Tectonic setting of Izmit earthquake - IPGP
Transcription
Tectonic setting of Izmit earthquake - IPGP
Tectonic setting of Izmit earthquake - IPGP TECTONIC SETTING OF THE IZMIT EARTHQUAKE - IPGP Version française See also Duzce earthquake page. Westward escape of AnatoliaAegea block between the North (dextral) and East (sinistral) Anatolian Faults. Current motion relative to Eurasia (GPS and SLR velocity vectors, in mm/yr, from Reilinger et al., 1997). Geological studies over a longer time period (holocene) indicate a slip rate of 2.5 cm/ year on the North Anatolian Fault (Hubert, 1998). The Izmit earthquake broke a 130 km long section of the North Anatolian fault Map from Armijo et al., 1999 Detailed version of this map (GIF, 180 Ko) , other version with the Athens 7/9/99 quake (caption in french) http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/IzmitUK.html (1 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:09 AM Tectonic setting of Izmit earthquake - IPGP The North Anatolian Fault splays westward into two main branches, NAF(N) and NAF (S), 100 km apart. The Northern branch (N) bounds the southern side of the Gulf of Izmit, outlines the Marmara pull apart basin, cuts the Dardanelles structure, and marks the southern side of the Saros Gulf. The Izmit earthquake occurred on that branch, east of the Marmara Sea. Map from Armijo et al., 1999 Fault plane solution from USGS and Harvard Detailed version of this map (JPEG, 240 Ko) A simplified sketch of the pull apart (captions in french, GIF, 120Ko) SURFACE RUPTURES DUE TO IZMIT EARTHQUAKE New version, updated, of rupture map on Duzce earthquake page. http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/IzmitUK.html (2 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:09 AM Tectonic setting of Izmit earthquake - IPGP Preliminary report of fault segments with surface breaks Western segment: IPGP (R. Armijo, B. Meyer, J. B. de Chabalier). Central segment: ITU (A. Barka, S. Akyuz, E. Altunel, Z. Cakir, G. Sunal, A. Dikbas, M. zkaya, B. Yerli). Eastern segments: USGS (T. Fumal, R. Langridge, H. Stenner, S. Christofferson); SCEC (T. Rockwell, J. Dolan, T. Dawson, R. Hartleb, A. Tucker) Coordination by Aykut Barka. Older version without offsets (JPEG, 300 Ko) 13/9/99 - strong aftershock (M5.8): map of surface breaks with localization of the main shock and of this aftershock Comparison of SPOT scenes taken before and after the earthquake. Areas under water appear in blue. © CNES - Spot Image - CNRS/INSU IPGP (Traitement IPGP, B. Meyer - R. Lacassin) http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/IzmitUK.html (3 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:09 AM Tectonic setting of Izmit earthquake - IPGP HOW THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT WORKS: Where? Why? Some mechanics... Izmit's earthquake mechanics (IPGP) References: papers about active tectonics in Turkey and Greece Other Links: IPGP Département de Sismologie - Sismicité récente IPGP Geoscope IZMIT EARTHQUAKE (KOERI Turquie) ou site mirroir (US): IZMIT EARTHQUAKE Kandili Observatory and Earthquake research institute (Turquie) USGS Expedition to Turkey - 1999 SCEC report (field observations in Turkey) HARVARD Seismology R. LACASSIN et B. MEYER - Laboratoire de Tectonique, Mécanique de la Lithosphère; CNRS - IPGP Novembre 1999 http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/IzmitUK.html (4 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:09 AM IPGP-Tectonics - Izmit, Duzce earthquakes Turquie 12 Novembre 1999 : Un nouveau séisme de magnitude Mw 7.2 se produit à la terminaison Est de la rupture d'Izmit. 1999 November 12: A new earthquake (Mw 7.2) occurs at eastern tip of Izmit rupture. NOUVEAU - NEW (29 Nov. 1999) Cartographie de la rupture du séisme de Duzce, observations et mesures sur le terrain : 4 à 5m de décalage horizontal au Sud de Duzce; localement 4m de décalage vertical. Rupture mapping, field observations and measurements on Duzce rupture: 4 to 5m of horizontal offset, locally 4m of vertical throw. http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Nov99.html (1 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:23 AM IPGP-Tectonics - Izmit, Duzce earthquakes Turquie Les séismes d'Août (Izmit) et Novembre (Duzce), cadre tectonique. Séismes de Duzce et Izmit, ruptures de surface, cadre structural de la Mer de Marmara (Armijo et al. 1999). The August (Izmit) and November (Duzce) earthquakes, tectonic setting. The Izmit and Duzce earthquakes in the north The Izmit and Duzce earthquakes, surface ruptures, Anatolian sequence. tectonic sketch of Marmara sea (Armijo et al. 1999). larger version (jpg, 180 Ko, in french) larger version (jpg, 240 Ko, in french) Les séismes d'Izmit et Duzce dans la séquence nordAnatolienne. larger version (jpg, 180 Ko, in french) Modèle cinématique pour