Provisional KOM œ ENGLISH LEXICON

Transcription

Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research
Provisional
KOM – ENGLISH LEXICON
Boyo Division
North West Province
compiled by
Randy JONES
SIL
B.P. 1299, Yaounde
Republic of Cameroon
2001
Language: Kom, spoken in Boyo Division,
North West Province, Cameroon
Genres: Linguistics, Literacy
First Edition
Cover Illustration: MBANJI Bawe Ernest
© 2001, Kom Language Development Committee
Kom – English lexicon
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INTRODUCTION
The Kom language (Hs`œhjnl) is spoken by over 150,000 speakers living in
Boyo Division, located in the North West Province of Cameroon. While slight
pronunciation differences exist between some of the geographic areas of Kom, the
essential unity and intercomprehensibility of the language is attested to by speakers
from all areas.
This provisional Kom – English lexicon has been compiled primarily for
speakers of the Kom language, though it will also be of interest to non-speakers who
desire to study or learn the language. It is intended to serve several purposes in the
further development of the Kom language. Hopefully, the lexicon will stimulate interest
in the use of Kom in its written form and will help all students of the language, both
adults and children, as they learn to read and write Kom. Further, the lexicon will serve
as a repository of cultural terms and information which may otherwise be lost as the
language evolves and develops over time. Finally, the lexicon may be used as a
reference source in standardizing the spelling of Kom words and terminology
throughout the Kom region.
The Kom alphabet is in conformity with the General Alphabet of Cameroon
Languages, which was adopted in 1979 by the National Committee for the unification
and harmonization of the alphabets of Cameroon languages.
The lexicon contains over 4,000 entries and is an introduction to Kom words and
phrases. “Inventaire Thématique de 2000 Termes,” published by SIL in 1987, served as
a thematic basis for the initial collection of words. Among the entries are some loan
words from other languages such as English and Hausa.
Each lexical entry will include a part of speech and a brief definition in English.
Multiple definitions are numbered. Additional information may also be given including
such things as: variant spellings, plural forms of nouns, noun class genders, synonyms,
antonyms, cross-references to related words, and more detailed encyclopedic
information on trees. Verbs are cited without the introductory infinitive particle rÀ. For
example, rÀ ad∆ ‘to say,’ is entered merely as ad∆ v. say.
The Kom Alphabet, a list of Abbreviations, and a Table of Kom Noun Classes
precede the body of the lexicon. Following the body of the lexicon is an English – Kom
Index with over 5,000 entries. For instance, the previous example of ad∆ v. say, is
reversed to yield, say v. ad∆ . In both cases, the part of speech refers to the Kom word.
Finally, a number of reference tables are included after the English – Kom Index. These
concern possessives, demonstratives, and various pronouns, e.g., subject, object and
relative ones.
The variant spellings are based upon alternative pronunciations. Among the
variants, words containing the “sh” sound have also been included, though
phonologically, this sound is predictable as an allophone of “s”, occurring before
palatalization, labialization, or high vowels. It is included because many Kom speakers
have requested it.
Thanks are sincerely expressed to the members of the Kom Language
Development Committee (KLDC), and to those who participated on the Lexicon
Subcommittee, in particular, Mr. LOH Pius who also assisted in the revision of the
lexicon. I am also grateful to the Ijim Mountain Forest Project for their Ethnobotanical
Tree Survey that was carried out in 1992 by Chia Lawrence Nsom and Jeff Dick. The
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detailed information from that survey has been included. Finally, I want to thank my
colleagues at SIL for their help in advising, formatting and printing the lexicon.
The KLDC is very grateful for the financial assistance that was provided by the
URCO Foundation for the printing of this lexicon.
This lexicon has been developed under the auspices of the Ministry of Scientific
and Technical Research.
The work of compiling a lexicon is never finished. All who use it are invited to
share their suggested additions and corrections with the KLDC’s Literacy Committee.
Randy JONES
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`
à≠Ã k,à≠Ã k
@ , `
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
prep. at, from, in, on, to.
adv. then. See: sh.
assoc 6, 7. of.
ncl concord 6, 7. noun class concord marker.
quest marker. indicates a question and is
followed with the punctuation ? in writing.
`, 1 ncl pf 6. plural prefix for nouns.
`, 2 ncl pf 7. singular prefix for nouns.
`∆ 1 pro indef. it.
`∆ 2 adv. yes. Syn: aÀlh.
,` asp incompl. incompletive aspect suffix.
See: ldxm.
` at jÀ prep. except.
` ≠ mje`» &s≠ ≠ mje`» &s≠ prep. into different
groups. See: j`&sÀ.
`∆ id∆ k rÀ ` mfdœ n. wanderer, one who wanders
about aimlessly or without permission.
` it» œ adv. 1) well. Syn: hfgdk. 2) correct.
` la`œh ` la`œh prep. one after another,
in order.
` ld∆ rh adv. end. Syn: mfvn∆ &rÀ.
` ln& adv. together, with.
` mbge`∆ r≠ ,` mbge`∆ r≠ adv. at intervals, one
after the other, not together, differently, in
different groups. Syn: mbge`∆ r≠ .
` mc`xm adv. openly.
` mehmhrÀ adv. secretly. See: mehmhrÀ.
` mh adv. usually.
` mj`k ` mj`k adj. round.
` mrd prep. down, on the ground.
` msd∆ lr≠ ,`» msdlr≠ adv. 1) at intervals.
2) in batches. 3) in successive stages.
See: msd∆ l.
` rd» &s≠Ã mÀ hcyÕÃ v. sob.
à`» & Pl: Àav`» &. n 7/8. 1) umbrella. 2) door.
3) window shutter.
à`» &k≠ n 7. construction.
à`» l Pl: Àax`» l. n 7/8. scrotum.
à`œ Pl: Àav`œ. n 7/8. 1) table. Syn: sd» ak≠ .
2) platform.
à`» œ ` èn Pl: Àav`» œ èn. n 7/8. flat object
(any).
Syn: à`» œ ` e≠Ã j`∆ &.
à`» œ ` bgt» d n. sunbeam. Syn: hkv`» & h
bgt» d.
à`» œ ` e≠Ã j`∆ & n. 1) plank, flat piece of wood.
Syn: à`» œ ` èn. 2) slate.
à`œ ` mbgÕ n. watch tower.
à`œ ` mx`&mÀ,` n. table for writing.
à`œ ` xÀmÀ,` n. table for eating.
à`œ het n. altar, table for offering a sacrifice.
à`œ hs`œh n. platform for speaking.
à`» œ ÀkuÀ n. short period of time.
à`r Pl: Àax`r. Variant: Àav`r. n 7/8. lizard,
e.g., wall gecko. See: e≠ mjt∆ xmìu`∆ iu`∆ .
à`» r Pl: Àax`» r. Variant: à`∆ r; Àav`» r. n 7/8.
1) one side, part, part of, a fraction, half.
2) side. 3) piece, e.g., of container no longer
used.
à`∆ r fgd∆ ` Àbgtd,hxuÀ mÀm r`k `sdxm
n. east.
à`∆ r fgd∆ ` Àbgtd,hxuÀ mÀm rß `sdxm
n. west.
à`∆ r hjt∆ d n. 1) upper part. 2) north.
à`∆ r hsrÀxm n. 1) lower part. 2) south.
Syn: eÀbgdlh.
à`» r Àjß Àsvn n. right, right hand side.
à`» r Àjß m≠Ã mjß – n. left, left hand side.
à`xm Pl: Àav`xm. n 7/8. corn fufu.
àƒ» ,aƒ– adj. flat.
àd 1 Pl: lÀad. n 7/6a. 1) compound. 2) weather.
Syn: Àkvd» & À r`xmÀ.
àd 2 adv. outside, out of.
àd ` eÀlmÀ,` n. darkness. Syn: Õ e≠Ã l+
`∆ mehmÕ + mehmhrÀ.
àd& 1 Pl: Àaxd&. Variant: Àavd&. n 7/8. 1) part,
half. 2) leftover. Syn: Àavd&kÀ+ `rdlkÀ.
àd& 2 adj. 1) half. 2) half-full. Ant: a≠ jr≠ .
àd& ` mj`k n. semi-circle. Syn: àd& hmfnk.
àd& hmfnk n. curve.
Syn: àd& ` mj`k.
àdr Pl: Àavdr. n 7/8. 1) remainder. Syn: à≠Ã r≠ .
2) leftovers. Syn: Àavd&kÀ.
àdx&h Pl: Àavdx&h. n 7/8. 1) cargo.
Syn: j`x`+ mjt∆ l. 2) burden.
àÕÃ Pl: ÀayÕ . n 7/8. 1) lap. 2) thigh.
àÀ n. 1) many pits. 2) bad feelings, feeling sick.
à≠Ã n. camwood.
à≠Ã k n. dust.
à≠Ã k Àevn atrÀmÀ n. pollen. Syn: mjvn.
`∆ a≠ k,àÀk adj. closed.
à≠Ã k,à≠Ã k adj. dusty.
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àÀkh
`cxt» œ
àÀkh Pl: ÀaÀkh. n 7/8. spot, space, blank space.
`∆ a≠ mj`œj`œ n. chalky stone, soft and red in
which spears are thown at a banana stem
used as a target. 3) target.
n. knot. Syn: `jtr.
`bgeÀœ
colour, used in painting objects temporarily.
`bgex` Pl: Àbgex`. n 7/8. civet cat.
Syn: edl. See: èuÀ,à`xm.
`bgh Pl: lÀbgh. n 7/6a. 1) day. Syn: Àst&. 2) life.
à≠Ã r≠ n. remainder. Syn: àdr. See: aÀrÀ.
`bgh Àst& hk`& m≠ fgdkÀ It» r≠ n. Sabbath.
àn n. leopard, tiger.
`bghk n. 1) tray, woven with straw or young
àn&kÀ n. dent, depression.
leaves of the raffia palm. 2) spare space
ànk,ànk adv. gently, slowly. Syn: rhix`,
behind s.o. lying on a bed. Syn: ha`l h
rhix`.
Àjtxm.
ànl n 7. creation.
`bgÀ Pl: lÀbgÀ. n 7/6a. stool, seat, bench, chair
`∆ anmcd Pl: ≠ avnmcd. n 7/8. wild berry, small
without a back.
edible fruit, red in colour and sometimes
`bgÀ
`
bgteÀmÀ,` Pl: lÀbgÀ Àm bgteÀm≠Ã . n.
called butter berry.
carved stool. Syn: `bgÀ.
`∆ anmÕ n. swampy area for farming cocoyams.
àt» & Pl: Àat» &. n 7/8. 1) hole, dug by an animal `bgÀ ` fg`&mÀ,` n. 1) seat of honour,
important seat. 2) large seat.
or made by an accident of nature. See: haÀ.
`bgÀ
`
mc`∆ œn. armchair.
2) tunnel.
`bgÀ ` mcn Pl: lÀbgÀ l≠ mcn. n. foundation.
àt» & èxde n. 1) window. Syn: vtmct∆ .
`bgÀ ` s≠Ã en∆ xm n. throne, royal chair.
2) place where wind passes, e.g., mountain
pass.
`bgÀ ` v`xm n. placenta.
àt» & `vtœkÀ n. drainage hole or ditch.
Syn: Àevn À v`xm.
Syn: ènœkÀ `vtœkÀ.
`bgÀ ` xd&sÀmÀ,` n. chair, seat with back for
àt» & Àsnœ jÕ ` jÀ m,kt» Àbge≠ mct
leaning.
bgdl `mste n. oesophagus.
`bgÀl n. 1) pool, pond. 2) friction drum dance,
performed at the village of @¶ an∆ &.
àt&kÀ n. sheath. Syn: ÀjeÀ.
`bg≠Ã xm n. thickness. Syn: èd» e.
àtxm Pl: Àatxm. n 7/8. 1) ridge. 2) bed.
àtxm hr`r Pl: Àatxm `r`r. n 7/8. buttock. `bgn» & n. grains of paradise.
`∆ bgn& `x`& n. choice ram reserved for a special
Syn: hr`r.
occasion.
àuÀ n. 1) ashes, wood ash. 2) healing talk over a
`bgt» e ` e≠Ã j`∆ & n. log split all over with an
patient.
axe in order to hasten the drying process.
àuÀ ` j≠Ã id∆ l n. strong cough, asthma, more
common in children. Syn: `jdrh ` yvƒmÀ, `bgt& n. pounded cocoyam, cocoyam fufu.
`. See: a≠ kh,a≠ kh.
`bgt» l Pl: Àbgt» l. n 7/8. baboon, ape,
chimpanzee.
àuÀ ` vt» k n. poor person. Syn: àu≠Ã j.
`bgt
»
œ adv. not full, below the brim.
àu≠Ã j Pl: Àau≠Ã j. n 7/8. 1) poor man.
See:
bgt∆ œr≠ + ktxm.
2) worthless or wretched man.
`∆ cd∆ œ1 n. pride. Syn: hcx`k.
àyÀ Variant: àuÀ. n. child-bearing.
@bg`» e n. family name, one of the three original `∆ cd∆ œ2 adj. carefree.
Kom families along with Hjt» d and
`cuÀxm adj. old, an old...
HsrÀxm`k`'.
`cx`& Pl: Àcx`&. Variant: Àcv`&. n 7/8.
`bg`& Pl: Àbgv`&. n 7/8. brick.
1) power, strength. 2) authority, permission.
`bg`» & n. hollowed calabash used in storing s.t., `∆ cx`∆ œr≠ n. juju, masked from head to foot.
e.g., medicine, camwood, oil, etc.
`cx`» xm Pl: Àcx`» xm. n 7/8. trace, trail, track.
Syn: `fgdxm+ `∆ mseÀœ.
`cxd» e n. burp, belch. See: cxd∆ e.
`bg`& ` msn∆ xm n. clay for making pots.
`cxd» l n. hairy chest or abdomen.
`bg`» &k≠ n. mud.
`cxn» xm Pl: Àcxn» xm. Variant: sÀcxn» xm. n 7/8.
`bg`» &k≠ ,`bg`» &k≠ Pl: Àbgv`» &k≠ ,bgv`» &k≠ .
1) track or trail of animal or blood. 2) striped
adj. muddy.
mark.
`bg`» œ Pl: Àbgv`» œ. n 7/8. 1) stem, e.g., of
`cxt» œ n. spear, used upside down with a long
plantain or banana. 2) shooting game in
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`∆ cy≠ èx`» &
sharp-pointed ferrule (cap) at the end.
`∆ cy≠ Pl: ≠ cy≠ . n 7/8. 1) ulcer. 2) sore.
Syn: e≠ mer≠ .
è`» e Pl: Àex`» e. n 7/8. junction where two roads
meet.
è`l Pl: Àev`l. n 7/8. 1) rope, used for
tethering animals. 2) sling.
è`l ` mbgÕ n. slingshot.
è`l ` mfn∆ & n. slingshot.
è`l ` shlmÀ,` n. slingshot.
èd» e n. thickness. Syn: `bg≠Ã xm.
èd» xm adv. here.
èh adv. there, away from the speaker and
hearer, yet visible to both. See: hmiÀxm èh.
èÕÃ adv. there, near the hearer but away from the
speaker, yet visible to both, i.e., near where
you (hearer) are. Syn: èt+ `vt.
See: hmiÀxm èÕÃ .
èÀk n. tree, tall, high-branching; leaves simple,
ovate, tough (14 x 7 cm); fruits black, olive
shaped; slash white; Fulanis boil the bark to
create a dark brown ink; the Fulani name of
the tree is Bumehi. Vitex diversifolia.
èÀl n. worries, problems, struggles. See: eÀl.
èn Pl: Àevn. n 7/8. 1) thing. 2) property (plural
form).
èn ` adlmÀ,` n. dangerous thing. Syn: èn
rÀ fuh mÀ mfd&+ hadl.
èn ` atrÀmÀ,` Pl: Àevn À atrÀmÀ. n 7/8.
flower. Syn: ek`v`∆ .
èn ` s`xmÀmÀ,` n. porridge.
èn ` sÀen∆ xm n. royal thing.
èn ` vnxmc` n. illness of children with side
and chest pain.
Syn: èn hbghaÀ+ `fg`r.
èn ` xÀmÀ,` Pl: Àevn À xÀmÀ. n 7/8. food.
èn ` xÀmÀ,` mÀ hmxuÀ,h n. food and drink.
èn hbgha≠ n. 1) illness with side pain.
Syn: èn ` vnxmc`. 2) pneumonia.
Syn: mx`l.
èn hfgn∆ œ Pl: Àevn hfgn∆ œ. n. weapon.
èn Àjtxm Pl: Àevn Àjtxm. n. bed bug.
èn Àjvn À svn n. s.t. valuable, precious or
costly.
èn m≠ s≠ auÀ sÀ jƒ– hfgdk n. square.
èn rÀ fgn∆ e Àly≠ rÀ sn∆ & Àjß À xèÀmÀ
n. sling. Syn: `∆ mfgn∆ e.
èn rÀ fuh mÀ mfd& n. danger. Syn: èn `
adlmÀ,`+ hadl.
ènk Pl: Àevnk. n 7/8. 1) cap (any). 2) headdress.
Syn: `» mjtk `st.
ènk ` sÀen∆ xm n. crown.
ènk hkdlh n. cap with a brim or bill in front.
ènk huÀ n. hat, with flat projecting brim.
ènl n. bitter vegetables from forest.
`∆ en∆ mfn∆ l n. tree, low-branching, grows above
15 m; bark gray, very rough; leaves rough,
brittle, acute elliptic (16 x 11 cm) with
slightly jagged edges; slash white; coppices;
planted from cuttings. Main uses: carving
drums and masks; making bottom of oil
vessel. Other uses: gum collected from
seeds; fuelwood; bark for weaving mats;
bark is boiled with juice squeezed from
leaves and drank to cure chest pains; young
leaves are boiled with other leaves and
drank to replenish poor blood supply and
help men with impotence.
ènœkÀ n. valley. Syn: Àex`xm.
ènœkÀ `vtœkÀ n. drainage ditch. Syn: àt&
`vtœkÀ.
èrh Variant: `rtd+ `rgtd. Pl: Àerh. n 7/8.
1) puff adder. 2) foam. 3) spinach.
4) vegetables. Syn: `∆ mk`» xmk`∆ xm.
`∆ erÕ iß n. herb, with a tiny soft stem, used as
fuel and the bark for ropes.
èt adv. there, away from both the speaker and
hearer and not visible to either, usually
spoken in reference to the bush, farms,
rivers, mountains, roads, etc. See: èh+ `vt.
èt» & n. 1) blessing, unexpected gift. Syn: hanxrÀ+
hlv`&sÀ. 2) weeds. Syn: Àmet» &.
èt» œ Pl: Àet» œ. n 7/8. log.
èuÀ Pl: lÀeuÀ. n 7/6a. 1) medicine. 2) cures
(various kinds of).
èuÀ ` ank` n. soft medicine. Syn: Àkn» k.
èuÀ ` kÀlmÀ,` n. smelling medicine.
See: kx≠ l.
èuÀ ` sn n. 1) strong medicine. 2) plant (kind
of).
èuÀ,à`xm n. chalky stone, soft and white in
colour, used in painting objects temporarily;
sometimes eaten by pregnant women.
Syn: edl. See: `∆ a≠ mj`œj`œ.
èuÀ,hfg`∆ l n. tree, grows above 10 m; leaves
simple, soft, heart-shaped (10 x 10 cm); bark
gray, rough; slash pink and white
resembling cedar; coppices. Main use: bark
of young trees is stripped for ropes. Other
uses: fuelwood; bark is used to treat side
pains.
èx`» & n. work. Syn: hed» k.
6
èx`œ
`j`» xm
Syn: `st ` bgvnsÀmÀ,`.
`fu≠Ã l n. burial cloth.
`fvnl Pl: Àfvnl. n 7/8. pest, chrysopfly.
`fxd» & Pl: Àfvd» &. n 7/8. 1) cheek. 2) jaw.
See: at&at& `∆ st.
3) tornado.
ì`» œ n. generation. Syn: mfv`∆ &.
èxdl Pl: Àexdl. n 7/8. cockroach.
ìd» k Pl: Àivd» k. n 7/8. rat (kind of).
èxd» r n. gas (intestinal).
ìdœ Pl: Àiudœ. n 7/8. 1) roofed entrance. 2) arch.
`f`» œk≠ Pl: Àfv`» œk≠ . n 7/8. stem of a special
3) tree, kind of.
grass with nodes; easily broken when dry
and stepped on.
ìÕÃ Pl: ÀiÕÃ . n 7/8. penis.
Syn: hjdk+ Àse≠Ã .
`fgè n. distance, far distance.
`∆ in∆ œ Pl: ≠ in∆ œ. n 7/8. plum.
`fg`» k Pl: Àv`» k. n 7/8. dung, stool, excrement.
ìu` n. tree, grows above1 m; dense umbrella`fg`œ n. 1) roots. 2) tree, mature tree is highshaped crown; leaves simple, acute elliptic,
branching with flat crown; looks Y-shaped;
papery; branches lower when growing in
grows above 12 m; bark light gray, slightly
open areas; bark gray, smooth; exudate
rough; leaves pinnate with terminal leaflet;
white and gums; slash peach coloured. Main
leaflets opposite, soft, ovate (10 x 5 cm);
use: timber. Other uses: fuelwood; carving.
slash light yellow. Main use: carving chairs,
drums masks, door shutters, traditional
`∆ iu`∆ Pl: ≠ iu`∆ . n 7/8. garden egg.
pillars and local dishes. Other uses:
`∆ iu`∆ ` eÀmjeÀ n. garden egg, very small one
fuelwood; source of plant manure. Polyscias
that grows wild.
fulva.
`∆ iu`∆ ` eÀmjnl n. garden egg, kind of that is
`fg`œrÀ n. apron, a robe without sleeves.
bitter.
`fg`r n. 1) cow peas. 2) spleen.
`∆ iu`∆ ` je`œ n. tomato.
`fg`xm n. times. Syn: Õ mf`k.
`∆ iu`∆ ` mfvnxn∆ œ`∆ n. garden egg, small and
`fg`» xm pro dem. this side, this way.
bitter.
`fgd&` Pl: Àvd&`. n 7/8. cowry shell.
`∆ iu`∆ ` mÕ j`∆ œ n. garden egg, that grows wild
and is unedible.
`fgd» r Pl: Àvd» r. n 7/8. weaver bird, palm bird.
`fgdrh n. 1) bravery. Syn: `sdl ` sn+ hbgÀkh. `∆ iu`∆ Õ an∆ & n. garden egg, almost as large as a
pumpkin.
2) larynx. Syn: `kd» & Àsnœ jÕ ` fx` mÀm
eu≠Ã `sdxm.
ìvn» n. 1) dust, haze. 2) fog, mist.
Syn: la`∆ &r≠ .
`fgdxm Pl: Àvdxm. n 7/8. 1) calabash, (large,
open-mouthed). 2) breast.
`jàkÀ adj. robust, strong, healthy person or
thing.
`fgn& Pl: Àfgn&. n 7/8. 1) mushroom. 2) fool
(idiom).
`j`» &k≠ Pl: Àje`» &k≠ . n 7/8. basket woven with
bamboo pith.
`fgn&kÀ n. 1) shell that is empty. 2) skull that is
empty.
`j`œ Pl: Àje`œ. n 7/8. 1) pan. 2) dish.
`∆ ft∆ l Pl: ≠ ft∆ l. n 7/8. tree (kind of).
`j`œ ` kd∆ k`kdk n. tray, flat pan. Syn: jdk h
kdkhmÀ.
`∆ ft∆ l ` je`œ n. tree, cypress tree.
`j`œ
` kdkhmÀ,` Pl: Àje`œ À kdkhmÀ. n. plate,
`ftœ n. clot of soil, piece of dry earth.
dish.
`fuÀk n. 1) fever. Syn: `fuÀk ` ank`.
`j`œkÀ
Pl: Àje`œkÀ. n 7/8. 1) tadpole that can
2) malaria. Syn: `fuÀk ` sn.
sting
with its gills. 2) broken vessel.
`fuÀk ` ank` n. febrile illness.
`fuÀk ` bgdlrÀmÀ,` n. malaria. Syn: `fuÀk `j`œkÀ ` mbgdœ n. broken bottle, a piece of
it.
` sn.
`j`r
Pl: Àjv`r. n 7/8. 1) iron. 2) zinc, roofing
`fuÀk ` Àku`∆ n. typhoid fever.
material.
`fuÀk ` r`xmÀ,` n. chill, cold fever.
`j`r ` hen∆ n. worn out cutlass.
`fuÀk ` sn n. 1) high fever. 2) malaria.
`j`r ` Àe≠Ã n. worn out hoe.
Syn: `fuÀk ` bgdlrÀmÀ,`. 3) typhoid
`j`» xm Pl: Àje`» xm. n 7/8. 1) s.t. infertile, e.g.,
fever. Syn: `fuÀk ` Àku`∆ . 4) delirium.
èx`œ Pl: Àex`œ. n 7/8. 1) trail. 2) passageway.
èxde n. wind. See: exde.
èxde ` kt» l n. harmattan.
èxde ` sn n. 1) strong wind. 2) storm.
7
`j`xmÀ
`jtd
animals, plants, soil. 2) barren.
`j`xmÀ n. tree, grows above 18 m; upwardspreading crown; bark light gray, slightly
rough; simple leaves with widely spaced
jags, papery texture (16 x 11 cm); slash
peach coloured; white exudate; coppices.
Main use: carving of juju masks. Other use:
fuelwood.
`jd Pl: Àjed» s≠ . n 7/8. charcoal, coal.
`jd&kÀ n. maggot that is large, brownish, and
lives underground.
