Ethnobotanic Contribution of Cameroon: Anti

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E-ISSN: 2310-9440 / P-ISSN: 2311-0139
DOI: 10.15192/PSCP.ASR.2014.4.3.125133
App. Sci. Report.
8 (3), 2014: 125-133
© PSCI Publications
Ethnobotanic Contribution of Cameroon: Anti- Diabetic Plants
Inventory in the Nkoung–Khi Division West Region Cameroon
Koyeu T.E1, Mendi G1, Tchamago F.X2, Tajeukem V.C2, Franklin, V3and Linda C3
1. Department of Biology,University of Dschang, P.O.BOX 67, Dschang, Cameroon
2. Department of Biology, University of Yaoundé, P.O.BOX 83, Yaoundé, Cameroon
3. Department of Agricultural science of Atlantic International University, Pioncer plaza 900 Fort Street-40,Honolulu, Hawaii
96813
Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Paper Information
ABSTRACT
The inventory of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the
Nkoung –Khi (Cameroon),a field investigation was brought nearer to the
Received: 7 Septembre, 2014
people concerned notably the healers ,herbalist, midwives and people
suffering from these diseases in order to collect plants which were able to
Accepted: 15 Novembre, 2014
treat them. In the term of our studies, the investigations proceeded on the
field have permitted to interview 174 persons, 34 anti-diabetic plants
Published: 20 December, 2014
belonging to 26 families and 31 kinds, 9 of these plants have already been
tested scientifically and their anti-diabetic properties have also been
demonstrated the components of the two others (H. floribunda and Aloe
verra) are known for their anti-diabetic action are still to be demonstrated.
Meanwhile, A.verra, A. cepa, A.sativum, C. roseus, G. branii, C.medica,
S.tuberosum and Musa sp. have interested us very much. Their high
frequency of appearance throughout the investigation let presage certain
effectiveness. In this work, we have carefully given the scientific name of
each plant and adding to that we have also given their equivalent
(vernacular names), families, mode of preparation, posology and the other
uses of the plants are also mentioned. Leaves are the parts of plant mostly
used in decoction and administrated by oral means.
© 2014 PSCI Publisher All rights reserved.
Key words: Ethnobotany, biodiversity,Cameroon , medicinal plants, Nkoung-khi
Introduction
Ethno pharmacology is the set of processes from plants used in a given region with the aim of heading various
illnesses (Koyeu ,2012).All over the world, the interest shown towards traditional medicine is constantly increased and , in
Africa especially ,80 % of the population use plants for healing and the use of that medicine always requires considerable
improvements (Sofowora,1996).Nowadays, the importance shown towards traditional pharmacopeia is certain. It is
materialized through the creation of specialized organisms whose the main aim is to highlight the value of medicinal plants,
while thinking of the perennity of the exploited species. That is the reason why it does exist a traditional pharmacopoeia center
for research (INREPT) in Mali, Institute of Scientific research (ISR) in Democratic Republic of Congo (IMPM) in Yaoundé /.
Moreover, malnutrition and obesity result from numerous genetically and environmental factors that act together .Diabetes
generally appears after a relative or total absence of insulin secretion by the pancreas (type 1),either from the moment that the
cell of the body become resistant to insulin (type
1) (Lara et al,2002).The resistance to insulin, being the incapacity of
insulin to exerts a glucoregulatory action at the level of the skeleton muscle and the prohibition of the Lipotine at the level of
adipose tissues (Baron,2002).
Petit Larousse (1993) defines diabetes as the trouble of the glucidic metabolism characterized by and hyperglycemia
and by the presence of sugar in the urine. However, according to WHO (1990) diabetes is defined as a state of chronic
hyperglycemia, associating both genetic and hexogen factor which act together. There are years ago that the importance of
such an illness has been noticed in Africa where many patients were dying from diabetes without any well précised diagnostics
(Declerk ,1988 ;Koyeu,2012).
App. Sci. Report. 8 (3), 2014: 125-133
Nevertheless, it is described by the tradipratician as illness of the urine. The various methods used in overcoming that
disease traditionally gradually disappears with time, reason why the practices of ancestors have disappeared. Furthermore the
non recognition of vegetal species with healing characteristics . The high prices of medicines make us to pay back respect to
traditional methods of healing. This necessity constitutes a realistic alternative to break with both mankind and his
environment (Koyeu, 2007).
In addition, traditional medicine gives answers to our needs due to the fact that it is accessible to the population
(Koyeu, 2012).So, it is a cultural patrimony that is worth to be saved, it is regrettable at the moment where developed
countries resort to phototherapy and the Africans turn aside from what constitutes for them an acquirement.
Materials And Methods
Study area
Bandjoun is located on one hand between the following longitudes; 10 o22 East 10o36 East and on the other hand between
latitudes 5o15 North and 5o28 North and at an altitude of about 1440m. The economic activity is essentially agriculture .The
climate is of wet tropical type with two seasons; a dry season that goes from November to March and the rainy season that is
from March to October. The annual average rainfall is 1600mm of rain distributed over 15-139 days and the annual average
temperature is of 21°C.
Methodology of investigation
The choice of the field of study
Our choice had been based on the department of Nkoung-khi in the West Region of Cameroon. This department is
made up of five villages Bandjoun, (Chief Town of the department) Bayangang, Batoufam, Bandrefam and Bangang- Foundji,
which have been chosen according to certain kind of criteria among which: the knowing of the locality, the guides
accompanying us on the field. Otherwise we have the floristic diversity and the ancestral practices in charged.
Ethnobotanical Investigations
They have been made effective by the end of June to February 2010 over the orientation of a healer and a herbalist,
both living in the same locality aimed at collecting a good number of medicinal plants which are frequently used in this
department for the treatment of diabetes. It is in the same logique that the information we have gotten from these would be
taken: the vernacular names, the mode of preparation and administration were mentioned on the list of investigation. The forms
were put together with the pictures of the specimen harvested.
It is worth noting that the level of information increase from village to another village, and the pathologies treated were
interpreted from time to time, because they were given in local language (vernacular one).
The collection of samples
After the filling of the investigation form, we have carefully collected with the help of punning scissors knives or a
cutlass, fertile samples as complete as possible: in addition to leaves, fruits and flowers. These samples have been passed, right
there on the field of study, in newspapers in order to build up a herbarium which will be taken as achieves.
Identification of plants
After drying, the herbarium will be brought to the national herbarium of Cameroon, where identification will be
carried out.
Botanic description of specimens
They have been made in the libraries of the national herbarium of Cameroon, in the Institute of Medical Research and
Medicinal Plants Study.
Results and discussion
Throughout our investigation, we have interviewed 174 persons, who regularly use anti- diabetic plants. We have
herbalists, healers, diabetic patients…. That is the reason why many groups have been established in respective characteristics:
sex (figure: 1), age (figure: 2), villages (figure: 3) and professions (figure: 4).
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Men
Women
Figure I . repartition of resource persons according to sex.
Through this figure, we notice that 132 (75, 86%) men have contributed more than women 42 (24.14%) they are of a
great importance.
Old Men
Adults
Youngs
Figure 2. Repartition of resource persons according to their profession
From this figure, we noticed that adults 96(55, 4%) are the most represented, after we have the old men 56(32,29%)
and finally
the young 22(12,64%).
Percentages
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Bayangam
Bandjoun
Batoufam
Bandrefam
Bagang Foundji
Villages
Figure 3. Frequency of resource persons according to villages
From this figure, we notice that the larger number of the investigated persons are found in Bayangam (26, 29%) then
Banddjoun (22, 22%) ,Bafoussam (18.88%) ,Bandrefam (18,5%) and finally Bangang Foundji (14,07%).
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60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Diabetic patients
Healers
Percentage
Herborists
Profession
Figure4. Repartition of resource persons according to profession
According to this figure, patients suffering from diabetes are the most represented 94(54, 02%) then the healers 48(27,58%)
and the less represented are the herbalists 32(18,39%).
Among anti-diabetic plants that we have collected, many have already been taken as objects of scientific tests and
their effectiveness against diabetes is proven. They are Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Cathananthus
roseus, Garcinia mangostana, Musa sp. Phaseolus vulgaris, Phyllantus amarus, and Tropaeolum majus. In addition to the nine
plants above, two others Aloe verra and Holarrhena floribunda have been studied in the laboratory and contain substances such
as prostanaides peptides glucommanes and resins. For the first plants and the alkaloids steroidiques for the second plant but
their effectiveness against diabetes are still to be demonstrated.
Bibliographical researches have enabled us to obtain 22 plants belonging to 18 families with anti-diabetic effects.
These plants have already been the object of experimental tests and the components responsible of anti-diabetic effects that we
got are phytoosterol glycosides alcaloides or glycosides and tannins (Bever, 1986). All these observations presage that the
species of plants that we have collected during our investigation might also contain active substances belonging to those
groups and that would act either individually or in synergy in the regulation.
The investigations that have been carried out on the field near of 174 people have revealed that more men (75, 86%)
have participated to our inquiry. In fact we have mostly oriented our investigations towards men because they are opened to
discussions, while women (24, 14%) are not opened at all and for the most ignore the manifestation of the illness. However,
some of them have shown a particular interest to the topic because they have in their homes people suffering from diabetes.
It also results from our works that many adults (55,17%) have participated to our investigation. This could be
explained by the fact that between 30 and 50 years, some adults give themselves up to bad nutritional habits and that after a
long time deteriorate their health and provoke in their body metabolic troubles. Generally, glycemia and cholesterol test are
prescribed to adults when they have their medical visits in hospitals.
However, it is worth noting that old men (32,29%) are not excepted from the disease, they are the most vulnerable
because most of the old men we have interviewed had even been confronted more than one time with the problem of glycemia
rise generally, young people do not suffer from such diseases except in exceptional cases (Diabetes of type 1) and are not
completely unaware of the disease.
Concerning the profession of the people we investigated, people with other functions (54,01%) than healers (27,58%)
and (18,39%) have participated. In fact healers and herbalists are less represented because most of them pretend they are
protecting their cultural knowledge, while refusing to draw a line between empiric knowledge and scientific one. On the other
hand, among the 34 anti-diabetic plants collected two families (Asteracaceae and liliaceae) are the most represented with three
species each. This can be explained through the fact that in the Nkoung-khi region the vegetation is partly constituted of
Asteraceae, the richest family of the vegetal Kingdom (Keubou 1993). The liliaceae plants present here are the ones we use in
our Kitchens (A. Cepa A. Sativum) and yet Aloe verra is an important part of our traditional pharmacopeia. As well as the
works of Beverg, we have 04 families represented by 02 species. The Apocynaceae, the Euphorbiaceae, the Fabaceae and the
Mimosaceae.
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Table 2. mode of preparation and posology, vernacular names, frequency of appearance of the collected plants in the Nkoung-khi Division as anti-diabetic.
Families
Acanthaceae
Scientific names
Eremomastax speciosa (Hoctsh) Heine
Vernacular names
Pak te che
Asteraceae
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Keda
kingmniee
Mode of preparation and posology
Decoction of 250 grs of leaves drink
the juice you obtain in a glass of tea two
times per day
Maceration of 100 grs of whole plant
and drink one cup three times per day
Bidens pilosa L.
mveng nguim
Decoction of the young leaves and you
take two times per day
Frequency
3
Other uses
Anemia
2
Wounds
Jaundice
3
The decoction of 100grs of plant and
drink a luke warm glass two times per
day morning and evening
spilanthes africana L.
Apocynaceae
Catharantus roseus (L) G.Don
Pervenche
Elarina
Baselaceae
Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) Dur and
Schinz
Basella alba L.
Caesalpiniaceae
Senna Apata L.
Dartrier
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ombrosoides L.
Serpolet
Clusiaceae
Garcinia mangostana L.
Mango
Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Tankeyou
Cucurbitaceae
Zehnaria scabra (L.F) Sond
Mbembap
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia hinta L.
Phyllantus amarus Schum. and Thonn
Feukom
Fabaceae
Erythrina klainei Pierre
Corail
Make a decoction of 5 handfuls of fresh
leaves in 2 litters of water and drink a
cup per day
Let in infusion the bark of the species
during 6 hours. Drink a glass every day.
Triturate the whole plant in some water.
Drink the juice two times per day.
Boil the leaves in some water drink two
glasses per day and or take both with the
rest of the water in the evening when
going to bed.
Boil the leaves in some water drink two
glasses per day
Boil 4kg of fresh barks G. mangostana
into small pieces in 10 littres of raffia
wine during 60 minutes. And drink a
cup twice a day during 2 months. This
preparation is very efficient for diabetes
Eat a few quantity of the fresh leaves
three time per day
Take 50grs of the whole plant and cook
it with the limes and you take the
product three time per day
Do the decoction of three plain handful
of E. hirta in three litres of walter during
10mn and drink one cup three times per
day. note that the first cup will be take
fasting and the two other one hour
before meal
Boil three handfuls of small back pieces
of E.klainei in three litres of water
during 45 mn.Take two cups per day.
Toothache
6
10
Hypertensive
4
2
Epilepsy
Dermatose
2
Vermifuge
2
Vermifuge
2
Kwashiorkor
3
4
4
Diarrhea
3
2
7
Sexual transmissible
diseases
Decoction of 180grs pod beans in 5liters
of raffia wine .Drink 3 cups per days
during this treatment you control your
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Hypericaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex
Poir.
Kedoc
Toug
Lauraceae
Persea americana Mild.
Pia
Liliaceae
Allium cepa L.
Anussi
Allium sativum L.
Ail
Loranthaceae
Aloe verra L.
Globimetula braunii
Engl.
Aloe verra
Guy
Mimosaceae
Albizia coriaria Welw.
glycemia.
Take 1kg of H. madagascariensis barks
and infuse in 10 litres or palm wine take
two cup per day and control your
glycemia.
Infuse during 10mn two handfuls of dry
young leaves with the bud in one litre of
boil water.Dring one cup three times per
day.
Take 99g of Allium cepa and crush
it,add 1 litre or water,turn it, extract
juice and drink one spoon one time per
day .
The same mode of preparation.
Infuse 50grs fresh leaves of Aloe verra
in 10litres of palm wine.Drink it three
times per day and control your glycemia
Infuse one handful of fresh leaves of
Globimetula brauni in 3litre water boil
during 10 and 15mn and drink one cup
three times per day after meal
Boil in three litres of water, three or five
handfuls of a small pieces bark of A.
coriaria during 15mn.Drink three cups
per day.
6
Jaundice
6
Syphilis
10
Epilepsy
10
Sexual transmissible
diseases
17
10
Arterial hypertention
3
3
Sexual transmissible
diseases
Boil in three water litre,three or five
handfuls of a small pieces bark of
A.gummifera during 15mn.Drink three
cups per day.
Albizia gummifera (J.F Gmel) C.A Sn.
Malvaceae
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Hibiscus
Musaceae
Musa sp.
Kede
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus saligna Hook.
Tsedock
Rubiaceae
Diodia serrulata (P.B.) A. Tayl.
Cotemanjo
Rutaceae
Citrus medica L.
Lemon
Triturate each morning one handful of
H.rosa-sinensis leaves in half water
litres and drink half cup each day.
Cook the unripe fruit and eat two times
per week
Take four handfuls E. saligna dry
leaves, crush it and add in 3 litre of
water, do the decoction during 15 mn.
Drink it once a day.
Harvest many plants of D.serrulata,dry
it,crush and put in infusion two spoons
powder in one cup.Take one cup fasting
morning and the other when you will
sleep.
Extraction of juice in water helps to
reduce the rate of glycemia in the
blood.Drink one cup two times per day
4
Syphilis
10
6
Cough
2
10
High blood pressure
130
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Solanaceae
Solanum tuberosum L.
Tom la
Sterculiaceae
Cola acuminata (P.B.) Schott. and Engl.
Tse
Tropaeolaceae
Trapaeolum majus L.
Capucine
Tiliaceae
Corchorus olitorius L.
Kelen kelen
Guttiferaceae
Mammea Africana S.
Mam tse
Take four tubers of S.tuberosum
raw,crush it,mix in 33ml of
water,extract the juice and drink one cup
two times per day.
Take 10 nuts of c. acuminate and
crush,mix the paste in one litre of palm
wine.Drink one cup two times per day
and control your glycemia.
Make the decoction of 100 grs of
T.majus in three litres of water.Drink
three times per day.
Boil 250grs of whole plant C. olitorius
in five litres of raffia wine during 10mn.
Take it two times per day. control your
glycemia
Take 300grs of M. Africana leaves and
boil in five litres of water.Drink three
cups per day.
10
Cough
3
Cough
4
3
High blood pressure
2
B.alba, E klainei, A.coriaria, A gummifera and T.majus, are plants introduced. This would lead us to proceed to a vulgarity of these plants in order to avoid a given
shortage.
Among the various plants we have collected some appear many times at the center of the investigation. These plants were proposed by different people with both
made of preparation and administration more or less similar. It is about Aloe verra (17 times) , Allium sativm ,Musa sp, Citrus medicca, Globimetula braunii, Solanum
tuberosum (10 times) this frequency of appearance might let presage on an important effectiveness for these plants. However, this presumption of effectiveness does not
distrust those proposed by one or two persons.
We also notice that during our investigations that the most used parts of the plants are: the stalks the leaves and the barks. This can be clarified by the fact that most
of the substances contained in plants are synthesized at the level of the leaves and put in reserve in the bark. These plants are principally secondary which are only synthesized
via products from photosynthesis. The mode of preparation of these plants is diversified (maceration, decoction, infusion, trituration, extraction). But the main goal of these
modes is to extract the substances known to be active. Decoction is the most used method; the mode of administration is still the oral tract because of its simplicity.
At this point of our work, we can think that those plants with anti-diabetic effects would act in two levels. At the level of the insulin secretion and on the periphery as
it is the case with modern chemical products (Basdevant and al., 1985).
Conclusion
The general objective of our work was the collection of maximum plants used in the Nkoung-khi department (West Region Cameroon) with anti -diabetic effects in
order to participate to the programme of research of medical plants of Cameroon. However, we have proceeded to an investigation on the field close to healers, herbalist,
midwives and people suffering from these diseases in order to collect plants able to treat them.
A brief bibliography glance has permitted to situate the problem, also to see the causes, the consequences, and their actual mode of treatment by modern medicines
and by medicinal plants. Moreover, the investigations proceeded on the field have permitted to interview 174 persons as follows.
- 34 anti-diabetic plants belonging to 26 families and 31 kinds, 9 of these plants have already been tested scientifically and their anti-diabetic properties have also
been demonstrated the components of the two others (H. floribunda and Aloe verra) are known for their anti-diabetic action are still to be demonstrated. Meanwhile, A.verra,
A. cepa, A.sativum, C. roseus, G. branii, C.medica, S.tuberosum and Musa sp. have interested us very much. Their high frequency of appearance throughout the investigation
let presage certain effectiveness.
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In this work, we have not described plants but we have carefully given the scientific name of each plant and
adding to that we have also given their equivalent (vernacular names), families, mode of preparation, posology and the
other uses of the plants are also mentioned.
The results presented above constitute only a small part of the wide project, that of medicinal plants of Cameroon
as a whole and plants with anti-diabetic effects of the Nkoung-khi Division (West Cameroon) in particular. Tests of
confirmation will be envisaged in a nearest future in order to verify the effectiveness of these plants. But we can already as
Sofowora (1996) affirm the importance of the African pharmacopeia which is “rich and diversified”.
Efforts need to be done in order to improve this work. That is,
Find adequate methods permitting to facilitate a best cooperation between tradipracticiants and students.
Conduct other studies on the regional or even national scale in order to collect all the useful plants
Create gardens of medicinal plants
Conduct biological tests in order to confirm the effectiveness of the plants listed on the inventory.
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