la région de la Mer de Marmara. Reconstruction à environ 5 Ma: 70km de déplacement sur la branche nord de la Faille nord anatolienne; 5° de rotation du block sud (Anatolie); le bloc d'Almacik tourne de 10 °. La rupture d'Izmit s'est propagée au nord de ce bloc, et le séisme de Duzce s'est produit à la terminaison est de la rupture d'Izmit. D'après Armijo et al. 1999. Kinematic model for Sea of Marmara region. Reconstruction at ca. 5 Ma: 70 km slip on northern branch of NAF; 5° counterclockwise rotation of southern block, Anatolia, relative to Eurasia; Almacik block rotates more (10°). Izmit rupture propagated north of Almacik block, and Duzce earthquake broke the fault east of the Izmit rupture tip. Right: Corresponding displacement field. After Armijo et al. 1999. larger version (jpg, 180 Ko, in english) http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Nov99.html (2 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:23 AM IPGP-Tectonics - Izmit, Duzce earthquakes Turquie Cartographie préliminaire des segments de failles activés par le séisme d'Izmit (en violet). Les segments de faille activés par le séisme de Duzce sont figurés en rouge. Décalages cosismique horizontaux moyens sur les différents segments, et décalage vertical à Golcuk. Segment ouest: IPGP (R. Armijo, B. Meyer, J. B. de Chabalier). Segment central: ITU (A. Barka, S. Akyuz, E. Altunel, Z. Cakir, G. Sunal, A. Dikbas, M. zkaya, B. Yerli). Segments est: USGS (T. Fumal, R. Langridge, H. Stenner, S. Christofferson); SCEC (T. Rockwell, J. Dolan,T. Dawson, R. Hartleb, A. Tucker). Coordination Aykut Barka. Preliminary report of fault segments with surface breaks by Izmit earthquake (in purple). Fault segments broken by Duzce earthquake are in red. Boxes give average horizontal coseismic offsets on the différent segments, and vertical throw at Golcuk Western segment: IPGP (R. Armijo, B. Meyer, J. B. de Chabalier). Central segment: ITU (A. Barka, S. Akyuz, E. Altunel, Z. Cakir, G. Sunal, A. Dikbas, M. zkaya, B. Yerli). Eastern segments: USGS (T. Fumal, R. Langridge, H. Stenner, S. Christofferson); SCEC (T. Rockwell, J. Dolan,T. Dawson, R. Hartleb, A. Tucker) Coordination by Aykut Barka. larger version (jpg, 180 Ko, in english) Un nouveau lien (voir aussi la page Izmit) - A new link (see also Izmit page). Interventions post-sismiques en Turquie après les séismes d'Izmit (17/08/99, Mw 7.4) et de Duzce (12/11/99, Mw 7.2) http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~bouin/ http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Nov99.html (3 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:23 AM IPGP-Tectonics - Izmit, Duzce earthquakes Turquie IPGP - Tectonique - Page réalisée par Robin Lacassin et Bertrand Meyer (29 Nov. 99). http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Nov99.html (4 of 4)11/11/2004 6:21:23 AM http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Quakes1781999UK.gif http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Quakes1781999UK.gif11/11/2004 6:21:30 AM http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Quakes178et791999.gif http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Quakes178et791999.gif11/11/2004 6:21:51 AM http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Marmarastruct.sketch.jpg http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Marmarastruct.sketch.jpg11/11/2004 6:22:01 AM http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/SketchMarmara.gif http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/SketchMarmara.gif11/11/2004 6:22:15 AM http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Mapruptures2.jpg http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/Mapruptures2.jpg11/11/2004 6:22:39 AM http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/RuptEpicentres.jpg http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/RuptEpicentres.jpg11/11/2004 6:23:08 AM IPGP - Izmit's earthquake and evolution of Coulomb Criterion About Izmit's earthquake... Previous earthquake sequences - Evolution of the Coulomb Criterion Major faults and the location of earthquakes since 1912 before 1988 The direction of the regional stress above varies accross the area The loading of a single shear rupture http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/izmit/index.html (1 of 3)11/11/2004 6:23:25 AM IPGP - Izmit's earthquake and evolution of Coulomb Criterion Coulomb stress change due to Ms > 6 earthquakes from 1912 http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/izmit/index.html (2 of 3)11/11/2004 6:23:25 AM IPGP - Izmit's earthquake and evolution of Coulomb Criterion The conclusions of Nalbant, Hubert and King (J.G.R. 103, 24,469-24,486, 1998) stated: "By combining the stress change map with the map of active faulting, likely locations for the occurrence of future earthquakes can be