`jdl` pro poss 6, 7. mine. See: `jdr`.
`jdr Pl: hjdr. Variant: Àjvdr.
n 7/4, (7/8 variant). section of leg below the
knee.
`jdr` pro poss 6, 7. ours (exclusive).
See: `jdl`.
`jdrh n. cough. See: jdrh.
`jdrh ` yvƒmÀ,` n. whooping cough.
`jd» s≠ n. charcoal. See: `jd.
`jdxm`∆ Variant: `jd» xm.
pro dem 7. this one, referring to s.t. near to
the speaker, though not necessarily to the
hearer, yet visible to both.
— pro dem 6. these ones.
See: `jh+ `jÕÃ .
`∆ je`∆ k`∆ Pl: ≠ je`∆ k`∆ . n 7/8. harlot, prostitute.
Syn: vtk À vh À id∆ kÀmÀ+ rx`∆ j`∆ .
`je≠Ã Variant: `jeu≠Ã . n. filaria.
`jeÀ ` mx`» l n. carcass.
`jeÀ ` vt» k n. corpse.
Syn: hfuÀxm+ hfuÀxm h vt» k.
`je≠Ã hr`œ Pl: Àje≠Ã `r`œ. n. bare corn cob, after
grains of corn are taken off.
`∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ Variant: `∆ jeu≠ ,`jeuÀ. adv. lying
facedown, prostrate. Ant: `∆ r`∆ œ,`r`œ+
`∆ sd∆ k`sdk.
`∆ jeÀje≠Ã Variant: `∆ jeuÀjeu≠Ã . n. coo-coo,
cuckoo, rain bird.
`je≠Ã l Variant: `jeu≠Ã l. Pl: Àje≠Ã l. n 7/8.
stump. Syn: `sÀlkÀ.
`je≠Ã l ` c`∆ k` n. skirt.
Syn: hr`r h mcyÀrÀ.
`je≠Ã l ` e≠Ã j`∆ & n. stump.
`jeÀsÀ n. determination to struggle to the end,
vow to conquer.
`je≠Ã xm Variant: `jeu≠Ã xm. n. smoldering anger,
which may last for several days or more and
may result in losing one's temper or
violence.
`jh pro dem 7. that one, referring to s.t. a bit
removed from both the speaker and the
— pro dem 6. those ones.
See: `jdxm`∆ + `jÕÃ .
`jÕÃ pro dem 7. that one, referring to s.t. not
present but known to both the speaker and
the hearer. Or, it may refer to s.t. present and
near the hearer, but a bit removed from the
speaker.
See: `jdxm`∆ + `jh.
`jh,` pro poss 6, 7. yours (pl.). See: `jx`.
`jÀ n. mortar. Syn: eÀjÀ.
`jÀ `∆ œdm` pro poss 6, 7. theirs. See: `jÀ
œvdxm`.
`jÀ œvdxm` pro poss 6, 7. his, hers. See: `jÀ
`∆ œdm`.
`jÀœ ` iÀl n. back, the region of the back that
protects the kidneys. Syn: `jÀœsÀ.
`jÀœsÀ n. low back. Syn: `jt&sÀ.
`jn» &kÀ n. stem, stalk.
Syn: Àvtxm e≠ Ã j`∆ &.
`jn» k n. broken part.
`jn∆ k`∆ n. okra (loan word). Syn: mfu`∆ k`∆ &.
`jnœ Pl: Àjnœ. n 7/8. stick, pestle. Syn: hbgÀ.
`jnœ à`xm n. 1) stick for stirring fufu.
2) insect (kind of).
`jnœ `k`∆ œ n. stick for pounding cocoyam.
`jnœ hje≠ k n. squatting beam of a latrine.
`jnœ Àu≠ r n. gun barrel.
`jn» r Pl: Àjn» r. n 7/8. slave.
`jn» r ` mx`» lr≠ n. herder. Syn: mbgÕ mx`∆ lr≠ .
`jnxkÀ Pl: ÀjnxkÀ. adj. huge. Syn: Àex`œ.
`jn» xm n. 1) amount, number, total. 2) counting,
arithmetic.
`jt 1 Pl: lÀjt. n 7/6a. forest, wood. Syn: Àmj`» &.
`jt 2 adj. unripe.
`jt» v. snore.
`jte Pl: Àjte. n 7/8. 1) tick. 2) flea.
`jt&sÀ Pl: Àjt&sÀ. n 7/8. 1) waist. Syn: mvdxmÀ
e≠ jt∆ . 2) hip. 3) lower section of backbone.
Syn: `jÀœsÀ.
`jtk n. way of dressing. Syn: `kè.
`jtl Pl: lÀjtl. n 7/6a. 1) juju. 2) mask.
`jtr Pl: Àjtr. n 7/8. knot. Syn: `bgeÀœ.
`jtxm ` je`œ n. rice.
`jtxm ` lÀkuÀ n. rice.
`jtd Pl: Àjtd. n 7/8. 1) belt. 2) strap.
8
`jvn»
`ktœ
Syn: eÀjt» .
`jvn» n. phlegm.
`jx` pro poss 6, 7. yours (sg.). See: `jh,`.
`k` conj. 1) when (contraction of ÀkuÀ s`). 2) if.
`kè n. way of dressing. Syn: `jtk.
`k`» & Pl: Àkv`» &. n 7/8. 1) den. 2) nest. Syn: mcn.
`∆ k`∆ k`∆ sn Pl: ≠ kv`∆ k`∆ snsn. n 7/8. 1) dove.
2) pigeon. See: e≠ mk`∆ xm≠ .
`k`l Pl: Àkv`l. n 7/8. pasty clay.
`k`» l Pl: Àkv`» l. n 7/8. 1) blacksmith's
workshop. 2) cold house, (idiomatic use).
`k`∆ l`r`& n. onion. Syn: `mxn∆ r.
`∆ k`∆ l,mrd n. thorny root, found mostly in forest
areas.
`k`œ Pl: Àkv`œ. n 7/8. 1) cocoyam. 2) tree, lowbranching; branches upward from a single
point to form a flat to rounded crown;
seldom grows above 5 m; bark gray, scarred
- resembles a pawpaw tree; leaves simple,
soft with finely jagged edges; slash white.
Main use: agroforestry - nitrogen fixing.
Other uses: fencing; windbreak.
Crassocephalum manii.
`k`» œ Pl: Àkv`» œ. n 7/8. injunction, ban.
`k`œ ` ahvd n. cocoyam (kind of).
`k`œ ` e≠Ã xÕ mÕ n. white lily (kind of).
`k`œ ` j`j` n. cocoyam, (kind of).
`k`œ ` je`œ n. cocoyam (kind of).
`k`œ ` jnl n. cocoyam (kind of).
`k`œ ` mcn∆ &r`œ n. cocoyam (kind of).
`k`œ ` ms`∆ œ n. cocoyam (kind of).
`k`œ `» yxƒ– Pl: Àkv`œ `» yxƒ– . n. white lily.
`k`r Pl: Àkv`r. n 7/8. 1) scar. 2) mark.
`k`xm Pl: Àkv`xm. n 7/8. cactus tree, very
distinct thorns protruding in rows from thick
branches; creamy white exudate; older trees
have a rough barked trunk; grows to 5 m.
Main use: lightning "protector" on
compounds in high places. Other uses:
exudate is very dangerous. Very small
amounts are taken as a laxative or rubbed on
boils to force it to open. Also used to induce
abortions.
`kd» & Pl: Àkvd» &. n 7/8. place, spot, area, location.
`kd& ` bghmÀ,` Pl: Àkvd» & À bghmÀ. n.
dwelling place.
`kd» & ` fud» xm n. farm plot.
`kd» & ` jvnrÀmÀ,` n. bruise.
`kd» & ` v`xm n. womb. Syn: Àku`» .
`kd» & ` xtl` n. 1) empty space. 2) space.
`kd» & Àsnœ jÕ ` fx` mÀm eu≠ `sdxm
n. larynx. Syn: `fgdrh.
`kd∆ & ÀuÀr n. hell.
`kd»∆ & Àvt∆ xm jÕ ` jÀ m,sn&m≠ m≠ lÀkt» œ
n. gland.
`∆ kd∆ k`kdk adj. level, flat. Syn: ha`k.
`kdl ` mfu≠ Pl: Àkvdl. n 7/8. comb of fowl.
`kdlsÀ Pl: ÀkvdlsÀ. n 7/8. injury on the body,
wound. Syn: hexdœ.
`kdœ Pl: Àkvdœ. n 7/8. 1) period. 2) section, part,
portion. 3) position. 4) rank.
`kdœ ÀkuÀ hje` n. dusk, the time of returning
home.
`kdœ ÀkuÀ me`l n. towards the latter part of
day, late afternoon.
`k≠Ã n. abcess, large boil.
`k≠Ã l n. scent. See: `k≠Ã ls≠ + k≠ lsÀ.
`kÀl`kÀl n. shock.
`k≠Ã ls≠ n. scent. See: `k≠Ã l+ k≠ lsÀ.
`kÀœrÀ Variant: `kxÀœrÀ. n. 1) shade, shadow.
Syn: kÕ l`∆ ,kÕ l`∆ . 2) picture, photo.
`kn&kn& Pl: Àkn&kn&. n 7/8. bell, often worn on
the neck of a hunting dog to prevent
accidents.
`kn» m≠ Pl: Àkn» m≠ . n 7/8. tree, grows to 20 m;
leaves pinnate, numerous small opposed
leaflets; branches into a very wide crown;
slash brown; leguminous. Main uses: timber,
fuelwood. Other uses: agroforestry,
nitrogen-fixing, provides plant manure;
charcoal; bark is pounded and placed into
nostrils to treat eye irritation(?). Newtonia
buchanani.
`knxm Pl: Àknxm. n 7/8. fig tree, grows above 12
m; mature trees have thick trunk; leaves
large (26 x 16 cm), tough, acute elliptic,
distinguished by pointed tip; bark gray,
slightly rough; slash pink; white exudate.
Main uses: fuelwood; favorite tree for
hungry birds including Bannerman's Turaco.
Other uses: carving; plant manure; gum
from Àcv`l is placed on Aloyn branches
to trap birds; previously the exudate was
collected, dried, and formed into a candle
which burned slowly. Sometimes referred to
as e≠ mf`&- A slightly different
variety is called `mcnmfm`k`x`kt» & Pl: Àkt» &. n 7/8. tree, raffia palm.
See: Àkvdœ+ `mjeÀe.
`kt» l n. season.
`ktœ n. red water yam.
9
`∆ la`&
`∆ me`k
`∆ la`& n. seed of the shea tree, which strung
`m`œsÀ n. reward of piece of meat, e.g., neck or
together on the outside of calabashes as
rattles. The seeds are also used in the game
e≠ mi`» œ. Shea butter is also produced from
them. See: e≠ j`» & eÀ `∆ la`&.
`∆ la`œ n. 1) extravagance. 2) greediness.
`∆ la≠ akÀ n. scar, mark or swelling on the body,
e.g., from a wound, burn or scald.
`∆ la≠ k`∆ n. confusion.
`∆ la≠ k`laÀk Pl: Àla≠ k`laÀk. n 7/8.
1) butterfly. 2) moth.
`∆ la≠ k≠ Pl: ≠ la≠ k≠ . n. idiot. Syn: `∆ mft∆ +
`∆ mjnxm.
`∆ la≠Ã lk≠ ` vt» k Pl: ≠ la≠Ã lk≠ À fgd» k. n.
ignorant person.
`∆ la≠ r Pl: ≠ la≠ r. n 7/8. wild balsam berry.
`∆ lan n. trumpet. Syn: `∆ metœ+ hrnœ.
`∆ lan∆ k Pl: ≠ lavn∆ k. n 7/8. tadpole.
See: `j`œkÀ.
`∆ lankÕ n. tree, sturdy, grows to 20 m; bark
gray, rough; leaves pinnate with terminal
leaflet; opposing leaflets, soft, elliptic (15 x
7 cm); brilliant orange flowers; slash white ;
coppices. Main use: plant manure. Other
uses: firewood; bark is used to cure wounds.
Spathodea campanulata.
`∆ lanœ adj. cheap or easy to get or control.
`∆ lanœ ` vt» k n. simpleton, common person.
`∆ lanr Pl: ≠ lavnr. n 7/8. bird (kind of).
`∆ lat& Pl: ≠ lat&. n 7/8. stick for playing drum
or xylophone.
`∆ lat∆ k Pl: ≠ lat∆ k. n 7/8. short piece of stick,
thrown up a tree to knock down fruits or
nuts.
`∆ lat∆ l Pl: ≠ lat∆ l. n 7/8. weevil. See: at∆ l.
`∆ lat∆ œ Pl: ≠ lat∆ œ. n 7/8. 1) stretcher.
Syn: `∆ mjd∆ . 2) yoke.
`∆ laxd∆ xm Pl: ≠ laxd∆ xm. n 7/8. 1) thread.
2) cotton, wool.
`∆ ld∆ l Pl: ≠ lxd∆ l. n 7/8. grasshopper (kind
of).
`∆ ln∆ & num pro. one.
`lt∆ & n. roasted ground corn, sweetend with
banana, sugar, etc.
`lx`» & Pl: ≠ lx`» &. n 7/8. 1) dew. 2) eye
secretion.
`∆ lx`∆ xm Pl: ≠ lx`∆ xm. n 7/8. 1) prize. 2) prying
tool, lever.
`m`l Pl: Àmv`l. n 7/8. 1) thing. Syn: èn.
2) enigma.
`m`l ` v`xm n. foreskin.
tail, to s.o. who seconded in shooting the
animal.
`∆ mbg`∆ l`∆ jd∆ r n. toad.
`mbg`∆ œ,`mbg`∆ œ adv. disorderly.
`∆ mbg`xm n. vaccination. See: bg`xm.
`∆ mbgƒ– n. discouraging remarks. Syn: hbgd» r≠ .
`∆ mbgdl Pl: Àmbgvdl. n 7/8. 1) device for
moulding loaves of fufu, e.g., a half
calabash. 2) sneeze. See: bgdl.
`∆ mbgd∆ r Pl: ≠ mbgvd∆ r. n 7/8. 1) cricket.
2) whistle. See: snœ.
`∆ mbgeÀœ Pl: ≠ mbgeÀœ. n 7/8. fastener.
`∆ mbg≠ l n. small portion of hair (tonsure), left at
the centre of the head after shaving.
`∆ mbgn& n. key. Syn: jÕÃ .
`∆ mbgn» lbgn∆ l n. tree, easily distinguished
tree, grows above 12 m; tough, long leaves
(1.5 m x 10 cm), clumped together and
sprouting from the end of individual
branches; bark is gray and ridged, the scars
of dead leaves; clear exudate. Main use:
timber for toilet floors; lightning protector.
Other uses: boundaries; fencing; carving;
jujus use leaves when dancing. Given the
name Dry-Seasoner.
`∆ mbgt» as≠ Pl: ≠ mbgt» as≠ . n 7/8. 1) small axe or
chisel for boring. 2) boring.
`∆ mbgte Pl: ≠ mbgte. n 7/8. 1) chisel. 2) borer.
See: bgte. 3) bird (kind of).
`∆ mbgxd& Pl: ≠ mbgxd&. n 7/8. grater.
See: bgxd&.
`∆ mbgxd& hrn∆ œ n. toothbrush.
`∆ mc`œ Pl: ≠ mcu`œ. n 7/8. 1) Colocasia sets,
part to be planted of the native cocoyam.
2) old remains of clotted oil, scraped from a
container.
`∆ mc`∆ œ n. wandering away from home without
returning.
`∆ mcn∆ œ Àsnœ n. 1) tonsil. 2) Adam's apple.
Syn: hrd» &.
`∆ mctœ Pl: ≠ mctœ. n 7/8. muzzel for an
agressive dog, to prevent it from biting.
`∆ mct∆ œkÀ n. leaf used to wrap on eÀvß , an
instrument used to suck blood from a
person's body.
`∆ mcuÀ n. termites (kind of).
`∆ mcx`» œr≠ n. 1) lintel, a beam laying across s.t.
2) bar or stick crossed on a road. See: cx`∆ œ.
`∆ me`k Pl: ≠ mev`k. n 7/8. 1) stick for poking.
2) scissors.
10
`∆ me`∆ xm èn
`mn» xm s` jÀ m`kÕ m`∆ mct,`∆
`∆ me`∆ xm èn n. person or thing easily
frightened.
`∆ me`∆ xmr≠ n. scarecrow. Syn: mf`∆ xm.
`med∆ e n. 1) blind person. 2) blindness.
`∆ med∆ & n. measuring instrument. Syn: Àexd» &.
See: ed∆ &.
`∆ med∆ &r≠ Pl: ≠ mexd∆ &r≠ . n. statue.
`∆ med∆ ls≠ n. catarrh, cold.
`∆ med» xmed∆ xm n. hippopotamus. Syn: mx`» l
iu`∆ .
`∆ mehmÕ n. darkness of the night. Syn: mehmhrÀ+
àd ` eÀlmÀ,`.
`∆ meÀe Pl: ≠ meÀe. n 7/8. 1) poor person.
Syn: `∆ mxtl ` vt» k. 2) poverty. See: eÀe.
`∆ me≠ l Pl: ≠ me≠ l. n 7/8. timber beetle.
`∆ me≠ lr≠ n. substance used to blacken s.t.
`∆ men∆ Pl: ≠ mevn∆ . n 7/8. lock. See: en∆ .
`∆ merÕ àt∆ & n. drill. Syn: hat» &. See: her≠Ã .
`∆ metœ Pl: ≠ metœ. n 7/8. trumpet. Syn: `∆ lan+
hrnœ.
`∆ mex`œ Pl: ≠ mex`œ. n 7/8. egocentricity, selfcenteredness.
`∆ mf`∆ œs≠ n. chest.
Syn: e≠ cxn∆ &+ mjtlsÀ.
`∆ mfd» xm≠ n. owl.
`∆ mfg`k `vt n. handrail.
`∆ mfgd∆ & n. jealousy. See: fgd∆ &.
`∆ mfgn∆ e n. 1) hook. 2) sling.
`∆ mft∆ Pl: ≠ mft∆ . n 7/8. fool, madman.
Syn: `∆ la≠ k≠ + `∆ mjnxm.
`∆ mft∆ hvn n. absurdity, foolish word.
@¶ mft& n. name of a juju.
`∆ mft∆ ktœ n. vulture.
`mft∆ lm≠ n. argument. See: ft∆ lm≠ .
`∆ mfud∆ k Pl: ≠ mfud∆ k. n 7/8. match.
`∆ mfu≠ n. falling sickness, fainting fits, epilepsy.
See: `rtd+ ed.
`∆ mfvn∆ r≠ n. division.
`∆ mi`œ n. wandering.
`∆ mih n. mental worries, troubles, suffering.
Syn: `∆ miÕ œ.
`∆ miÕ œ Variant: `∆ mi≠ œ. Pl: ≠ miÕ œ. n 7/8.
1) troubles, worries, suffering. Syn: `∆ mih.
2) skipping game.
`∆ mj`» &s≠ Pl: ≠ mje`» &s≠ . n. cutting board, a
wooden slab on which meat is sliced.
`∆ mj`œ Pl: ≠ mje`œ. n 7/8. lie, lying, falshood,
wrong, untruth.
`∆ mj`œ rÀ adarÀ hyÀxm h vt» k n. slander.
Syn: jt» fgn∆ œ+ hedl.
`∆ mjd∆ n. 1) coffin. 2) stretcher for carrying a
corpse.
`∆ mjdl Variant: `jdl. Pl: Àmjedl. n 7/8.
crab.
`mjdl hjeÀ Pl: Àmjedl hjeÀ. n. tarantula.
`mjdxm` Variant: `mjdxm.
pro obj 7. it, the one, referring to things.
— pro obj 6. them. See: jÀ.
`∆ mje`» &s≠ Pl: ≠ mje`» &s≠ . Variant: mje`&rÀ.
n 7/8. drumstick, used in beating the lower
part of a drum. See: je`&sÀ, `∆ lat& .
`mje`∆ m`rÀ,`mje`m`rÀ adj. striped.
Syn: `s≠Ã bgn∆ l,`s≠Ã bgn∆ l.
`∆ mjed∆ r Pl: ≠ mjed∆ r. n 7/8. novice, one who has
not learned the art or skill of doing a
particular thing.
`∆ mjeÀe Pl: ≠ mjeÀe. n 7/8. fruit of the raffia palm.
See: `kt» &+ Àkvdœ.
`∆ mje≠ r n. leprosy. Syn: `∆ mr`∆ rh.
`∆ mjh Pl: ≠ mjh. n 7/8. 1) mirror. 2) glass.
`∆ mj≠ œs≠ n. protector, shelter. Syn: `kd» & `
k≠ l`∆ ,k≠ l`∆ , `∆ mjx`∆ `∆ mjnxm Pl: ≠ mjnxm. n 7/8. 1) fool.
Syn: `∆ la≠ k≠ + `∆ mft∆ . 2) ignorant.
`∆ mjß – Pl: ≠ mjß –. n 7/8. knock on head.
`∆ mjt∆ & Pl: ≠ mjt∆ &. n 7/8. deaf mute. See: xuÀ
vh `vn s`œh vh.
`∆ mjtk `st n. headdress. Syn: ènk.
`∆ mjt∆ l Pl: ≠ mjt∆ l. n. 1) cotton towel, made
locally. 2) hobble, to prevent an animal from
wandering far.
`∆ mjt∆ ls≠ adj. next. See: `rÀ+ fn∆ &rÀmÀ.
`∆ mjtœ n. flood.
`∆ mjx`∆ n. shield. Syn: `∆ mj≠ œs≠ .
`∆ mk`» xmk`∆ xm n. vegetables. Syn: `∆ er≠ .
`∆ mkd∆ n. loss. See: hkd» + kd∆ .
`∆ mkd∆ k n. s.t. private or hidden.
`∆ mkÕ à`xm n. piece of calabash for removing
fufu from a pot.
`∆ mkt n. red rat, (kind of).
`∆ mkt∆ n. 1) tradition formerly practiced against
witches, women's regulatory society.
2) taboo.
`∆ mn∆ œ n. illness (kind of), usually of buttocks.
`mn∆ xm n. 1) together. 2) crowd, group.
`mn» xm ` mx`» lr≠ n. herd.
`mn» xm s` jÀ m`kÕ m`∆ mct,`∆ n.
procession.
11
`∆ mr`∆ rÕ `r`œ ` ank`
`∆ mr`∆ rÕ n. leprosy. Syn: `∆ mje≠ r.
`∆ mr`» xms≠ n. short log of wood on which other
wood is place before splitting.
`∆ mrd Pl: ≠ mrd. n 7/8. file, sharpener.
`∆ mrd∆ & Pl: ≠ mrvd∆ &. n 7/8. 1) tadpole trap.
2) musical instrument (kind of).
`∆ mrdœ n. warlike display with guns, usually
once a year in the palace.
`∆ mrd» œr≠ Pl: ≠ mrvd» œr≠ . Variant: ≠ mrgvd» œr≠ .
n 7/8. calabash with a narrow neck, used for
carrying water by travellers.
`∆ mrÕ Pl: ≠ mrÕ . n 7/8. 1) sifter. 2) dance (kind of).
`∆ mrne n. slip of the tongue.
`∆ mrnl n. sigh.
`∆ mrn∆ œ Pl: ≠ mrn∆ œ. n 7/8. 1) mouse with a long
mouth. 2) stealing by secret means.
`∆ mrv`∆ &Õ Variant: `∆ mrgv`∆ &Õ . Pl: ≠ mrv`∆ &Õ .
n 7/8. comb.
`∆ mrvn Pl: l≠ mrvn. Variant: `∆ mrgvn;
l≠ mrgvn. n. large basket.
`∆ mrx≠ œr≠ Variant: `∆ mrgx≠ œr≠ . n. hanging.
See: rx≠ œr≠ .
`∆ ms`∆ œ n. smallpox.
`∆ ms`∆ r Pl: ≠ msv`∆ r. n 7/8. spoon.
`∆ ms`∆ xm Pl: ≠ msv`∆ xm. n 7/8. grasshopper, e.g.,
hj`» ', Õ mfu≠Ã xm, etc.
`∆ ms`xms`xm n. box.
`∆ ms`xms`xm ` anlrÀ n. cupboard.
`∆ ms`xms`xm `bg`& n. form or for making
bricks, brick mould. Syn: en» l.
`∆ msd∆ l n. girdle. Syn: `jtd+ eÀjt» .
`∆ msd» xm≠ prep. 1) in, inside. 2) in the middle.
3) into.
`∆ msd» xm≠ ` mcn n. room. Syn: `sdxm ` mcn.
`∆ msd» xm≠ ù≠ n. sole of foot, including under
arch.
`∆ msd» xm≠ `vt Pl: ≠ msvd» xm≠ Àvt. n 7/8.
palm of hand.
`∆ msd» xm≠ ,`∆ msd» xm≠ prep. between, in the
middle.
— n. middle, centre, mid-way.
See: `∆ msd» xm≠ .
`∆ mseÀœ n. calabash (kind of). Syn: `bg`» &+
`fgdxm.
`∆ ms≠ l n. 1) heat, intense heat. 2) hot season.
`∆ ms≠ lkÀ Pl: l≠ ms≠ lkÀ. n 7/6a. 1) small pieces.
2) verse, e.g., from Scripture or a song.
`∆ ms≠ lkÀ `∆ la`∆ œ Pl: l≠ ms≠ lkÀ lÀ
la`∆ œ'r≠ (. Variant: ≠ ms≠ lkÀ À la`∆ œr≠ .
n 7/6a. club.
