib stable isotope analysis, was used to reconstruct juvenile diet from the Fishergate House (14th – 16th century) York,
UK. 62 juvenile samples and 11 adult female samples were collected. No previous dietary reconstructions of the children from this site have been run, so it
was important to establish the time of weaning for the population during this critical period of early childhood that often results in infant death. The high
level of mortality for four to six year olds at Fishergate House led previous researchers to believe weaning was taking place at this time. In contrast, the
results of this work showed that weaning was complete by two years. By looking at individuals, it is possible to see variation in weaning practice that reflects
the individual choices of mothers and children at Fishergate House. The dietary information for Fishergate House was also compared with growth and
pathological data from the site to look more closely at health. The results of this study show that by looking at weaning at a population and individual level it
is possible to look at the overall early childhood feeding pattern as well as at deviation from that pattern
BUSHOZI, Pastory, 2012 (UAlberta). Lithic technology and hunting behaviour during the
Middle Stone Age in Tanzania.
In this dissertation, I examine the representation of projectile points in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) of Tanzania, and the way in
which such tools were used over time and space. This study reviews the different strategies used to produce points during the MSA and LSA. It also
examines the mechanisms involved in raw material procurement, hafting technology, and the use of these tools as projectile weapons and how they evolved
over time. It is clear that there were different kinds of multi-weapon systems in use in Tanzania during the MSA, LSA and the transition between them. The
points examined are from three archaeological sites: Mumba, Nasera and Magubike. They reveal that triangular blanks were preferred for the production of
points. Most of them were modified on their proximal ends to provide a suitable binding portion for hafting and aerodynamic movement. Results from the
31
Tip Cross Section Area (TCSA) and weight values suggest that spear and arrow projectiles coexisted in these sites during the MSA and MSA/LSA
transition. Both local and exotic rocks were used for the production of points. In previous studies, the appearance of exotic rocks in the archaeological
assemblages was correlated with trade and exchange. But here the use of exotics seems to be influenced by functional values such as durability, sharpness
and brittleness. Sharp and durable rocks such as chert and quartzite were needed for spears because of their high compression strength. This makes them
better able to withstand unintentional breakage after being stressed by the force of impact. Points made of brittle rocks, such as quartz and obsidian, were
mainly used for light duty projectiles such as throwing spears (darts) and arrows, because they penetrate the body of an animal better and sometimes break
more easily. The presence of points made of exotic or local rocks shows that functional variables were important for projectile technologies. The overall
morphological and technological patterns revealed in this study suggest that foragers who made and used points had elaborate technological skills, abstract
thinking and developed behavioural capability similar to those of other modern foragers.
CASTILLO, Victoria E., 2012 (UAlberta). Fort Selkirk: early Contact Period interaction
between the Northern Tutchone and the Hudson's Bay Company in Yukon.
Historical archaeology has often struggled to reveal the roles that Indigenous people played as socio-economic agents during the initial contact period in
North America. Previous research in the discipline largely focused either on reconstructing everyday life in early European settlements while ignoring
Indigenous agency or on European material culture and dominance over Indigenous groups. The absence of Indigenous agency in historical archaeology
unfortunately presents Aboriginal people as lacking the reflexivity to create their own space within their social conditions. Research presented in the
dissertation employs a holistic, multi-scalar approach, combining archaeological, archival, and ethnographic data to examine how Hudson’s Bay Company
(HBC) fur traders and Northern Tutchone Athapaskans negotiated their socio-economic roles at Fort Selkirk, Yukon (A.D. 1848-1852) and to expose the
underlying social processes of early European-Indigenous interaction. Results of this study demonstrate that the Northern Tutchone were active agents in
their trade relations with the Hudson’s Bay Company and Coastal Tlingit Chilkat trade partners. The archaeological and archival records reveal that the
Northern Tutchone traded with the HBC but were never subsumed within the HBC trade sphere. The Northern Tutchone people, as reflexive agents,
remained autonomous throughout the fort’s existence and were able to create a dual trading strategy that was profitable for them for the duration of the forts
existence.
CROMPTON, Amanda, 2012 (MUN). The Historical Archaeology of a French
Fortification in the Colony of Plaisance: the Vieux Fort site (ChAl-04), Placentia,
Newfoundland.
This is an archaeological and historical study of the Vieux Fort archaeological site (ChAl-04) in Placentia (formerly Plaisance), Newfoundland. Plaisance
was the location of the only official French colony in Newfoundland. The French held the colony until it was ceded to the English under the terms of the
Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The Vieux Fort was, between 1662 and 1690, the only fortification in Plaisance, and was the first garrisoned fortification in
Newfoundland.
The artifacts and features unearthed at the Vieux Fort site have allowed a reconstruction of the Vieux Fort, which is not well-documented historically. The
Vieux Fort was a substantial fortification; it was reasonably large, with some considerable effort expended on constructing stone buildings inside the fort.
Four years of archaeological investigation at the barracks building permit a detailed analysis of the daily lives of the soldiers and officers posted to the fort.
The half-company of soldiers who lived at the barracks only had their basic needs partially met by the state; soldiers spent a portion of their time working as
fishing servants for Plaisance’s colonists to augment their pay and their rations. The artifacts from the Vieux Fort are representative of the world of goods
that circulated in the early colony. The analysis of the artifacts, coupled with a detailed investigation of archival documents, allows the trade networks that
supported the colony to be explored. The colony of Plaisance was firmly embedded in the French Atlantic world; from its earliest years, the colony was wellconnected to France and to other settlements in North America.
The Vieux Fort was occupied only until 1690, when it was destroyed during an English raid on the colony. The fort was never rebuilt, and the land remained
largely unoccupied. Unlike the other French forts, dwellings or infrastructure in the colony, the Vieux Fort was never re-used by the English after 1714. The
French contexts are thus undisturbed, and date to a period which is relatively poorly understood from historic documents. The Vieux Fort site thus provides
an important new perspective on the formative years of the French colony at Plaisance.
DERSCH, Ave T., 2011 (UCalgary). Past, Present and Future Land Use of Swan River First
Nation.
This dissertation examines past, present, and future land use of Swan River First Nation whose reserves are on the south central shore of Lesser Slake Lake,
Alberta, Canada. In this dissertation the theoretical perspective of Indigenous archaeology is utilized as is an interdisciplinary approach whereby western
science and traditional knowledge as well as social science and natural science are used. This dissertation presents how and where Swan River First Nation
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exercised their Treaty Rights to hunt, fish, trap, and gather in the past and documents baseline conditions regarding current infringements to Swan River First
Nation‟s ability to practise these rights. It discusses the present context and issues associated with Aboriginal consultation in Alberta with regards to both
infringements to Treaty Rights and archaeology. It also applies Swan River First Nation traditional knowledge to subarctic ethnoarchaeology. Finally, it
creates a Treaty Rights based land use plan to ensure that Swan River First Nation can practise their rights into the future as well as a methodology for
modeling high archaeological potential based on traditional land use and vegetation communities to be used in future archaeological research.
FACCIA, Kathleen, 2011 (UCalgary). Exploring Age and Activity Related Changes in
Prehistoric Cis-Baikal Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers: a Micro-CT analysis of cortical canal
microstructure.
Abstract not available.
FOREMAN, Lindsay, 2011 (UWO). Seasonal Subsistence in Late Woodland Southwestern
Ontario: an examination of the relationships between resource availability, maize
agriculture, and faunal procurement and processing strategies.
This study uses the zooarchaeological record to examine the seasonal mobility and scheduling of faunal procurement and processing activities by
southwestern Ontario’s two Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 800-1600) communities, Western Basin and Iroquoian. Faunal datasets helped to reconstruct the
timing and location of Western Basin annual hunting and fishing pursuits and identified a greater degree of flexibility in the organization of these activities
than previously recognized, as well as in comparison to contemporaneous Iroquoian communities who also occupied this region.
Western Basin groups oriented themselves near lakes and rivers year-round where they exploited locally abundant fish, mammals, birds, and other animals.
The reconstructed Western Basin seasonal round suggests that these groups were more mobile than neighbouring Iroquoians who settled in upland areas near
tributaries, creeks, and ponds. However, during the 800 years of interest, both traditions diversified their hunting and fishing activities, focusing on the
procurement of animals available near their camps and villages. These changes likely relate to scheduling conflicts between maize crop production, which
was intensified during the second millennium A.D., hunting, and fishing.
The highly fragmented nature of Western Basin large mammal (i.e., cervid) assemblages is also investigated. An examination of bone specimen sizes, types,
fracture characteristics, and degree of burning indicated that bone marrow and grease was routinely extracted by Western Basin peoples and was integral to
food preparation and consumption practices, rather than indicative of seasonal periods of food stress.
FRASER-SHAPIRO, Ian, 2012 (UAlberta). Studying Hunter-Gatherer Mobility Using
Isotopic and Trace Elemental Analysis.
This research comprises a series of papers to address the methodology of studying hunter-gatherer mobility in prehistoric populations. As a laboratory for
this research, middle Holocene hunter-gatherer groups from Cis-Baikal, Siberia were analyzed as part of ongoing research by the Baikal Archaeology
Project. Paper no. 1 focuses on theoretical considerations of how researchers approach the concept of mobility with regard to hunter-gatherers along with
regional background information and discussions on the specifics of using geochemical techniques to track human mobility in the archaeological record.
Paper no. 2 presents the methodology to enable laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of teeth for strontium isotopic research with specific focus on correction
procedures for known interferences encountered using laser ablation as a sampling method. The paper also presents groundwork for a new approach in trace
element analysis of teeth for provenancing purposes. Paper no. 3 presents the technique of micro-sampling of skeletal materials for laser ablation with
specific focus on long bones. The purpose of micro-sampling is to target bone micro-structures to access diagenetically resistant portions of the bones and to
recover biogenic strontium isotopic and trace elemental data. Paper no. 4 presents the results of extensive regional geochemical mapping including plants,
water sources and faunal remains throughout the Cis-Baikal region. Coupled with this map is an analysis of molars from 16 individuals recovered from small
cemeteries distributed across the Cis-Baikal region. General characteristics of the geochemical environment and mobility patterns elucidated through further
provenance analysis are discussed too. Finally, in paper no. 5, a summary of all new findings is presented along with the assessment of the methods
employed in this research. As theoretical and analytical considerations intertwine, the resultant inferences can provide astounding revelations about
prehistoric populations. For the middle Holocene hunter-gatherers of Lake Baikal, Siberia, this approach provides valuable new insights and research
directions.
33
HUMPHREY, Emma, 2011 (UToronto). Hunting Specialisation and the Broad Spectrum
Revolution in the Early Epipalaeolithic: gazelle exploitation at Urkan e-Rubb IIa, Jordan
Valley.
Abstract not available.
PITRE, Minday Christina, 2011 (UAlberta). Microbial biodeterioration of human skeletal
material from Tell Leilan, Syria (2900 – 1900 BCE).
Human bone is considered one of the most direct and insightful sources of information on peoples of the past. As a result, curation protocols have been
developed to ensure that the integrity of human skeletal collections is maintained. Although collections are generally considered safe when these protocols
are followed, the results of this investigation show that the Tell Leilan skeletal collection from Syria (circa 2900 – 1900 BCE) was contaminated by
microbial growth (also known as biodeterioration) during curation. This biodeterioration was evaluated by light microscopy (LM), by the application of a
histological preservation index (HPI), and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All samples (n=192) were found to be biodeteriorated by LM and the
HPI. SEM confirmed that the Tell Leilan skeletal material had been contaminated by a complex microbial aggregate known as a biofilm. Amycolatopsis sp.
and Penicillium chrysogenum, along with species of Aspergillus, Chaetomium, and Cladosporium were isolated and cultured from several contaminated
bones and were identified based on morphology and DNA sequences. The results of this research suggest that we must focus on new techniques to examine
bone as well as on new conservation protocols designed to limit the growth of biofilms in human skeletal collections in the future.
REIMER, Rudy, 2012 (McMaster). The Mountains are Forever: lithics and landscapes of
Skwxwú7mesh Uxwumixw.
This dissertation contributes to Indigenous archaeology, particularly along the Northwest Coast, the Coast Salish region and the territory of the Squamish
Nation. I examine the regional archaeological sequence and provide an Indigenous perspective of time and space of Squamish Nation territory. Closer
examination of this region’s archaeological record focuses on the occurrence of suitable igneous tool stone sources and their use over the past 10,000 years.
A full understanding of these lithic sources comes from three different perspectives Squamish Nation culture, the archaeological and geological records.
I propose that lithic sources are important places of the Squamish Nation cultural landscape and that the distributions of certain material types is linked to
Squamish Nation place names and oral histories. Expanding this concept outward, I consider the distribution of the occurrence of these materials from 25
archaeological sites ranging from sea level ocean shore to mountainous alpine contexts. I then examine lithic source materials and artifacts from these sites
on a visual and chemical basis (X-Ray Fluorescence) to illustrate the varying importance of certain lithic materials across Squamish Nation territory.
Resulting analysis demonstrates that these materials have varying spatial and temporal distributions that relate to predominant themes of Squamish Nation
oral history, concepts of Transformation and Mythical Beings. Material distributions, place names, oral history related to the region’s archaeological record
are discussed under different theoretical frameworks of the Northwest Coast building from culture history, processual, post processual, and humanist
perspectives cumulating at a Indigenous perspective of lithic sources and flaked stone artifact distributions.
SUPERNANT, Kisha M., 2011 (UBC). Inscribing Identities on the Landscape: a spatial
exploration of archaeological rock features in the Lower Fraser River Canyon.
The research presented in this study is an archaeological exploration of the role of monumental rock features in the formation and maintenance of
community identity in the past among the Coast Salish peoples of the Lower Fraser River Canyon region of south-western British Columbia. An area of
intensive seasonal aggregation during the height of the salmon fishing season, the Lower Fraser River Canyon is an area where ownership and access to
valuable commodities has been paramount through time. This central place is marked by a type of archaeological feature rarely found anywhere on the
Northwest Coast – large scale, stacked rock walls, terraces, and other constructions. I apply a landscape approach to understand the cultural dynamics of
social interaction in this region and argue that people evoke identities at various scales and defend their territory on the landscape through the construction of
these features. Since only preliminary research had been undertaken on the rock features, I conducted a survey of the Lower Fraser River Canyon and
located 82 rock features along a 7 km stretch of river. Characteristics of these features, along with three-dimensional maps of several sites where features
cluster, form the basis of my analysis. I outline uses for the rock features, including fishing, defense, living surfaces, and ownership makers, before applying
spatial analyses to evaluate whether or not these features formed a defensive network throughout the Canyon. The results of the Defensive Index, a
quantitative measure of site defensibility, illustrate that the building of the rock features, even if their primary use was not defensive, enhances the
defensibility of village sites. In addition, viewshed analyses indicate that sites with and without rock features are intervisible, supporting the hypothesis that
signals could be sent through the Canyon as a warning of impending raids from either upriver or downriver (Schaepe 2006). I conclude that while rock
34
features were a result of co-ordinated community activity and had an impact on the identities of people living in the Canyon in the past, assigning ownership
of a place to a family or community has always been an active and ongoing process.
WADE, Andrew, 2012 (UWO). Hearts and Minds: examining the evolution of the
Egyptian excerebration and evisceration traditions through the IMPACT Mummy
Database.
Egyptian mummification and funerary rituals were a transformative process, making the deceased a pure being; free of disease, injury, and disfigurements,
as well as ethical and moral impurities. Consequently, the features of mummification available to specific categories of individuals hold social and
ideological significance. This study refutes long-held classical stereotypes, particularly dogmatic class associations; demonstrates the apocryphal nature of
universal heart retention; and expands on the purposes of excerebration and evisceration implied by synthetic and radiological analyses.
Features of the embalming traditions, specifically the variable excerebration and evisceration traditions, represented the Egyptian view of death. Fine-grain
analyses, through primary imaging data for these traditions, have recently been made possible on a large scale through the development of a radiological
mummy database. The IMPACT Radiological Mummy Database is a multi-institutional, collaborative research project devoted to the scientific study of
mummified remains through primary data from medical imaging modalities. This first application of IMPACT addresses the evolution of Egyptian
excerebration and evisceration, and how suites of features in mummies of differing age, sex, status, and location differ and how they relate to the fate of the
recipient’s afterlife and to sociopolitical and ideological changes and interactions.
WATERS-RIST, Andrea, 2011 (UCalgary). Biocultural Diversity in Holocene Period
Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers of Cis-Baikal, Siberia: ancestry, activity, diet and health.
What we eat, what we do, the illnesses we battle, and the populations with which we have genetic affinity, are identifiable by analyses of our skeletal and
dental remains. The skeletal and dental remains examined in this dissertation are from five ancient cemeteries of hunter-fisher-gatherers who lived in the
Cis-Baikal region of Siberia, Russia, from 9,000 to 3,000 years ago. Two biocultural populations lived during this time: the Early Neolithic Kitoi and the
Late Neolithic-Bronze Age Isakovo-Serovo-Glaskovo (ISG). This dissertation contains four discrete bioarchaeological investigations. 1) Dental nonmetric
traits to assess the genetic affinity of populations; 2) Activity-induced dental modification to examine the production of material culture items such as
cordage and fishing nets; 3) Stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes to reconstruct subadult diet and infant feeding practices, and; 4) Dental enamel hypoplasia
frequency, periodicity, and age of formation, to assess levels of physiological stress. Biocultural diversity among cemeteries is primarily explored along
temporal (Early Neolithic; Late Neolithic; Bronze Age) and spatial (lakeshore vs. riverine location) axes. Results reveal significant temporal differences. The
Kitoi and ISG have statistically
significant differences in dental non-metric trait frequencies. In the ISG sample several trait frequencies are similar to those of Western Eurasian
populations, suggesting gene flow with groups that lived to the west or south of Lake Baikal. In terms of infant feeding practices, the Kitoi weaned their
infants at a slightly later age and over a shorter amount of time than the ISG from the Ust’-Ida I cemetery. Differences between the Kitoi and ISG in the
periodicity of linear enamel defects suggest that Early Neolithic peoples were more heavily affected by annual periods of food scarcity. Results also reveal
significant regional variation. The cemeteries along the Angara River have similar dental non-metric trait
frequencies, even between samples from different time-periods. Cemeteries along the river also have higher frequencies of activity-induced occlusal
grooves, which may be related to different fishing practices. Overall, this dissertation adds new data to our understanding of the biocultural differences and
similarities in Kitoi and ISG groups, while also considering the impact of regional variation. The biocultural diversity of these boreal forest groups illustrates
the flexibility of human adaptation.
WELLS, Patricia J., 2012 (MUN). Social Life and Technical Practice: an analysis of the
osseous tool assemblage at the Dorset Palaeoeskimo site of Phillip’s Garden,
Newfoundland.
The aim of this thesis is to provide an understanding of the social nature of technological life at Phillip’s Garden (EeBi-1), a large Middle Dorset site in
northwestern Newfoundland. This is accomplished through the analysis of its osseous (bone, antler and ivory) tool industry. The assemblage is
systematically presented providing morphological details for tool types, variation in forms and materials selected for their manufacture. In addition, the
frequency of tool forms is recorded over the temporal and spatial extent of the site, and evidence of their manufacture and use is explored. Technological
practice is defined in a thoroughly inclusive way, not simply as the material outcome of production, but immersed in social action that reinforces
relationships among people, the materials they manipulate and the settings of technological events. The results of this analysis reveal a dynamic and unique
community at Phillip’s Garden where occupants transformed, over the course of its occupation, some practices of material acquisition, manufacture and use,
dwelling occupation, tool making, and hunting.
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WHITE, Julie-Anne, 2012 (UCalgary). Mortuary Practices at Cotocotuyoc, Peru.
Abstract not available.
ZARRILLO, Sonia, 2012 (UCalgary). Human Adaptation, Food Production, and Cultural
Interaction during the Formative Period in Highland Ecuador.
Abstract not available.
ANDREWS, Ken, 2012 (UWO). Paleoepidemiology of Leprosy in Roman Period Dakhleh
Oasis.
Abstract not available.
ANTONOVA, Anastasia, 2011(UCalgary). Growth, stress and mortality: the application of
dental histology on archaeological material from the Cis-Baikal Neolithic.
The method of dental histology was used in this study to obtain information about growth, stress, and mortality in two skeletal populations from the CisBaikal region in Siberia (cal. 8000-5200 years BP). Fifty three permanent teeth were cut longitudinally to produce 118 thin sections. Microscopic analysis of
enamel increments revealed that crown completion times were from one to twelve months shorter in prehistoric Baikal huntergatherers than in modern
populations. It could suggest a faster rate of dental growth in the past. Based on three aging methods, including the analysis of enamel microstructure, the
mortality in selected individuals from the studied populations was high between five and sixteen years. In addition to early deaths, those individuals seem to
suffer from periodic non-specific stress episodes in the first four years of their lives. This study demonstrated that dental histology may contribute to a better
understanding of hunter-fisher-gatherer health and lifestyle.
ARMSTRONG, Stephanie, 2012 (UManitoba). Spina Bifida at a Pre-Columbian Cuban Site: A
Molecular and Paleoepidemiological Perspective.
Abstract not available.
ASTUDILLO, Fernando J., 2011 (UCalgary). Phytoliths, Palaeoenvironment and Human
Settlement of the Northern Ecuadorian Andes.
Ancient agricultural terracing, middle Holocene grassland composition, weather change, and vegetation dynamics in Andean Páramos and montane forest
were studied based on quantitative phytolith analysis. Palaeoecological samples from terraces were taken at the archaeological site of Palo Blanco in the
highlands of northern Ecuador, which reflect the presence of permanent grass vegetation with changes in its composition. Minor changes in the frequencies
of grass vegetation of the Panicoideae subfamily are related to a weather change about 3640 BP. Human impact is observed in the modification of natural
slopes creating terraces. The results indicate that the weather variation might be the cause of an early modification of the landscape, perhaps for agriculture
BALANZATEGUI, Daniela, 2012 (SFU). Colonial Indigenous and Mastizo Foodways:
ceramic analysis and ethnoarchaeology in the Highlands of Ecuador.
Archaeological approaches regarding cultural change or continuity after the Spanish conquest of America have been focused on presenting quantification of
majolica (European) vs. coarse earthenware (Indigenous) ceramic styles. This thesis provides a reconstruction and quantification of vessel forms from a
household in the 18th century colonial city of Riobamba.
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The results are compared with ethnoarchaeological inventories and testimonies of eight modern households in the Highlands of Ecuador, in order to
understand food preparation and consumption traditions. Testing European practices such as separation of vessel function, individualization of tableware,
and standardization of table settings, this work proposes that the historically Mestizo population is politically situated to practice European foodways to
maintain social status and at the same time reinforce their separation from the local Indigenous population. On the other hand, Indigenous people
intentionally continue local traditions of communal feasting with the use of large pots in order to express their identity. The theoretical implications of these
findings shed light on a complex combination of domestic practices as builders of mutable and negotiable ethnic identities.
BENNETT, Timothy, 2011 (UCalgary). Middle Stone Age Lithic Technology at Myumu,
Niassa, Mozambique.
Abstract not available.
BOBBIE, Lisa, 2012 (UManitoba). Dene Involvement in the Fort Churchill Fur Trade Market
Economy – A World Systems Theory Application
Abstract not available.
ten BRUGGENCAE, Rachel, 2008 (UManitoba). SIMS Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Human
Dental Tissues from Fidler Mounds (Ealf-3), MB: Mobility During Manitoba’s Middle
and Late Woodland Periods.
Abstract not available.
CAPPER, Mairi, 2012 (SFU). Urban Subsistence in the Bronze and Iron Ages: the
palaeoethnobotany of Tell Tayinat, Turkey.
Abstract not available.
CLAUSNITZER, Arthur R., Jr., 2012 (MUN). As Well as Any Beere": The SeventeenthCentury Brewhouse and Bakery at Ferryland, Newfoundland.
Abstract not available.
CROFT, Shannon, 2011 (UCalgary). Traces of the Past: microscopic residue analysis on
the Canadian Plateau, British Columbia.
This study examines microscopic plant and animal residues from 106 stone tools dating to the Late Period (4500 to 200 BP) obtained from the Canadian
Plateau site White Rock Springs (EeRj-226), in the Hat Creek valley, interior British Columbia, Canada. Microscopic residues gleaned from artifacts are
used as direct archaeological evidence to assess the diet and technologies of prehistoric peoples. Root food use was a particular focus of the study and was
targeted by characterizing starch grains found on the stone tools. In addition to starch, microscopic traces residues of coniferous wood, herbaceous and/or
woody tissues, phytoliths, feathers, fungal hyphae and lichen were extracted from the stone tools.
CZYRNYJ, Ashleigh, 2011 (UManitoba). Presenting the University of Manitoba's
archaeological collections online: implementation and user feedback.
Abstract not available.
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DENT, Joshua, 2012 (UWO). Past Tents: temporal themes and patterns of provincial
archaeological governance in British Columbia and Ontario.
Archaeological governance in Canada is a patchwork of provincial jurisdiction. Comparing past and present archaeological legislation, regulation and policy
in British Columbia and Ontario, this thesis identifies temporal themes and patterns both common and distinct in the two provinces. Themes of process,
performance and balance and the common transition from empirical archaeological values to conceptual valuations of heritage are discussed using a
combination of literary review, archival research and interviews. Analysis of the past and present offers insight into the trajectory of heritage governance and
the increasing role of descendant communities in managing their own heritage. The role of archaeologists in this new environment, particularly in Ontario, is
still nascent however cross-jurisdictional comparison provides a degree of foresight.
DIELISSEN, Sandie, 2012 (SFU). Teaching a School to Talk: archaeology of the Queen
Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian children.
The Indian Residential School System had a profound and devastating effect on Aboriginal people in Canada. The Victoria Jubilee Home (1897-1926) on
the Piikani Reserve was one of the many schools with the mandate to civilize and assimilate Indian children. Although there have been many studies and
research projects illuminating the social and political context in which the residential schools resided, little research has been done that concentrates
specifically on the material culture. My research is an initial examination of this gap.
Utilizing the methods of historical archaeology, I retell the history of the Victoria Jubilee Home to shed light on the daily activities within the school, and
how the material culture facilitated, along with the imposition of institutional forces and behaviour, the transition to a reserve lifestyle. This project
underscores how the historic and social differences begun in the past remain pervasive in present society.
GILBERT, Colin D., 2011 (UNB). The Archaeology of the Deer Island Point Site (BfDr5),
Charlotte County, New Brunswick.
Abstract not available.
GIZAS, William, 2011 (UWaterloo). The Role of Anthropology: the need for a public
contribution of current archaeological theory in the issues surrounding the humanenvironment relationship.
Abstract not available.
GRAFF, Emily, 2012 (UWaterloo). Mycenaean Occupants of Ancient Kallithea:
understanding a population's health, culture and lifestyle through bioarchaeological
analysis.
Abstract not available.
HANNIS, Kristina, 2012 (SFU). On the Edge of Change: shifting land use in the Pikani
timber limit, Porcupine Hills, Alberta.
In the 1880s, Piikani land use was transformed by their settlement on reserve, shifting from a mobile existence to one centred on homesteads. This
precipitated a significant social and economic change that had lasting consequences. My research examines the Piikani Timber Limit (IR 147B), an isolated
reserve belonging to the Piikani Blackfoot located in the Porcupine Hills.
The timber limit, as an artifact of the 19th century, is particularly conducive to chronicling landscape changes in Niitsitapi territory in the early reserve
period. 147B was set aside for timber harvest; its designation as a timber limit marks a significant change from its previous role as a component of the whole
Piikani Landscape. I triangulate evidence from oral history, archival materials, and archaeological sites, to analyse the changing role of this timber limit in
38
Piikani history. The sites discovered on 147B include a historic eagle trapping site, logging camps and operations, and the hideout of a notorious Blackfoot
outlaw. The archaeological sites on Piikani timber limit 147B speak to the nuance of the Piikani colonial experience, and bring forward indigenous narratives
about Canadian settlement on the prairies.
HARLOW, Diana, 2011 (UCalgary). Investigation of Aspects of the Raw Materials used in
Ceramic Production in Eastern Tigray.
The goal of this thesis was to determine the first two stages of the chaîne opératoire of black ware production of marginalized female market potters in
eastern Tigray, northern highland Ethiopia. Specifically, the study examined the potters’ social and functional choices of raw materials and paste preparation
techniques to determine a material signature for this marginalized potter community. The study involved thnoarchaeological field work, compositional
analyses, and laboratory experiments. INAA and XRD analyses of clay, temper, and pottery established a preliminary chemical and petrological signature
for these black wares. This study is part of the Eastern Tigray Pottery Project and contributes to the first systematic analysis of raw materials and paste
preparation techniques of contemporary potters and provides the first sourcing database of contemporary ceramic materials in Tigray State. The data
gathered in this project will aid future archaeologists
investigating the antiquity of ceramic production in this region
HARRISON, Kim, 2012 (UManitoba). Inferring mode of locomotion through microscopic
cortical bone analysis: A comparison of the third digits of Homo sapiens and Ursus
americanus using Micro-CT.
Abstract not available.
HRYNICK, M. Gabriel, 2011 (UNB). Woodland Period Domestic Architecture of the
Maritime Peninsula: a case study from Port Joli Harbour, Nova Scotia.
Dwelling features represent a fundamental way in which hunter-gatherer groups articulated technologically with their environments, and provide insight into
the use of social space. Coastal Woodland period dwellings provide the most visible prehistoric dwelling features on the Maritime Peninsula. However, their
low archaeological visibility, large size, and tendency to appear in the archaeological record as complex palimpsests, make them challenging
methodologically and analytically. Drawing on ethnohistoric and archaeological datasets, and a high resolution excavation of a dwelling feature from Port
Joli Harbour, Nova Scotia, this thesis addresses dwelling features in terms of sub-regional adaptations of a regional type, suggesting typological similarity
across the Maritime Peninsula and throughout the Woodland period, but a greater degree
of intra-type variability than has previously been identified in the literature. Additionally, the case study from Port Joli permits a discussion of
methodological and analytical techniques for the recognition, excavation, and description of prehistoric domestic features.
HYNES, Kyla M., 2011 (UBC). Archival archaeology of the sćəlexw village site DhRt-2
(Musqueam East).
This paper is an archaeological analysis of archival data relating to the sćəlexw village site, DhRt-2 (Musqueam East), located on the Musqueam IR 2
Reserve in Vancouver. DhRt-2 is the type-site for the Stselax Phase (approximately 1200 years ago to 1808 AD) in Charles Borden’s Fraser Delta Sequence.
Despite being the subject of various research projects since the 1950s, with major excavations carried out from 1950-1961, a comprehensive site report was
never written. Instead, Borden’s (1950; 1971) publications contained brief summaries of artifact types related to the Stselax Phase. The aim of this thesis is
to collate and analyze the archival data from these excavations, focusing on stratigraphy and architectural features. This is supplemented by data from more
recent research projects to provide a clearer understanding of settlement patterns and the site’s occupational history through time. Most importantly, the
intention is to provide a comprehensive report of the early excavations that will be of value to archaeological researchers and to the descendant Musqueam
community. This paper includes a history of the archaeological research at the site, as well as a presentation of the existing archival materials and analysis of
the archaeological data. Three distinct occupational zones (related groups of layers and associated features) are identified and discussed: a wetland/river
estuary, shell midden/terrace, and a village zone. Variations in the sequence of zones between excavation areas (Trenches 1, 2, and 3; Charles House; Units
A-D) are considered as they relate to village development through time. Together, these analyses and data provide the first comprehensive view of this
important archaeological site since excavations began in 1950.
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JACKLEY, Julia, 2011 (SFU) Weaving the Histories of Klehkwahnnohm: a Tla’amin
community in southwest British Columbia.
This thesis is a reconstruction of the history of the Klehkwahnnohm (glossed as “tide waters rushing in”), a small bay within Tla’amin traditional territory on
the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia. The events and lives lived on the land are illuminated through the integration of archaeology, oral history,
ethnographic texts, and historical documents.
These sources provide insight to different periods of time and together reveal a continued use of and connection to the landscape beginning around 2,000
years ago. The connections to the landscape are best represented through plank house and settlement construction (2,000 B.P.-250 B.P.), use of a defensive
feature (800 B.P-1910 A.D), and the processing of herring (800 B.P-1950 A.D.). The history of Klehkwahnnohm is written chronologically and from a
landscape perspective. This approach highlights the connections between people, resources, places, and events that have imprinted the land to create the
Klehkwahnnohm landscape and shape it’s history.
JESSOME, MacKenzie K., 2012 (UBC). Core and peripheral settlements in ancient central
Panamá: a reconstruction of population change at Site 054 in the Río Parita Valley.
The suggestion that demographically nucleated cultural centers of Preconquest central Panamanian Coclé chiefdoms firmly controlled and/or influenced
peripherally located occupations is empirically evaluated using newly collected, intensive survey sampling in the Río Parita valley and shovel testing of one
small site in particular: Site 054. This research shows that Site 054, a relatively small-scale hamlet for its entire 1300 year-long occupation (A.D. 250 to
1522) was peripherally located relative to the major centres at the time. In spite of rapid, precocious advances in socio-political complexity at adjacent sites
within the valley, Site 054 appears to have remained unaffected by trends of population nucleation associated with the emergence of complex socio-political
organization. It was not until 200 years after chiefly authority had been established in the valley that Site 054 was impacted by trends of population
nucleation. The findings of this research contribute to a collectively established and expanding archaeological database designed to test specific
environmental and cultural factors involved in the emergence of Coclé chiefdoms in the Central Region of Panamá.
The suggestion that demographically nucleated cultural centers of Preconquest central Panamanian Coclé chiefdoms firmly controlled and/or influenced
peripherally located occupations is empirically evaluated using newly collected, intensive survey sampling in the Río Parita valley and shovel testing of one
small site in particular: Site 054. This research shows that Site 054, a relatively small-scale hamlet for its entire 1300 year-long occupation (A.D. 250 to
1522) was peripherally located relative to the major centres at the time. In spite of rapid, precocious advances in socio-political complexity at adjacent sites
within the valley, Site 054 appears to have remained unaffected by trends of population nucleation associated with the emergence of complex socio-political
organization. It was not until 200 years after chiefly authority had been established in the valley that Site 054 was impacted by trends of population
nucleation. The findings of this research contribute to a collectively established and expanding archaeological database designed to test specific
environmental and cultural factors involved in the emergence of Coclé chiefdoms in the Central Region of Panamá.
LEBLANC, Kathleen, 2011 (SFU). Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology in Fiji: the role of social
processes in ceramic diversity.
Ceramics are a significant part of the archaeological record used to infer chronology, culture change, ethnicity and patterns of social interaction. Attempts to
associate variability in form and decorative style with kinship and post-marital residence patterns are referred to as “ceramic sociology”. These studies
illustrate complex relationships between craft production and social processes. To contribute to this field, an ethnoarchaeological study of traditional pottery
manufacture was undertaken in Nalotu Village, Kadavu Island, Fiji in 2010. This project documents manufacturing stages for regionally specialized kuro
(cooking pot) with emphasis on the social and organizational structures underlying production. Issues being addressed include transmission through
traditional history, learning structures, kinship/post-marital residence patterns, organization of production, variability/homogeneity in form and style, and
continuity from the historic past into the present. These provide important considerations for future studies of Fijian ceramics specifically but with
implications for the discipline of archaeology as a whole.
LESLIE, Brian G., 2012 (UAlberta). Residential Mobility in the Rural Greek Past: a
Strontium isotope investigation.
Excavations conducted at the ancient city of Stymphalos and the monastery of Zaraka in the valley of Stymphalos, Greece, yielded a number of human
graves. Neither group of burials was contemporaneous with the structures in which they were interred and they are believed to represent small farming
populations dating to the Late Roman/Early Byzantine (4-6th c. AD) and Late Medieval periods (14-15th c. AD). A dietary reconstruction conducted by
Pennycock (2008) found that most individuals had similar δ¹³C and δ¹5N values, but a few had values that indicate dietary differences. Pennycook suggested
40
that perhaps these differences were the result of residential mobility. For this thesis, tooth enamel was analyzed for strontium isotopes to investigate
mobility. The 87Sr/86Sr values show substantial movement by some human inhabitants of the valley, and may also be indicative of animal transport. These
results suggest that rural peasants may have been more mobile than previously expected.
LOPEZ-FORMENT, Angelica, 2012 (UCalgary). A Faunal Approach to Foodways at the
Mint House-National Museum of Cultures, Mexico City, Mexico.
Abstract not available.
MATTOX, Christopher, 2012 (McGill). Materializing value: a comparative analysis of
status and distinction in urban Tiwanaku, Bolivia.
This study seeks to better understand the expression of wealth and status within two sectors of the capital of the Tiwanaku polity, which expanded out of
highland Bolivia between 250 and 1100AD. The city of Tiwanaku consisted of a cosmopolitan urban environment, complete with magnificent monumental
works, statues, and an elaborate material culture at the city's core, and simultaneously featured extensive residential sectors which housed the majority of the
population along the periphery. This urban pattern has been taken, sometimes uncritically, to suggest differences in wealth and status between inhabitants of
different sectors of the site. My analysis of the architecture and ceramics from two ritual and residential compound excavations focuses on problematizing
the idea of wealth at Tiwanaku; understanding the specific ways which the inhabitants of these areas defined and utilized valuable objects; and recognizing
the way these valuable objects, in turn, defined the users. Using a model which assumes that ideas of wealth are heavily embedded in culture and context, I
argue that inhabitants of Tiwanaku did, in some, but not all cases, exhibit distinction through the use of material goods at the site. This conclusion highlights
the importance of holistic interpretation when looking to the questions of the materialization of past ideas of status and wealth.
MIDDLETON, Emma, 2012 (UManitoba). The effects of ceramic manufacturing behaviour on
identifying clay sources: Petrographic and chemical analyses of the modern Zulu ceramic
production process in the Thukela River Basin, South Africa.
Abstract not available.
MOORE, Jason, 2011 (SFU). Comparative Study of Ancient DNA Extraction Methods for
Archaeological Plant Remains.
Despite the potential for plant ancient DNA (aDNA) to address important archaeological questions, there are significantly fewer studies of plant aDNA
compared to human and animal aDNA, partially due to a lack of research on DNA extraction methods for ancient plant remains.
The current study uses heat to degrade modern corn, pea, and squash seeds to simulate degraded DNA associated with archaeological macro-botanical
remains. I then compare DNA recovery efficiencies of three common DNA extraction methods using these artificially degraded samples. Standard
and quantitative PCR are used to assess the quality and quantity of recovered DNA.
We have determined that the silica-spin column method is superior for degraded DNA recovery from all three plant species. Additionally, DNA recovery
rates of the three methods differ across all plant species tested. We recommend that selection of extraction techniques be carefully considered to optimize
recovery of DNA from ancient macro-botanical remains.
MOORE, N. Collin, 2009 (UManitoba). Dental Age Estimates of Individuals Buried at
Apollonia Pontica.
Abstract not available.
MURPHY, Phoebe, 2011 (MUN). The Southern Component of the Labrador Inuit Communal
House Phase: the analysis of an 18th-Century Inuit house at Huntingdon Island 5 (FkBg3).
41
The focus of this thesis research is the excavation of a Labrador Inuit winter house occupied during the 18 th century. The 18th century in Labrador was a
period of permanent European settlement, intensifying Inuit-European and inter-Inuit trade networks, and coincides with a drastic change in Inuit housing.
During the 18th century, the Labrador Inuit began to construct large multi-family houses and this is referred to as the Communal House phase. This research
concerns the excavation and analysis of an Inuit winter house at the Huntingdon Island 5 site (FkBg-3) in Sandwich Bay, southern Labrador. The excavation
is the first single component Labrador Inuit communal house to be investigated south of Groswater Bay, and consequently, contributes to the overall
understanding of the Communal House phase and the distinct southern component of this period of Inuit history.
NEGRIJN, Meghan E., 2011 (MUN). Consumer Choice in Komaktorvik, Seven Islands Bay
and Kongu, Nachvak Fjord.
This thesis examines trends in consumer choice and availability resulting from the economic interaction between the Inuit of northern Labrador and their
Euro-Canadian trading partners from the late eighteenth century to early twentieth century. This analysis aims to produce a better understanding of the
progressive incorporation of European goods into Inuit society, as well as the reasons behind product choices. The final results of this work are concerned
with the relationships between the Inuit, their material culture, and their trading partners. The sites demonstrate a successive transition to a culture more
materially hybrid than traditional culture patterns. This included the transition from the use of Euro-Canadian material in traditional Inuit forms to the use of
Euro-Canadian forms within Inuit culture. It also attempts to apply gender theory to an understanding of material choice within a larger study of Inuit
consumerism during this period.
PERKINS, Aaron, 2012 (UAlberta). An Evaluation of Embalmed Cadaveric Human Tissue
in the Investigation of Multiple Freeze and Thaw Cycles on the Histological Morphology
of Human Bone.
Our understanding of the myriad of possible taphonomic agents acting on remains in a forensic context has dramatically increased over the last two decades
(Haglund and Sorg, 2002); however, the effects of cold temperature on the microstructure of bone tissue are still not well understood. Recent research on
unembalmed human bone has investigated these effects (Tersigni, 2002, 2007). Although tentative, this research has shown that freezing does affect bone
tissue at the microscopic level. Considering the potential significance of these findings for forensic evaluation and identification of found human remains,
Tersigni’s research highlights the need for additional research. The research reported in this thesis provides an important step forward in the development of
methodological approaches to the study of temperature effects on human bone.
PETERS, Alana, 2011 (SFU). The Real Wild West: the archaeology and history of the
'Casa Grande'.
Abstract not available.
PICKERING, Sean, MA, 2012 (UCalgary). Taltheilei Houses, Lithics, and Mobility.
Abstract not available.
PIERSON, Nova, 2011 (SFU). Bridging Troubled Waters: zooarchaeology and marine
conservation on Burrard Inlet, southwest British Columbia.
For thousands of years, the Coast Salish and their ancestors relied on the abundant marine resources of the Strait of Georgia. In the Greater Vancouver area,
First Nations and others are working to restore and conserve taxa which are impacted by commercial fishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.
Zooarchaeological data can contribute to modern fisheries management efforts because they reflect species presence and abundance that pre-date modern
declines.
I explore the pre-contact record of marine resource use, presence and abundance through zooarchaeological data from Burrard Inlet and its arms. These data
show prolonged and inlet-wide use of taxa including salmon, herring, and anchovy in precontact times. By harvesting locally, and focusing on multiple
42
species, including small and large species, pre-contact harvesting efforts may have promoted sustainability. In contast, today’s single-species management
paradigm has led to cascading declines of preferred species, and forced commercial efforts offshore and onto once-spurned smaller fish.
RODRIGUES, Antonia, 2012 (SFU). Experimental Investigation into the Preservation and
Recovery of Degraded DNA from Sediments.
Controlled experiments were used to recover DNA from sediments in order to understand DNA preservation in sediments and to examine the effectiveness
of different DNA recovery methods. Known quantities of DNA were added to different sediment samples and artificially degraded through heat exposure.
DNA extraction techniques included a chloroform/octanol and silica-spin column method. Standard and quantitative PCR were employed to assess the
quantity of mtDNA recovered.
The results demonstrate that DNA can be preserved in sediment, with successful DNA detection after exposure to 120ºC for up to 70 hours. It was also
shown that the silica-spin column method recovered significantly more DNA than the other method but PCR inhibition was a consistent problem, with at
least 25X sample dilution required for successful amplification.
Technical improvements are needed to advance sediment DNA research; however, the data from this study supports the notion that degraded DNA can
be recovered directly from sediments.
RUTTLE, April, 2011 (SFU). Risk and Technology: exploring the causes of toolkit variation
among subsistence farmers.
Recent research suggests that risk of resource failure is a major determinant of toolkit structure among hunter-gatherers. Here, I report a study in which I
tested the hypothesis that risk of resource failure also influences the toolkits of small-scale food producers.
I collected toolkit and risk data for 45 ethnographically-documented populations from Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. Risk of resource failure was
represented in the analyses by a series of environmental variables chosen for their expected influence on food-production. The relationship between toolkit
structure and risk was investigated with simple linear regression analysis.
The results of the study did not support the risk hypothesis. None of the environmental variables had a statistically significant influence on the toolkit
variables. This suggests that the technology of subsistence-level food-producers is subject to different influences than that of hunter-gatherers. A
supplementary analysis indicated that population size may be one such influence.
SAWCHUK, Elizabeth A., 2012 (UAlberta). Later Stone Age and Iron Age Human
Remains from Mlambalasi, Southern Tanzania.
The Mlambalasi Rock Shelter in the Iringa Region of southern Tanzania has a rich archaeological record that spans the Later Stone Age (LSA), Iron Age,
and historic period. Excavations in 2002, 2006, and 2010 yielded fragmentary, commingled human remains from at least four individuals. There are two
adults and a juvenile from the same LSA burial context, and another adult from the Iron Age. One middle-aged adult dated to the terminal Pleistocene LSA
is potentially small-bodied, similar to the LSA populations from southern Africa. By comparison, the Iron Age individual appears larger and more robust.
The skeletons also exhibit various pathological changes, particularly advanced dental wear and carious lesions. This bioarchaeological study presents the
osteological findings on these individuals and interprets their context in the rock shelter. This new skeletal sample has great potential to contribute to studies
of human variation in sub-Saharan Africa during the terminal Pleistocene and Holocene.
SYMCHYCH, Natalie, 2010 (UManitoba). Craniofacial Growth and Development in the
Roebuck Sample.
Abstract not available.
SOLOMON, Simon, 2011 (SFU). Shattered Glass and Broken Bones: Pikani domestic
space 1880-1960.
43
Reserves have existed in Canada for over 140 years, yet their archaeological correlates are virtually unknown. Historical archaeologists in North America
typically focus on sites of European origin, so critical examinations of Indian engagement with Canadian society from an archaeological perspective are
lacking. Using a combination of historical documents, oral testimony, and archaeological data, I examine the Piikani First Nation’s transition from tipis to
cabins in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries. I detail the Piikani adoption of alien vernacular architecture, exploring what elements of tipi spatial
organization persisted once they adopted cabins. I document the material culture associated with a sedentary occupation. It has been assumed that, having
adopted European housing, Indians lived inside them as “White” people did. Yet the organization and use of space within at least on Piikani cabin reflected
continuity from their pre-reserve tipi lifeways, even though the associated material culture the indicated change.
TARLE, Lia, 2012 (SFU). Clothing and the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern
Humans.
Abstract not available.
WHITE, Christopher L.J., 2012 (UAlberta). The Old Edson Cemetery: investigations into
an early 20th Century western Alberta cemetery.
This thesis uses archaeological survey and historic documentary sources to reconstruct past mortality patterns and understand mortuary practices from the
early 20th century Edson Cemetery in Edson, Alberta. Results show that the cemetery existed foremost as a place to enshrine the individual identity of the
deceased, with pragmatic concerns about public health and municipal development guiding the establishment, management and eventual abandonment of the
site. Mortality patterns show a high number of infant and young childhood fatalities compared to their representation in the living population. Deceased
infants received the same level of memorialization as adults, reflecting both a domestic and public identity. Adult mortality patterns follow known
occupational risks while a spike in adult deaths in late 1918 coincides with the spread of the “Spanish Flu” epidemic. These findings highlight the
importance of historic context and the value of documentary evidence for analyzing past mortuary behaviours.
YANICKI, Gabriel M., 2012 (UAlberta). Old Man's Playing Ground: an intergroup meeting
and gaming site on the Plains/Plateau frontier.
Though it has been destroyed, much can be learned from an interdisciplinary study of Old Man’s Playing Ground. Oral traditions of the Piikáni, from whom
a plurality of accounts about the playing ground are known, and other First Nations of the Northwest Plains and Interior Plateau, together with textual
records spanning centuries, show it to be a place of enduring cultural significance irrespective of its physical remains. Knowledge of the site and the hoopand-arrow game played there is widespread, in keeping with historic and ethnographic accounts of multiple groups meeting and gambling at the site.
Archaeological investigation of the adjacent site DlPo-8 suggests a shift at this locale from residential occupation to ceremony and trade in the Late
Prehistoric period, with evidence of trade together with gambling pointing towards the site’s role as an intergroup trade fair location.
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Yukon
Ruth Gotthardt (Government of Yukon) [email protected]
Northwest Territories
Tom Andrews (Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre) [email protected]
Nunavut
***Vacant*** – contact [email protected] if interested
British Columbia
Terence Clark (Canadian Museum of Civilization) [email protected]
Trevor Orchard (University of Toronto) [email protected]
Alberta
Alwynne Beaudoin (Royal Alberta Museum) [email protected]
Saskatchewan
Terry Gibson (Western Heritage) [email protected]
Manitoba
Ed Fread (Bison Historical Services, Ltd.) [email protected]
Ontario
Wai Kok (Ontario Ministry of Tourism) [email protected]
Adam Pollock (Past Recovery Archaeological Services) [email protected]
Terry Gibson (north-west Ontario) [email protected]
Québec
Adrian Burke (Université de Montréal) [email protected]
New Brunswick
Brent Suttie (Government of New Brunswick) [email protected]
Michael Nicholas (Government of New Brunswick) [email protected]
Nova Scotia
Laura de Boer (Davis MacIntyre and Associates Ltd.) [email protected]
Prince Edward Island
Helen Kristmanson (Government of Prince Edward Island) [email protected]
Newfoundland and Labrador
Patricia Wells (Memorial University of Newfoundland) [email protected]
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Call for Submissions to the CAA Newsletter
After an absence of three years, the CAA is reviving its biannual Newsletter. The Newsletter is intended to be a venue for
discussing a wide range of topics relevant to the interests of CAA members and will appear in an online downloadable format
twice per year. As in the past, the Spring publication will function primarily as a forum for researchers working in Canada or
affiliated with Canadian institutions to present summaries and preliminary findings of their activities. The Fall Newsletter is
expected to contain a diverse range of topics of interest to all CAA members.
As part of this rejuvenation, the Newsletter is currently soliciting contributions from individuals and groups whose interests
include Canadian archaeology, as well as those who are based in Canada and involved in international projects. Academic or
avocational, professional or student, the CAA Newsletter is where archaeologists can tell their colleagues about their work!
What’s in the Newsletter?
The Spring edition of the Newsletter features preliminary reports on fieldwork done in all areas of Canada by avocational
societies, federal/provincial/territorial organizations, museums, CRM companies, and university or college-based groups. The
Newsletter encourages submitters to include full colour images to accompany their text (500-1000 words); submitters may
also link their Newsletter contribution to a field or lab video previously uploaded to the CAA’s YouTube channel (email the
channel’s manager at [email protected] for details).
The submission deadline for the Spring CAA Newsletter is February 15, 2013 to the appropriate regional editor; information
on how to submit can be obtained by contacting the managing Newsletter editor at [email protected].
The Fall Newsletter is a more diverse publication whose contents will vary according to the interests and needs of CAA
member submitters and readers. Submissions should be sent directly to the managing editor at [email protected] no
later than September 15, 2013. A variety of submissions will be considered and are not limited to those suggested below.
CAA Organizational Activities
Check out this component of the Newsletter for news about your Association. This is one of the means through which the
CAA communicates directly with its members, providing updates on topics including membership, elections, upcoming CAA
conferences, policy changes, information about how to nominate people for awards, and how to get more involved.
News and Notes
Contributors can share news and announcements about the awards and honours they’ve received, grants and fellowships
available in their area or institution, upcoming meetings, new digital resources, data sharing networks, and countless other
useful tools. Tributes and obituaries for colleagues are also welcome.
Archaeology In-Depth
The Newsletter will also showcase more in-depth reports on research that may not be ready for more formal publication; this
includes ongoing lab-based work, experimental archaeology projects, as well as reviews of new techniques and technologies
for archaeological conservation and analysis. Commentaries on a variety of issues and policies relevant to archaeology as
conducted in Canada and abroad are also encouraged.
Archaeology In-Depth is also a great place to publish more detailed treatments of conference papers and posters, highlights
and histories of longer-term research programmes, as well as various mitigation activities. For those interested in hands-on,
life-in-the-trenches, archaeology, the Newsletter welcomes assessments of useful (or not so useful) products, especially field
gear, lab equipment, and software.
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Spotlight On …
The Newsletter’s Spotlight On … section allows members to focus on specific research problems and questions that they may
be grappling with. If there is a puzzling artefact from a newly excavated site (or one newly discovered in an old collection)
whose origin or significance presents more questions than answers, share the mystery with fellow CAA colleagues. The
diverse backgrounds and experiences of fellow CAA members may mean a long-sought solution is within reach.
In a similar research vein, the Fall edition of the Newsletter is an ideal way to feature new or renovated archaeological
facilities, exhibits, online resources, and community outreach activities.
Student Corner
The Newsletter makes it easy for students to get involved in their association! Fieldwork and grant opportunities for
Canadian researchers and those working in Canada are listed here, as well as information on upcoming field schools and new
facilities in anthropology and archaeology departments across Canada. New graduate programmes and new faculty may also
post details of their research and supervisory interests here in an accessible format.
Newly Completed Theses and Dissertations
Have you, or someone you know, recently completed a Masters or Ph.D. in archaeology? If so, use the Newsletter to tell
fellow CAA members all about it. Simply submit a title and brief (<300 word) abstract highlighting major findings to the
managing editor at [email protected] for inclusion in the Fall edition of the Newsletter. If the thesis/dissertation is
available online, be sure to provide an electronic link and soon everyone in the CAA will know about this new research!
Books Available for Review
Book reviews are published in the Canadian Journal of Archaeology, and a list of available books can also be found at
http://canadianarchaeology.com/caa/books-available-review.
Appel à contributions pour le Bulletin de l’ACA
Après une absence de trois ans, le bulletin biannuel de l’ACA reprend ses activités. Le Bulletin est conçu pour être un lieu de
discussion pour une grande variété de sujets concernant les intérêts des membres de l’ACA et il paraîtra deux fois par an dans
un format téléchargeable en ligne. Comme par le passé, la parution du printemps aura pour rôle principal de servir de forum
aux chercheurs travaillant au Canada ou affiliés à des institutions canadiennes, pour présenter leurs résumés et les
découvertes préliminaires de leurs activités. Le bulletin de l’automne contiendra divers sujets intéressant tous les membres de
l’ACA.
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Dans la foulée de cette régénération, le Bulletin sollicite actuellement des contributions de la part des individus ou des
groupes concernés par l’archéologie canadienne, ainsi que de la part de ceux qui sont basés au Canada et impliqués dans des
projets internationaux. Universitaires ou personnes sans affiliation, professionnels ou étudiants, le Bulletin de l’ACA est le
lieu où les archéologues peuvent parler de leur travail à leurs collègues !
Qu’y a-t-il dans le Bulletin?
L’édition de printemps du Bulletin présente des rapports préliminaires de travaux de terrain réalisés dans tous les domaines
au Canada, par des sociétés d’amateurs, des organisations fédérales, provinciales ou territoriales, des musées, des compagnies
de gestion des ressources culturelles et des groupes basés dans des universités ou des collèges. Le Bulletin encourage ceux et
celles qui lui adressent des propositions à y inclure des images couleur pour accompagner leur texte (de 500 à 1000 mots) ;
ils/elles ont également la possibilité de lier leur contribution au Bulletin à une vidéo de terrain ou de laboratoire
préalablement téléchargée sur la chaîne YouTube de l’ACA (veuillez adresser un courriel à la personne ressource à
[email protected] pour plus de détails).
La date limite d’envoi des propositions pour l’édition de printemps du Bulletin est le 14 février 2013, au rédacteur en chef
régional concerné ;vous pourrez obtenir l’information sur le processus à suivre pour soumettre une proposition en contactant
le rédacteur en chef du Bulletin à [email protected].
Le numéro d’automne du Bulletin est une publication plus diversifiée dont le contenu variera en fonction des intérêts et des
besoins des membres de l’ACA, lecteurs comme auteurs. Les propositions devraient être adressées directement au rédacteur
en chef à [email protected], avant le 15 septembre 2013. Nous considérerons une grande variété de propositions,
celles-ci ne se limitant pas à ce qui est suggéré ci-dessous.
Activités organisationnelles de l’ACA
Cette section du Bulletin est à consulter pour connaître les dernières nouvelles de notre Association. C’est l’un des moyens
par lesquels l’ACA communique directement avec ses membres, en leur fournissant les plus récentes informations au sujet
des souscriptions, des élections, des conférences de l’ACA en projet, des changements de politiques, ainsi que la manière
dont proposer des candidats aux différents prix et comment s’impliquer davantage.
Informations et avis
Les contributeurs ont la possibilité de partager les nouvelles et les annonces au sujet des récompenses et des honneurs qu’ils
ont reçus, des bourses et des subventions offertes dans leur domaine ou leur institution, les réunions à venir, les nouvelles
ressources en ligne, les réseaux de partage des données et d’innombrables autres outils très utiles. Les hommages et les
notices nécrologiques pour les collègues seront également bienvenus.
Archéologie en profondeur
Le Bulletin publiera également des rapports plus approfondis sur la recherche, qui pourraient ne pas être encore prêts pour
une publication plus formelle ; cela inclura des travaux de laboratoire en cours, des projets d’archéologie expérimentale, de
même que des commentaires sur les nouvelles techniques et technologies de conservation et d’analyse archéologique. Nous
accueillerons aussi volontiers des commentaires sur divers sujets et questions concernant l’archéologie telle qu’on la pratique
au Canada et à l’étranger.
Cette section représente également un lieu privilégié pour publier de manière plus détaillée des présentations par affiches ou
des communications prononcées lors de conférences, pour faire l’historique de programmes de recherche à long terme, ainsi
que pour l’intervention de divers modérateurs. Pour ceux qui s’intéressent aux aspects concrets, à la vie dans les tranchées de
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l’archéologie, le Bulletin publiera des évaluations de produits (utiles ou inutiles), en particulier en ce qui concerne le matériel
de terrain, l’équipement de laboratoire et le matériel informatique.
Coup de projecteur sur…
La section « Coup de projecteur… » du Bulletin permet aux membres d’aborder des problèmes et des questions de recherche
spécifiques avec lesquels ils éprouvent des difficultés. Si des fouilles sur un site mettent au jour un artefact déroutant (ou si
l’on en découvre un dans une collection ancienne), dont l’origine ou la signification suscitent plus de questions que de
réponses, partagez ce mystère avec des collègues de l’ACA. Les formations et les expériences diverses des membres de notre
association pourront faire en sorte de résoudre une question qui pouvait paraître insoluble.
Dans une veine similaire pour ce qui est de la recherche, le numéro d’automne du Bulletin représente un moyen idéal de
présenter des locaux, nouveaux ou rénovés, des expositions, des ressources en ligne et des activités communautaires de
grande portée.
Le coin des étudiants
Le Bulletin permet aux étudiants de s’impliquer plus facilement dans leur association ! Nous y présentons la liste des travaux
de terrain et des opportunités de bourses pour les chercheurs canadiens et ceux qui travaillent au Canada, ainsi que des
informations sur les chantiers-écoles à venir et les nouveaux locaux et départements en anthropologie et en archéologie au
Canada. Les directeurs de nouveaux programmes de deuxième et troisième cycle et de nouvelles facultés pourront également
y diffuser des informations sur leurs orientations et intérêts de recherche dans un format accessible.
Nouvelles thèses et nouveaux mémoires
Avez-vous, ou quelqu’un que vous connaissez, récemment terminé une maîtrise ou un doctorat en archéologie ? Si oui,
servez-vous du Bulletin pour en informer les autres membres de l’ACA. Adressez simplement un titre et un court résumé
(moins de 300 mots) pour en décrire les principales découvertes au rédacteur en chef, à [email protected], pour qu’il
puisse figurer dans la parution de l’automne. Si la thèse ou le mémoire est disponible en ligne, assurez-vous de fournir un lien
électronique et tout le monde à l’ACA connaîtra bientôt cette nouvelle recherche !
Liste de livres pour comptes rendus
Les recensions sont publiées dans le Journal canadien d’archéologie et la liste des livres disponibles pour compte rendu peut
également être consultée à http://canadianarchaeology.com/caa/books-available-review
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