refined. Faults in the Izmit Bay area, the western part of Biga peninsula, the Saroz Gulf and a part of western Sea of Marmara must be regarded as posing a specific hazard." Mechanics of Izmit's earthquake page: Geoffrey King ([email protected]) Eric Jacques ([email protected]) Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari [email protected] Frédéric Flerit ([email protected]) Evolution of the Coulomb Criterion from 1912 to 1999 TECTONIC SETTING OF IZMIT EARTHQUAKE IPGP Tectonics home page http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/izmit/index.html (3 of 3)11/11/2004 6:23:25 AM Papers about active tectonics in Turkey and Greece - IPGP Articles sur la tectonique active de la Turquie et de la Grèce. Papers about active tectonics in Turkey and Greece Bibliographie / References: Contexte tectonique général / General Tectonic Setting: Armijo R., B. Meyer, A. Hubert, and A. Barka, Westwards Propagation of the North Anatolin Fault into the Northern Aegean: Timing and kinematics, Geology, 27, 3, 267-270, 1999. Armijo R., B. Meyer, G.C.P. King, A. Rigo, D. Papanastassiou, Quaternary evolution of the Corinth Rift and its implications for the evolution of the Aegean, Geophysical Journal International, 126, pp11-53, 1996. Barka, A. A., 1992, The North Anatolian fault zone: Annales Tectonicae, v. 6, p. 164-195. Hubert, A., 1998. La faille Nord-Anatolienne (cinématique, morphologie, localisation, vitesse et décalage total) et modélisations utilisant la contrainte de Coulomb sur différentes échelles de temps, Doctorat de l'Université Paris VII, 222 pp. Reilinger, R. E., McClusky, S. C., Oral, M. B., King, R. W., Toksoz, M. N., Barka, A. A., Kinik, I., Lenk, O., and Sanli, I., 1997, Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 9983-9999. Mécanique des séquences sismiques en Turquie / Mechanics of earthquake sequences in Turkey: Stein R.S., A. Barka and J.H. Dieterich, Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering, Geophys. J. Int., 128, 594-604, 1997 Nalbant S.S., A. Hubert and G.C.P. King, Stress coupling between earthquakes in northwest Turkey and the north Aegean Sea, Jour. Geophys. Res., 103, 24469-24486, 1998 http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/BiblioTRGR.html (1 of 2)11/11/2004 6:23:33 AM Papers about active tectonics in Turkey and Greece - IPGP Séismes récents en Grèce / Recent earthquakes in Greece: Corinthe M=6.7, 6.4, 24 & 25 -02-1981, 6.3, 4-03-1981 Jackson, J.A., J. Gagnepain, G. Houseman, G.C.P. King, P. Papadimitriou, C. Soufleris and J. Virieux, Seismicity, normal faulting and the geomorphological development of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece): the Corinth earthquakes of February and March 1981, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 57, 377-397, 1982. A. Hubert, G.C.P. King, R. Armijo, B. Meyer, and D. Papanastassiou, Fault re-activation, stress interaction and rupture propagation of the 1981 Corinth earthquake sequence, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 142, pp 573-585, 1996. Kalamata M=5.8 13-09-1986 Lyon-Caen, H., R. Armijo, J. Drakopoulos, J. Baskoutass, N. Delibassis, R. Gaulon, V. Kouskouna, J. Latoussakis, K. Makropoulos, P. Papadimitriou, D. Papanastassiou and G. Pedotti, The 1986 Kalamata (South Peloponnesus) earthquake: Detailed study of a normal fault, evidences for east-west extension in the Hellenic arc, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14,967-15,000, 1988. Grevena M=6.6, 13-05-1995 B. Meyer, R. Armijo, D. Massonnet, J.B. de Chabalier, C. Delacourt, J.C. Ruegg, J. Achache, P. Briole, and D. Papanastassiou, The 1995 Grevena (Northern Greece) earthquake: fault model constrained with tectonic observations and SAR interferometry, Geophys. Res. Letter, 23, n· 19, 2677-2680, 1996. Aigion, 15 -09-1995 M=6.2 P. Bernard, P. Briole, B. Meyer, H. Lyon-Caen, J-M Gomez, C. Tiberi, C. Berge, R. Cattin, D. Hatzfeld, C. Lachet, B. Lebrun, A. Deschamps, F. Courboulex, C. Laroque, A. Rigo, D. Massonnet, P. Papadimitriou, J. Kassaras, D. Diagourtas, K. Makropoulos, G. Veis, E. Papazisi, C. Mitsakaki, V. Karakostas, E. Papadimitriou, D. Papanastassiou, M. Chouliaris, and G. Stavrakakis, The Ms = 6.2, June 15, 1995 Aigion earthquake (Greece): evidence for low angle faulting in the Corinth Rift, Journal of Seismology, 1: 131-150, 1997. http://www.ipgp.jussieu.fr/~lacassin/WebTecto/rech/tectorecherche/IzmitWEB/BiblioTRGR.html (2 of 2)11/11/2004 6:23:33 AM Geoscope Actualités 15 Octobre 2004 Programme GEOSCOPE Département de Sismologie Institut de Physique du globe de Paris 4, Place Jussieu 75252 Paris cedex 05 FRANCE Dernier Séisme :TAIWAN region November 8th 2004 Dernières Alarmes en France et pays limitrophes localisées par le RéNass Statistiques Contact : [email protected] http://geoscope.ipgp.jussieu.fr/11/11/2004 6:23:58 AM Harvard Seismology Contact information and related links Research projects Courses CMT catalog search On-line data People Please email comments. You can read a description of the images. 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Last modified: Fri Sep 8 09:24:24 EDT http://www.seismology.harvard.edu/11/11/2004 6:24:06 AM Quake: 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake Latest Quake Info You are here: Home General Quake Info Earthquake Research 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake Hazards & Preparedness Geology Earthquake Research Special Features Additional Resources Search 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake Izmit, Turkey: Introduction and Damage Survey Introduction Scientific Background Introduction and Damage Survey Historical Account of an Izmit Earthquake in 358AD Field Reports Aftershock Forecast Nov. 12, 1999 Aftershock Photos, Maps and other Graphics References and Links The Mw7.4 earthquake that struck western Turkey on August 17, 1999 (also known as the Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake) occurred on one of the world's longest and best studied strike-slip (horizontal motion) faults: the east-west trending North Anatolian fault. Maps of Turkey and California show how that the North Anatolian and San Andreas faults are very similar. This fault is very similar to the San Andreas fault in California. This similarity has lead to active scientific collaborations between scientists in Turkey and the US aimed at understanding the hazards we both face. A comprehensive U.S.G.S. report about this earthquake, its effects, and its implications for future hazard in both Turkey and the United States is available on line (pdf format, 6MB). Turkey has had a long history of large earthquakes that often occur in progressive adjacent earthquakes. Starting in 1939, the North Anatolian fault produced a sequence of major earthquakes, of which the 1999 event is the 11th with a magnitude greater than or equal to 6.7. Starting with the 1939 event in western Turkey, the earthquake locations have moved both eastward and westward. The westward migration was particularly active and ruptured 600 km of contiguous fault between 1939 and 1944. This westward propagation of earthquakes then slowed and ruptured an additional adjacent 100 km of fault in events in 1957 and 1967, with separated activity further west during 1963 and 1964. The August 17, 1999 event fills in a 100 to 150 km long gap between the 1967 event and the 1963 and 1964 events. This gap was first noted by Toksoz, Shakal, and Michael in 1979 and it's hazard was later analyzed by Stein, Barka, and Dieterich in 1997. The latter paper estimated that there was a 12% chance of this earthquake occurring in the 30 years from 1996 to 2026. An international team of scientists and engineers is currently mapping the earthquake rupture and its effects, using a wide variety of techniques from visual observations, to seismology and geodesy. This team includes scientists and engineers from the USGS, invited by our Turkish colleauges. On these pages we will post news sent back by the USGS team and links to other resources. We hope the reports and images on these pages will give you an insider's view into the scientific investigative process as it unfolds in Turkey. Damage Survey The data collected will be used to better understand how the buildings failed in the earthquake. Of particular interest in the earliest stages of the team's work are the types of structural failure that occurred, and the kinds of construction practice that were employed in the failed and surviving buildings. The observations need to be made quickly, before the rubble is cleared away. Analysis of the data can indicate which building practices were successful, which were not, and how the local soil conditions under the building may have affected the shaking and ground failure there. http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/geology/turkey/ (1 of 2)11/11/2004 6:24:17 AM Quake: 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake In some areas, such as this one in the town of Golcuk, 60 miles east of Istanbul, the contrast in structural performance can be striking, with this very old mosque outperforming more modern buildings surrounding it. By learning from the failures, improved construction practices and codes may save lives in future earthquakes. Historical Account of an Izmit Earthquake in 358AD Homepage | Site Index | Contact Us | About Us | USGS Earthquake News Releases U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program URL http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/geology/turkey/index.html Contact:[email protected] Last modification: February 21, 2002 http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/geology/turkey/ (2 of 2)11/11/2004 6:24:17 AM