`∆ msn∆ Pl: ≠ msn∆ . n 7/8. 1) calabash seed. 2) device
used to keep s.t. flat. Syn: `∆ mv`» lm≠ .
See: sn∆ .
`∆ msn» ls≠ ÀuÀ n. footrest. See: snlsÀ.
`∆ msn∆ xm n. coldness.
`∆ mst Pl: ≠ mst. n 7/8. digging tool, for tuberous
roots.
`∆ mst∆ e n. stomach, the stomach organ itself.
Syn: Àku`» .
`∆ mstœ Pl: ≠ mstœ. n 7/8. bamboo stick, used to
carry a load on the back, used mostly by
women.
`∆ mv`» lm≠ Pl: ≠ mv`» lm≠ . n 7/8. cross.
Syn: `∆ msn∆ .
`mx`» lmÀ n. bush cat, jackal.
`∆ mx`∆ rÕ n. yawn, yawning. See: x`∆ rÕ .
`∆ mxd» &r≠ Pl: ≠ mxud» &r≠ . n 7/8. figurehead.
Syn: `∆ mxd» &r≠ ` vt» k+ `∆ med∆ &r≠ .
`∆ mxd∆ &r≠ n. jokes. Syn: hcxÀl. See: mf`∆ xm.
`∆ mxd∆ r Pl: ≠ mxvd∆ r. n 7/8. brush. See: xd∆ r.
`∆ mxd∆ r Àvt∆ xm n. towel. Syn: s`vt∆ k`∆ .
`∆ mxnkÕ èn n. weakling. Syn: `∆ lankÕ .
`mxnkh `s`∆ & n. slug.
`mxnœ Pl: Àmxnœ. adj. fruits, very young.
`mxn∆ r n. onion (loan word). Syn: `k`∆ l`r`&.
`mxt&rÀ ` vt» k Pl: Àmxt&rÀ À fgd» k. n 7/8.
short and fat person.
`mxt&rÀ èn Pl: Àmxt&rÀ Àevn. n. short and
fat thing.
`∆ mxtl ` vt» k Pl: ≠ mxtl fgd» k. n 7/8. one
who has nothing to give or use. Syn: `∆ meÀe+
≠ meÀe.
`∆ mxtlh n. bul-bul.
`∆ mxt∆ r n. itch. See: xt» r.
`∆ œdm` pro subj. they.
— pro obj. them.
— poss adj. their, used in all noun classes.
`∆ œv`& n. beehive.
`∆ œvn∆ &`mftlh Pl: ≠ œvn∆ &hmftlh. n 7/8.
pied crow, raven.
`r`& Pl: Àrv`&. Variant: Àrgv`&. n 7/8. bangle
or bracelet, made of elephant tusk.
`r`» & Pl: Àrv`» &. Variant: Àrgv`» &- n 7/8. rag, s.t.
rough, tattered or torn, e.g., clothes or a bag.
Syn: `r`» &s≠ .
`r`» &s≠ Pl: Àrv`» &s≠ . Variant: Àrgv`» &s≠ . n. rag,
or s.t. tattered or torn in several places, e.g.,
clothes or bag. Syn: `r`» &.
`r`œ n. corn, maize.
`r`œ ` ank` n 6. guinea corn.
12
`r`œ ` vÕÃ s
`st ` an∆
`r`œ ` vÕÃ s n. wheat (loan word).
`r`∆ œ,`r`œ adv. lying faceup, supine.
Syn: `∆ sd∆ k`sdk.
Ant: `∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ.
`r`r n. haemorrhoids, piles.
`r`» r Pl: Àrv`» r. n 7/8. rags, remains, remnants,
e.g., torn clothes or tattered books.
`rd&rd& Pl: Àrvd&rvd&. Variant:
Àrgvd&rgvd&. n 7/8. termite. See: lÀkuÀ.
`rdlkÀ Pl: ÀrvdlkÀ. Variant: ÀrgvdlkÀ. n.
particle or piece of s.t. which has been
broken off. Syn: àd&.
`rdrd n. sand.
`rÀ1 prep. before, in front of, ahead.
— n. eyes. See: hrÀ.
`rÀ2 adv. first. See: `∆ mjt∆ ls≠ + fn∆ &rÀmÀ.
`rn n. iron ore.
`∆ rn∆ œ Àsnœ n. flamingo.
`∆ rnœ Àsnœ ` iu`» n. heron.
`rnœh n. handle of knife or cutlass.
`rß Pl: Àrß . n 7/8. 1) pith. 2) bamboo piece.
`rß» adv. wrongly.
`rt» Pl: Àrt» . n 7/8. soap.
`rt» l Pl: Àrtl. n 7/8. loophole.
`rt» œ n. elephant grass.
`rt» xm Pl: Àrt» xm. n 7/8. pimple. Syn: eÀjt» r.
`s`& n. space in between the legs and thighs.
`s`» & Pl: Àsv`» &. n 7/8. snail.
`s`k Pl: Àsv`k. n 7/8. 1) coldness. 2) numbness.
`s`l Pl: Àsv`l. n 7/8. 1) trap, snare.
See: ms`l. 2) pod of plant, e.g., kola nut,
pear, coconut, mango.
`∆ s`∆ l Pl: ≠ sv`∆ l. n 7/8. elephant.
`s`l haÕ n. pod of cola, still containing nuts.
See: ù≠Ã haÕ .
`s`» œ n. short ladder on both side of a fence to
prevent animals entering a farming area.
`sde n. oral or written will or advice, given by a
dying man.
`sd& Pl: Àsed&. n 7/8. pile, heap.
`sdk`» n. little amount or thing.
`∆ sd∆ k`sdk adv. 1) flat. Syn: `∆ kd∆ k`kdk. 2) lying
faceup, supine. Syn: `∆ r`∆ œ,`r`œ.
Ant: `∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ.
`sdl 1 Pl: Àmsdl. n 7/8. gourd, calabash.
`sdl 2 Pl: Àsvdl. Variant: lÀsdl.
n 7/8, (7/6a variant). heart. Syn: hsdl.
`sd» l n. 1) tree, curving, upward-branching tree;
bark smooth, dark gray; leaves pinnate with
terminal leaflet; leaflets opposed, acute
elliptic, papery with jagged edges on top
half (22 x 6 cm); slash white. Main uses:
medicinal - bark is boiled then drank to cure
stomach ache; dried fruit is rubbed on
aching thighs; cures general body aches;
fruit is boiled with water to crate vapour for
curing skin ulcers. Kigelia africana. 2) big
abscess.
`sdl ` aÀ,` Pl: lÀsdl Àm a≠Ã . n 7/6a. cruel,
wicked, or selfish, an evil heart.
`sdl ` ank` Pl: lÀsdl Àm an» k. n 7/6a. weak
heart.
`sdl ` itœ`∆ Pl: lÀsdl Àm it∆ œ. n 7/6a.
kind, good heart.
`sdl ` ktlmÀ,` Pl: lÀsdl ≠ m
kt∆ lmÀ. Variant: hsdl h ktlmÀ,h; sÀsdl
sÀ ktlmÀsÀ. n 7/6a, (5/13 variant).
impatience.
`sdl ` sn» Pl: lÀsdl Àm sn» . n 7/6a. 1) brave.
Syn: `fgdrh. 2) hardhearted. See: bgÀkh.
`sdxm 1 prep. with, with it.
`sdxm 2 adv. there.
`sdxm 3 pro. it.
`sdxm ` mcn n. room.
Syn: `∆ msd» xm≠ ` mcn.
`se≠Ã jr≠ n. special calabash, through which water
is passed in wood ashes to get lye, alkali.
`seÀk Pl: ÀseÀk. n 7/8. blister.
`sh n. small stones, in general, e.g., in the forest.
See: hsh.
`∆ sÕ ,`sh adj. 1) straight. 2) vertical, upright.
3) righteous or upright in character.
— adv. straight, straight ahead.
`s≠Ã bgn∆ l,`s≠Ã bgn∆ l adj. spotted, dotted,
striped. Syn: Àaxdl,axdl+ `mje`∆ m`rÀ,
`mje`m`rÀ.
`s≠Ã l n. 1) vapour. Syn: `xuÀr. 2) odour, usually
bad or foul.
`sÀlkÀ n. short piece, small piece. Syn: `je≠Ã l.
`sn» & Pl: Àsxn» &. n 7/8. 1) support stick.
Syn: Àje≠Ã r. 2) support. Syn: msn∆ &+ msn∆ &Õ .
3) small tin (container).
`∆ sn∆ œ `∆ an∆ n. centipede, millipede.
`st 1 Pl: Àst. n 7/8. 1) head. 2) skull. Syn: hfgn&
`st. 3) head illness.
`st 2 prep. 1) on, top, on top of. 2) above, over.
`st ` `jt∆ l n. mask of juju.
`st ` aÀ,` n. bad luck.
Ant: `st ` itœ`.
`st ` an∆ n. bag woven of raffia, which can
13
`st ` ayÀ
`xdr
contain almost the same quantity as a
kerosene tin.
`st ` ayÀ Variant: `st ` auÀ. n. mahogany
tree, straight trunked, upward branching
tree; grows above 20 m; bark smooth, gray;
leaves pinnate with terminal leaflet; leaflets
ovate to elliptic, smooth, brittle (13 x 9 cm);
elongated, five-sided fruits; slash marbled
red and white; clear exudate. Main use:
timber. Other uses: carving; fuelwood; bark
used to treat stomach ache. Khaya ivorensis
(?).
`st ` bgvnsÀmÀ,` n. 1) headache caused by
malaria fever. 2) head illness, caused by
cancer.
`st ` cxÀkÀmÀ,` Pl: Àst À cxÀkÀmÀ. n. shame.
`st ` itœ`∆ n. good luck.
Ant: `st ` aÀ,`.
`st ` jeÀmÀ,` n. deaf. Syn: ÀstœkÀ À bghkhmÀ+
xu≠ vh `vn.
`st ` jtrÀ n. stalk of palmnuts.
`st ` mcn n. roof.
`st ` mcn œv`∆ &k≠ n. headmaster.
`st ` mcxd∆ xmr≠ n. headmaster.
`st ` mcyÀrÀ n. blouse.
`st ` mfvnrÀ Variant: `st ` mftrÀ. n. head
illness (kind of).
`st ` xèÀmÀ,` n. headache.
`st èu≠ Pl: Àst À lÀeu≠ . n. medicinal herb.
`st `suÀr n. place above the xylophone yard at
Laikom.
`st hkdlh n. 1) tip of the tongue. 2) just about
to speak, used figuratively.
`st hmfnl n. bunch of bananas or plantains.
`st hr`œ h an∆ kh n. head of guinea corn.
`st hvn n. topic.
`st Àbge≠ n. palate.
`st» iu`∆ prep. upstream.
`st» jeÀxm n. hilltop. Syn: eÀmcnœ eÀ jeÀxm.
See: e≠ mbgnxmbgnxm.
`stl Pl: Àstl. n 7/8. 1) foreign country.
2) foreigner.
`stœ Pl: Àstœ. n 7/8. 1) elevation. 2) high
swelling on the body. Syn: mcnœ.
`stœ `msd» xm≠ iu`∆ n. island.
`stœkÀ Pl: ÀstœkÀ. n 7/8. ear.
ùÀ Pl: ÀuÀ. n 7/8. 1) foot. 2) hoof.
ù≠Ã Pl: Àu≠Ã . n 7/8. 1) husk. Syn: hvn» . 2) peeling.
ùÀ ` cyÀ n. middle of road or trail.
ù≠Ã ` eÀj`∆ & n. 1) tree bark. 2) cylindrical
container made from tree bark, mainly used
for preserving palm oil.
ù≠Ã ` la`l n. snake skin that has been cast
off or sloughed off. Syn: ù≠Ã s≠ ` la`l.
ùÀ ` mx`l mÀ mfd∆ r≠ `sdxm n. paw.
ù≠Ã haÕ n. husk of cola.
See: `s`l haÕ .
ùÀe Pl: ÀuÀe. n 7/8. 1) bone. 2) skeleton (plural
form).
ùÀe ` mct∆ l n. pubic bone.
ùÀe ` mvdxmÀ e≠ jt∆ n. hip bone.
ùÀe hfgnl n. shoulder bone, clavicle.
ù≠Ã œ Pl: Àu≠Ã œ. n 7/8. 1) witch, wizard. Syn: vtk
≠ st∆ &. 2) witchcraft. See: heÀxmsÀ.
ù≠Ã s≠ ` la`l n. snake skin that has been
cast off or sloughed off.
ù≠Ã s≠ èn n. shell. Syn: mfnk hxtl.
`vàkÀ Pl: ÀvàkÀ. n 7/8. welt.
`∆ vè n. coat.
`∆ vn∆ ÀuÀr Pl: ≠ vn∆ ÀuÀr. n. medicinal leaf with
sandy leaves.
`∆ vn∆ mjvn n. queer or unusual person, e.g., a
vagabond.
`vß n. 1) hailstone. 2) ice.
`vt 1 Pl: Àvt. n 7/8. 1) hand. 2) handle.
Syn: mbg`&.
`vt 2 adv. there, away from the speaker and
hearer, not necessarily far, and spoken in
reference to where people dwell, e.g., a
home, compound or village. See: èt+ èh.
`vt Àjß Àsvn n. right hand.
`vt Àjß mÀmjß – n. left hand.
`vt∆ e n. threshold, sill, inner doorstep.
`vtl`vtl Pl: Àvtl`vtl. n 7/8. hawk.
Syn: bgnœ+ bgnœlan∆ lan∆ .
`vtœkÀ Pl: lÀvtœkÀ. n 7/6a. fallen rain which
is flowing on the ground.
`x interj. no, interjection which can be used to
express a strong negative response. Also
commonly used by children as a negative.
`x`& Pl: Àxv`∆ &. n 7/8. ram.
`x`œ Pl: Àxv`œ. n 7/8. palm leaf.
`x`œrÀ Pl: Àxv`œrÀ. n 7/8. 1) sugarcane.
Syn: `x`œrÀ ` je`œ. 2) corn stalk.
Syn: `x`œrÀ hr`œ.
`xd» l Pl: Àxvd» l. n 7/8. anvil, a large stone
anvil.
`xdlh Pl: Àxvdlh. n 7/8. passageway, a space
for passing.
`xdr Pl: Àxvdr. n 7/8. broom. See: xd∆ r.
14
`xdrh
a`xm
`xdrh n. brush for taking off flour from a
`xt» œ Àjß n. elbow joint.
`xtœ,`xtœ adj. useless.
`xuÀr Variant: `xtr. Pl: ÀxuÀr. n 7/8. 1) soul.
grinding stone.
`xhrh Pl: lÀxhrh. n 7/6a. 1) ointment. 2) place
where people sit and relax, e.g., at a road
junction.
`xhrh Àvt∆ xm n. skin cream.
`xÀ n. feast.
`xnk Pl: Àxnk. n 7/8. grass. See: Àmet» &.
`∆ xn∆ œm≠ n. thanks, gratefulness.
`∆ xn» xm n. spear grass.
`xt& Pl: Àxt&. n 7/8. yam.
`xt& ì`œ n. medicinal plant.
`xt&rÀ n. sweat.
`xtl adj. 1) empty. 2) bare.
Syn: m≠ ≠ vtxm xtl.
`xt» œ Pl: Àxt» œ. n 7/8. 1) joint. Syn: mrd&.
2) joint illness, kind of, (plural form).
3) seam. Syn: ms`r.
`xt» œ ù≠ n. ankle joint. Syn: eÀjnk`jnk.
`xt» œ `vt n. wrist.
`xt» œ Àexdxm n. knee joint.
A
2) spirit. 3) material for tying, taken from
the back of the indian bamboo. Syn: hk≠Ã +
mje≠ rÀ. 4) steam. Syn: `s≠Ã l. 5) air.
`∆ xuÀr n. material for tying.
Syn: hk≠Ã + ≠ mje≠ rÀ.
`xuÀr ` aÀ,` n. evil spirit.
@xuÀr ` Øv`&mÀ,` n. Holy Spirit.
`xvn,la`œ n. success or victory, spoken by
women with regard to their farm work.
`yÀ ` mcn Pl: lÀyÀ l≠ mcn. n 7/6a. wall.
`∆ y≠ ,`yÀ adj. open, ajar.
`ytd Pl: Àytd. n 7/8. 1) nose. 2) nose and
mouth of an animal.
`yt» d n. breath. See: yt∆ drÀ.
`ytd mÀ ÀbgeÀ mx`l n. muzzle.
`∆ yxƒ– n. place of sacrifice at Laikom.
,
a
a` 1 Pl: fg≠ a`. n 1/2. friend, used only by boys. a`k` v. carry on back.
Syn: rt∆ xm+ vtk Õ id∆ k.
a`kh v. burn. See: a`kh,`∆ .
a` 2 conj. so (contraction of be-a).
a`kÕÃ a`∆ kh v. burning.
a` 3 interrog. where. Syn: vn.
a`kh,`∆ v. burning, already burning.
a`∆ n. papa.
a`l v. deny, abstain, stay away from what is
usually done.
a`∆ a` Variant: a`∆ . n. papa.
v. forbid, prohibit.
a`lrÀ
a`& v. embroider. Syn: shl.
a`∆ œ v. 1) be red. 2) be ripe. 3) chop off bark.
a`∆ & v. push or wipe off s.t.
See: en∆ .
a`&h 1 v. 1) pack things. 2) reconcile. See: a`&sÀ.
a`œ `∆ u≠ Pl: a`œrÀ ù≠ + a`œrÀ Àu≠ . n 9/10.
a`&h 2 adv. gradually.
toe. Syn: v`xm ùÀ. See: ktl `∆ u≠ .
a`∆ &k≠ v. 1) build, building. See: sÀl+ anl.
a`œ
`
∆ vt Pl: a`œrÀ Àvt. n. finger.
2) pushing down several things from a
standing position, e.g., sticks, bottles, etc.
3) plan.
a`&mÀ v. 1) hold arm in arm. 2) embrace, hug.
Syn: exdlsÀ+ je≠ xm≠ À l≠ cvn∆ &.
a`&rÀ v. 1) add. 2) be near. Syn: ktlrÀ.
a`&sÀ v. 1) pack. 2) reconcile. 3) prepare.
See: a`&h.
a`∆ &s≠ v. 1) wipe off objects. 2) push down or
aside in order to pass.
a`∆ k v. patch.
a`k `∆ mcn Pl: a`xrÀ mcn. n 9/10. 1) back of
house. 2) veranda.
Syn: v`xm `vt.
a`∆ œk≠ v. 1) be redish. 2) be idle away from work.
a`œrÀ v. cause to fear.
a`∆ œr≠ v. 1) colour red. 2) cause to ripen. 3) cause
to rust. See: ha`» œ.
a`∆ r v. 1) split in two, with a cutlass or an axe.
See: a`∆ xs≠ + r`xm. 2) tear. 3) drain.
a`∆ xk≠ v. pass by near the side of s.t. without
touching it.
a`xm v. 1) nail. 2) hammer. 3) roof. 4) be clear.
5) be bright. 6) shine, give light.
See: ha`xm.
15
a`∆ xm
a≠ ak≠ a`∆ xm v. 1) hate. 2) disgust. See: ha`» xm.
a`xm snxmÀ,` v. be transparent.
a`xm vh ìt» œ v. be dim, shine dimly.
adlsÀ v. groan. Syn: c≠ l.
ad∆ m`∆ v. snare, trap, lay a loophold.
admÀ n. large, (that which is).
Syn: k≠Ã akÀ+ k≠Ã ak≠ a`xm,a`xm+ k≠Ã ak≠ jd» &, ad∆ œ1 Pl: ad∆ œr≠ . n 9/10. 1) wet season, rainy
jd&À.
a`xmrÀ v. 1) cause to shine, e.g., a light.
2) clarify, enlighten.
a`xmrÀ hr`r h vt» k v. reveal the secrets of s.o.
a`∆ xms≠ v. nail.
a`xrÀ v. place, fit, attach, or gum s.t. onto s.t.
else.
a`∆ xs≠ v. 1) split into many pieces with a hand
axe or cutlass. See: a`∆ r+ r`xm. 2) tear into
pieces, e.g., cloth or paper. Syn: r`∆ r.
a`∆ xsÀ eÀj`» & v (imp.). split wood into small
pieces. See: a`∆ r eÀj`» &.
aƒ n. loss. Ant: rƒ.
aƒ– 1 Pl: fg≠ aƒ–. n 1/2. father. Syn: an∆ .
aƒ– 2 adv. nearly.
aƒ» ,aƒ– v. be flat.
ad v. be large, big, or wide. Syn: fg`&.
v. say.
ad∆
ad∆ m≠ `∆ cx`& ` v. 1) command. 2) say firmly
or loudly.
ad∆ ,` v (imp.). command s.o. to speak.
adarÀ v. destroy, spoil, damage, ruin.
ade v. spoil.
ade jd& v. dull, be poor in appearance.
Syn: fu≠ xm rÀ jd∆ &.
adeÀmÀ n. useless, (that which is).
ad& v. 1) break. 2) cut.
ad∆ &Õ Variant: ad∆ x&Õ . v. carry on any part of the
body. Syn: bg`∆ &rÀ. See: lad∆ &Õ + xvn,
xvn.
ad&kÀ v. break food into many parts or bits with
the hands.
ad&mÀ v. break a piece, break in half, e.g., bread.
ad∆ &m≠ v. 1) argue. 2) expect s.o. else to act or do
s.t. See: had» &m≠ .
ad&sÀ v. break one part.
Adkn n. name of a town.
adl v. 1) be frightening, be frightful. 2) be
important.
adl vh v. be not frightful.
adlmÀ n. 1) frightful, (that which is). 2) terrible,
severe, (that which is).
adlrÀ v. 1) praise. 2) congratulate. Syn: et
`∆ xn∆ œm≠ .
adlrÀ rÀ bgvnrÀ v. flatter.
season. 2) year. 3) age. Syn: Àkvdl`.
ad∆ œ2 v. 1) flatter, shout praises. Syn: adlrÀ rÀ
bgvnrÀ+ xvnrÀ. 2) encourage, e.g., a juju,
dog, or s.o.
adr Pl: adxrÀ. n 9/10. cat.
ad∆ r v. 1) pluck. 2) scrape from a body or wall.
3) uncover a pot or dish. Syn: bgn&.
adrÀ v. enlarge. Syn: fg`&rÀ.
ad∆ r≠ v. discuss.
adsÀ v. 1) compose, e.g., a song. 2) become
larger, become greater.
ad∆ s≠ v. remind s.o.
adx&Õ fgÀ v. be large or great in quantity or
amount.
adx&kÀ v. 1) sell. Syn: ed∆ mÕ . Ant: xtxm.
2) trade. 3) betray.
adxm v. praise, thank.
ad∆ xm v. 1) honour the fon with special greetings.
2) turn. 3) turn s.t. inside out.
ad∆ xm jn∆ xmcn∆ œ v. somersault. Syn: bgdl
jn∆ xmcn∆ œ.
ad∆ xmk≠ v. 1) turn back. Syn: j`rh. 2) turn
around. See: ad∆ xmr≠ .
adxmrÀ v. repeat chorus of a song or poem.
Syn: aÀlh. See: hadxmrÀ.
ad∆ xmr≠ v. 1) answer, reply. Syn: e≠ xrÀ. 2) refund.
3) turn the other face of s.t., turn s.t. over.
See: ad∆ xmk≠ .
ad∆ xmr≠ hsdl v. repent.
Syn: jtlh Àvtxm 'rÀ m`∆ (.
ad∆ xmr≠ hsdl rÀ `vn ` aÀ,` v. repent from
sin.
ad∆ xmr≠ À laÀ v. revenge.
ad∆ xs≠ v. 1) remove corn from the cob. 2) thresh.
ah v. 1) get cooked or done (food). 2) get ripe.
ahrÀ v. grow larger, e.g., a jigger in a toe.
ahsÀ v. get done a bit more.
aÀ1 Pl: aÀrÀ. n 9/10. dog.
aÀ2 adj. bad, evil.
— adv. very.
a≠ v. 1) change course, branch, take a new or
different road. 2) spend some time
somewhere, sojourn. See: ha≠Ã .
aÀ ≠ se`& Variant: aÀ ≠ sv`&. n. hyena.
a≠ ak≠ Variant: au≠ ak≠ . v. scald. Syn: mxn∆ &.
16
aÀasÀ
anl
disgorge. Syn: fgn&sÀ+ y≠ .
an∆ `∆ k`∆ l n. blacksmith.
Syn: vtk À srhmÀ.
2) demand.
an
∆
`lx`
∆ & n. an apron woven of raffia palm
a≠ j adv. striking noise.
fiber,
worn in olden days by men to prevent
a≠ jr≠ adv. full to the brim. Syn: ktxm.
becoming wet on dewy paths.
Ant: `bgt» œ+ àd&. See: mcnœrÀ.
an `st v. braid hair.
aÀk 1 v. 1) confuse. 2) hold in a closed hand.
an∆ aƒ– n. paternal grandfather. Syn: an∆ an∆ .
See: aÀxsÀ.
an∆ an∆ n. paternal grandfather. Syn: an∆ aƒ–.
aÀk 2 adv. rather.
an∆ ÕÃ cx`∆ mÀ n. bag, which is hung only on the
a≠ kÕ v. perish or die in great numbers.
left shoulder or left arm.
a≠ kh,a≠ kh Pl: a≠ kh,a≠ khrÀ. n. ant lion, usually
an
∆
h
stœmÀ
n. large bag, made of raffia and
found in the dust, and which is also used as
carried
on
the back, mostly by women.
traditional medicine to treat àuÀ ` j≠Ã id∆ l.
an∆ h vèÀmÀ n. bag that hangs on the side.
a≠ k≠ v. 1) loiter. Syn: k`k`. 2) be foolish in any
an∆ Õ vn n. host. Syn: vtk uy≠ ` vt∆ k`∆ &Õ way.
fgdkÀ+ an∆ mcn.
aÀl adv. anyhow.
aÀlh v. 1) believe. 2) accept, agree, answer yes. an∆ À iÀl n. bag made especially to be carried on
the back.
Ant: stxmrÀ. 3) affirm. Syn: sn&.
n. purse.
an
∆
≠ jvn
4) confirm. Syn: sn& hvn. 5) allow.
Syn: uhrh.
an∆ iu`∆ n. water buck.
Syn: mrt» hktlm≠ .
aÀœ v. roll.
an∆ l≠ miÕ n. urinary bladder.
aÀœkÀ v. roll over and over.
an∆ m`∆ n. maternal grandfather.
aÀœsÀ v. roll a bit.
an∆ mcn n. owner of the house.
aÀr adv. early in the morning.
an∆ mcyÀrÀ n. 1) pocket. 2) owner of clothes.
a≠ r v. demolish. See: a≠ xs≠ .
an∆ mÕ n. maternal grandfather.
aÀrÕ ,aÀrÕ adv. early morning, early today.
an∆ ad∆ n. 1) owner of compound, whether young
aÀrÀ v. 1) preserve. 2) reserve. See: à≠Ã r≠ .
or old. 2) old man.
a≠ r≠ v. divert, change the course of s.o. or s.t.,
an
∆
ak≠ v. wilt, e.g., a leaf when heated or a plant
e.g., a river, or road.
without
water, or a child when hungry.
a≠ xkÀ v. 1) be trickish. 2) roast hastily, so that s.t.
An» an n. 1) title of respect and honour, given to
is not quite done, e.g., potatoes, plantain,
the most elderly men in the village or clan.
cocoyam, chicken.
2) Lord.
aÀxm v (imp.). dance. See: haÀxm+ bgd∆ œ.
an
∆
iu`
∆ n. water insect.
aÀxsÀ v. 1) close in folded fingers. 2) close, shut,
an∆ & v. make a hollow. Syn: sn∆ œ.
e.g., eyes, hands. Ant: x`∆ rÕ . See: aÀk+
bgÀxsÀ+ j≠ œ.
an∆ &`∆ rt∆ &h v. sag.
a≠ xs≠ v. 1) demolish into pieces. Syn: jeÀkÀ.
an∆ &an∆ & `st n. soft spot on the crown of an
2) break off in parts. See: a≠ r.
infant's head.
ank 1 v. 1) be soft. Syn: anxmÀ. 2) get tired. 3) be
ak`∆ mfÕÃ Pl: ak`∆ mfÕÃ r≠ . n 9/10. blanket (loan
weak. 4) despair.
word).
An» n. 1) Lord. 2) name of person. Syn: an∆ ad∆ . ank 2 adj. 1) small. 2) soft. 3) weak, mild. Ant: sn.
an 1 Pl: anrÀ. n 9/10. 1) precipice. Syn: sÀad&kÀ. ankd∆ œ n. peanut, ground nut. Syn: eÀmcd» œ.
2) downward slope.
ankh v. faint. Syn: ed» .
an 2 v. weave.
an∆ k≠ v. pass carefully by s.t., e.g., a fire, cliff, or
an∆ 1 Pl: an∆ r≠ . n 9/10. bag.
pool of water.
an∆ k≠ r≠ ìÕ n. testis. Syn: an∆ rÀ ìÕ .
an∆ 2 Pl: an∆ rÀ. num 9/10. two.
an∆ 3 Pl: fg≠ an∆ . n 1/2. 1) father. Syn: aƒ– .
anl 1 Pl: anlrÀ. n 9/10. cup. See: Àanl.
2) owner of s.t.
anl 2 v. 1) mould. 2) create. Syn: e`xsÀ. 3) build.
an∆ 4 v. 1) pour. Syn: re≠ r+ re≠ r`∆ . 2) vomit,
See: a`∆ &kÀ+ sÀl.
aÀasÀ v. ask, inquire, investigate. See: aÀe.
aÀe v. 1) ask, request. Syn: bgvnsÀ+ knxm.
17
anl
axdl
anl 3 conj. because.
an∆ l fg`∆ interrog. why.
an∆ l s` Variant: an∆ l `. conj. because.
anlh v. 1) handle carefully s.t. delicate, e.g., a
at&mÀ v. fold. Syn: j`kh.
at&rÀ v. 1) feign to not hear, pay a deaf eat to
what a person says, ignore. 2) displace,
misplace deliberately, e.g., when one intends
to try and keep the object if it is forgotten by
baby. Syn: snlh. 2) treat with exaggerated
the owner or doesn't seem to be missed.
careful attention.
3) keep off from the way to allow passage.
anœ 1 v. pick, pick up an object. Syn: anœsÀ+
at∆ &r≠ v. bore, make a little hole.
jtlsÀ.
at&sÀ v. clap, hit, or beat several times.
anœ 2 adv. also.
at∆ &s≠ v. bore several holes.
anœ v`xm v. conceive.
atk` prep. 1) without. 2) short of.
anœrÀ v. pollinate, fertilize.
atk` sÕ Variant: at sÕ + ` at sÕ . prep.
anœsÀ v. pick up many objects. Syn: anœ+
otherwise, if not so.
jtlsÀ.
atk`ln∆ & Pl: atk`ln∆ &rÀ. num 9/10. nine.
anrh adv. gently.
atkh Pl: atkhrÀ. n 9/10. furrow.
an∆ rn» œ Pl: an∆ rn» œrÀ. n 9/10. praying mantis.
at∆ l v. infested by weevils. See: `∆ lat∆ l.
anxm v. till the soil. See: it∆ &.
atmh v. sleep. Ant: jd∆ &.
anxmÀ v. 1) be soft. Syn: ank. 2) become better,
atmh rÀ ` mcxdxm v. hibernate. Syn: kd∆ xs≠ .
recover, heal. See: lan» xm≠ . 3) be gentle.
at∆ m≠ n. tree, low-branching; smooth, light gray
4) cheap, inexpensive and available. 5) be
bark; leaves simple, heart-shaped, soft with
easy.
velvety backside, (19 x 22 cm); slash white.
anxmÀmÀ n. 1) soft, (that which is). 2) gentle.
Main use: bark and roots are used as a
3) cheap. 4) easy. 5) kind.
laxative. Other use: firewood.
anxmrÀ v. punish. Syn: et mfd&.
atœ v. 1) carry s.t. together, e.g., two or more
anxrÀ v. 1) bless. 2) make slack, slacken.
people carrying a sick person on a stretcher.
Syn: uÀxsÀ. 3) make soft, soften. 4) make
2) carry two things by balancing them on a
weak, weaken. See: ank.
pole over the shoulder, one in front and one
behind.
aß – v. 1) be saved. 2) be safe.
atœrÀ v. 1) spill and allow to flow, e.g., liquid.
aß –r≠ v. 1) save, rescue, deliver. 2) redeem.
2) melt.
Syn: xtxm `st.
at
∆
r
v.
blossom, flower.
at 1 neg. not.
at∆ xk≠ v. knock with force repeatedly, e.g., s.o.
at 2 adv. still.
atxmrÀ n. cause to sleep.
at ct& adv. not yet.
atxmsÀ v. nap.
at ct& s≠ adv. not yet.
auÀ v. float in the air, e.g., dust, wood ash, flour.
at jÀ conj. except. See: ` at jÀ.
See: hauÀ.
at shlh xdxm v. never seen.
au≠ œr≠ v. happen suddenly, abruptly or by
ate v. bark.
surprise. See: hbgÀk h fu≠ s≠ .
at& v. 1) prepare. 2) clap. 3) beat or play an
auÀrÀ
v. scatter or spray particles in the air.
instrument, e.g., drum. 4) divert s.o.'s
auÀsÀ v. drizzle.
attention.
ax`& rÀ fg`k v. grab.
at∆ & v. bore, make a hole.
ax`k v. shout, scream. See: ax`xsÀ.
at∆ & àt» & v. gap, open a hole.
ax`k rÀ cy≠ v. shriek.
at& Àbge≠Ã v. smack the lips.
ax`lsÀ v. take or hold carefully with both
at& Àvt v. clap hands.
hands. See: anlh.
at∆ &`∆ v. burst.
ax`xsÀ v. shout or yell repeatedly. Syn: cyÀ rÀ `
at&at& `fd» & n. cheek. Syn: `fd» &.
œ`œ. See: ax`k.
at&at& `∆ st Pl: at&at&rÀ `st. n 9/10. whole
axƒrÀ v. 1) have diarrhea. 2) cause s.t. to explode
side of head including jaw. See: `fxd» &.
by pressing or leaving in the sun, e.g., beans.
at&at&rÀ n. sides, e.g., the two sides of the
axdl
v. hunt.
jaw, sides of a box.
18
axd∆ l
bg≠ axd∆ l v. jeer at.
axd∆ r v. open s.t. that is folded. Syn: xdl+ sn∆ +
x`∆ rÕ + œ`&rÀ.
ayƒ Variant: auƒ. v. bleed from the nose.
ayƒ» Pl: ayƒ» r≠ . n 9/10. avocado pear.
See: eÀj`» & eÀ ayƒ» .
ayÀ1 Variant: auÀ. Pl: ayÀrÀ. n 9/10. goat.
ayÀ2 v. 1) give birth, bear, be born. 2) explode.
ayÀ mcnœ n. goat.
Bg
ayÀ mi≠ n. sheep. Syn: mi≠ .
ayÀ v`xm l` vt jeÀ ldxm v. deliver a
stillborn.
ayÀ v`xm rÀ vn v. miscarry. Syn: vn
v`xm+ sr≠ xk≠ .
ay≠ jdl Variant: au≠ jdl. n. lion.
ayÀrÀ v. help deliver, help give birth. See: ayÀ.
,
bg
disrespect, make s.o. look common in the
Bg`» & n. name, given to males.
presence of others. Syn: iu`rÀ À vtk.
bg`∆ & v. 1) jump. 2) limp.
bgeÀ Variant: bgeuÀ. v. spit, spit out, e.g.,
bg`∆ & À x`&h v. skip over. Syn: x`&h.
medicine, etc.
bg`&mÀ n. nasty, (that which is).
bge≠ v. 1) name, give a name. 2) remove, e.g.,
bg`∆ &m≠ ≠ exdxm Àln&À v. hop.
from a pot. 3) begin a song or chorus.
bg`∆ &rÀ v. carry in arms. Syn: ad∆ x&h. See: xvn,
4) soak, dip, wet. See: bge≠ k≠ .
xvn.
bgeÀ lÀmbgx` v. spit, spray spittle.
bg`∆ &s≠ v. 1) bounce. 2) greet s.o.
bge≠ miu` v. 1) defend. 2) pay a charge for a
bg`l v. chew. Syn: jeÀk.
wrong done, pay a fine.
bg`l`∆ mbgh n. glutton. Syn: l≠ fgn∆ l.
bge≠ rÀ l`∆ &Õ À mbgÕÃ m≠ h aÀ v. refrain from
bad habits, reform oneself.
bg`lmÀ Àvtxm v. sympathize with.
bgeÀkÀ
v. spit repeatedly.
bg`r v. despise.
bg`xm Variant: bgv`xm. v. 1) incise. 2) strike, bge≠ k≠ v. wet a little, dampen. See: bge≠ .
e.g., a match. 3) vaccinate. See: `∆ mbg`xm. bge≠ m≠ v. promise.
bgeÀœ v (imp.). 1) tie, tether, e.g., an animal or a
bg`∆ xm v. split.
rope. Ant: x`∆ xsÀ. See: jtk. 2) strap.
bg`xmsÀ v. incise in many places. See: bg`xm.
bgeÀœrÀ v. cause s.o. to delay.
bgd∆ ar≠ v. worry s.o.
bgeÀœsÀ v. tether more than one thing.
bgde v. be hostile, be revengeful.
bgeÀsÀ v. spit in bits.
bgdl v. 1) drop, fall. 2) be about. 3) reach,
bgh v. 1) stay, live. 2) last. 3) plaster. Syn: xn&.
attain. Syn: jdkh. 4) drip. 5) sneeze.
See: `∆ mbgdl.
bgdl ùÀ v. 1) trace the course of s.t. Syn: sn∆ &
ÀuÀ. 2) seek the downfall of s.o.
bgdlkÀ v. drop or fall repeatedly.
bgdlrÀ v. cause s.t. to drop from the hand.
bgdlsÀ v. jolt.
bgd∆ œ v. dance. See: aÀxm.
bgdr v. tap, e.g., wine. See: hbgdr.
bgd∆ r v. chop. Syn: bgd∆ xs≠ .
bgdr eÀrÀ v. shed tears (idiom).
bgd∆ r≠ v. 1) discourage. 2) be snobbish.
bgd∆ xsÀ v. cut into pieces, break in bits, e.g.,
grass, wood, cloth. Syn: bgd∆ r.
bge` v. move about, in opposite directions.
bge`&sÀ rÀ e`œ s≠ xdxm v. treat s.o. with
See: hbgh.
bgÕ v. 1) guard. 2) tend. Syn: sn∆ &m≠ + jhmh.
bgh `kd& 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. settle.
bgh Àvtxm mcn v. plaster.
bgh lnœ v. stay quiet or silent. Ant: s`œh.
bgh m≠ Àvtk À vh rÀ `cx`& v. rape.
bgh m≠ vt∆ k À vh v. have intercourse.
bghlh v. be quiet.
bghlh lnœ v. be mute, be silent. Syn: lnœ.
bgÕ r≠ v. warn.
bghsÀ v. 1) stay a bit. 2) last a bit. 3) plaster a bit.
See: bgh.
bgÕ s≠ v. 1) wait, wait for. 2) expect. Syn: jd∆ &.
bgÀ v. be affected by a dream.
bg≠ v. place bad medicines as a curse.
19
bg≠ e
bgt∆ xm hyÀxm h vt» k
uproot. Ant: xdk. See: hbgn&.
bgn& ùÀ v. prevent or hinder s.o. from doing s.t.
bgn&` Variant: bgn&n. v. 1) start. 2) be uprooted.
bgn&. See: mbgÀk. 2) seal.
bg≠ k v. stop s.t. from going on. See: bg≠ xk≠ .
bgn&mÀ v. argue about, disagree, dispute.
bg≠ k Àsnœ lt v. quench thirst.
bgn&sÀ v. 1) remove many things. Syn: rt.
2) select several things. 3) elect several
bgÀk rÀ fu≠ s≠ v. be suddenly frightened at the
people. See: bgn&.
realization of s.t. unexpected. See: hbgÀk h
bgn∆ l v. paint an object with a colour or colours.
fu≠ s≠ .
bgn∆ lÕ v. malign.
bgÀkh v. 1) be brave. Syn: jtk `sdl. 2) be
stubborn, be hardhearted.
bgnœ 1 v. steal. See: vtk À bgnœmÀ.
bgÀlrÀ v. stop from crying.
bgnœ 2 n. 1) traditional dance by elders.
bg≠ ls≠ v. whisper.
See: Àexè. 2) traditional society of elders.
3) hawk. Syn: `vtl`vtl+
bg≠ mÕ v. 1) return to normal, e.g., after a shock,
bgnœlan∆ lan∆ .
regain consciousness. 2) rest.
bgnœ À vtk v. kidnap.
bgÀœ v. 1) shiver, e.g., symptom of `fuÀk `
Syn: bgnœ v`xm.
r`xmÀ,`. 2) tremble.
bgnœ
ÀkuÀ hfgn∆ œ v. plunder.
bg≠Ã œkÀ Pl: bg≠Ã œkÀrÀ. n 9/10. prickly plant which
twines around other plants near it.
bgnœ v`xm v. kidnap.
Syn: bgnœ Àvtk.
bgÀœsÀ v. shiver.
bgnœlan∆ lan∆ n. hawk. Syn: bgnœ+
bgÀœsÀ m≠ Õ e`xmÕ v. shudder.
`vtl`vtl.
bgÀrÀ n. 1) bad medicines placed as a curse.
bgnœmÀ
n. stolen, (that which is).
2) scarecrow placed on or near someone's
property, believed to have the power to
bgnœsÀ v. steal a little of s.t. See: bgnœ.
bring sickness to anyone who steals.
bgte v. 1) carve. Syn: en∆ . See: `∆ mbgte. 2) fetch,
bgÀrÀ idl v. warn s.o. not do s.t. prohibited,
e.g., fire. 3) peck. 4) seize suddenly.
e.g., disobey and order.
Syn: bgvƒ.
bg≠ s≠ À vtk v. pray to the gods by one's parents bgte mÀ lad v. chisel, carve with a chisel.
for one's quick recovery from illness. The
bgt& v. 1) pound. See: je≠ xms≠ . 2) pierce.
prayer is said with ashes in the hand. Any
3) treat, e.g., a patient. 4) jab. 5) prick.
person suspected to have bewitched the
6) serve, work for. See: mbgt&.
patient can also be called to revoke his
bgt
∆
&
v. 1) bless a child on the part of a father,
charm on the patient.
by
first tasting some palm wine and then
bg≠ xk≠ v. stopping s.t. from continuing or going
giving the child to drink. 2) shake violently,
on. See: bg≠ k.
e.g., water in a container.
bg≠ xm v. happen unexpectedly or without
bgt&kÀ v. 1) stab repeatedly. 2) worry s.o.,
planning.
exasperate s.o.
bg≠ xm bgÀxm v. happen unexpectedly.
bgt&mÀ `∆ bge≠Ã v. gather secretly for
bg≠Ã xm id» k jÀ idkÀ v. wandering aimlessly.
consultation, put mouths close together to
bg≠Ã xm jt jt v. be tasteless.
discuss s.t. secretly. Syn: bgt&mÀ Àst.
bg≠ xms≠ v. 1) gather. 2) join. 3) marry.
bgt&mÀ Àst v. gather secretly for consultation,
Syn: l`k`. See: hbgÀxms≠ .
put heads close together to discuss s.t.
secretly. Syn: bgt&mÀ `∆ bge≠Ã .
bgÀxsÀ v. 1) cover. Syn: bgÀk. Ant: x`∆ rh+ œ`&rÀ.
2) shelter. Syn: kd∆ xs≠ + j≠ œs≠ . 3) close, e.g., bgtœ v. harden, said of sweet potatoes or
cassava which have become hard from
a book. See: aÀxsÀ+ j≠ œ.
exposure to sun and therefore will not
bgnasÀ v. 1) sharpen. 2) be sharp pointed.
become soft when boiled. See: fu≠ xm.
See: bgne.
bgt∆ œr≠ v. decrease, lessen. See: `bgt» œ.
bgne v. sharpen. See: bgnasÀ.
bgtxm v. pinch or pick up s.t. with only two
bgn& v. 1) remove one thing, e.g., clothes.
fingers. Syn: œ`l.
Ant: l`∆ &. 2) choose, select, elect, vote.
bgt∆ xm hyÀxm h vt» k v. scandalize s.o. or spoil
3) open. Syn: cy≠ rÕ + bgn&. 4) pull up,
their reputation.
bg≠ e v. reach the age of puberty.
bgÀk v. 1) cover. Syn: bgÀxsÀ. Ant: x`∆ rh+ œ`&rÀ+
20
bgtd
cx`∆ œs≠ bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
bgvnsÀ v. 1) ask, request. 2) plead, beg. See: aÀe.
bgvn∆ s≠ v. 1) be not in use for one or more years.
2) pass a little. See: bgvn∆ .
Bgx`∆ n. name, given to males.
bgx` v (imp.). kick.
bgx`kÀ v. kick several times.
bgx`sÀ v. 1) help wash hands by pouring water
onto them. 2) kick a little.
bgxd& 1 Pl: bgxd&rÀ. n 9/10. elderly person.
bgxd& 2 v. 1) rub. Syn: xhrh. 2) grate. 3) laugh.
See: hbgxd&.
bgxd∆ & v. initiate. See: hbgxd» & èn.
bgxd&rÀ v. 1) rub. See: xd∆ r+ xd∆ xs≠ . 2) cancel.
3) erase. See: kd∆ r≠ rÀ et.
bgxd&sÀ v. mock, ridicule.
bgtd Pl: bgtdrÀ. n 9/10. 1) sun, sunlight.
2) hour.
bgt∆ drÀ v. be insufficient.
bgv`& v. 1) contribute. Syn: l`∆ &. 2) shake
rattles to increase the rhythm.
bgvƒ v. 1) carry away easily. 2) snatch or seize,
figurative use. Syn: bgte.
bgvƒ– v. mark, e.g., for identification.
See: mbgvƒ.
bgvn∆ 1 v. 1) pass. 2) surpass, be more than,
indicating a comparative idea. 3) overtake.
bgvn∆ 2 adv. rather than, instead of.
bgvn∆ `kdœ v. exceed.
bgvnjt∆ & Pl: bgvnjt∆ &rÀ. n 9/10. 1) rat.
2) rodent.
bgvn∆ m≠ v. 1) passing up and down. 2) bypass
from opposite directions.
bgvn∆ r≠ v. 1) pass to another. 2) cause to pass
or give way.
bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ adv. too. See: fg`& bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ + kƒ
C
c`∆ k` Pl: c`∆ k`rÀ. n 9/10. traditional gown.
cƒrÀ v. dash, give a small gift (loan word).
Syn: l`∆ &sÀ.
cd» akÀ n. devil (loan word).
cd∆ œr≠ v. rejoice, feel good.
c≠Ã kÀ adeÀ m≠ Õ idkÕ v. be clumsy.
cnl`∆ Pl: cnl`∆ rÀ. n 9/10. royal cloth.
cn∆ œe`» Variant: cn∆ œe`k`∆ . n. duck. Syn: fu`∆ ,
fu`» + mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ .
ct& v. sit idle.
ct∆ &Õ v. 1) sit, sit down, be seated. 2) stay.
ct∆ &Õ `st» v. float. Syn: kdœ `st.
ct&kÀ v. state of being or feeling after having
eaten much of s.t.
ct∆ &r≠ v. cause to sit.
ct∆ l v`∆ xm n. childless person.
ct∆ œ jh Variant: cxt∆ œ jh. v. stare.
ct∆ xm Pl: ct∆ xmr≠ . n 9/10. anus.
ct∆ xmr≠ ct∆ &Õ v. sit with one side of the buttocks
on a seat.
cu≠ v. be many.
cu≠ mÕ mÕ v. act suddenly.
Syn: fu≠ s≠ mÕ .
cuÀmÀ n. 1) many, (those which are). 2) most.
Syn: mcu≠ .
,
c
cuÀr v. smoke, produce smoke. See: cuÀxsÀ.
cu≠ r≠ v. cause to increase, make more.
cu≠ s≠ v. increase, become more.
cu≠ xm v. become old.
cuÀxrÀ v. 1) cause to scamper, cause to scatter.
Syn: r`xrÀ. 2) cause smoke to rise, e.g., by
burning fresh leaves or wet wood.
cuÀxsÀ v. smoke a bit. See: cuÀr.
cx`∆ v. 1) hang, e.g., a bag on the arm. Syn: vè.
2) be long, be far.
cx`k v. 1) be happy. 2) be showy, be proud.
See: Õ cx`k.
cx`k À jdk v. make the point of the straw bowl,
where the weaving commences.
cx`lsÀ v. stumble.
cx`∆ œ v. 1) go across, cross. 2) cross, spread, e.g.,
communicable illness. 3) span, lay across.
See: `∆ mcx» `œr≠ .
cx`∆ œm≠ v. 1) crossing one after another, e.g.,
people crossing a road or river. 2) be
infectious, be communicable.
cx`∆ œr≠ v. 1) help go across, make cross.
2) transmit or cause to spread, e.g., a
disease.
cx`∆ œs≠ v. 1) cross repeatedly. 2) do or say s.t.
more than necessary.
21
cx`∆ xm
e`œ,Jnl
2) sketch. 3) mark. See: sÀcxn» xm+
`cxn» xm.
cxt∆ œ v. fit a handle onto s.t., e.g., a hoe, an axe.
dance or jump with joy at unexpected good cxt∆ œ mjt∆ xm n. pheasant.
news or achievement. See: hcx`xsÀ.
cyÕ mfd& v. complain.
cxd∆ ak≠ adj. long (describing many things).
cyÀ Variant: ih. Pl: cyÀrÀ. n 9/10. 1) road, way.
See: cxd∆ e.
Syn: ùÀ ` cyÀ+ èx`œ. 2) passageway.
Syn: èx`œ. 3) manner, way. Syn: cyÀ rÀ
cxd∆ ar≠ v. stretch, lengthen. See: cxd∆ e.
mÕ hvn.
cxd∆ e v. 1) be long. 2) be tall, be high.
cy≠ Variant:
cyÕ . v. cry, weep.
Syn: hmf`œsÀ. 3) be far. 4) burp, belch.
See: `cxd» e.
cy≠ ` mkd∆ xsÀ v. whimper.
cxd∆ xm v. show.
cy≠ À eÀjnkh v. express discontent or
disgruntlement with oneself. See: eÀjnkh eÀ
cxd∆ xm m≠ mbgvƒ» v. signal.
vt» k.
cxd∆ xmr≠ v. 1) teach. Syn: xd&h. See: mcxd∆ xmr≠ +
cy≠ m≠ Õ e`xm Õ v. whimper with fear.
hcxd» xmr≠ . 2) direct.
cy≠ rÀ ` œ`œ Variant: cy≠ r` œ`œ. v. 1) yell.
cxd» xms≠ v. show several things.
Syn: ax`xsÀ. 2) wail.
cx≠ k Variant: c≠ k+ cÕ k. v. 1) be heavy.
cy≠ m≠ v. 1) whir, of insects. 2) cry, of animals.
Ant: x`∆ œr≠ . See: cx≠ xs≠ . 2) be ashamed.
3) twitter, of birds. Syn: r`&. See: hcy≠ h
cxÀl Variant: cÀl+ chl. v. 1) play, play a
lÀmxtxm.
game. 2) tease. Syn: ln∆ l+ kt∆ &r≠ . 3) trick.
cy≠ rÕ v. 1) open, e.g., a door, gate, window.
Syn: kÀrÀ.
Ant:
j≠ œ. See: cy≠ xs≠ . 2) blow, fan.
cx≠ l Variant: c≠ l. v. groan.
Syn: exde. 3) remove.
cx≠ lk≠ Variant: c≠ lk≠ . v. 1) hum. 2) murmur.
cyÀrÀ Variant: ihrÀ. n. communication.
Syn: rtdkÀ. 3) grumble. 4) snarl, growl.
cy≠ r≠ v. cause to cry.
5) whimper, cry in low tones.
cy≠ xs≠ v. 1) weigh. See: cx≠ k. 2) open a bit,
cx≠ xs≠ v. be a bit heavy. See: cx≠ k.
e.g., a door. 3) open several doors.
cxn∆ Pl: cxn∆ r≠ . n 9/10. reindeer.
See: cy≠ rÕ .
cxn∆ r≠ v. cause to stretch out.
cxn∆ s≠ v. 1) stretch out s.t., e.g., a rope. 2) squirm.
cxn∆ xms≠ Variant: cvn∆ xms≠ . v. 1) make streaks.
cx`∆ xm v. light.
cx`∆ xm À vtk v. teach s.o., e.g., bad manners.
cx`xsÀ v. rejoice, be, or act very happy, e.g.,
E
e`∆ ar≠ v. remove a harnessing rope from an
animal's neck.
e`∆ as≠ v. reduce. Syn: rt&rÀ+ kƒrÀ. See: e`∆ e.
e`∆ as≠ mfd& v. alleviate.
e`∆ e v. reduce. Syn: kƒrÀ.
e`∆ e `vt v. lift up a hand and threaten to beat
s.o.
e`∆ e la`∆ œ v. lift up a stick and threaten to beat
s.o.
e`k v. 1) clip. 2) squeeze. See: j`l+ mt∆ &.
e`kh v. 1) be narrow.
e`kh rÀ mh hvn v. do s.t. without having
previously planned to do it.
e`l v. 1) spray medicine on a juju with the
mouth. 2) inculcate evil manners into s.o.
Syn: st.
,
e
e`œ v. remain.
e`∆ œ h adv. not. Syn: e`œ s≠ .
e`œ s≠ adv. not.
e`œ sÀ aÀlh v. 1) disagree, not accept. 2) fail
to affirm. Syn: stxmrÀ. Ant: aÀlh.
e`œ,J≠ id∆ l n. tree, grows to 15 m; high slightly
upward-branching; bark gray, smooth;
simple, acute elliptic soft, thin leaf with
jagged edges (10 x 5 cm); slash yellow.
Main use: fuelwood. Other uses: timber,
carving boundaries. Measopsis (?).
e`œ,Jnl n. tree, very similar to e`œ,J≠ id∆ l
grows shorter (8 m), with outward-spreading
branches; bark rough; leaves soft, drooping,
similar to J≠ id∆ l, but with smaller jags;
slash orange; coppices. Main use: fuelwood.
Other uses: hoe and cutlass handles; big
22
e`œmÀ
eÀbgtd
trees for carving chairs; previously leaves
were used as a brush for cleaning robes.
Trema guineensis.
e`œmÀ n. 1) remaining, (that which is).
2) everlasting, eternal.
e`∆ xm v. fear, be afraid, be frightened.
See: he`» xm.
e`» xm vÕ v. bold.
e`∆ xmr≠ v. 1) frighten. 2) threaten.
e`xsÀ v. 1) fix, mend, repair. 2) make, create.
Syn: anl. 3) shape, form.
e`xsÀ ad∆ v. explain well.
Syn: e`xsÀ ed∆ &s≠ .
e`xsÀ ed∆ &s≠ v. explain carefully, narrate.
Syn: e`xsÀ ad∆ .
e`xsÀ À ih Õ bgnœ v. scheme.
e`xsÀ shrÀ v. adjust well.
ed
v. 1) fall. 2) land. 3) collapse. 4) flop.
5) faint. Syn: ankh. 6) fail.
ed `st v. pounce on.
ed hvn v. fail.
ed∆ e v. be blind.
edeÀmÀ n. blind, (that which is).
ed∆ & v. measure. See: `∆ med∆ &+ Àexd» &.
ed∆ & hcx≠Ã k v. weigh. See: hcx≠Ã k.
ed∆ &k≠ v. make signs, e.g., with the hands.
ed∆ &m≠ v. 1) illustrate. 2) compare. 3) limit s.t.
between boundaries.
ed∆ &r≠ v. initiate or give the initial stage of s.t. for
s.o. else to continue.
ed∆ &s≠ v. 1) tell, recount. 2) confess. 3) report.
See: hed» &s≠ .
ed∆ k v. 1) work. See: hed» k. 2) operate. 3) cultivate.
ed∆ k m≠ v. use, work with.
ed∆ k m≠ e≠ v. work with a hoe, use a hoe.
ed∆ kÀmÀ n. working, (that which is).
edl Pl: edlrÀ. n 9/10. 1) chalky stone, soft and
grey in colour, calabar chalk. Syn: èuÀ,
à`xm+ `∆ a≠ mj`œj`œ. 2) corpuscle.
edleÀ Variant: edl. poss adj 19. my.
ed∆ mÕ v. sell. Syn: adx&kÀ. Ant: xtxm.
edrÀ v. cause to fall. See: ed.
edxeÀ poss adj 19. our (exclusive).
ed∆ xm v. prevent. Syn: j≠ œs≠ + jeÀxm.
ed∆ xme≠ dem adj 19. this, referring to s.t. near to
hearer, yet visible to both. See: erheÀ.
ed∆ xms≠ v. close up or block many things, e.g.,
holes, roads, or paths.
eh
adv. 1) again, still. 2) and, also.
eh lt∆ sÀ v. stay a bit.
eh snœsÀ v. 1) say again, repeat. 2) greet again.
eÀ1 Pl: eÀrÀ. n 9/10. hoe.
eÀ2 v. be new. Ant: lt.
eÀ3 v. burn.
eÀ4 pro subj 19. it. See: medxmeÀ.
eÀ5 assoc 19. of.
eÀ6 ncl concord 19. noun class concord marker.
eÀ, ncl pf 19. singular prefix for nouns.
e≠ ad∆ n. bush baby.
eÀaÀk≠Ã Pl: lÀaÀk≠Ã . n 19/6a. pothole.
e≠Ã ak≠ adj. whole.
e≠ an∆ eÀ Àjvn Pl: l≠ an∆ l≠ ≠ jvn. n 19/6a.
purse.
eÀanl Pl: lÀanl. n 19/6a. calabash having a
small long neck, usually containing clean
cold water and handled by nursing mothers
or female relatives.
e≠ an∆ l Pl: l≠ an∆ l. n 19/6a. shrub or small
tree, leaves pinnate with terminal leaflet;
opposed leaflets (4 x 1.5 cm); leaves or cut
branches give off a strong offensive odour
(like diesel); slash white. Main use: leaves
and branches are burned inside house to
drive away weevils. Clausena anisata.
eÀanl eÀ v`xm n. calabash with a long
straight neck, used for baby's water.
eÀarÀ1 n. wives of the same husband.
eÀarÀ2 v. whitewash. Syn: xn&.
eÀat& Pl: lÀat&. n 19/6a. gorilla.
eÀat& eÀ Õ mfn∆ l n. hanging part of head of
banana where nectar is found, banana
flower.
eÀat& eÀ Àjß Pl: lÀat& l≠ `∆ jß . n. very
healthy muscular arm.
EÀat& eÀ Jnl n. juju from the Kom palace.
e≠ at∆ xm Pl: l≠ at∆ xm. n 19/6a. squirrel.
Syn: eÀbgvn» .
eÀbgdlh n. south. Syn: à`∆ r hsrÀxm.
eÀbgÀk≠Ã n. stick that is very small.
eÀbgÀlm≠Ã n. small pool of water.
eÀbgn& Pl: lÀbgn&. n 19/6a. 1) peg, stake.
2) hook. Syn: mr`& re≠ rÀ+ mft∆ ,`.
eÀbgnl` n. pipe for smoking.
E≠ bgnœ eÀ M`∆ ms`∆ œ n. running juju of
Nantang.
eÀbgtd Pl: lÀbgtd. n 19/6a. 1) antelope.
2) hare.
23
eÀbgvn»
eÀj`» & eÀ k`l`» r
eÀbgvn» n 19. squirrel. Syn: e≠ at∆ xm.
eÀcƒ» n 19. medal.
e≠ ct∆ lkÀ Pl: l≠ ct∆ lkÀ. n 19/6a. caterpillar,
are very hard, orange shaped; slash white.
Main use: fruit is hollowed out and made
into a shaker (rattle) for use in traditional
medicine. Other use: fencing.
which makes cones on tree branches, and
e≠ f≠ Pl: l≠ f≠ . n 19/6a. 1) mouse. 2) rodent.
which is destructive to kola nuts.
e≠ f≠ œ`lt∆ n 19. little black insect, which
e≠ cxn∆ & Variant: e≠ cvn∆ &. Pl: l≠ cxn∆ &. n 19/6a.
sometimes flies into one's eye and spits a
chest. Syn: `∆ mf`∆ œs≠ + mjtlsÀ.
painful liquid into it.
e≠ cxn∆ œ n 19. 1) bee-like insect (kind of). 2) wild eÀfuÀ Pl: lÀfuÀ. n 19/6a. tree, leaves simple,
honey. See: Àkt» .
elliptic, thin, tough (8 x 4 cm); fruit similar
eÀe v. 1) be poor. See: `∆ meÀe. 2) be white.
to small guava. Main use: fuelwood. Other
Ant: eÀl. See: heÀe.
uses: building material, walking sticks.
eÀeÕÃ adv. grayish, pale.
e≠ fu≠Ã e Pl: l≠ fu≠Ã e. n 19/6a. 1) bat, small.
Syn: mivn∆ hen∆ . 2) nightjar.
eÀeÀ,eÀeÀ adv. white.
eÀfu≠Ã
l
Pl: lÀfu≠Ã l. n 19/6a. fig tree, grows
eÀen» k≠ Pl: lÀen» k≠ . n 19/6a. very small thing.
above
12 m, spreading branches, rounded
Syn: eÀm`» lm≠ .
crown;
bark brown, slightly rough; leaves
eÀenxm n 19. small child.
tough, simple, elliptic; slash pink; white
eÀex`» l Pl: lÀex`» l. n 19/6a. tree, short,
exudate; coppices; grows from cuttings.
spreading tree; bark dark gray, rough;
Main uses: fencing, carving. Other uses: first
simple ovate, touch thin leaf (19 x 10 cm);
tree planted in newly built compounds;
found in savannah area; slash light brown;
windbreak; erosion control; firewood; bark
coppices; grows from cuttings. Main use:
is pounded and flattened to make a cloth
carving(?). Other uses: medicinal - bark is
with is worn in important ceremonies and
used to treat cows with diarrhea; bark also
used in the burial of chiefs; football can be
boiled to treat scabies. Combretum.
made from the exudate; plant manure;
eÀfg`» l Pl: lÀfg`» l. n 19/6a. mat.
boundaries.
eÀfg`œ Pl: lÀfg`œ. n 19/6a. 1) vein. 2) artery. eÀi`œ eÀ fud n 19. medicinal grass, kind of oily
grass.
eÀfg`œ eÀ sneÀ Pl: lÀfg`œ Àm sn» . n.
ligament. Syn: mivn∆ ≠ vt∆ xm ÕÃ s`∆ œmÀ y≠ ` eÀihs≠Ã Variant: eÀcyÀs≠Ã . Pl: lÀihs≠Ã . n 19/6a.
small path, small trail.
xÕ m,fg`k ÀuÀe.
eÀiu`
»
s≠ Pl: lÀiu`» s≠ . n 19/6a. streamlet, small
eÀfg`œ eÀ sneÀ ha`∆ l h Àexdxm
n 19.
stream.
See: iu`.
tendon connecting the calf muscle to the
heel, Achilles tendon. Syn: mje≠ Õ s`∆ œmÀ
eÀj`» & Pl: Àmj`» &. Variant: mj`» &. n 19. 1) tree.
Àvt∆ xm s` xÕ bg≠ xms≠ mivn ≠ vt∆ xm rÀ
2) wood. 3) stick.
`∆ uÀe `.
eÀj`» & eÀ `∆ in∆ œ n. tree, plum tree. See: `∆ in∆ œ.
eÀfgd Pl: lÀfgd. n 19/6a. 1) tree, very strong
e≠ j`» & eÀ `∆ la`& n. shea tree, which produces
tree with arching branches; bark brown,
seeds which are used in the game e≠ mi`» œ
rough; elliptic, tough thin leaf (17 x 7 cm),
and as rattles. See: `∆ la`&.
with evenly spaced jags; slash yellow;
coppices. Main uses: construction of toilets eÀj`» & eÀ ayƒ» Variant: eÀj`» & eÀ auƒ» . n. tree,
avocado tree. See: ayƒ» .
and bridges because wood does not rot
eÀj`
»
&
eÀ haÕ n. tree, kola nut tree.
easily. Other use: medicinal - bark cures
chest pains. 2) wood for bridges. Xymalos
eÀj`» & eÀ hrnl n. tree, palm oil tree.
monospora.
eÀj`» & eÀ j`∆ j` n. tree, cocoa tree.
e≠ fgd n. trap for rats or bush fowls.
e≠ j`» & eÀ je`œ Pl: Àmj`» & l≠ je`œ. n.
eÀfgdak≠Ã n 19. loaf, small. See: hfgde.
eucalyptus tree, very tall tree with rough or
e≠ fg≠ n 19. trap for rats, made of a string (rope
peeling bark; slender simple leaf. Main use:
fuelwood. Other uses: timber; young soft
or thread), a stick and trigger.
leaves are used to cure catarrh. Eucalyptus.
eÀfgt&`,fgt& Variant: eÀvt&`vt&.
eÀj`
»
&
eÀ jn∆ eh n. tree, coffee tree.
Pl: lÀfgt&,fgt&. n 19/6a. shrub or short
tree, bark smooth, brown; sharp, straight
eÀj`» & eÀ jt n. tree, coconut palm.
thorns on trunk and branches; soft, simple,
eÀj`» & eÀ k`l`» r n. tree, orange tree.
acute elliptic leaf with jagged edges; fruits
24
eÀj`» & eÀ kdlnm
e≠ lmÀ
eÀj`» & eÀ kdlnm n. tree, lemon tree.
eÀj`» & eÀ knmÀeÀ n. vine.
eÀj`» & eÀ xu≠Ã e≠ n. tree that is fresh, producing
leaves.
eÀj`r eÀ a`œmÀeÀ Pl: lÀj`r ≠ m a`œm≠Ã .
n 19/6a. tree, short tree, branches spreading
from the ground; light gray bark, very
rough; simple, ovate to elliptic, papery leaf
(10 x 5 cm); slash white; red exudate; small,
round, red fruit; found in savannah area.
Main use: bark is boiled, then rubbed on the
skin to treat scabies.
eÀj`r eÀ eÀe`» eÀ Pl: lÀj`r Àm eÀeÀ,`∆ . n 19/6a.
tree, short upward-branching tree; soft,
slender leaf with jagged edges (13 x 3.5
cm); jags are grouped in pairs; bark is
bumpy, chalky gray, resembles old leather;
slash light brown; found in savannah area.
Main use: medicinal(?). Other uses: Bark is
fried with other herbs, then ground into a
powder. A small bit is eaten or rubbed on
legs to protect from dog and snake bites in
the bush. If a person has taken the powder
and meets a snake, he can kill the snake by
spitting in it's general direction.
eÀj`» xm n 19. grass leaf, used for dyeing of fiber
or thread, and blackening of objects.
eÀjƒ n 19. wall framework of a stick or bamboo
building, all vertical bamboos tied to hold
firm the horizontal bamboos on the wall.
eÀjeh n 19. stream, brook.
eÀje≠Ã Variant: eÀjeu≠Ã . Pl: lÀje≠Ã . n 19/6a.
1) guinea pig. 2) rabbit.
eÀje≠Ã r n 19. big fag sticks, used for supporting
the roof of a hut.
eÀjÀ Pl: lÀjÀ. n 19/6a. 1) mortar. Syn: `jÀ.
2) feeding trough, manger.
eÀjnk Pl: lÀjnk. n 19/6a. brackets.
eÀjnk`jnk n 19. ankle bone. Syn: `xt» œ ù≠ .
eÀjnkh eÀ vt» k n 19. one who does much work,
often for very little or no pay at all, and who
has little or no ambition to better himself.
See: cy≠ À eÀjnkh.
e≠ jr≠ v. 1) show signs of boiling by producing a
layer of foam at the surface. 2) force subsoil
to the surface.
eÀjt» n 19. strap, belt.
Syn: `jtd+ `∆ msd∆ l.
eÀjt&kÀ Pl: lÀjt&kÀ. n 19/6a. shrub or small
tree; soft, simple leaf with jagged edges (7 x
3 cm); slash yellow. Main use: branches
used on thatched roof houses to keep the
thatch from blowing away. Other uses:
walking sticks; spears; making local guitar.
Rytiginia neglecta.
eÀjt» r n 19. wart. Syn: `rt» xm.
e≠ jvn» s≠ n 19. small amount of money.
e≠ k v. 1) cause s.t. powdery to rise, e.g., dust,
ash, powder. 2) search for s.t. among other
things. See: e≠ xk≠ .
eÀk`» &k≠ Pl: lÀk`» &k≠ . n. country, small.
e≠ k`∆ l Pl: l≠ k`∆ l. n 19/6a. net.
e≠ k`∆ œ` Pl: l≠ k`∆ œ`∆ ∆ . n 19. hut, e.g., a round hut
of a herdsman. Syn: Àsvn.
eÀkd& n 19. smoke.
e≠Ã kd∆ & n 19. sometime.
eÀkd» &m≠ eÀ ÀkuÀ n 19. moment.
eÀkd» œm≠ eÀ ÀkuÀ n. brief period of time.
e≠ kÕ adv. not held as planned, e.g., a meeting.
e≠ kÕ j n 19. 1) bile. 2) bitter temperment.
eÀknl`knl Pl: lÀknl`knl. n 19/6a. black
termite.
e≠ kt∆ l Pl: l≠ kt∆ l. n 19/6a. sweet-smelling seed,
used for soap.
eÀkuÀ Pl: lÀkuÀ. n 19/6a. ant. See: œ`∆ œ`∆ œ.
eÀkuÀœ Pl: lÀkuÀœ. n 19/6a. tree, grows above 7
m; spreading branches with flat crown;
leaves bipinnate; pinnae opposed; leaflets
opposed, soft leguminous; slash white below
red; coppices; grows from cuttings; sheds
leaves in dry season (?). Main use:
medicinal - bark is used to treat general
body pains, toothaches, menstrual cramps,
piles. Bark also given to women who are
having trouble menstruating. Juice of leaves
used to treat stomach ache. Other uses: hoe
handles; fuelwood; bark is "bad medicine"
put in fields to protect against thieves;
nitrogen-fixing. Entada.
eÀl v. 1) fumble. Syn: i≠ œ. 2) be confused.
3) suffer helplessly. 4) struggle. See: èÀl.
e≠ l v. 1) bury shallowly, e.g., in wood ash to
cook, or in dust or dirt to hide. 2) be black.
Ant: eÀe. 3) be dark. 4) be opaque.
See: he≠Ã l.
e≠ la`∆ œ n 19. 1) stick, small. 2) royal dance by
women.
e≠ lad» &r≠ Pl: l≠ lad» &r≠ . n 19/6a. lintel, upper
or lower lintels of a door. See: hvtvt.
e≠ lax`k `st n 19. flu, e.g., the Asian flu
epidemic of 1957, which was characterized
by fever and headache and caused many
deaths.
eÀlÀ n 19. boil, small.
e≠ lmÀ n. black, (that which is).
25
e≠ lr≠ e≠ mjn& eÀ mx`l lankn&
e≠ lr≠ v. blacken.
e≠ mf`& Pl: l≠ mf`&. n 19/6a. fig_tree, touch
leaf; white exudate; wide disagreement
e≠ ls≠ v. 1) ferment. Syn: xd&sÀ. 2) mildew, catch
about what this tree is. It may be a name
particular to Mbesa-Ajung area; one variety
has a small, rounded leaf; another has large
elliptic leaf resembling Aloyn. Main use:
fuelwood; carving. Other uses: boundary
stick; treats swollen stomach when boiled
with other herbs.
e≠ mfd» r Pl: l≠ mfd» r. n 19. lame person, crippled
person.
Syn: vtk À kuÀœmÀ. See: mfdr.
eÀmfh Pl: lÀmfh. n 19/6a. stem that is tiny and
tall, which is used for firewood when dry,
found on hills.
e≠ mfn∆ &s≠ Pl: l≠ mfn∆ &s≠ . n 19/6a. pebble.
See: lÀmfn&`∆ ,mfn∆ &`∆ .
e≠ mfn» œkÀ Pl: l≠ mfn» œkÀ. n 19/6a. ant.
e≠ mfn∆ xmst» œ n 19. grasshopper, small, dotted
with read and black colours.
eÀmfu`œ n 19. salt.
e≠ mi`∆ l Pl: l≠ mi`∆ l. n 19/6a. 1) axe, small.
2) chisel for boring holes.
e≠ mi`» œ Pl: l≠ mi`» œ. n 19/6a. game played
e≠ mbgvƒ» eÀ a`œmÀeÀ ` vtk Àvt∆ xm
indoors.
n 19. freckle.
e≠ mi`∆ œ≠ Pl: l≠ mi`∆ œs≠ . n 19/6a. 1) rhyme.
e≠ mbgx` Pl: l≠ mbgx`. n 19/6a. bow.
2) song, short.
See: hfgnœ h eÀmbgx`.
e≠ mi`» œkÀ n 19. starling, purplish in colour,
e≠ mbgxd&` Pl: l≠ mbgxd&`. n 19/6a. trap for
moves in swarms and stays in the bush.
rats, made of stone, a string, a trigger and
e≠ mi`œs≠Ã Pl: l≠ mi`œs≠Ã . n 19/6a. xylophone,
bait.
small.
eÀmcd» œ Pl: lÀmcd» œ. n 19/6a. peanut.
eÀmiƒ» miƒ– Pl: lÀmiƒ» miƒ– . n 19/6a. fly.
Syn: ankdœ.
eÀmiƒ» miƒ– eÀ e≠ mid» xm n. firefly.
eÀmcÕÃ n 19. soot.
eÀmiƒ» miƒ– eÀ Õ mbgx`∆ Pl: l≠ miƒ» miƒ– l≠ E≠ mcnœ1 n. name of a town, spelled Fundong in
s≠ mbgx`∆ . Variant: l≠ miƒ» miƒ– Àm
English.
bgx`m≠Ã . n. gnat.
e≠ mcnœ2 Pl: l≠ mcnœ. n 19/6a. swelling, small, eÀmiƒ» miƒ– eÀ mx`l je`œ Pl: lÀmiƒ» miƒ–
caused by a blow on the body. Syn: `stœ.
l≠ mx`l je`œ. n. horsefly.
e≠ mcnœ eÀ jeÀxm Pl: l≠ mcnœ l≠ jeÀxm.
eÀmid» xm Pl: lÀmid» xm. n 19/6a. star.
n 19/6a. peak of hill, hilltop. Syn: `st
e≠ mjd∆ asÀ n 19. time, short. See: mjd∆ e.
jeÀxm. See: eÀmbgnxmbgnxm.
e≠ mjd∆ &k≠ Pl: l≠ mjd∆ &k≠ . n 19/6a. button.
e≠ mct∆ l n 19. mole, giant rat.
e≠ mje`k`& Pl: l≠ mje`k`&. n 19/6a. sparrow.
e≠ mcxt∆ œ Pl: l≠ mcxt∆ œ. Variant: e≠ mct∆ œ;
e≠ mje`œje`œ n. cigarette tin, small.
l≠ mct∆ œ. n 19/6a. shrub or short tree,
branches spreading from near ground;
e≠ mjed∆ & `∆ la≠ r Pl: l≠ mjed∆ &≠ la≠ r. n 19/6a.
smooth, gray bark; leaves simple elliptic,
tapeworm.
tough, thin (17 x 7 cm); slash yellow. Main e≠ mj≠Ã ktl n 19. whitlow, a disease that deforms
use: fuelwood. Other uses: branches used for
the finger.
pipe stems.
e≠ mjn& eÀ iÀl n 19. humpback.
eÀmdœ`∆ md∆ œ`∆ n 19. gall bladder.
E≠ mjn& eÀ MÕ a`∆ & n. name of a juju, medicine
e≠ mer≠ Variant: e≠ mrt∆ d. Pl: l≠ mer≠ . n 19/6a.
juju.
sore that is small and deep. Syn: `∆ cy≠ .
e≠ mjn& eÀ mx`l lankn& n 19. hump of
mould. See: me≠ ls≠ .
e≠ lt&`∆ xu`∆ Pl: l≠ lt&`xu`∆ . n 19/6a. cobra.
e≠ m`∆ &`m`& n 19. chameleon.
eÀm`» lm≠ Pl: lÀm`» lm≠ . n 19/6a. very small
thing. Syn: eÀen» k≠ .
e≠ mad» &r≠ n 19. door frame.
e≠ mbg`& Pl: l≠ mbg`&. n 19/6a. ring.
e≠ mbg`& eÀ mxÀœmÀeÀ n 19. bicycle.
e≠ mbgdœ Pl: l≠ mbgdœ. n 19/6a. bottle, small.
See: mbgdœ.
e≠ mbgh Variant: e≠ msrÀ. Pl: l≠ mbgh. n 19/6a.
sackcloth.
e≠ mbgnxmbgnxm Pl: l≠ mbgnxmbgnxm.
n 19/6a. peak, highest point. See: e≠ mcnœ eÀ
jeÀxm+ `st» je≠ xm.
n 19.
e≠ mbgnxmbgnxm eÀ `st ` mcn
peak of roof.
e≠ mbgt∆ l n. small drum.
e≠ mbgvƒ Pl: l≠ mbgvƒ. n 19/6a. mark or
sign that is small.
26
e≠ mjt∆ ljt∆ lje`&
e≠ rx`» œ
cow.
e≠ mjt∆ ljt∆ lje`& n 19. woodpecker.
e≠ mjt∆ m`» xu`∆ ,xu`∆ Variant:
e≠ mjt∆ xmìu`∆ iu`∆ . Pl: l≠ mjt∆ m`» xu`∆ ,
xu`∆ . n 19/6a. 1) gecko, a small lizard with
relatively smooth skin, dark-coloured, often
seen climbing on the walls of houses,
salamander. 2) salamander. See: à`r.
E≠ mjtxm n 19. name, given to a female.
e≠ mjtxmjtxm n. plant, a wild climbing plant
which bears very small edible beans.
e≠ mjvnmsrh Pl: l≠ mjvnmsrh. n 19/6a. turtle,
tortoise. Syn: sn∆ k`∆ jh.
e≠ mjx`∆ eÀ je`œ Pl: l≠ mjx`∆ l≠ je`œ.
n 19/6a. carrot.
e≠ mk`∆ xm≠ n 19. 1) pigeon. 2) dove. See: `∆ k`∆ k`∆ sn.
e≠ mkdœ Pl: l≠ mkdœ. n 19/6a. trap for rats, made
of iron.
e≠ mkdxm n. cricket, female.
eÀmn» xm≠ Pl: l≠ mn» xm≠ . n 19/6a. group of
people that is small, or a little flock of
animals.
e≠ mr`» &r≠ n 19. hot pepper. Syn: eÀrtr.
e≠ mr`œ Variant: e≠ r`œ. Pl: l≠ mr`œ. n 19/6a.
seed of fruit, e.g., avocado, mango, limes,
orange, papaya.
e≠ mrd∆ &Õ mt∆ n 19. insect similar to praying mantis.
e≠ mr≠ œ Variant: e≠ mrg≠ œ. n 19. vial or small
flask.
e≠ mrn∆ &Õ mfn∆ l n 19. honey sucker.
e≠ mrn∆ œm≠ n 19. 1) fox. 2) weasel.
e≠ mrt∆ eÀ `vtl`vtl n 19. kite.
e≠ mrvn Pl: l≠ mrvn. Variant: e≠ mrgvn;
l≠ mrgvn. n 19. basket, small, woven of
straw.
e≠ ms`» œatxm n 19. starling.
e≠ msd∆ &s≠Ã Pl: l≠ msd∆ &s≠Ã . n. village that is very
small.
e≠ ms≠ ls≠ l n 19. motorcycle.
e≠ msn∆ xm n 19. pot, small.
e≠ mst& Pl: l≠ mst&. n 19/6a. loaf that is small, a
lump. Syn: eÀfgdak≠Ã .
eÀmx`& Pl: lÀmx`&. n 19/6a. 1) tree, lowbranching tree, seldom grows above 5 m;
light gray bark; one variety has thorns; soft,
simple leaf (10 x 6 cm) with white back;
resembles oak leaf; abundant in savannah
area; coppices. Main use: edible fruit;
fencing (thorned variety). Other uses: roots
are boiled to cure toothache; fruits are mixed
with other leaves then rubbed on the road to
protect against strong winds; egg plant often
used by sorcerers. 2) egg plant, wild garden
egg. 3) divination, fortune telling.
EÀmxtxm 1 n. name, given to females.
eÀmxtxm 2 Pl: lÀmxtxm. n 19/6a. bird.
eÀmxtxm eÀ bge≠ n. parrot. Syn: lt» mjvn.
eÀmxtxm e≠ hkÀœ n. vulture.
eÀmxtxm eÀ iu`∆ Pl: l≠ mxtxm l≠ iu`∆ .
n 19/6a. water bird.
eÀmxtxm eÀ jn&mÀeÀ Pl: lÀmxtxm ≠Ã m
jn&m≠Ã . n 19/6a. climbing bird.
eÀmxtxm eÀ mcnœ n. hornbill.
eÀmxtxm eÀ mftlh n. locust bird.
eÀmxtxm eÀ mr≠ n. peacock.
e≠ mxt∆ d Pl: l≠ mxt∆ d. n 19/6a. knife used for
cutting, harvesting guinea corn.
e≠ mxt∆ d eÀ Àav`∆ r ≠ avn∆ n. dagger.
eÀrd» r Pl: Àmrd» r. n 19/6a. louse.
eÀrd» xm Pl: lÀrd» xm. n 19/6a. tray, made of
straw.
e≠ rhmfd∆ Pl: l≠ rhmfd∆ . n 19/6a. beetles that are
small, found on grass in dry season.
eÀrÀ 1 Pl: lÀrÀ. n 19/6a. tear.
eÀrÀ 2 v. resemble.
eÀr≠Ã k≠ n 19. grain.
eÀrt Pl: lÀrt. n 19/6a. frog, found in streams,
mostly in dry season, from the month of
October, that are edible.
eÀrt» œ Pl: Àmrt» œ. n 19/. elephant grass stem.
eÀrtr n 19. hot pepper. Syn: eÀmr`&rÀ.
eÀrtr e≠ mf`∆ œ n. medicinal pepper.
e≠ ru≠Ã j Variant: e≠ rgu≠Ã j. Pl: l≠ ru≠Ã j. n 19/6a.
tree, grows to 20 m; branches all along
trunk; light gray bark with small bumps;
tough, elliptic simple leaf (12 x 5 cm) with
curled, pointed tip; slash pink; white
exudate. Main uses: timber; fuelwood. Other
uses: boundary marker; fruits are collected
and fed to children in the "time of hunger".
eÀrvn Pl: lÀrvn. Variant: eÀrgvn; lÀrgvn.
n 19/6a. tree, small tree, branches spreading
from near ground; rough, gray bark; tough,
simple, elliptic leaf (17 x 10 cm); found in
savannah area; very resistant to fire;
coppices. Main use: charcoal. Other uses:
axe and hoe handles; fencing; roots are
mixed with roots of other trees to cure
yellow fever. The tree is also known by the
name Salangagang in Mbesa. Terminalia.
e≠ rx`» œ Variant: e≠ rgx`» œ. interj. exclamation
showing non-commitment or denial of
involvement.
27
e≠ rx≠ j
et `∆ xn∆ œm≠ e≠ rx≠ j Pl: l≠ rx≠ j. Variant: e≠ rg≠ j+ e≠ rgx≠ j; e≠ xr≠ v. reply. Syn: ad∆ xmr≠ .
l≠ rgÀj+ l≠ rgx≠ j. n 19/6a. 1) tree, grows eÀxuÀj`xuÀj Pl: lÀxuÀj`xuÀj. n 19/6a. mite.
above 15 m; gray, slightly rough bark; thin, ek`v`∆ n. flower (loan word).
tough, elliptic leaves (18 x 6 cm); slash
streaked light brown; black, olive-shaped
fruit; coppices. Main use: fruits are used in
preparation of guinea corn beer and
"makra." Other uses: fruit is a substitute for
okra in stew; fuelwood. 2) fruit, used in
preparation of guinea corn beer and makra.
3) spice.
eÀs`l Pl: lÀs`l. n 19/6a. fruit.
eÀsd» & Pl: lÀsd» &. n 19/6a. 1) hedge, ornamental
plant growing in the centre of a courtyard in
a compound. 2) founder of compound.
e≠ sÀs≠Ã Pl: l≠ sÀs≠Ã . n 19/6a. 1) story. 2) fable.
3) history. 4) legend.
e≠ sÀs≠Ã eÀ vt∆ k l≠ rn∆ Pl: l≠ sÀs≠Ã l≠ fgdkÀ
l≠Ã rn∆ . n. fairy tale.
eÀst& eÀ ≠ exd∆ xm n 19. calf of leg. See: mfu`&
≠ exd∆ xm+ mct∆ l ≠ exd∆ xm.
eÀst» lm≠ Pl: lÀst» lm≠ . n 19/6a. foreign
country, small.
eÀstœm≠Ã Àvt∆ xm n 19. wart.
eÀvdl Pl: lÀvdl. n 19/6a. tree, lowbranching tree, grows to 8 m; leaves
bipinnate; numerous opposed leaflets;
leguminous; coppices. Main use:
agroforestry - manure and nitrogen-fixing;
fuelwood. Other uses: timber, xylophones,
hoe handles. Albizia gummifera.
eÀvds≠Ã n 19. 1) small courtyard. 2) small
market. Syn: Àvd.
eÀvh n 19. straw. See: Àvh.
eÀvn» k≠ Pl: lÀvn» kÀ. v. 1) small thing, little
thing. 2) minor thing.
eÀvß Pl: lÀvß . n 19/6a. instrument for
sucking blood.
eÀvtlk≠ Pl: lÀvtlk≠Ã . n 19/6a. egg, small.
See: hvtl.
eÀvtxm Pl: lÀvtxm. n 19/6a. fern, used for
traditional medicine to treat àuÀ ` j≠Ã id∆ l.
eÀvt» xs≠ Pl: lÀfgd» xs≠ . n 19/6a. dwarf, midget,
manikin. See: vtk.
e≠ xÕ mÕ Pl: l≠ xÕ mÕ . n 19/6a. 1) God. Syn: an» an.
2) god.
e≠ xk≠ v. search for s.t. over and over, or
repeatedly. See: e≠ k.
eÀxmsÀ v. 1) make magic. See: heÀxmsÀ. 2) perform
miracles.
eÀxmsÀmÀ n. magical powers.
e≠ xn∆ œ`mbgvn» n 19. swallow.
Syn: èn ` atrÀmÀ,`.
en∆
v. 1) lock. See: `∆ men∆ + hen» . 2) seal. 3) make
wooden handle. Syn: bgte. See: a`∆ œ.
en∆ & v. snore. Syn: jt∆ .
enl v. be tasty, be sweet, be appetizing.
en» l n 9. form or mould for making bricks (loan
word). Syn: `∆ ms`xms`xm `bg`&+
Àexd» & `bg`&.
enrÀ v. press around, push through.
en∆ s≠ v. lock up several things or persons.
enxm v. 1) mix like mud. 2) make a squelching
sound.
en∆ xm Pl: sÀen» xm. n /13. fon, king, chief.
eß – v. rot, decay.
eß –m≠ 1 v. dilute, mix one substance with another.
eß –m≠ 2 adj. rotten.
eß –r≠ v. cause to rot or decay.
eß –s≠ v. 1) rot bit by bit. 2) reduce the temperature
of a liquid, e.g., by adding cool water to hot
water or hot tea.
erh Variant: erÀ. v. 1) take from s.o. else.
See: jt∆ . 2) receive from s.o. else.
See: erhsÀ.
erÕ àt» & v. drill. Syn: erÕ r≠ .
erh lt v. be baptized. See: et lt.
erheÀ1 Variant: eheÀ+ erh. dem adj 19. that,
referring to s.t. a bit removed from both the
speaker and the hearer, yet visible to both.
See: er≠Ã e≠ + ed∆ xme≠ .
erheÀ2 poss adj 19. your (pl.).
erÕ e≠ dem adj 19. that, referring to s.t. not present
but known to both the speaker and the
hearer. Or, it may refer to s.t. present and
speaker. See: ed∆ xme≠ + erheÀ.
erÕ e≠ ` pro rel 19. which, that.
erhrÀ v. help pull, e.g., a rope.
erÕ r≠ v. cause to drill. Syn: erÕ àt» &.
erhsÀ Variant: erÀsÀ. v. 1) take or collect from
several different people. 2) pull a bit
repeatedly from s.o., e.g., the end of a rope.
2) receive s.t. from several different people.
See: erh.
erÀ Variant: rtd. n. stomach ache.
et v. give.
et `sdl v. confide.
et `∆ xn∆ œm≠ v. 1) thank. 2) congratulate.
28
et hje`» &sÀ
fg`& bgvn»r≠ ,`∆
Syn: adlrÀ.
et hje`» &sÀ v. 1) encourage, give hope. Syn: sn∆ &.
2) give an opinion.
et lan» xm≠ rÀ ≠ vtxm v. 1) give comfort.
2) give rest to the body.
et lt v. baptize. See: erh lt.
et mfd& v. 1) trouble. 2) punish. Syn: anxmrÀ.
et mfd∆ xmr≠ v. greet selves happily by dancing
and bringing elbows to meet after a
successful attempt.
et rÀ fuÕ v. 1) stretch it to me (person is near).
2) bring (person is near). Syn: kh rÀ fuÕ .
See: fuh et.
et& v. over apply any powdery substance on the
body.
et& m≠ `∆ auÀ,` v. curse, denounce or taboo a
person, especially one's child.
etœ n. water buffalo, wild bush cow.
eu≠ v. 1) come out. 2) go out. 3) leak. 4) flow,
e.g., blood. 5) germinate.
eu≠Ã n. side of the hip, at the greater trochanter of
femur.
eu≠ `∆ mc`xm v. emerge plainly, put points
clearly.
eu≠ rÀ midœkÀ v. overlap.
eu≠Ã k≠ v. coming out from different groups,
societies, or ancestors.
eu≠ r≠ v. 1) bring out, remove s.t. or s.o. from a
container or from among other things.
Ant: vd. 2) vomit. Syn: fgn&sÀ. 3) release
from danger. 4) graduate.
eu≠ r≠ `xuÀr v. deflate.
eu≠ r≠ hkxÀœ Variant: eu≠ r≠ hkhœ. v. clean,
remove dirt. Ant: mt∆ &.
eu≠ r≠ r` mfd& v. 1) redeem or release from
trouble. 2) comfort.
eu≠ s≠ v. come out a bit.
ex`∆ v. trick. Syn: ex`∆ s≠ + mx`&sÀ+ jx`∆ sÀ+
jx`∆ k≠ .
exèÀ Variant: ex`. poss adj 19. your (sg.).
F
f`∆ ls≠ v. help. See: mf`∆ ls≠ + hf`» ls≠ .
f`∆ ls≠ rÀ mh hvn h aÀ,h v. act as an
accomplice.
ex`∆ & v. work. See: èx`» &.
ex`œsÀ v. hold, clasp. Syn: fg`k.
ex`∆ s≠ v. try to catch by tricks. Syn: kx`∆ s≠ .
exdasÀ v. winnow. See: exde.
exde v. blow. Syn: cy≠ rh. See: èxde+ exdasÀ.
exd& v. 1) twist. 2) wring. Syn: j`l. 3) massage.
exd& Àvt∆ xm v. 1) squirm. 2) turn away from.
exd&rÀ v. 1) squeeze. 2) mix. 3) rub with the
hands to get off scales.
exd&sÀ v. turn around.
exdk v. 1) stagger. 2) be very light in weight.
exdk`,exdk` adv. very light in weight.
exdkh,exdkh adv. very light in weight.
exd∆ lÕ v. close a hole with leaves or rags.
Syn: ed∆ xm.
exdlsÀ v. hold comfortably, e.g., a baby on the
lap or on the bed. See: a`&mÀ.
exdlsÀ À fudxm v. lay grass together along the
furrows.
exdlsÀ mfdœ v. be patient in all conditions.
exdlsÀ mfdœrÀ v. huddle or hold selves
together for warmth.
exdœ 1 Pl: exdœrÀ. n 9/10. testes. See: x`&.
exdœ 2 v. divine, consult one's gods. See: exdœ
eÀmx`&+ hexdœ h eÀmx`&.
exdœ `j≠ œ n. kidney.
exdœ eÀmx`& v. tell fortune, divine. Syn: exdœ
eÀmx`&+ exdœ. See: hexdœ h eÀmx`&.
exdr v. mix large quantity, turn, stir. Syn: eß –m≠ +
s`xmÀ. See: exdxsÀ+ hexdr.
exd∆ r v. pass gas. See: hexd» r+ èxd» r.
exdrÀ v. cause to mix.
exdxm v. weave or spin, e.g., rope, twine, thread.
exdxsÀ v. mix small quantity. See: exdr.
exd∆ xs≠ v. be stale or acidic in taste, e.g., corn
flour.
,
f
fg` interrog pro. what.
fg`∆ ak≠ v. 1) be quick, be smart. 2) be ambitious.
3) be restless, be active. See: hfg`» ak≠ .
f`∆ xm v. happen.
fg`& v. 1) be large, be big. Syn: ad. 2) be above,
be too difficult. 3) be wide. 4) be fat.
f`∆ xmr≠ v. cause to happen.
fd∆ kÕ v. carry on head. See: ad∆ &h ` lad∆ &+ a`k`. fg`& bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ v. be too much or too great for
the purpose intended. See: kƒ bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
29
fg`& Àjvn
fgh
fg`& Àjvn adj. rich, wealthy.
fg`∆ xs≠ v. make a rustling sound, e.g., insect or
animal in leaves. See: fg`∆ r.
fg`&mÀ n. 1) large, big, (that which is). 2) above,
too difficult, too large, too big, too wide.
fgƒ–s≠ v. act or speak sluggishly. Syn: fg`kh.
3) wide. 4) fat. 5) rich. 6) important.
fgd dem adj. there, where previously mentioned.
Syn: sn.
fg`&rÀ v. 1) enlarge, make bigger, widen,
expand. 2) exaggerate. Syn: xvnrÀ.
fg`&sÀ v. increase a bit in bulk or largeness,
become a bit bigger, larger or wider.
fg`k v. 1) hold, grip, grasp, clasp. Syn: ex`œsÀ.
2) catch. See: jt. 3) arrest. 4) detain.
5) hold, e.g., a meeting.
fg`k àÀ v. mistreat, mishandle, maltreat.
fg`k À mfdœ v. 1) control or deny oneself, be
self-controlled. 2) resist temptation. 3) be
brave. Syn: jtk `sdl.
fg`k jÀ sÕÃ v (imp.). stick to that, be steadfast.
fg`k m≠ ≠ vt v. clutch.
fg`kh v. be sluggish. Syn: yÕ kÕ + xnkh+ ankh rÀ mÕ hvn+ fgƒ– s≠ .
fg`∆ l v. 1) blame, find fault. Syn: uÀ+ jÀœ mr`&
'rÀ m`∆ (. 2) move very low, e.g., like smoke
along the ground.
fg`ls≠ v. stick to, be sticky.
fg`ls≠ mct v. cling to.
fg`∆ œ1 n. riot.
fg`∆ œ2 v. tie roughly, e.g., a bundle. 2) weave
roughly, e.g., a basket.
fg`œ `vn v. 1) struggle, strive. 2) inevitably
be forced or convinced to do s.t.
fg`∆ œÕ v. 1) persevere. 2) endure.
fg`œkÀ v. hang on s.t. Syn: miƒ.
fg`œrÀ v. hang, hang up. Syn: midœrÀ.
fg`œrÀ ad∆ v. say proudly.
fg`œrÀ Àvtxm v. be proud. See: hfg`œrÀ h
Àvt∆ xm.
fg`∆ œs≠ v. 1) meet an obstacle or become
entangled in s.t., which prevents from going
ahead. 2) stick to, continue to.
fg`∆ r v. 1) fidget, shake. 2) make rustling
sounds, e.g., by touching dry grass, leaves or
paper.
fg`xm v. 1) prepare food. 2) fetch food, e.g.,
from farm.
fg`∆ xm dem adj. 1) here. See: fgd+ fgd∆ . 2) this.
fg`xmÀ v. amble, stroll.
fg`xsÀ v. 1) hold, restrain physically, e.g., to
prevent or stop a fight. 2) massage, treat.
3) catch or hold more than one thing.
See: fg`k.
See: fg`∆ xm+ fgd∆ .
fgd∆ 1 dem adj. that, e.g., that place where you are.
See: fg`∆ xm+ fgd.
fgd∆ 2 v. smoulder, glow.
fgd∆ ` pro rel. which, that, where, when.
fgdasÀ v. mark places for boring on a bamboo at
a building site.
fgd∆ as≠ v. make crunching sound while chewing
food, e.g., raw cassava, carrots, raw sweet
potatoes.
fgde v. 1) cut off a statement without finishing it.
2) say incorrectly, deviate from the right
statement. 3) mark a place when measuring.
See: hfgde. 4) divert.
fgd∆ & v. be jealous, be jealous of. See: `∆ mfgd∆ &.
fgd&mÀ v. 1) able to think independently or
maturely. 2) able to advise.
fgd∆ &m≠ adj. 1) jealous, envious. 2) not
wholeheartedly.
fgd∆ &m≠ fg`& v. be stingy, find it difficult to
give to others or even to throw away any of
ones belongings, though they may be of no
further use to one.
fgd∆ &s≠ v. leave a bitter aftertaste deep in throat.
fgd∆ k n 2. people.
fgdkÀ n 2. people. See: vtk.
fgdkÀ eÀmx`& n. people sent to consult the
diviner.
See: vtk ≠ e≠ mx`&.
fgdkÀ fg≠ i≠ l n. 1) all people. 2) public.
fgdl poss adj 2. my (only of people).
fgd∆ r pro excl 2. we, us (exclusive).
fgdrÀ poss adj 2. our (exclusive).
fgd∆ r≠ v. cause to smoulder, kindle, cause to
glow. See: fgd∆ .
fgdr≠ m`∆ pro subj 2. we (inclusive).
— pro obj 2. us (inclusive).
— poss adj. our (inclusive), used in all noun
classes.
fgdr≠ u`∆ pro. we, you and I; us, you and me.
— poss adj. our, your and my, used in all
noun classes.
fgd∆ xm dem adj 2. these, referring to people who
are near to the speaker, though not
necessarily to the hearer, yet visible to both.
See: fgh+ fgÕ .
fgh 1 Variant: yÀ. poss adj 2. your (pl.).
30
fgh
fuÀk
fgh 2 dem adj 2. those, referring to people a bit
hearer, yet still visible to both. See: fgd∆ xm+
fgÕ .
fgÕ poss adj 2. those, referring to people not
the hearer. Or, it may refer to people present
and near the hearer, but a bit removed from
the speaker. See: fgd∆ xm+ fgh.
fgÕ ` pro rel 2. who.
fgÀ1 v. 1) is, form of "to be". 2) be alive, exist,
be.
Syn: Àsvn 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ(.
fgÀ2 pro indef 3sg. someone, one.
fgÀ3 pro indef 3pl. they.
fgÀ4 assoc 2. of.
fgÀ, ncl pf 2. plural prefix for nouns.
fg≠ i≠ l adj. 1) every, all (only of persons).
2) altogether.
fgÀ j`∆ & ` fgÀ r`lrÀ v. be trustworthy.
fgÀ j`∆ & fgÀ at» r`∆ lrÀ v. can't be trusted.
fgÀ jx` mn» fg≠ i≠ l v. be famous, be wellknown.
fgÀ vh v. none, not, not available.
fgÀ vh èn v. useless.
fgÀ vh rÀ r`lrÀ v. untrustworthy.
fgÀ vh sÕÃ v. unusual, not so, not like that.
fg≠ an∆ À fg≠Ã an∆ n. ancestors.
fgÀkh pro. some (of persons).
fgÀkÀ v. be careless.
fgn∆ e Variant: vn∆ e. v. hook.
fgn&sÀ v. vomit. See: eu≠ r≠ .
fgx` poss adj 2. your (sg.), of persons only.
f≠ œ v. excrete, lay, e.g., feces.
f≠Ã œ,fÀœ v. excreting.
fn∆ & Variant: fvn∆ &+ fxn∆ &. v. 1) remain. 2) end.
3) be only s.t.
fn∆ &r≠ Variant: fvn∆ &r≠ . v. end, come last, stop.
See: mfvn∆ &rÀ.
fn∆ &rÀmÀ Variant: fvn∆ &rÀmÀ. n. last, final, (that
which is). See: `rÀ+ `∆ mjt∆ ls≠ .
fn» l v`∆ xm n. 1) umbilical cord, (always as a
phrase). 2) remains of childbirth.
fn» lmƒ– n. 1) government. 2) governor (loan
word).
ft∆ as≠ v. 1) pull a little, tug a little. See: ft∆ e.
2) draw a little. 3) drive a little. 4) tow a
little.
ft∆ as≠ Àvtxm ha`∆ l v. 1) draw back from.
Syn: jàkÀ Àvtxm. 2) backslide.
ft∆ e v. 1) pull, tug. 2) draw. 3) drive. See: mft∆ e.
4) tow.
ft∆ e ÀuÀ ` mrd v. shuffle or drag feet on the
ground.
ft∆ lm≠ v. argue. Syn: r`& hvn.
ft∆ œ v. hem.
fu`∆ v. grind.
fu`∆ ,fu`» n. duck.
Syn: cn∆ œe`» + mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ .
fu`&rÀ v. put a flat object on its edge, make it
stand on its side.
fu`∆ r≠ v. crush.
fu`∆ s≠ v. grind.
fud Pl: fudrÀ. n 9/10. 1) bush fowl. 2) partridge.
fud∆ Pl: fud∆ r≠ . n 9/10. 1) spy. Syn: mjh+ vtk ≠ mjh. 2) scout. 3) ruffian.
fud Õ mx`∆ kÀmÀ n. guinea fowl.
fud∆ k v. 1) cut, cut wood. 2) hack.
fudxm Variant: fvdxm. Pl: fudxmrÀ. n 9/10.
1) farm. 2) field. Syn: Àsv`&.
fud» xm la`∆ r n. garden.
fuÕ v. come. See: fuÕ s≠ .
fuÕ ` it» œ v. welcome.
fuh et v. bring (person is far away). See: et
fuh.
fuÕ m≠ 'Õ vn,h( v. result in.
fuÕ rÀ x`&h 1 v. arrive.
Syn: fuÕ rÀ bgdl+ mct rÀ x`&h.
fuÕ rÀ x`&h 2 adv. until.
fuÕ s≠ v. 1) come a bit. 2) come gradually.
See: fuÕ .
fuÀ n. 1) poisonous drug, formerly used at
Laikom to determine the guilt or innocence
of a suspect. If guilty, the person will die, if
innocent, he will only vomit. 2) skin.
3) leather.
fu≠ v. 1) settle or land, e.g., a bird on a branch,
or a plane on the ground. See: hfu≠Ã . 2) faint
because of epilepsy. 3) err, be wrong or
incorrect. 4) lie in wait for s.o. or s.t.
5) decrease, go down, e.g., a fever.
fuÀ `st n. scalp.
fuÀ `∆ u≠ Pl: fuÀrÀ ≠ u≠ . n 9/10. 1) sole of foot.
2) shoe.
fuÀ ≠ bge≠ Pl: fuÀrÀ Àbge≠ . n 9/10. lip.
fuÀ ≠ vtxm n. skin. Syn: Àvtxm.
fuÀk Pl: fuÀxrÀ. Variant: fuÀkrÀ. n 9/10. maggot.
31
fu≠ k
han h an∆
2) divide, separate.
fu≠ k v. have a fever or a cold.
fvn∆ s≠ v. share, divide.
fuÀl n. arm pains.
fu≠ lÕ v. bury. See: hfuÀlÕ h vt» k+ hvd h vt» k fx` Pl: fx`rÀ. n 9/10. 1) voice sound. 2) noise
(plural form). Pl: fx`rÀ. 3) bundle of grass
or wood.
fx` Õ rn n. bundle of millet.
fx`» ≠ bge≠Ã À vt» k v. 1) find fault with s.o.
2) cause s.o. to quarrel.
fx` ≠ mj`∆ & n. bundle of wood.
fx` ≠ vÕ n. bundle of straw.
fx`» mi`∆ œ n. melody.
fx`œ Variant: f`œ. Pl: fx`œrÀ. n 9/10. straw,
stalks of some grass used as material for
making baskets.
fx`» œ n. dress, a special type that is very simple
(loan word).
fx`rÀ n. 1) noise. 2) voices. See: fx`.
hrd∆ .
fu≠ ls≠ v. 1) hide s.t. in the soil. 2) keep as a
secret.
fu≠ r≠ v. cause s.o. to err or go wrong.
fu≠ s≠ 1 v. lie in wait, e.g., to catch s.o. or s.t.
fu≠ s≠ 2 adv. unexpectedly, suddenly, abruptly.
Syn: cuÕ mÕ rÀ mÕ + jd∆ ak≠ .
fu≠ s≠ mÕ v. do suddenly.
Syn: cu≠ mÕ mÕ .
fu≠Ã s≠ ,` v. be ready.
fu≠ xm v. not boiled well, e.g. potatoes, yams, due
to their shoots having been exposed too long
to the sun before harvesting. See: bgtœ.
fu≠ xm jd∆ & v. look dull.
fvn∆ v. 1) divide. 2) distribute.
fvn∆ hsn∆ œ v. divide into two equal parts.
fvn∆ r≠ v. 1) spread, scatter. Syn: r`œsÀ+ v`œsÀ.
H
assoc 4, 5, 9. of. See: À.
h1
h2
ncl concord 4, 5. noun class concord marker.
h, 1 ncl pf 4. plural prefix for nouns.
h, 2 ncl pf 5. singular prefix for nouns.
ha`&sÀ n. preparation.
ha`k Pl: sÀa`k. n 5/13. 1) land, large area of,
,
h
hadl n. 1) fierceness, hideousness. 2) horror.
hadlrÀ n. praise. 2) thanks, thankfulness.
hadxm Pl: sÀadxm. n 5/13. pen for animals,
stable, stall.
Syn: mcn» mx`∆ lr≠ .
hadxmrÀ Pl: sÀadxmrÀ. n 5/13. repetition, e.g.,
of a chorus or poem. See: adxmrÀ.
where one cultivates a plot. 2) plain, level
had» xmr≠ n. 1) return, reply. 2) payment.
land. Syn: `∆ kd∆ k`kdk.
Syn: hk`∆ & h Àjvn.
ha`∆ l prep. 1) behind, back. 2) after.
hah
Pl:
sÀah. n 5/13. 1) kola nut. 2) tree, which
ha`» œ n. 1) redness. 2) rust. 3) ripeness. 4) white
produces kola nuts. Main use: eating the
race. Syn: l≠ j`k`∆ .
fruit. Other use: shade tree.
ha`xm Pl: sÀa`xm. n 5/13. light (opposite of
haÀ Pl: sÀaÀ. n 5/13. pit or hole, dug by a person.
dark).
See: àt» &.
ha`» xm n. hatred. See: a`∆ xm.
ha≠Ã n. 1) branching, changing course. 2) sojourn.
ha`xm h fg`&mÀ,h n. glory. Syn: hjn&rÀ.
See: a≠ .
had n. largeness. Syn: hfg`&.
haÀe èn n. request. See: aÀe+ bgvnsÀ.
hadarÀ n. 1) corruption. 2) destruction.
haÀe hvn n. question.
3) stillborn. Syn: ayÀ v`xm l` vt jeÀ
haÀlh n. faith, belief.
ldxm+ ayÀ v`xm rÀ vn+ vn v`xm.
ha≠Ã r n. demolition. See: a≠ r.
hade n. spoiled relationship. See: hadarÀ.
had» &m≠ n. 1) argument. 2) expectation of s.o. else haÀxm Pl: sÀaÀxm. n 5/13. dance. See: aÀxm.
han n. weaving.
to act or do s.t. See: ad∆ &m≠ .
hadk`∆ ad∆ k`∆ Pl: sÀadk`∆ ad∆ k`∆ . n 5/13. parasite that han `st n. 1) hairstyle. 2) plaiting.
han h an∆ n. 1) weaving of a bag. 2) bunch of
attacks plants.
grass or wood, burned for harvesting honey.
hadkÕ n. echo.
32
han&
hcx≠Ã k
han& Pl: àn&. n 5/6. pumpkin.
hank n. 1) softness. 2) weakness, mildness.
Ant: hsn. 3) tiredness.
hanxmÀ n. softness.
hanxrÀ Pl: sÀanxrÀ. n 5/13. blessing. Syn: èt» &+
hlv`&sÀ.
haß» n. 1) safety. 2) salvation, act of being saved.
haß» r≠ n. saving, salvation.
hatasÀ n. barking of a dog.
hate n. bark of a dog.
hat& Pl: sÀat&. n 5/13. 1) bundle. 2) parcel.
hat» & Pl: sÀat» &. n 5/13. borer, drill, e.g., a stick.
Syn: `∆ merÕ àt∆ &.
hat» &s≠ n. boring, drilling.
hauÀ Pl: s≠Ã auÀ. n 5/13. 1) edge, corner. 2) particle
of s.t. floating in the air, e.g., flour, dust, or
ash.
hax`œ Variant: hav`œ. Pl: sÀax`œ. n 5/13.
vegetable, edible, with small leaves and
short stems, slightly bitter in taste, found
mostly on cultivated land.
hax`xsÀ n. uproar, shouting.
haxdl n. hunting.
haxd» l n. jeering.
hayh h v`xm s≠ j` ÀkuÀ jedxm
n.
abortion.
hayÀ Variant: hauÀ. n. birth.
hbg`l n. chewing. See: bg`l.
hbg`lmÀ h Àvt∆ xm n. sympathy.
Syn: hjnxmrÀ hrtxm+ hbg`lmÀ h Àvt∆ xm
m≠ fgdkÀ mfd&À.
hbgdr n. tapping, e.g., of wine. See: bgdr.
hbgd∆ r n. chopping. See: bgd∆ r.
hbgd» r≠ n. discouraging remarks. Syn: `∆ mbgƒ–.
hbge≠Ã m≠ n. promise, oath.
hbgh n. 1) life. 2) plastering.
hbgh h e`œmÀ,h n. eternal life, everlasting life.
Syn: hbgh y≠ ` xh kƒ– lƒ vh.
hbgh h mcn n. plastering of house. Syn: hxn&.
See: bgh Àvtxm mcn.
hbgh lnœ n. quietness.
hbgh y≠ ` xh kƒ– lƒ vh n. eternal life,
everlasting life.
Syn: hbgh h e`œmÀ.
hbgÀ Pl: sÀbgÀ. n 5/13. 1) wood, stick. 2) pin,
needle. 3) wand. Syn: la`∆ œ vt∆ k ≠ mf`∆ œ+
la`œ hr`&. 4) fireplace. 5) pen.
hbgÀ h fg`∆ &k≠ n. rib. Syn: hbgÀ,ha≠ .
See: hfg`» &k≠ .
hbgÀ h ÀuÀr n. hearth, fireplace.
hbgÀ h la`∆ r n. stick for beating soft boiled
vegetables.
hbgÀ,ha≠ n. 1) side, beside. Syn: mft∆ œ. 2) rib.
Syn: hfg`» &k≠ + hbgÀ h fg`∆ &k≠ .
hbgÀk h fu≠ s≠ n. 1) recollection with fear,
recalling to mind in fear. 2) surprise.
See: au≠ œr≠ .
hbgÀkh n. 1) bravery. Syn: `fgdrh+ `sdl ` sn» .
2) stubbornness, hardheartedness.
See: bgÀkh.
hbgÀœkÀ ù≠ n. heel.
hbgÀxms≠ n. marriage. Syn: hk`l+ l`k`» .
See: bgÀxms≠ .
hbgn& n. 1) removing one thing, e.g., clothes.
2) choice, choosing. 3) opening. 4) pulling
up, uprooting. See: bgn&.
hbgn& `vn n. fun. Syn: hcÀl.
hbgn» l n. act of painting with colours.
hbgnlÕ n. blaming, maligning one innocently.
See: bgn∆ lÕ .
hbgnœ Pl: sÀbgnœ. n 5/13. stealing.
hbgt» & Pl: sÀbgt» &. n 5/13. swamp.
hbgvn n. entertainment place, e.g., a place
where a host of a feast will entertain his
guests.
See: vtk Õ bgvn.
hbgxd& n. laughter. See: bgxd&.
hbgxd» & èn n. initiation, e.g., of juju.
See: bgxd∆ &.
hcu≠Ã n. bounty, plentifulness.
See: rÀ hcu≠ .
hcx`k n. pride.
Syn: hfg`œrÀ h Àvt∆ xm.
hcx`k h jdk n. starting point for weaving a
straw bowl.
hcx`lsÀ n. stumbling over s.t.
hcx`» œr≠ h hjn&h n. spreading of infection or
illness to another person.
hcx`xm n. bronze.
hcx`» xm n. 1) igniting, enkindling. 2) teaching of
bad manners. See: cx`∆ xm À vtk.
hcx`xsÀ n. actions expressing happiness, joyful
actions. Syn: hmxnmÀ. See: hr`œkÀ.
hcxd» e n. length. Syn: hmf`œsÀ. See: cxd∆ e.
hcxdk Pl: `cxdk. n 5/6. chin.
hcxd» xm h Àvt∆ xm n. boastfulness. Syn: Õ cx`k.
hcxd» xmr≠ n. teaching. See: mcxd∆ xmr≠ .
hcx≠Ã k Variant: hc≠Ã k+ hcÕÃ k. n. weight. See: cx≠ k+
ed∆ & hcx≠Ã k.
33
hcxÀl
hfgdakÀ
h l≠Ã fu≠Ã e. See: `k`» &. 3) locking. See: en∆ .
hen» h mfvnkdœ n. 1) traitor. 2) special cutlass
1) play. Syn: `∆ mxd∆ &r≠ . 2) fun. Syn: hbgn&
sharpened on all the two edges, for war
`vn. 3) game. See: cxÀl+ hcxÀlrÀ.
dances and displays.
hcx≠Ã l n. 1) snarl. 2) hum, murmur.
hen
»
h
sÀkvn
n. making of wooden handles for
hcx≠Ã lk≠ h aÀ n. snarl of dog. See: cx≠ lk≠ .
hoes.
hcxÀlrÀ n. 1) joking, not serious. 2) causing s.o.
henl Pl: sÀenl. n 5/13. 1) brain. Syn: hsne.
or s.t. to play. See: hcxÀl+ cxÀl.
2) marrow. Syn: hrn. 3) sweetness,
hcyÀ Variant: hih. Pl: sÀcyÀ. n 5/13. termites that
tastefulness. See: enl.
fly. Syn: mfn&.
heß» n. decay, rot.
hcy≠Ã Variant: hcyÕÃ . Pl: sÀcy≠Ã . n 5/13. cry.
herÕÃ n. drilling. See: erÕ + `∆ merÕ àt∆ &+ hat» &.
See: cy≠ .
het Pl: sÀet. n 5/13. 1) giving. 2) offering.
hcy≠Ã Õ `∆ mfd» xm≠ n. hoot of owl.
3) sacrifice.
hcy≠Ã h aÀ n. whine of dog.
het h lan» xmÀ n. peace offering.
hcy≠Ã h ayÕ jdl n. roar of lion.
het» & Pl: sÀet» &. n 5/13. 1) basket. 2) cockroaches
hcy≠Ã h e≠Ã mrt∆ eÀ `vtl`vtl n. cry of
(plural form).
hawk.
heu≠Ã h l≠Ã kt∆ œ r` l≠Ã fg`∆ œ n. haemorrhage.
hcy≠Ã h hjeÀ n. death cry.
heuÀr≠ h v`xm n. abortion.
hcy≠Ã h Õ mr`∆ lm≠ n. croak of frog.
hexdœ n. wound. Syn: `kdlsÀ.
hcy≠Ã h lÀmxtxm n. twitter of birds.
hexdœ h eÀmx`& n. divination, fortune telling.
hcyÀr `cyÀr adv. ajar.
Syn: eÀmx`&. See: exdœ.
he`» xm n. fear, fright. See: e`∆ xm.
hexdr n. mixture. See: exdr.
he`xsÀ n. making. See: e`xsÀ.
hexd» r n. passing gas. See: exd∆ r+ èxd» r.
he`xsÀ h Àu≠ r n. making fire. Syn: hjvn» h Àu≠ r. hf`» ls≠ n. help. See: f`∆ lsÀ.
hed Pl: sÀed. n 5/13. waterfall.
hf`» xm hvn h aÀ,h n. accident.
hede Pl: sÀede. n 5/13. male goat.
hfg`» ak≠ n. 1) restlessness, e.g., spoke of a
hed» &s≠ n. report. See: ed∆ &s≠ .
restless child. 2) quickness, smartness.
3) ambition. See: fg`∆ ak≠ .
hed» k Pl: sÀed» k. n 5/13. work, job. See: ed∆ k.
hfg`& n. riches, treasures.
hed» k h Àvt∆ xm Pl: sÀed» k sÀ Àvt∆ xm. n. body
function.
hfg`& h Àjvn n. wealth, riches.
hedkh n. other day (past), about two days past.
hfg`» &k≠ Pl: sÀfg`» &k≠ . n 5/13. rib. Syn: hbgÀ,ha≠ .
hedl Pl: sÀedl. n 5/13. scandal, backbiting.
See: hbgÀ h fg`∆ &k≠ .
Syn: jt» fgn∆ œ+ hvn h aÀ,h+ `∆ mj`œ rÀ
hfg`k n. 1) holding. 2) claim. 3) arrest.
adarÀ hyÀxm h vt» k.
See: fg`k.
heÀ Variant: heuÀ. Pl: sÀeÀ. n 5/13. 1) leaf.
hfg`» l n. 1) mat for drying. 2) reproach, blame.
2) newness. Syn: èÀ.
hfg`lh Pl: sÀfg`lh. n 5/13. boundary.
heÀe n. whiteness. See: eÀe.
Syn: mfvn∆ mÀ.
heÀk Pl: sÀeÀk. n 5/13. tsetse fly.
hfg`lh ` `∆ mf`∆ œs≠ œd» xm ≠ kuÀ,`∆ n.
he≠Ã k Pl: sÀe≠Ã k. n 5/13. store, storage hut.
diaphragm. Syn: `kd& `msd» xm≠ m≠ `∆ mf`∆ œs≠ ,`∆ œd» xm ≠ kuÀ,`» .
Õ e≠ khminœminœ n. rainbow.
hfg`œ
1 Pl: `fg`œ. n 5/6. root.
heÀl Pl: sÀeÀl. n 5/13. 1) place where sacrifices
are made. 2) burial place for fons, shrine of hfg`œ 2 Pl: sÀfg`œ. n 5/13. corner.
chiefs in Kom.
hfg`œÕ n. perseverance.
he≠Ã l n. 1) blackness, darkness. Syn: àd `
hfg`œrÀ h Àvt∆ xm n. pride. Syn: hcx`k.
eÀlmÀ,`+ `∆ mehmÕ . 2) dark, murk.
See: fg`œrÀ Àvt∆ xm.
Syn: mehmhrÀ. See: eÀl.
hfg`» r n. rustling, noisy fidgeting.
heÀxmsÀ n. 1) witchcraft, wizardry, ability to
hfg`r`∆ fg`∆ r`∆ n. ringworm.
transform, magic making. 2) mystery.
hfgdakÀ n. 1) fiddling with delicate or harmful
See: eÀxmsÀ.
objects. 2) clotting together of liquid.
hen» Pl: sÀen» . n 5/13. 1) cutlass. 2) cave. Syn: hen»
hcxÀl Variant: hchl. Pl: sÀcxÀl. n 5/13.
34
hfgde
hjdk
hfgde Pl: sÀfgde. n 5/13. 1) loaf. 2) mark on an
object for measuring, made with a knife.
See: fgde.
hfgd&mÀ n. maturity.
hfgd» &m≠ n. jealousy, envy.
hfgdk adj. 1) equal, same. 2) right, correct.
hfgdk s` adv. same as, just as, exactly as.
Syn: mcdœ,mcd∆ œ.
hfgd» r≠ n. 1) kindling. 2) causing to glow.
See: fgd∆ r≠ .
hfgdxm Pl: `fgdxm. n 5/6. breast.
hfgn& `st Variant: hvn& `st. Pl: `fgn& Àst.
n 5/6. skull. Syn: `st.
hfgn&sÀ n. vomiting. See: fgn&sÀ.
hfgnl Pl: `fgnl. n 5/6. 1) upper arm biceps
region. 2) shoulder. Syn: lad∆ &.
hfgnœ Variant: hvnœ. Pl: `∆ fgnœ. n 5/6.
1) spear. 2) arrow. 3) war.
hfgnœ h eÀmbgx` Pl: `fgnœ ` eÀmbgx`. n.
arrow.
hfgnœ h Àu≠ r Pl: `fgnœ Àu≠ r. n. bullet.
hfgn» œ h mft∆ & n. oar. See: xt∆ e.
hfgnœ h mrn& n. famine (slang). Syn: idœ.
Õ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ Pl: s≠ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ. n 5/13.
1) worm, hookworm. 2) leech.
Õ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ ` `∆ laxd∆ xm n. threadworm.
hfgnœ`fgnœ h mr`& n. hookworm.
hfgnœ`fgnœ h mrd n. 1) earthworm.
2) cankerworm.
hfuÕÃ n. coming.
hfu≠Ã n. settling or landing, e.g., birds or planes.
See: fu≠ .
hfu≠Ã h mr`& n. guilt.
hfuÀlÕ h vt» k n. funeral, burial. See: fu≠ lÕ .
hfuÀxm Pl: sÀfuÀxm. n 5/13. corpse.
Syn: hfuÀxm h vt» k+ `jeÀ ` vt» k.
hfvn» r≠ h l`k`» n. divorce.
hfxdl n. bush that is small and thick, where
animals can hide.
hfxdr h mcn n. eaves of a building.
hi`& Pl: sÀi`&. n 5/13. insanity, madness.
See: i`&.
hi`& h aÀrÀ n. 1) rabies. 2) hydrophobia.
hi`» œ Pl: sÀi`» œ:. n 5/13. 1) invitation. Syn: hk`&Õ .
2) calling. 3) reading, e.g., Gospel reading.
4) announcement, e.g., by a town cryer.
See: i`∆ œ.
hid» k Pl: sÀid» k. n 5/13. journey.
hid» k h vtk À ku≠ œmÀ n. hobbling.
hid» k h vtk À vh r` mfdœ n. prostitution.
hid» l Pl: sÀid» l. n 5/13. prayer.
hidlsÀ n. repetition.
hid» ls≠ n. prayer to the gods.
hin» e n 5. 1) cleanliness. 2) beauty.
hitkh n. remains or remnant of any liquid in a
container, e.g., wine, oil. See: itkh.
hit» l h fg≠Ã jÕ À fgd» k n. adultery.
hivn Variant: hivn h i`œ. n. tree, low-branching,
grows to 12 m; bark gray, rough; smooth,
slender leaf (5 x 2 cm); young leaves have
jagged edges; slash yellow below red. Main
uses: medicinal - ground bark is placed in
abscesses and open wounds; powder is
snuffed to cure "head cancer"; powder
mixed with water and drank to cure stomach
ache; boiled bark relieves joint pains. Other
uses: carving of "Dane" guns; xylophones.
Agauria salisfolia.
hj`∆ interrog pro. which.
hj`» & Pl: sÀj`» &. n 5/13. grasshopper, (kind of).
See: `∆ ms`∆ xm+ Õ mfu≠ xm.
hj`» &r≠ n. 1) view. Syn: hxdxm+ hjh hvn.
2) lighting a path for s.o. 3) searching for s.t.
in the dark with a light. See: j`∆ &r≠ .
hj`k Pl: sÀj`k. n 5/13. wheel.
hj`m`j`xm Pl: sÀj`m`j`xm. n 5/13. wasp.
hj`œ Pl: sÀj`œ. n 5/13. 1) ceiling. Syn: hj`œ h
mcn. 2) frying pan, a clay or iron vessel for
frying food, e.g., ground nuts. Syn: `j`œ
`kd∆ k`kdk+ msn∆ xm `kd∆ k`kdk rÀ m`∆ j`œ
Àevn `sdxm.
hj`œ àd n. loft.
hj`œ `r`œ n. 1) flat pot for frying of corn.
2) ceiling where maize is stored.
hj`œ h mcn n. ceiling. Syn: hj`œ.
hj`œsÀ n. frying. See: j`œsÀ.
hj`» œs≠ n. suggestion.
hj`xm n. marvel, wonder, amazement,
astonishment.
hj`xm h layÀ n. pondering, worrying.
hj`∆ xms≠ n 5. promise, vow.
hjd» n. hatching. See: jd∆ .
hjd& n. shout, used to call s.o. afar off.
hjd» &1 Pl: `jd» &. n 5/6. face.
hjd» &2 Pl: sÀjd» &. n 5/13. appearance.
hjd» & èn n. colour.
hjd&sÀ n. signaling s.o. by making just vocal
sounds. See: jd&+ jd&sÀ.
hjdk Pl: `jdk. n 5/6. penis.
35
hjdl,jdl
hk`& h mjeÀrÀ mrd
Syn: ìÕÃ + Àse≠Ã .
hjdl,jdl n. pretending. See: jdl.
hjdm`∆ jd∆ m`∆ Pl: sÀjdm`∆ jd∆ m`∆ . n 5/13. thorny
plant, that is short and suitable for fencing.
hjdr n. leg. Syn: hexdxm.
hje` n. returning home, from farm or work.
See: `kdœ ÀkuÀ hje`.
hje`» &s≠ Variant: hjv`» &sÀ. Pl: s≠ je`» &s≠ . n 5/13.
1) hope. Syn: hld» &m≠ . 2) thinking, thought.
3) intention. 4) mind. See: je`∆ &s≠ .
n. zeal.
hje`» &s≠ `cx`& rÀ m`∆ jn» œ hvn
hje`» &s≠ h aÀ,h Variant: hje`» &s≠ h ay≠Ã ,h. n.
spite.
hje`» &s≠ h at fgÀ vh v. be absent-minded.
hje`» &s≠ h kh n. suggestion. Syn: j`∆ œs≠ .
hje`» &s≠ ha`∆ xm m≠ `∆ mfgd∆ &`∆ n. grudge.
hje`» &s≠ rÀ mh hvn h aÀ,h n. lust.
hjed» n. cooking. See: jed∆ .
hjed» h bgvnrÀ n. overcooking. Syn: jed∆ m`
jÀ ah bgvnrÀ.
hjeÕÃ n. harvesting. See: jeÕ .
hjeÀ Variant: hjeuÀ. Pl: sÀjeÀ. n 5/13. death.
See: jeÀ.
hjeÀ,h Àfgn∆ œk≠ À iÀl n. polio.
hjeÀk n. 1) eating. See: jeÀk. 2) grass (kind of).
hje≠Ã k Pl: sÀje≠Ã k. n 5/13. latrine.
hjeÀmÀ n. 1) difference. 2) change (money).
See: jeÀmÀ.
hjh hvn n. judgment, view.
Syn: hjd» &+ hxdxm+ hj`» &r≠ .
hjÀœ Pl: sÀjÀœ. n 5/13. 1) sacrificial rite. 2) pot,
small, in which sacrificial rites are
performed.
hjÀœ`jÀœ adj. closed.
hj≠Ã œs≠ Õ minœ n. eclipse of the moon, lunar
eclipse.
hj≠Ã œs≠ ≠ bge≠ hxuÀ n. eclipse of the sun, solar
eclipse.
hjn&h Pl: sÀjn&h. n 5/13. illness, disease,
sickness.
Ant: Àvt» xm svn. See: jn&h.
hjn&h `sdl n. heart sickness.
hjn&h `xt∆ œ n. arthritis. See: hjn&h Àxt∆ œ+
Àse`k.
hjn&h À iu`» e≠ mfu`œ n. nausea.
hjn&h Àmj`» & n. blight. Syn: mfvnrÀ.
hjn&h Àsnœ xtlmÀ mÀ `∆ mxtl`
n.
diabetes.
hjn&h Àxt∆ œ n. rheumatism. See: hjn&h `xt∆ œ.
hjn&rÀ n. 1) honour, praise. See: jn&rÀ. 2) glory.
Syn: ha`xm h fg`&mÀ,h.
hjn» œ Pl: sÀjn» œ. n 5/13. love.
hjn» œ h kÀrÀmÀ,h n. flirtation. See: jdl
cxdxm hjn» œ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
hjn» xm n 5. adultery.
hjn» xm≠ n. shrub, with pinnate leaves;
leguminous. Main use: agroforestry,
nitrogen-fixing and fallow cropping.
Tefrosia vogelli.
hjnxmrÀ hrtxm n. 1) mercy. Syn: hbg`lmÀ h
Àvt∆ xm+ hrtxm h jnk`mÀ,h. 2) sympathy.
hjß n. carrying s.t. loosely or not tied, in the
arms, e.g., wood, grass.
hjt n. 1) sense, feeling. See: jt. 2) rawness.
3) catching.
hjt& Pl: sÀjt&. n 5/13. stones gathered into small
heaps in a farm.
hjt» & Pl: sÀjt» &. n 5/13. magical power.
See: eÀxmsÀ.
hjt» l n. touching.
hjtlh Àvtxm n 5. 1) mourning, sorrow,
sadness. See: jtlh Àvtxm. 2) regret,
apology.
hjt» œÕ n. sharing cup, used in a bgnœ or
l`∆ min∆ œ house. Syn: mrde.
hjtxm Pl: `jtxm. n 5/6. bean.
Syn: hrÀ hjtxm.
Hjt» d1 n. upper family member. See: HsrÀxm`k`&.
hjt» d2 prep. up. Syn: hxuÀ. Ant: hsrÀxm.
hjt» dr≠ n. discouraging words.
hjvn n. demanding refund of a debt. See: jvn.
hjvn» h Àu≠ r n. making fire. Syn: he`xsÀ h Àu≠ r.
See: jvn∆ .
hjvnsÀ h m`∆ mfuÀ n. cackle of hen.
hjvnsÀ h mfuÀ n. cackle of fowl.
hkàrÀ n. decoration. See: kàrÀ.
hk`» as≠ n. touching s.o. with a finger to get their
attention. See: k`∆ as≠ .
hkè n. dressing. See: kè.
hk`& Pl: sÀk`&. n 5/13. 1) country. 2) race.
Syn: mbgÀxmsÀ sÀk`& l` sÀ eu≠Ã k≠ hr`r h
mcn h ln&. 3) tribe.
hk`» & n. 1) basket. 2) trap for tadpoles.
3) payment.
hk`& `rdrd n. desert.
hk`» & h Àjvn n. payment.
Syn: hk`∆ & èn+ had» xmr≠ .
hk`& h mjeÀrÀ mrd n. Hades.
36
hk`&Õ hlh
hk`&Õ n. invitation. Syn: hi`» œ.
Hk`&hjnl n. name of the village, where the
hkÀ
Pl: sÀkÀ. n 5/13. 1) damp place, even in dry
season. 2) looking down upon s.o.
hk≠Ã Pl: sÀk≠Ã . n 5/13. material for tying, from the
palace of the Fon of Kom is located.
raffia palm.
hk`» &r≠ n. moving about aimlessly, wasting time.
Syn: `xuÀr+ mje≠ rÀ.
See: k`∆ &r≠ .
hk≠Ã l Variant: hkx≠Ã l. n. scent, smell, odour.
hk`» &sÀ n. payment in installments. Syn: k`& rÀ
See: k≠ l.
hkƒ,rÀ hkƒ.
Variant: hkxÀlrÀ. n. extinguishing.
hkÀlrÀ
hk`k` n. 1) delay. 2) loitering. See: k`k`.
See: kÀlrÀ.
hk`kÕ n. rising. See: k`∆ kh.
hkÀrÀ
n. deceit.
hk`kÕ rÀ hjeÀ n. resurrection from the dead.
hk`l n. 1) stirring or mixing together, e.g., water hknl Pl: sÀknl. n 5/13. 1) moss. 2) coating,
wrapping. 3) plastering. See: hxn&. 4) loss of
and corn flour. 2) marriage (idiom).
interest, no longer palatable, resulting from
hk`» œ n. tree, tough, twisting tree which begins
constant use, e.g., constantly seeing, hearing
branching from the ground; bark brown,
or doing anything.
slightly rough; leaves digitate; leaflets in
hkt» l n. 1) heat. 2) pains. Syn: mfd&.
groups of 5-9, elliptic, tough; slash white;
hkt» lk≠ n. hurrying. See: kt∆ lk≠ .
coppices; grows from cuttings. Main use:
fencing. Other use: building material.
hktœ ànan n. harp.
hk`œsÀ n. bending down, the act of. See: k`œsÀ.
hktœ h je`œ n. guitar.
hk`xm n. cleanliness. See: k`xm.
hktœ h s≠Ã rd∆ & n. zither.
Õ k`xmh n. 1) cleanliness. 2) learning.
hktœkÀ n. 1) suffering helplessly. 2) worries.
3) clearness.
hkt» d n. bitterness.
hk`xmrÀ n. 1) playing and comforting a baby.
hkt» ds≠ n. bittersweet.
2) cleaning completely. Ant: hmt» &.
hkuÀ Pl: `kuÀ 5. 6. n. knee.
3) rinsing. See: k`xmrÀ.
hkv`» & n. 1) sign of fruit beginning to ripen, e.g.,
hk`xrÀ n. causing delay. See: k`xrÀ.
avocado pears, bananas. 2) flash.
hk`» xs≠ n. madness, craziness. See: k`∆ xs≠ .
Syn: hlx`» xm+ hœv`» œr≠ . See: kv`» &r≠ .
hkƒ n 5. smallness. Syn: hkƒsÀ.
hkv`» & h bgt» d n. 1) flash of light. Syn: à`» œ
hkƒrÀ n. lessening, making small.
` bgt» d. 2) getting ripe.
hkƒsÀ n. smallness.
hkv`» & Àst& n. dawn, when the day begins to
dawn.
hkd» n. losing, the act of. See: kd∆ .
hkxÀœ
Variant: hkhœ. n. 1) dirt. 2) ruining s.o.
hkde n. poisoning, the act of.
See:
kxÀœ.
hkd& n. fleeing, flight, escape. Syn: hs`» xm+
hl`» & h lÀkt» & n. traditional blessing of one's
hmxhœ. See: kd&.
building plot and new house, which must be
hkd&rÀ n. hiding, keeping away.
performed in order to qualify to hold a death
hkdl n. accident.
celebration or be buried in one's compound.
hkd» l n. keeping, plan, promise, will.
This rite follows Àxvn.
hkdlh Pl: sÀkdlh. n 5/13. tongue.
Õ l`» & h s`» jr n. payment of tax.
hkdlh Àu≠ r n. flame.
Õ la`œÕ Variant: e≠ la`∆ œÕ . Pl: s≠ la`œÕ .
n 5/13. tree, bright orange exudate. Main
hkd» lr≠ n. 1) postponement. 2) promise.
use: medicinal - bark is boiled and used to
hkdœ 1 Pl: sÀkdœ. n 4/13. bamboos. See: Àkvdœ.
treat scabies, toothache, worms, and yellow
hkdœ 2 n 5. 1) incense, used medicinally to treat
fever. Other uses: bark is used to polish
catarrh and cough; also used to drive away
shoes to give a red colour.
evil spirits; used also in religious ceremonies
Õ lay≠ n. rat (kind of).
in the Catholic church. 2) beating. See: kdœ.
hld» &m≠ n. hope. Syn: hje`» &s≠ .
hkdœ h je`œ n. candle. Syn: jdmcd∆ .
hlh Variant: sÀlh+ stlh. v. 1) stand, be
hkd» r≠ n. forgetfulness. See: kd∆ r≠ .
standing. 2) mend or repair by stitching.
hkhl Variant: hkxÀl. Pl: `khl. n 5/6. yellow
Syn: s`r+ e`xsÀ. 3) sew. Syn: s`r. 4) stop.
yam.
Syn: uhrh.
37
hlÀ
hmxnœ`mxnœ
hlÀ n. 1) greed. 2) miserliness, stinginess.
hln» l Pl: s≠ ln∆ l. n 5/13. testing, temptation.
See: ln∆ l.
Õ lt» n. visit. See: lt∆ s≠ .
hlt» xs≠ Àu≠ m≠ Õ exdxmh n. elephantiasis.
hlx`» xm n. 1) flash. Syn: hkv`» &+ hœv`» œr≠ .
2) lightning. Syn: huÀ hlx`xmh.
hlyÕÃ n. swallowing. See: lyÕ .
hm`œsÀ n. 1) finishing a kill. 2) act of seconding
s.t., e.g., a motion. See: m`œsÀ.
Õ mbgn& Pl: s≠ mbgn&. n 5/13. bush fowl, quail,
partridge.
Õ mbgx`∆ Pl: s≠ mbgx`∆ . n 5/13. sting.
Õ mcu≠ k`mcuÀk Pl: s≠ mcu≠ k`mcuÀk. n 5/13.
caterpillar (kind of). See: e≠ ct∆ lkÀ+
laß sÀ.
Õ men∆ l Pl: s≠ men∆ l. n 5/13. 1) alligator,
crocodile. 2) whip.
Õ mf`k n. times. Syn: `fg`xm.
hmf`œsÀ n. height, tallness. Syn: hcxd» e.
Õ mfdœ Pl: s≠ mfdœ. n 5/13. peacock.
Õ mfn∆ l Pl: s≠ mfn∆ l. n 5/13. 1) banana.
2) banana tree.
Õ mfn∆ l h a`∆ m`m`∆ n. banana (loan word).
Õ mfn∆ l h cx`» ,h n. plantain banana.
Õ mfud Pl: s≠ mfud. n 5/13. tree, which branches
from near the ground; smooth, dark brown
bark; leaves pinnate, some with terminal
leaflet; leaflets elliptic, papery (19 x 8 cm);
some with jagged edges; yellow flower;
slash white; coppices. Main use: carving;
timber for pillars and ceilings. Other uses
fuelwood; fencing; young leaves are boiled
to treat cough, shoots are used to treat
stomach ache. Markhamia tomentosa.
hmfud h ÀstlmcyÀ n. tree, distinguished from
Õ mfud by its brighter, softer leaves and
thicker, tougher bark; leaves pinnate with
terminal leaflet; grows very tall and is highbranching; slash white; coppices. Main use:
carving of chairs, masks, drums, and
mortars. Other uses: timber for traditional
pillars; fuelwood.
hmfuÀlkÀ n. 1) respect, honour. 2) meekness,
humility. 3) worship. See: mfuÀlkÀ.
hmfuÀr `xt∆ œ n. spraining of joint. Syn: hrd» &r≠ .
Õ mfu≠ xm Pl: s≠ mfu≠ xm. n 5/13. grasshopper
(kind of). See: `∆ ms`∆ xm+ hj`» &.
hmÕÃ `vn s≠ j` hr`&h aÀlh n. illegal
actions.
hmÕÃ h aÀ,Õ Variant: hmÕÃ h ay≠Ã ,ÕÃ . n. harsh
actions, evil doings, bad behaviour.
hmÕÃ jx` jÀ mn» jx` n. intentional actions.
Syn: hmÕÃ hvn m≠ Õ vn,h.
hmÕÃ m` vtk ytdrÀ m≠ ≠ vt n. artificial
respiration.
hmÕÃ r`ln& n. honest actions, true actions.
Syn: r`ln&.
hmi`œ n. wandering life.
hmid» xms≠ n. twinkle, sparkle. See: mid∆ xms≠ .
hmiÀxm Variant: hmcyÀxm. n. over side, other
side.
— adv. over.
hmiÀxm èh prep. over there, away from both the
speaker and the hearer. Syn: èh.
hmiÀxm èÕÃ prep. over there, away from the
speaker but near the hearer, i.e., over there
where you are. Syn: èÕÃ .
hminxm n. longing greatly for things.
hmitœkÀ n. inquisitiveness.
Õ mjd∆ r n. leg of an animal. Syn: hexdxm.
Õ mjÕ Pl: s≠ mjÕ . n 5/13. kind, type, species,
variety.
Õ mjÕ h mx`» l y≠ ` xÕ m,kd» l `vtl
n. reptile.
Õ mr`∆ lm≠ Pl: s≠ mr`∆ lm≠ . n 5/13. frog.
Õ mrn∆ œhœhœh n. whydah bird.
Õ mrvn Pl: s≠ mrvn. Variant: Õ mrgvn;
s≠ mrgvn. n 5/13. bird (kind of).
Õ msƒkƒ& Pl: s≠ msƒkƒ&. n 5/13. dragon fly.
hmsdœ n. stems.
Õ msd∆ œk≠ h kt» l mfuÀ n. quill.
hmsnlsnl n. bamboo.
hmt» n. fight, fighting. See: mt∆ .
hmt» & n. 1) dirtying. 2) treating s.o. disrespectfully.
Syn: hmx`» ak≠ . 3) squeezing, e.g., herbs in
liquid. Syn: hmt» &s≠ . See: mt∆ &.
hmt» &s≠ n. squeezing a bit, e.g., herbs in liquid.
Syn: hmt» &. See: mt∆ &.
hmx`» ak≠ n. maltreatment of s.o. Syn: hmt» &.
hmxd» k n. 1) nastiness. 2) ugliness.
hmxd» l n. blue.
hmxdxmh pro obj 5. it.
— pro obj 4. them. See: xh.
hmxhœÕ n. lying, lying down.
hmxÀlkÀ `mft∆ n. smirk. See: mxÀlkÀ.
hmxÀœ n. running. See: mxÀœ.
hmxnmÀ n. joyful actions, actions expressing
happiness. Syn: hcx`xsÀ.
hmxnœ`mxnœ Pl: sÀmxnœ`mxnœ. n 5/13.
38
hmxt» œr≠ hsn
mosquito.
hmxt» œr≠ n. 1) pretending to give. 2) the act of
tantalizing s.o.
hœ`l n. 1) pinch. 2) stealing.
hœ`lkÀ n. pinching repeatedly all over the body.
hœ`lsÀ n. 1) pinching a bit. 2) dishonesty,
stealing.
hœn» œr≠ n. making faces at s.o. in order to
frighten them.
hœv`» œr≠ n. flash. Syn: hlx`» xm+ hkv`» &.
See: œv`∆ œr≠ .
hr`& Pl: s≠ r`&. n 5/13. rule, law, commandment.
hr`œ Pl: `r`œ. n 5/6. 1) corn. 2) cob of corn.
hr`œkÀ n. joy, happiness. See: r`œkÀ.
hr`r 1 prep. 1) under. 2) below.
hr`r 2 n. 1) bottom, base. 2) waist, lap. 3) buttocks.
Syn: Àatxm `r`r.
hr`r h mcn n. 1) family. 2) clan, lineage.
3) foundation of a house. Syn: la`xmrÀ.
hr`r h xtlh n. naked, bare. Syn: Àvtxm
xtl.
hrd n. 1) skin disease. 2) filing, e.g., of cutlass.
hrd» Pl: sÀrd» . n 5/13. 1) grave. See: mfn∆ & hrd∆ .
2) offering of special food as a sacrifice.
hrd& n. 1) going to work or market. 2) rope from
raffia palm.
hrd» & Pl: `rd» &. n 5/6. 1) throat. Syn: `∆ mcn∆ œ
Àsnœ. 2) incitement to action.
hrd&rÀ n. 1) traditional sacrifice to allow a women
who has just put to birth to resume going to
the farm or anywhere. 2) taking cattle out to
graze. See: rd&rÀ.
hrd» &r≠ n. dislocation.
Syn: hmfuÀr `xt∆ œ. See: rd∆ &r≠ .
hrdlh n. admiration.
hrdlsÀ n. admiration.
hrÀ Pl: `rÀ. n 5/6. 1) eye. 2) grain, seed. Syn: hrÀ
hr`œ+ mfß –+ hrÀ h mfß –. 3) slaughtering.
4) cutting. 5) fetching, e.g., wood. 6) small
platform over the fireplace used for drying
certain foodstuffs, e.g., egusi, pepper.
hrÀ èu≠ Pl: `rÀ èu≠ . n. medicine tablet.
hrÀ h hjtxm n. bean seed. See: hjtxm.
hrÀ h kÀl`∆ k≠ l`∆ n. spring of water.
hrÀ h mfß – n. seed or grain which is ready for
planting. Syn: mfß –+ hrÀ.
hrÀmÀ n. competition.
hr≠Ã r≠ n. revenge.
hrn n. fat. Syn: henl.
hrn h Mrn& n. millet.
hrnl Pl: `rnl. n 5/6. 1) tree, palm oil tree.
Syn: eÀj`» & eÀ hrnl. 2) sighing.
hrnœ 1 Pl: sÀrnœ. n 5/13. trumpet. Syn: `∆ metœ+
`∆ lan.
hrnœ 2 Pl: `rnœ. n 5/6. tooth.
hrnœ `s`∆ l n. tusk of elephant.
hrnœ h xèÀmÀ,h n. toothache.
hrnœ h xuÀ,`∆ n. fang, fang of reptile, e.g.,
snake.
hrtkÀ n. weeding. See: rtkÀ.
hrt» œ Pl: `rt» œ. n 5/6. vegetable.
hrtxm n. pity, compassion.
hrtxm h jnk`mÀ,h n. 1) pity, compassion.
2) sorrow, mourning.
hrtxm h jnk`mÀ,h n. mercy. Syn: hjnxmrÀ
hrtxm.
hs`» k n. stubbornness. See: s`∆ k.
hs`k `vt n. ball of thumb, thenar eminence.
hs`œh n. 1) speech. 2) language.
hs`œh hcuÀmÀ,h n. uproar, much talking.
hs`r n. 1) sewing. Syn: hshlh. 2) sharpening one
cutlass with the back of another. See: s`r.
hs`» r n. pushing, e.g., with a stick, foot or spoon.
hs`» xm n. flight.
hsdasÀ n. 1) advice. See: sdasÀ. 2) smallness.
hsdk`» pro. small one. Syn: kƒ.
hsdl 1 Pl: lÀsdl. n 5/6a. heart. Syn: `sdl.
hsdl 2 Pl: sÀsdl. n 5/13. act of clearing, e.g.,
farm. See: sdl.
hsdlh n. 1) land already cleared down. 2) river
crossing, where the place is wide and
shallow allowing people or animals to cross
easily.
hseÀr Pl: `seÀr. n 5/6. fixed fire stone.
See: msnl.
hsh Pl: sÀsh. Variant: `sh. n 5/13, (5/6 variant).
1) large stone. 2) stone for grinding.
hshl 1 adj. short.
hshl 2 n. 1) digging. 2) shooting. 3) throwing.
4) weaving. 5) embroidering. 6) building.
hshl 3 adv. short.
hshlh n. 1) stitching, weaving. 2) sewing.
See: s`r.
hshlh mÀ Àvt» n. 1) handstand. 2) hand stitching.
hshlrÀ n. shortness.
hshrÀ hvn n. 1) arrangement. 2) correction.
3) amendment. See: shrÀ.
hsn n. 1) hardness. 2) firmness. 3) strength.
Ant: hank.
39
hsne
hxuÀ
hsne Pl: sÀsne. n 5/13. 1) intelligence, wisdom,
carving; leaves for washing sponge. Ficus.
hvtvt Variant: hfgtfgt. Pl: sÀvtvt.
knowledge. 2) sense, reason. 3) trick.
n 5/13. door frame, door post.
4) brain. Syn: henl. 5) sense. 6) mind.
See: e≠ lad» &r≠ .
hsne h fgÀ vh n. nonsense. Syn: `∆ mft∆ + jdkÀ
hxè Pl: sÀxè. n 5/13. pain, ache.
vh hsne.
hx`&rÀ n. passover.
hsn» &m≠ n. care, caring. See: sn&mÀ.
hx`m` n. drying place, esp. for guinea corn.
hsnœ Pl: `snœ. n 5/6. navel.
See: x`m`.
hsnœ h kt» l mfuÀ n. crow of cock.
hx`» œr≠ n. light in weight.
hsnœ h v`xm n. umbilical cord, navel cord.
hxdlh pro poss 4, 5. mine. See: hxdrh.
Syn: ≠Ã msvdœ À v`xm.
hxdr Variant: hxhr. Pl: sÀxdr. n 5/13. tree, lowhsnœsÀ n. greeting.
branching tree; bark rough, light brown;
hsrÀxm 1 prep. 1) under, below.
leaves pinnate; leguminous; slash white.
hsrÀxm 2 n. pushing. See: srÀxm.
Main use: agroforestry; nitrogen-fixing and
hsrÀxm 3 adv. down. Syn: ` mrd. Ant: hjt» d.
fallowing. Other uses: leaves are ground and
rubbed on forehead to treat headache;
HsrÀxm`k`& n. lower family member, one of the
branches are weaved to make ceilings.
three original Kom families along with
Sesbania macrantha.
Hjt» d and @® bg`∆ e.
hxdrh
pro poss 4, 5. ours (exclusive).
hst& Pl: sÀst&. n 5/13. yam.
See:
hxdlh.
hstxmrÀ n. 1) refusal, rejection. 2) disapproval.
hxdxm n. view, viewpoint.
3) prohibition. 4) denial. Syn: ln.
Syn: hjd» &+ hj`» &r≠ + hjh hvn.
5) protest.
hxdxmÕ pro dem 5. this one, referring to s.t. near
huÀ Pl: sÀuÀ. n 5/13. rain.
to
the
speaker, though not necessarily to the
huÀ h ax`kÀmÀ,h n. thunder.
huÀ h ax`xsÀmÀ,h n. thunder.
huÀ h lx`» xmÀ,h n. lightning. Syn: hlx`» xm.
See: hyÀ+ hy≠Ã .
hu≠Ã k Pl: sÀu≠Ã k. n 5/13. feather. Syn: hvn.
hxh `∆ œdm` pro poss 4, 5. theirs. See: hxh
œvdxmh.
Õ uÀl Pl: l≠ uÀl. num 5/6a. ten.
hxh œvdxmh pro poss 4, 5. his, hers. See: hxh
huÀxm Pl: sÀuÀxm. n 5/13. tatoo.
`∆ œdm`.
hvÕÃ Variant: hfgt» d. Pl: sÀvÕÃ . n 5/13. fur.
hxÀ n. inheritance. Syn: hxÀ h Àkvd∆ &.
Syn: mxtœrÀ.
hxÀ h Àst& À fg`&mÀ n. celebration.
hvÕÃ lyÕ m≠ mx`∆ l je`œ n. mane.
hvn Pl: `vn. n 5/6. 1) word, thing said. 2) thing. hxÀk Variant: hxhk+ hyhk. Pl: `xÀk. n 5/6. name.
Syn: hyÀxm.
hvn» Pl: sÀvn» . n 5/13. 1) wing. Syn: hu≠Ã k.
hxn& n. 1) rubbing. See: xn&. 2) whitewashing.
2) husk. Syn: ù≠Ã .
Syn: hknl. 3) smearing.
hvn h aÀ,h n. scandal. Syn: hedl.
hxn» k n 5. quarreling.
hvn h j`xmÀ,h Pl: `vn ` j`xmÀ,`. n 5/6.
hxnlh n. piling, heaping. See: xnlh.
miracle.
hxnlsÀ n. 1) repetition. 2) adding things on top
hvn h kdxsÀmÀ,h n. secret.
of others. See: hxnlh.
hvn» h reÀ n. fin.
hxnmh
n. yesterday.
hvt Variant: hfgt. Pl: sÀvt. n 5/13. rock.
hvtl Variant: hfgtl. Pl: `vtl. n 5/6. egg. hxt» l n. peeling, shelling, husking, stripping.
See: xt∆ l.
hvtlh Variant: hfgtlh. n. shame, reproach.
hxt» r n. 1) actions of hot pepper in the mouth.
2) shyness. See: vtlh.
See: `mxt∆ r. 2) itching. See: xt∆ r.
hvtr`∆ vt∆ r`∆ Pl: sÀvtr`∆ vt∆ r`∆ . n 5/13. tree,
hxtxmsÀ
n. bribe. Syn: Àjvn hxtxmsÀ.
easily distinguished by its simple, elliptic,
sandy-textured leaf (12 x cm) with scalloped hxt» xs≠ n. itching a little. Syn: hxt» r.
edges; smooth bark; slash white; clear, oily hxuÀ n. 1) sky. 2) air. Syn: `xuÀr. 3) heaven.
1
exudate; coppices. Main use: carvers use
hxuÀ
2 prep. up. Syn: hjtd.
leaves as sandpaper. Other uses: fuelwood;
40
hxuÀmