The French Global Environment Facility THE FGEF

FRENCH GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
C LIMATE
CHANGE
The French Global Environment Facility
T
FGEF was established in order to promote protection of the global environment through development projects.Through these projects, the FGEF addresses
the major threats to our planet’s environmental equilibrium concerning:
HE
•
climate change;
•
biodiversity;
•
international waters;
•
desertification and land degradation;
•
persistent organic pollutants (POPs);
and stratospheric ozone layer.
The FGEF is used:
•
to support practical undertakings in beneficiary countries;
•
to promote learning principles and test innovative or exemplary approaches;
•
on request from and under the responsibility of one of its five institutional
members;
•
as a minority cofinancing mechanism;
•
as an additional mechanism within the French public aid system, under
Official Development Assistance accounts.
The French Global Environment Facility
T
he FGEF is a bilateral fund set up in 1994 by the French government following the Rio
Summit. Its aim is to promote protection of the global environment in developing and
transitional countries. Initially established for a period of four years, the FGEF has been extended twice, in 1998 and 2003.
With funding from the State budget, the FGEF contributes to Official Development Assistance
with resources amounting to 201 million euros during the 1994-2006 period.
Its resources add to the French contribution to the Global Environment Fund (GEF), with
which it shares the same areas of activity.
Of 137 FGEF projects identified at the end of 2004, 26 also involve resources from the GEF.
However, the FGEF acts independently from its multilateral counterpart. Used in accordance
with its own principles of intervention, the FGEF is an instrument of French policy for cooperation and development.
2
The FGEF draws on the resources of its French institutional members:
• The Ministries responsible for:
The Economy, Finance and Industry (MINEFI);
Foreign Affairs (MAE);
Ecology and Sustainable Development (MEDD);
Education, Higher Education and Research (MENESR);
• The French Development Agency (AFD), which is also responsible for administrating the FGEF.
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How the FGEF operates?
The FGEF is run by three bodies:
THE STEERING COMMITTEE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DECISION-MAKING
The Steering Committee is made up of the five institutional members and chaired by the representative from the Ministry of the Economy (Treasury Directorate).
The Committee meets several times a year to issue its decisions on:
•
overall FGEF policy, particularly as regards its geographical and thematic areas of intervention and the Secretariat’s budget ;
•
project identification dossiers, after receiving opinions
from the Scientific and
Technical Committee ;
•
evaluation reports and
release of funds by the
Secretariat.
The Steering Committee appoints
the members of the Scientific and
Technical Committee.
THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE IS THE FGEF’S
CONSULTATIVE BODY
This committee is made up of ten key figures recognised for their scientific, technical and economic qualifications in the fields covered by the FGEF.
•
It is involved in the project examination process, providing recommendations during the
identification phase and observations at the commitment stage;
•
It leads and carries out studies on scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of
the global environment;
•
It takes part, along with its member institutions and secretariat, in initiatives to inform
French and international partners and raise their awareness of the issues at stake regarding the global environment.
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THE FGEF SECRETARIAT
The FGEF Secretariat is a streamlined body of nine permanent staff. It is responsible for:
•
Examining and following up projects financed by the FGEF, in liaison with its institutional members;
•
Preparing and implementing the Steering Committee’s decisions;
•
Sectoral relationships with institutional, scientific, economic and NGO partners;
•
Follow-up of the GEF, the Multilateral Fund under the Montreal Protocol and sectoral relationships with bilateral and multilateral funding agencies.
Working as a separate body within the French Development Agency (AFD), the Secretariat uses the
AFD’s accounting and financial services as well as the network of AFD local agencies.
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FGEF projects
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Eligible projects must:
•
Have a significant impact on the global environment;
•
Contribute to the economic and social development of beneficiary countries and populations;
•
Innovate;
•
Produce effects that are demonstrable and reproducible;
•
Guarantee social, institutional and economic effects that endure beyond the project’s lifetime;
•
Be implemented by an effective and competent organisation;
•
Receive a majority share of funding from other agencies (including local agencies), with
the FGEF providing complementary funding;
•
Demonstrate consistency with the priorities of French policy for cooperation and development.
The following are not eligible:
•
Programmes that concern only research and capacity building and are not linked to a
development project;
•
Recurrent activities and running costs of institutions or organisations.
Countries eligible for the FGEF are all developing countries and countries with transitional economies which are also eligible for Official Development Assistance as defined by the OECD.
However, the priority areas for FGEF funding are the countries included in the “Priority
Solidarity Zone”. Half of its resources are used to the benefit of African countries.
THE PROJECT CYCLE
Identification
Ex-ante evaluation
• A project identification sheet is drawn up by one or more of the French
institutional members, in liaison with the potential beneficiary;
• The project’s eligibility is examined by the FGEF Secretariat;
• The Scientific and Technical Committee supplies its expert opinion;
• The Steering Committee authorises ex-ante project evaluation to proceed.
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• Detailed definition of the technical,
economic and institutional conditions
required for project implementation
and of focal points for funding on the
basis of feasibility.
Implementation
Ex-post evaluation
• The project is given approval
by the Steering Committee;
• Signature of the funding agreement with the
beneficiary(ies);
• The Secretariat is authorised
to commit the corresponding
funds.
• Evaluation of impacts and
results after completion of the
project;
• Implementation of the project by the beneficiary of
the FGEF subsidy;
Commitment
• Project monitoring and supervision by the French
institution, with support from the Secretariat;
• Administration of funds by the AFD.
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• Communication to third parties.
FGEF objectives and focal areas
CLIMATE
CHANGE
G
LOBAL WARMING is the result of an intensifying greenhouse
effect, which in turn is triggered by increasing concentrations of
certain gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide.
The FGEF encourages projects that reduce the consumption of fossil
or organic carbon through:
• renewable energy and substitution by energy sources producing
low greenhouse gas emissions;
•
energy recovery from biomass;
•
improved energy efficiency in energy-consuming sectors;
•
carbon sequestration in forests and soils.
BIODIVERSITY
B
IODIVERSITY is defined as our planet’s entire pool of genes, species
and ecosystems. It is now under serious threat (species losses, deforestation, ecosystem pollution…). In order to preserve biodiversity, the
FGEF’s projects seek to bring the main guidelines of the Convention on
Biological Diversity into practice.These projects concern:
• conservation of wildlands and species;
• traditional uses of natural resources by local populations;
• sustainable use of natural resources to support economic and
social development.
Projects have to take local communities into consideration, involving them in the protection
of their environment and ensuring that they draw the benefits that result.
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INTERNATIONAL WATERS
I
NTERNATIONAL WATERS are marine or inland
waters (surface and ground waters), to which
several nations may have access and which are often
shared and used as ressources by several States.These
waters are under particular threat from overexploitation of their
resources as well as from pollution and soil erosion.
The aim of the FGEF is to contribute to better management of international waters. It therefore gives particular consideration to projects that:
• Emphasise collaboration between States;
• Strengthen measurement networks and monitoring systems;
• Reduce pollution at source.
DESERTIFICATION
D
ESERTIFICATION is the outcome of climatic variations and human
activities that damage ecosystems in arid zones. The phenomenon
simultaneously affects biodiversity and the social and economic living
conditions of human populations.
The FGEF’s actions largely focus on the countries of the Sahara and the
Sahel. Funds are provided as a priority to local projects that aim to strengthen the resilience of ecosystems or to reverse the process of desertification where this is still possible. Agro-ecological projects in particular are given a high priority.
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS)
T
(POPS) are a group of
twelve particularly hazardous substances (pesticides, industrial chemicals and chemical by-products) with a very long lifetime and which
migrate into soils and water, sometimes over very long distances. They
accumulate in the food chain and are easily ingested by life forms, causing immune problems and genetic malformations.
HE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
In view of the serious impacts of POPs on the environment and health, the FGEF began supporting programmes that aim to eliminate these pollutants in 2004.
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COMBINED-IMPACT
PROJECTS
T
hese are projects having a simultaneous impact on more than one
area of intervention, such as:
• BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: the FGEF supports projects for
sustainable forest management, especially in the tropics, to help preserve
their biodiversity and the permanence of forest resources. It finances projects that contribute significantly to increased carbon sequestration or to
reduced carbon releases;
• BIODIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL WATERS: the FGEF supports projects for marine resource management.
OZONE
LAYER
T
he FGEF Secretariat is responsible for implementing projects
presented by France to the Multilateral Fund established under
the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the OZONE LAYER.
These projects are targeted to the elimination of ozone-depleting
substances (ODS). This objective is sought through four different
approaches:
• Support to the development of country programmes: inventories
of current ODS consumption in different sectors: refrigeration,
foams, solvents, methyl bromide, halons and mobile air conditioning
systems;
•
Assistance to the identification of investment projects: identification of relevant
enterprises and evaluation of corresponding technical and financial requirements;
•
Implementation of investment projects: conversion of industrial equipment or
production processes;
•
Technical assistance, training, public awareness raising and institutional capacity building.
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KEY PROJECT FIGURES
The FGEF in figures:
By the end of 2004, 137 identified projects had been or were being examined, representing potential FFEM commitments of about 152 million euros,
excluding “ozone projects”.1
1) 82 projects concern preservation of the stratospheric ozone layer and receive financing of 10.7 million euros
from the Multilateral Facility under the Montreal Protocol.
P RO J E C T B R E A K D OW N B Y F O C A L A R E A *
* The project breakdown is calculated from project budgets.
3%
15 %
39 %
18 %
25 %
FGEF project grants
amount to around
1 – 1.5 million euros on
average per project,
which generally
represents 15 to 35% of
the project’s total cost.
Biodiversity
Climate change
Combined
International waters
New opportunities : combating
desertification and POPs
G E O G R A P H I C A L B R E A K D OW N
8%
12 %
13 %
48 %
19 %
Africa
Latin America and Caribbean
Mediterranean
Asia and Pacific
Central and Eastern Europe
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The FGEF and Climate Change
C
ONTROLLING CLIMATE CHANGE
is one of the FGEF’s six focal areas, and receives one quar-
ter of the FGEF’s resources.
Our planet is becoming warmer as a result of human activities. These activities release gases
which intensify the naturally occurring greenhouse effect that retains the sun’s heat on the
Earth’s surface. Some of these gases, known as “GREENHOUSE GASES” or GHGs, accumulate in the
atmosphere in quantities that are too great to be absorbed naturally by the Earth’s oceans and
biosphere. An overall rise of about 0.6°C in the Earth’s surface temperature has been observed
over the last hundred years or so. This increase is likely to reach 2 to 6°C during the 21st century (IPCC1, 1996).
The Earth’s warming could have major consequences: rising sea levels, shrinking snow cover,
increasingly violent shifts in weather patterns, changes in rainfall and river flow patterns, more
violent storms and cyclones, serious flooding and droughts. All these changes will affect landscapes, ecosystems and water resources, and are therefore liable to cause long-term changes in
the economic activities and organisation of human societies.
The main GHGs are water vapour (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), ozone (O3) and other synthetic gases such as halogenated hydrocarbons (CFCs, HFCs
and PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere are
low, but they have a high warming potential and concentrations are increasing rapidly2.
Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have risen from 280 to 360 ppmv3 in the last hundred
years, having oscillated from around 170 to no more than 280 ppmv during the previous 400,000
years (IPCC, 1996).
GHG emissions tend to increase rapidly with economic development and population growth.
The world’s population has more than doubled in the last hundred years (3 billion people) and
is set to increase by a further 50 % by 20504, mainly in the developing and transitional countries
where 85 % of the world’s population will be living by that time.
World GHG emissions by sector in 2000
GHG emissions included 11.4 billion tonnes (Gt) of carbon equivalent in 2000.These emissions
are released by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) (60 %); by the breakdown of organic matter (20 %) and by industrial processes and agricultural techniques (16 %). According to the
World Resources Institute (WRI), emissions worldwide increased by 18.9 % in one decade, from
1990 to 2000.
1) IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
2) The warming potential of GHGs is the contribution of these gases to the greenhouse effect. It is evaluated on the basis of CO2
warming potential (1): CH4 (21), N2O (310), PFC (6 500 to 8700), HFC (140 à 11 700) and SF6 (23 900).
3) 1 ppmv (part per million in volume) = 0,0001 %.
4) Source : United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 2004.
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International
Industrial Processes 3,3 % Bunkers 1,8 %
Agriculture 13,5 %
OTHER
SECTORS
18,6 % - 2,1 Gt
Fugitive
Emissions 3,9 %
Other Fuel
Combustion 11,3 %
Land-Use Change
and Forestry 18,3 %
ORGANIC
MATTER
21,9 % - 2,5 Gt
Waste 3,6 %
ENERGY
59,5 % - 6,8 Gt
Electricity and Heat 22,3 %
Transportation 11,6 %
Manufacturing and Construction 10,4 %
Source : Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005) - Web site :
http://cait.wri.org.
GHG emissions per region in 2000
The main sources of these emissions are the industrialised nations and large highly populated
countries where coal is used on a massive scale.
Middle East
3,6 % - 407 Mt
Africa
7,6 % - 875 Mt
United States of America
15,9 % - 1820 Mt
ANNEX 1
Countries not ratifying
the Kyoto Protocol
17 % - 1,9 Gt
Latina America
and Caribbean
11,8 %
1347 Mt
Not in ANNEX 1
57,5 % - 6,7Gt
Australia
1,2 % - 138 Mt
ANNEX 1
Countries ratifying the
Kyoto Protocol
25,5 % - 2,8 Gt
China
11,7 %
1340 Mt
European Union
11,8 % -1348 Mt
Russian Federation
and Eastern Europe
7,9 % - 900 Mt
Japan 3,3 % - 375 Mt
Canada 1,8 % - 204 Mt
Others Annex1 1 % - 51 Mt
Asia/Oceania 22,6 % - 2708 Mt
Source : Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005) - Web site :
http://cait.wri.org.
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In signing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, the
international community signalled its intention of taking joint action to control climate change.
The main objective of the Climate Change Convention is to “stabilise CO2 and other greenhouse
gases at levels that would prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system”.
The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 entered into force on the 16th of February 2005, together with
the supplementary Marrakech Agreements signed in 2001.
The main sectors in which measures are needed to control climate change are shown in the diagram below.These measures will focus on three main “thematic” areas:
•
Promoting renewable energy sources and low-carbon energy uses;
•
Rational energy use;
•
Carbon capture and sequestration.
-
Target sectors for measures to control climate change
1• LIMITING
AND REDUCING EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES:
CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, PFC, HFC
Promoting renewable energy souces and improving energy efficiency
Energy recovery
from biomass
Biogas (from waste)
Biofuels
Fuelwood
Improving constructions
Heat insulation: efficient materials and bioclimatic design
Thermal control systems
Preserving natural
carbon sinks
Primary
forests
Controlling
deforestation
Organising urban and interurban journeys
Passengers/freight
Industry
Biological
captation
Forest
plantations
Improving engines
Energy-efficient motors and low-emission fuels
Distribution of recyclables, low energy-intensity finished products
Agriculture
Developing new
carbon sinks
Promoting integrated public transport
Trains, metro, buses
IIntegrating new Information and Communication
Technologies (NICTs)
Developing efficient
energy production
systems
Natural gas and liquid
petroleum gas (LPG))
Clean coal, mmmine gas
Combined cycles
Tri/cogeneration
Interconnection
CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
Planing urban development
Local Urbanisation Plans (PLU)
Managing and recycling organic waste
Distribution of energy-efficient household appliances
Low-energy lamps and refrigerators
Transports
Promoting
renewable energy
sources
Hydraulic
Wind power
Geothermal
Solar
Demand-side
Buildings
Supply-side
2 • CARBON
Improving productivity in manufacturing processes
Research into efficient innovations with low energy intensity and low GHG emissions
Soils
Agro-ecology
Agro-forestry
Action against
desertification
Promoting recyclable
low energy-intensity raw materials
Promoting less energy-intensive ans more efficient
agriculture (water, electricity, processing and transport)
Disseminating technical advances
Optimising digestion in ruminants (livestock production)
Rational use of inputs (plant production)
Geological
sequestration
Injecting CO2
into underground
reservoirs
Oceans
Specialised funds for energy efficiency and renewable energies, carbon funds, flexible mechanisms.
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The FGEF’s strategy is implemented under the overall framework of the
UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.
The FGEF thus encourages:
1. Projects that are exemplary, innovative and reproducible
The FGEF acts to:
•
Assess the issues;
•
Rank priorities;
•
Carry out pilot projects on a significant scale;
•
Help define supporting measures;
•
Measure impacts;
•
Disseminate experience.
2. Integration of the Kyoto Protocol’s “flexible mechanisms”
The FGEF supports “flagship” projects that implement the “flexible mechanisms” provided for under
the Kyoto Protocol.These innovative financial mechanisms, which are currently in the experimental
stage, are designed to facilitate transfers of “clean” technologies to developing and transitional countries and to strengthen their capacities for sustainable development.
3. Synergies between actions to control climate change and other environmental measures
The FGEF seeks to strengthen synergies with other environmental issues such as reducing
atmospheric pollution, protecting biodiversity and preserving the ozone layer, in order to multiply
the effects of its environmental protection actions at local and global level.
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THE FGEF’S PORTFOLIO OF CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTS
By the end of 2004, the FGEF’s “climate change” portfolio contained 30 projects in over 20 countries: 10 in Africa, 7 in the Mediterranean Basin, 4 in Eastern Europe, 3 in Latin America and 6 in the
Asia-Pacific region, accounting together for 38.6 million euros in FGEF aid. A further 14 million
euros are allocated to 11 combined projects.
REGION
N°
M
OF PROJETS
EUROS
%
Sub-Saharan Africa
10
12.1
31
Mediterranean
7
7.9
21
Eastern Europe
4
5.3
14
Latin America / Caribbean
3
3.3
8
Asia / Pacific
6
10.0
26
30
38.6
100
TOTAL
Half of the FGEF’s “climate change” projects concern Sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean
Basin, in accordance with the priority objectives set out by the French government for the “Priority
Zone for Solidarity”.
The FGEF’s “climate change” portfolio covers a wide range of projects, from rural decentralised
electrification based on solar-cell kits in Morocco to improved energy-efficiency in collective housing in China ; from processing of carbonated phosphates in Senegal to development of natural-gas
fuelled public transport systems in Mexico ; and from the organisation of a fuelwood sector in
Lithuania to research on carbon sequestration in Amazonia.
FGEF projects by sector:
SECTORS
N°
1. Renewable energies and energy efficiency
Renewable energy sources (except biomass)
Biomass
Energy efficiency in production systems
Energy efficiency in the housing sector
Clean public transport systems
New low-emission industrial processes
Specialised funds for energy efficiency and renewable
energies
2. Carbon capture and storage
Agro-ecology
Forests
Geological sequestration
3. Clean Development Mechanism*
TOTAL
OF PROJETS
M
EUROS
%
25
6
3
1
8
3
2
30.5
4.2
3.2
1.6
10.7
4.9
1.9
79.5
11
8
4
28
13
5
2
4.0
10.5
3
1
1
1
2
30
3.7
2.7
0.8
0.2
4.4
38.6
9.5
7
2
0.5
11
100
* Other than projects under the FAAEC programme designed to support the learning process for use of the Kyoto Protocol ‘s
“flexible mechanisms”.
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The common characteristic of all FGEF projects is the establishment of
multi-partner activities that give priority to the participation of local agencies: entrepreneurs, local authorities, government administrations, institutions, professional bodies, etc., in projects of common interest which open
up prospects for new solutions that help to reduce GHG emissions.
In the next few years, the FGEF will be seeking to:
•
Disseminate project results among local organisations with capacities for
taking over the activities concerned;
•
Integrate “flexible mechanisms” allowing contributions from the private sector;
•
Promote further research into innovative solutions and facilitate their introduction in the
countries concerned.
Finally, unlike the industrialised countries, which owe their development to the availability of cheap
and abundant fossil fuels, developing and transitional countries have to build their future by drawing on models of sustainable development that are less reliant on fossil energy sources, require
less energy input and gradually shift to renewable energy sources. The FGEF supports efforts to
establish models of sustainable development that are capable of meeting the growing needs of
populations for infrastructure and access to essential services, while also preserving our environment and our planet.
It is in this context of transition that the FGEF, acting at the interface between research and standard market practice, is exploring new avenues while stimulating and accompanying the initial
stages of innovation and change.
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Location of the FFEM clim
GROENLAND
(DANEMARK)
ISLANDE
ALASKA
(ETATS-UNIS)
SUE
NORVEGE
MEDITERRANEAN
CANADA
DAN.
G-B
LEBANON
Housing (energy efficiency)
PO
IRLANDE
TUNISIA
Agro-ecology
Housing
(energy efficiency)
ALLEMAGNE
HU
FRANCE
E
ITALIE
ESPAGNE
PORTUGAL
UNITED STATES
CUBA
DOMINICAINE
HAITI REPUBLIC
GUATEMALA
MAURITANIA
BELYZE
HONDURAS
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
GAMBIA
GUINEA
BISSAU GUINEA
MEXICO
Conversion of mini-bus to natural gas
BURKINA
FASO
SIERRA LEONE
VENEZUELA
GUYANE
LIBERIA
SURINAM
COLOMBIE
NIGER
MALI
SENEGAL
4
NICARAGUA
CENTRAL & SOUTH OF
AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
ALGERIA
LYBIA
IVORY
COAST
MEXICO
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
GHANA
TOGOIN
BEN
MEXICO
MOROCCO
Energy efficiency for Hammams
Zenata industrial zone
in Casablanca
SAHARA
Solar-powered rural
OCCIDENTAL
electrification
NIGERIA
CAMEROON
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
GABON
EQUATEUR
SAO TOME
& PRINCIPE
PEROU
VENEZUELA
Biogaz waste
AN
SALVADOR
BRAZIL
BRAZIL Bahia
Agro-ecology
Solar-powered rural electrification
BOLIVIA
NAM
PARAGUAY
CHILE
CHILE Araucanie
Sustainable natural resources management
AFRICA
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
MAURITANIA
Charcoal biomass
Solar-powered rural
electrification
SENEGAL
ICS Phosphates
BURKINA FASO
Solar-powered rural
electrification
18
MALI / CAMEROON /
Agro-ecology
GABON
Sustainable forest de
MAURITIUS
Bagasse-fired
mate change projects
CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE
LITUANIA
fuelwood industry
RUSSIA & EASTERN EUROPE
Energy efficiency 21 Programme (CEENU)
CENTRAL & EASTERN
EUROPE
FONDELEC
RUSSIA - KOLGUJEV ISLAND
Recycling petroleum gases
KOLGUJEV island
EDE
FINLANDE
RUSSIA
LITUANIA
MOSCOU
BIELORUSSIE
OLOGNE
UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN
UNGARY
MONGOLIE
ROUMANIE
EX. YOUG.
HARBIN
BULGARIE
E
GRECE
OUZBEKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
TURQUIE
SYRIE
LEBANON
IRAK
T.A.P.
JORDANIA
KIRGHIZISTAN
NORTH COREA
BEIJING
TADJIKISTAN
JAPAN
AFGHANISTAN
IRAN
SOUTH COREA
CHINA
PAKISTAN
8
EGYPTE
CHINA Harbin - Beijing - Shangai
Low-cost housing (energy efficiency)
SHANGAI
9
7
ARABIE SAOUDITE
TAIWAN
INDE
BIRMANIE
EA
HR
YT
ER
TCHAD
SOUDAN
YEMEN
CAMBODGE
DJIBOUTI
BURUNDI
RD CONGO
OUGANDA
CONGO
RWANDA
VIETNAM
LAOS
Agro-ecology
PHILIPPINES
SRI LANKA
ETHIOPIA
CENTRAFICA
REPUBLIC
VIETNAM Hanoï
Public Transport
HANOI
OS
LA
DE
AN
AIL
TH
OMAN
SOMALIA
AFGHANISTAN
Health & Education Housing
(energy efficiency)
M A L A Y S I A
KENYA
I
TANZANIA
N
D
ASIA
O
N
E
S
I
E
NEW
GUINEA
COMOROS
NGOLA
M
OZ
AM
BI
QU
E
VANUATU
Solar-powered rural
electrification
ZIMBABWE
MIBIA
MADAGASCAR
VANUATU
AUSTRALIA
MAURITIUS
SOUTH OF
AFRICA
MADAGASCAR
NOUVELLEZELANDE
evelopment
Annex I countries
GHS mitigating projects
Kyoto Protocol not ratified
AFD operation zone
Carbon sinks and capture projects
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Exemplary projects
Limiting and reducing GHG emissions
• PROMOTING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES •
Most energy systems still rely on fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) that generate a great deal of
pollution locally and release large quantities of GHGs.The FGEF is seeking ways of substituting fossil fuels with renewable energy sources.
MOROCCO – DECENTRALIZED RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AND SOLAR PUMPS
FGEF funding : 1,6 M€ - Total cost : 19,4 M€
Partners : TOTAL Energy Morocco/TEMASOL, Moroccan National Electricity Board (ONE),
EDF Energie, German Overseas Cooperation Agency, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KFW),
French Development Agency (AFD)
This project aims to develop domestic solar energy systems on a
large scale in the provinces of Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga and Settat (16,000 photovoltaic
installations and around ten community solar pumps).The management of installation and maintenance work as well as credit schemes and reimbursement are delegated on a long-term basis
(10 years) to a private operator.
BRAZIL - SOLAR-POWERED
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN
BAHIA STATE
FGEF funding : 0,4 M€ - Total cost : 1,5 M€
Partners : Government of Salvador (Bahia State), EDF Energie,
Directorate-General for the Treasury and Economic Policy (DGPTE, ex-DREE)
The FGEF has been supporting feasibility studies and research into institutional arrangements
for a large-scale rural electrification project in the State of Bahia (15,000 photovoltaic kits).
BURKINA FASO AND MAURITANIA - DECENTRALISED
SOLAR-POWERED RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Total cost : 1,3 M€ (Burkina Faso) and 4,3 M€ (Mauritania)
FGEF funding : 0,2 M€ (Burkina Faso) and 0,8 M€ (Mauritania)
Partners : Burkina Faso : Ministry of Agriculture, AFD ; Mauritania : Association of village
cooperatives (NASSIM), Agency for the Development of Rural Electrification (ADER), Decentralised Electrification Unit (CELED)
This project is developing rural electrification in several villages by installing 700 photovoltaic kits in
Burkina Faso and 2000 in Mauritania, together with locally based maintenance services.
20
• ENERGY RECOVERY FROM BIOMASS •
Agriculture is an essential economic activity in the developing and transitional countries. Using crop residues to provide energy is a solution that needs to be promoted.
The FGEF is seeking to develop such biomass uses to suit locally adapted production
systems.
MAURITIUS - DEVELOPMENT OF A BAGASSE-FIRED POWER PLANT AT THE
BELLE-VUE SUGAR MILL
FGEF funding : 0,5 M€ - Total cost : 100,9 M€
Partners : Compagnie Thermique de Belle Vue (CTBV), Harel Group (Belle Vue sugar mill), SIDEC
This project is working on energy recovery from bagasse, an underused
by-product from the local sugar cane industry, to meet the energy
needs of the sugar mill and feed power into the national grid.
LITHUANIA - STRUCTURING A REGIONAL FUELWOOD INDUSTRY
FGEF funding : 1,0 M€ - Total cost : 10,8 M€
Partners : Lithuanian Ministry of the Environment, LITESKO, partners from the Lithuanian private sector
(MEDJIVA, SKYDRINE), French Agency for Environmental and Energy Management (ADEME),
French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development (MEDD)
The aim of this project is to support a fuelwood industry in the south
of Lithuania (Vilnius – Vilkasiskis – Marijampole), which will be supplying fuel to municipal heating
plants from logging and timber processing wastes.
MAURITANIA - DEVELOPMENT OF CHARCOAL PRODUCTION FROM CROP
RESIDUES
FGEF funding : 0,6 M€ - Total cost : 1,9 M€
Partners : Société de Développement de la Production Agricole (SDPA), Conservatoire National des Arts
et Métiers (CNAM), ADEME, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE)
The aim of this project is to develop three semi-industrial plants producing charcoal from rice husks in the rice-growing zone around Rosso, in
southern Mauritania, in order to supply domestic fuel to the local market
and electricity for dehusking installations.
21
• DEVELOPING EFFICIENT ENERGY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS •
In many countries, the energy efficiency of production systems is unsatisfactory, either because of
delayed investment or because of a lack of energy-saving incentives.The FGEF is supporting the development of innovative and more efficient energy production systems (e.g. combined cycles and cogeneration).
MOROCCO - AN ENERGY-EFFICIENCY PROGRAMME FOR HAMMAMS IN THE CITY OF
CASABLANCA
FGEF funding : 1,6 M€ - Total cost : 4,1 M€
Partners : Moroccan Ministry of Energy and Mining, Centre for Renewable Energy Development (CDER),
Association of Owner-Managers of Hammams in Casablanca (APEHC), AFD
The aim of this project is to improve energy efficiency in about a hundred hammams
(public baths) and bakeries using wood-fired boilers in the city of Casablanca and
several secondary towns. Improvements are obtained through a large-scale programme to modernise boilers. A reasonable amount of investment is yielding 50 % reductions in fuelwood
consumption in hammams.
• SPECIALISED INVESTMENT FUNDS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
AND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS •
Financing project investments is still the weakest point in the development of energy efficiency policies. In
recent years, the major innovation concerning investment support in these sectors has been the creation
of specialised, mixed (public and private) investment funds that can provide direct support to large-scale
projects or can be used to support energy service companies undertaking their own high-performance
projects (on cogeneration, rational energy use, renewable energy development and so on).
EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE - A FUND TO SUPPORT ENERGY EFFICIENCY
AND REDUCTIONS IN CARBON EMISSIONS - DEXIA-FONDELEC
FGEF funding : 2 M€ - Total cost : 100 M€
Partners : FondElec Management Corporation, Dexia,
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
The FGEG is supporting the launch of a special fund for the development of
third-party investment in private companies specialising in high energy-efficiency
technologies (cogeneration) and renewable energy sources.These hi-tech companies are offering advanced energy services to industries and local authorities in Eastern and Central
Europe (including Poland, Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Bulgaria).
RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE - CAPACITY BUILDING AND SUPPORT TO THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A MIXED PUBLIC-PRIVATE FUND TO PROMOTE ENERGY
EFFICENCY
FGEF funding : 2 M€ - Total cost : 6 M€
Partners : United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), United Nations Foundation (FNU),
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Environment Fund (GEF) and Member States, MAE
This project is part of the UNECE’s “Energy Efficiency 21” Programme. Its aim is to promote energy efficiency
in Russia and in several Eastern European countries (including Ukraine and Bielorussia) by raising awareness
among all interested parties and decision-makers,setting up a network of experts,strengthening energy efficiency measures and developing renewables. Finally, it is supporting the creation of a mixed 300 M€ public-private
investment fund to trigger the establishment of a market in energy efficiency and renewables in the region.
22
Rational energy use
• IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL SECTORS •
In the developing and transitional countries, energy efficiency in residential and servicesector buildings is not always adequately optimised (in terms of the choice of materials, environmental quality, efficiency of equipment, construction costs, etc.).The FGEF is looking to improve
energy efficiency in buildings in these sectors by seeking innovative solutions that are well suited to the
local context (regulations, standardisation of equipment, energy pricing incentives, quality labels for buildings, new construction techniques, etc.).
CHINA - AN ENERGY-EFFICIENCY PROGRAMME FOR LOW-COST HOUSING
PROJECTS - PHASE 1
FGEF funding : 3,3 M€ - Total cost: 96 M€
Partners : Provinces of Heilongjiang & Liaoning and city of Beijing, ADEME, MEDD
The programme for phase 1 aims to achieve a 50 % reduction in GHG emissions in the low-cost housing sector in the provinces of Heilongjiang and
Liaoning, in northern China, and in the city of Beijing. It focuses on largescale pilot construction programmes (600 000 m2 of housing)..
CHINA - AN ENERGY-EFFICIENCY PROGRAMME FOR LOW-COST HOUSING
PROJECTS - PHASE 2
FGEF funding : 2,7 M€ - Total cost : 297 M€
Partners : Province of Heilongjiang, cities of Beijing and Shanghai, Ministry of Construction, ADEME, Centre
Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), World Bank, GEF, MEDD
In the Province of Heilongjiang, Phase 2 aims to integrate energy efficiency improvements
in programmes to rehabilitate low-cost housing and develop rural housing. In the cities of
Beijing and Shanghai, the introduction of a “High Environmental Quality” approach in housing programmes aims to improve on the legislation in force by controlling additional
costs.
TUNISIA - IMPROVING THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
FGEF funding : 1,9 M€ - Total cost : 8,1 M€
Partners : Agency for Renewable Energy (ANER), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), GEF, MEDD
This project aims to improve thermal control in residential buildings by providing technical and institutional assistance to a series of pilot projects to serve as references for future projects.
23
LEBANON - IMPROVING DOMESTIC ENERGY EFFICIENCY
FGEF funding : 0,9 M€ - Total cost : 10,5 M€
Partners : Lebanese Association for Energy and Environmental Management (ALMEE)
and Lebanese Ministry of the Environment, ADEME, MEDD, AFD
The project focuses on developing energy-efficient housing using insulation techniques and solar water heaters.The project covers a total of 26,000 mÇ of low-cost
housing units. Several configurations are being tested, including public buildings and
individual housing in collective buildings.
AFGHANISTAN - DISSEMINATING GOOD ENERGY-EFFICIENCY PRACTICES INTHE
CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS (HEALTH AND EDUCATION)
FGEF funding : 1,3 M€ - Total cost : 13 M€
Partners : Afghan Ministry of the Environment, ADEME, Groupe Energies Renouvelables Environnement et
Solidarité (GERES), German Cooperation Agency (GTZ), MAE
This project focuses on the development and implementation of energy-efficiency
measures in the construction or rehabilitation of about one hundred rural schools
and dispensaries.The objective is to reduce energy consumption for heating by 70 %
and to achieve an enduring shift towards the consideration of energy issues, which are of prime importance in
this country at present.
• DEVELOPING LOW-EMISSION PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS •
Urbanisation in the developing and transitional countries is advancing at a very rapid rate.This is linked to
the pace of social and economic development, which is creating new demands for mobility.The FGEF’s
activities here aim to develop integrated and sustainable public transport systems using low-emission,lowpollution fuels.
VIETNAM - PROGRAMME
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED,
SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR
GREATER HANOI
FGEF funding : 2 M€ - Total cost : 178 M€
Partners : City of Hanoi, Tram and Public Transportation Development Management (HATD),
Institute of Infrastructure and Environmental Sciences and Technology for Development (ISTED),
DGTPE (ex-DREE), AFD
The FGEF project aims to carry out feasibility studies for an integrated public
transport system (buses and trams) for Hanoi’s city centre and to promote the creation of cycle tracks and
pedestrian footways.
24
MEXICO - SUPPORT TO THE CONVERSION OF MINI-BUSES TO
NATURAL GAS IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT OF MEXICO - PHASE 1
FGEF funding : 1,4 M€ - Total cost : 5 M€
Partners : Federal District of Mexico, ECOMEX, French Embassy
This project aims to develop the use of Natural Gas for
Vehicles (NGV) among public transport operators in the City of
Mexico.777 mini-buses have been converted to natural gas,and two
specialised service stations have been established.The FGEF is helping to
structure the new sector.
MEXICO - SUPPORT TO THE CONVERSION OF VEHICLES TO NATURAL GAS IN THE
STATE OF MEXICO - PHASE 2
FGEF funding : 1,5 M€ - Total cost : 8 M€
Partners : EDOMEX, Federal District, WB/GEF, World Resources Institute (WRI), ADEME
Building on experience gained in Phase 1 in the Federal District of Mexico, the
next stage will be to launch a fleet of 2000 NGV-fuelled taxis and buses serving
major roads in the suburbs of Mexico City, as part of a programme to develop the
use of NVG in public transport in the metropolitan area of Mexico Valley and in the planned fast traffic corridors in the Federal District.
• RESEARCH ON NEW ENERGY-EFFICIENT,
LOW-EMISSION INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES •
The industrial sector often consumes large quantities of energy, water and other inputs. Some processes also release large volumes of GHGs. The FGEF is seeking to improve energy efficiency in these
industries and to limit their emissions of GHGs and other effluents.
MOROCCO - REDUCING ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE SIDI
BERNOUSSI ZENATA INDSUTRIAL ZONE IN CASABLANCA
FGEF funding : 0,8 M€ - Total cost : 1,9 M€
Partners : Association des Opérateurs Economiques de la Zone Industrielle (IZDIHAR), World Bank, GEF, MAE
The FGEF’s activities here focus on improving energy efficiency in about one hundred industrial enterprises and on the development of specialised energy and
environmental services.The project also provides for social measures to support
rehousing for shantytown communities.The objective over three years is to reduce heating oil consumption
by 25 %, electricity consumption by 5 % and water consumption by 20 %.
SENEGAL - FINAL DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW, LOW-EMISSION INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
FGEF funding : 1,1 M€ - Total cost : 7,6 M€
Partners : Industries Chimiques du Sénégal (ICS), French Office of Geological and Mining Research (BRGM),
French Ministry of Education, Higher Education and Research (MENESR)
This new industrial process is designed to allow differentiated processing of carbonated
phosphates in Senegal, in order to minimise CO2 emissions. The process is based on
selective flotation of phosphate and carbonate particles.
25
Carbon captation and storage
• PRESERVING NATURAL CARBON SINKS •
The Earth’s biosphere and soils act as vast natural carbon sinks. The FGEF is encouraging their
conservation by promoting systems ensuring sustainable management.
GABON - SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE FOREST DEVELOPMENT
FGEF funding : 1,2 M€ - Total cost : 11,2 M€
Partners : Thanry-CEB (Compagnie Equatoriale des Bois), SBL (Société des Bois de Lastoursville),
SHM (Société de la Haute Mondah), Leroy Gabon, Rougier Gabon, IFK (Industrielle et Forestière du Komo),
CBG (Compagnie des Bois du Gabon), Union of Gabonese Timber Companies (Synfoga),
International Technical Tropical Timber Association (ITTTA), the State of Gabon, AFD
This project is helping private timber companies to implement management plans designed to preserve
biodiversity in logging zones while respecting the living conditions of local populations.The project also
acts against climate change by contributing to carbon sequestration and the preservation of forests.
BRAZIL, CAMEROON, LAOS, MADAGASCAR, MALI AND TUNISIA - SUPPORT TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-ECOLOGY AND SEMI-DIRECT AGRICULTURE
FGEF funding : 4,1 M€ - Total cost : 52,9 M€
Partners : Local partners, MAE, AFD,
International Centre for Cooperation on Agronomic Research for Overseas Development (CIRAD)
This project aims to develop techniques for “semi-direct” crop production under permanent tree cover. These techniques help to prevent soil degradation and improve
water resource management, while contributing to carbon sequestration in soils.
• DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CARBON SINKS •
Oil and gas deposits and deep aquifers can provide potentially valuable storage capacities for greenhouse gases. GHG sequestration operations have so far been few in number.The FGEF is supporting several
pilot schemes.
RUSSIA - RECYCLING PETROLEUM GASES ON KOLGUYEV ISLAND
FGEF funding : 0,2 M€ - Total cost : 5 M€
Partners : LUKOIL, French Office of Geological and Mining Research (BRGM),
French Petroleum Institute (IFP), MENESR
This project will aim to recover petroleum gases and to reinject CO2 released by oil
drilling into underground storage spaces.The purpose is at once to reduce CO2 emissions and to supply energy to the drilling company and the island’s population. The
project is currently in the discussion phase.
26
27
Integrating the Kyoto Protocol’s “flexible mechanisms”
• THE “FLEXIBLE MECHANISMS •
To help the Annex 1 countries achieve their targets for GHG emission reductions, the Kyoto Protocol
sets out three mechanisms, known as “flexible mechanisms”, which are additional to the internal efforts
required from each country.These mechanisms may be used to reduce the costs of emission reductions
across broad geographical sectors while transferring efficient technologies to the countries of the South:
1. “INTERNATIONAL EMISSIONS TRADING IN NATIONAL ASSIGNED AMOUNTS (IET)”: Annex 1 countries may trade their emission quotas directly ;
2. “JOINT IMPLEMENTATION” (JI) : Annex 1 countries may also trade in emission quotas through
cross investments in projects implemented by their own companies in another Annex 1
country, when these projects reduce GHG emissions ;
3. “CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM” (CDM): Annex 1 countries may register accounts of
GHG emission reductions which they achieve through investment projects in countries
not included in Annex 1. By using “clean” technologies, these projects help countries of
the South in their efforts to develop sustainably.
S
ince the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997, the FGEF has been aiding gradual implementation of these mechanisms by:
1. supporting “AIJ” projects” (Actions Implemented Jointly under the pilot phase) ;
2. participating in the production of French-language guides to the CDM and JI;
3. supporting capacity building, particularly in Africa ;
4. supporting the first exemplary CDM projects.
FGEF participation in AIJ pilot phase projects, production of the guides and support to CDM projects are conducted under a specific programme called the FAAEC or “Support Facility for
Actions Implemented Jointly”, which has been allocated a budget of 2 million euros. The programme is managed by the FGEF and carried out under the aegis of an interministerial steering
committee (MINEFI, MEDD, MAE, AFD and ADEME) chaired by the French Interministerial Task
Force for Climate Change (MIES).
“AEC PILOT PHASE PROJECTS”
Partners : MIES, DGTPE (ex-DREE), MAE, MEDD, ADEME
The FGEF helped French companies to set up 17 “AIJ pilot phase projects” from 1997 to 2000.These
CDM - type projects were implemented before the Kyoto Protocol came into effect. Seven French projects have been registered by the UNFCCC (out of 160 projects worldwide).
28
DEVELOPER
REGION
TOTAL COST IN
MILLION EUROS
Vivendi-Dalkia
Eastern Europe
6.0
Restructuring of a cement works (Czech Rep.)
LAFARGE
Eastern Europe
5.0
Village PV and mini-hydro networks (Zimbabwe)
E7/EDF
Sub-Saharan Africa
2.2
Decentralised rural electrification (Mauritania)
AFD
Sub-Saharan Africa
3.1
Koudia al Baida windpower generator (Morocco)
EdF
Mediterranean
50.0
Sustainable forest management (Chile)
MAE
South America
3.7
E7/EDF
Asia
4.0
PROJECT
Rehabilitation and extension of a heating network in
Budapest (Hungary)
Decentralised rural electrification (Indonesia)
PRODUCTION OF FRENCH-LANGUAGE GUIDES ON THE “FLEXIBLE MECHANISMS”
Partners : MIES, DGTPE (ex-DREE), other ministries and companies
The FGEF has participated in the production of the CDM and JI guides
in partnership with the MIES and DGTPE.The guides are in French and
English and are published in three volumes: Volume A giving an
“Overview of Project Mechanisms”, Volume B on the “Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM)” and Volume C on the “Joint
Implementation Mechanism (JI)”. They are intended as an aid to investors, operators, administrations,
institutions, governments and others with an interest in these mechanisms, especially in French-speaking
countries, by describing the tools that can be used to prepare CDM and JI projects in compliance with
the procedures stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol.A second edition of these guides was published in late
2004.
CAPACITY
BUILDING IN
AFRICA : “AFRICA ASSIST”
FGEF funding : 2,0 M€ - Total cost : 14 M€
Partners : World Bank, AFD, others.
The FGEF is contributing to funding for the capacity-building programme designed
to prepare CDM projects in Africa, in partnership with the World Bank and AFD.
This programme aims to develop knowledge acquisition capacities (training for
experts, project identification, support to implementation and networking between interested parties). The programme’s second objective is to carry out about forty CDM projects
to serve as references for launching the CDM mechanism in Africa.
SUPPORT TO THE FIRST CDM PROJECT
MOROCCO – CDM WINDPOWER PROJECT
IN TETOUAN
FGEF funding: 0,1 M€ - Total cost: 0,2 M€
Partners : Lafarge Maroc
As part of the implementation of a wind farm (10 MW), which is integrated with its
cement works in Tetouan, Lafarge Maroc has applied to the FGEF for support to the
development of a CDM project, from production of the “Project Design Document”
(PDD) up to the transfer of carbon emission credits associated with their investment.The project is intended to furnish references for other industrialists intending
to set up similar projects in the future.
29
Synergies between actions to control climate change
and other environmental measures
A
ctions that contribute to climate change control are also relevant to other environmental concerns.
The FGEF is seeking to develop synergies between climate change measures and other environmental issues such as reducing atmospheric pollution, protecting biodiversity and preserving the ozone layer,
in order to maximise the impacts of its actions.
CHILE - SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE ARAUCANIA
MAPUCHE COMMUNITIES
REGION WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF THE
FGEF funding : 1,7 M€ - Total cost : 4,5 M€
Partners : National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), National Indigenous Development Corporation (CONADI),
National Training and Employment Department (SENCE), Technical Cooperation Department (SERCOTEC),
Solidarity and Social investment Fund (FOSIS), National Institute for Agricultural Development (INDAP),
Mapuche communities, Lumaco Union of autonomous Mapuche communities, Municipalities of Curarrehue and
Lumaco, German Cooperation Agency (GTZ), Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), UNDP, GEF, MAE
To help conserve biodiversity in their territory, contribute to atmospheric CO2
sequestration and create possibilities for additional income for the indigenous
Mapuche communities, a forest planting programme has been organised in
1,500 ha of degraded lands.The FGEF is involved in the implementation of an autonomous planting
scheme covering 300 ha per year and funded on a rotating basis.The fund should also help small farmers apply for national reforestation grants. Reforestation should be facilitated by sales of certified
carbon emission reductions.
IVORY COAST AND CUBA - ELIMINATING OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES AND
IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN AIR-CONDITIONING INSTALLATIONS
FGEF funding : 1,6 M€ (Ivory Coast) 1,6 M€ (Cuba)
Total cost : 16 M€ (Ivory Coast) 18 M€ (Cuba)
Partners : Montreal Protocol, UNDP, German Cooperation Agency (GTZ), FGEF
These two projects, which are currently in the identification phase, are to
be implemented under the Montreal Protocol on preserving the ozone
layer and the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.Their aim is to replace (or
convert) centrifugal air conditioners using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which deplete the ozone layer,
with more energy-efficient appliances using HFC 134a or ammonia.
30
ANNEX I COUNTRIES KYOTO PROTOCOL
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BIELORUSSY
BULGARIA
CANADA
CROATIA
DENMARK
ESTONIA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
FEDERATION OF RUSSIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
ICELAND
IRELAND
ITALIY
JAPAN
LATVIA
LIECHTENSTEIN
LITUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MONACO
NETHERLANDS
NEWS ZELANDE
NORWAY
POLAND
PORTUGAL
TCHEQUE REPUBLIC
ROUMANIA
SLOVAQUIE
SLOVÉNIE
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY
UKRAINE
UNITED KINGDOM &
NORTH IRELAND
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AFD OPERATION COUNTRIES
WEST AFRICA
BENIN
BURKINA FASO
CAPE VERDE
GAMBIA
GHANA
GUINEA
GUINEA BISSAU
IVORY COAST
LIBERIA
MALI
MAURITANIA
NIGER
NIGERIA
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
TOGO
CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN
AFRICA AND INDIAN OCEAN
ANGOLA
BURUNDI
CAMEROON
CHAD
CENTRAL AFRICA REPUBLIC
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
REPUBLIQUE POPULAIRE DU CONGO
DJIBOUTI
ERYTHREE
ETHIOPIA
GABON
GUINEA EQUATORIAL
KENYA
MADAGASCAR
MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA
OUGANDA
RWANDA
SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SOUDAN
TANZANIA
YEMEN
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
MEDITERRANEAN
MIDDLE-EAST
AND
ALGERIA
AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES
PALESTINIANS
EGYPT
31
JORDAN
LEBANON
MOROCCO
SYRIA
TUNISIA
COMMUNITIES OVERSEAS
GUADELOUPE
GUYANE
MARTINIQUE
MAYOTTE
REUNION
SAINT-PIERRE & MIQUELON
FRENCH POLYNESIA
NEW CALEDONIA
WALLIS & FUTUNA
SOUTHERN AND ANTARTIC
LANDS FRENCH
ASIA
AFGHANISTAN
CAMBODIA
CHINA
LAOS
THAILANDE
VIETNAM
Rédaction : FFEM - Philippe Bosse / Mathilde Cavalier
Conception graphique : AFD/COM - Danièle Revel
Impression : Graph’Imprimerie
ISSN en cours
Crédit photos
Page de couverture : CETE de Lyon, Daniel Riffet
Page 1 : SEED/ B.Meunier
Page 2 : ADEME/ R. Bourguet
Page 3 : CIRAD / K. Vom Brocke, TEMASOL, WWF-Canon / M. Gunther
Page 4 : AFD / C.Corbier-Barthaux
Page 7 : CETE de Lyon
Page 8 : TEMASOL
Page 9 : IGF/P.Chardonnet
Page 13 : CIRAD / M. Bourgarel, Fondation Pro Vertes
Page 15 : ADEME/Michel Hamelin
Page 17 : CETE de Lyon
Page 20 : Bandeau: D. Riffet, DALKIA / S.Ducoloner, ADEME/ Michel Hamelin, AFD/ C. Corbier-Barthaux, CETE de Lyon,
IED/ T. De Villers, SCAC Mexique/ P.Cheron, BRGM/M. Save, TEMASOL, IED/ T. De Villers
Page 21 : CTBV, DALKIA / S.Ducoloner, CNAM
Page 22 : CDER/P. Collignon, SEED/B.Meunier
Page 23 : D. Riffet
Page 24 : ADEME/ Michel Hamelin, GERES, CETE de Lyon
Page 25 : SCAC Mexique/ P.Cheron, ADEME/ R. Bourguet, Daniel Riffet, BRGM/M. Save
Page 26 : AFD/ I. Picard, AFD/ C. Corbier-Barthaux, BGRM/ J-P. Houix
Page 27 : WWF-Canon / M. Gawler, N. Hertkorn
Page 29 : ADEME, SEED/ B. Meunier
Page 30 : ONFI/ J.C Lefeuvre
32
For further information, contact:
OUTSIDE FRANCE
The French Embassy
Cultural Action and Cooperation Service
Economic Missions
The Agence Française de Développement’s network of agencies (in 43 countries)
IN FRANCE
The FGEF partner institutions
Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de l’Industrie
DGTPE – MF3
139, rue de Bercy – 75572 Paris Cedex 12
Tel : 01 44 87 73 58
Ministère des Affaires étrangères
DGCID/DCT/ERN
20, rue Monsieur – 75700 Paris 07 SP
Tel : 01 53 69 31 29 – Fax : 01 53 69 33 35
Ministère de l’Ecologie et du Développement durable
Service des Affaires internationales
20, avenue de Ségur
Tel : 01 42 19 17 76 / 20 21 – Fax : 01 42 19 17 19
Ministère de l’Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur
et de la Recherche
Direction de la Technologie
Département Energie, Transports, Environnement et Ressources naturelles
1, rue Descartes – 75231 Paris cedex 05
Tel : 01 55 55 84 54 – Fax 01 44 87 99 39
Agence Française de Développement
5, rue Roland Barthes – 75598 Paris cedex 12
Tel: 01 53 44 31 31 – Fax: 01 44 87 99 39
* *
*
The FGEF secretariat
AFD/STR
5, rue Roland Barthes – 75598 Paris cedex 12
Tel : 33 (0) 1 53 44 42 42 – Fax : 33 (0) 1 53 44 32 48
Site Internet : http://www.ffem.net ou www.ffem.fr
Email: [email protected]
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June 2005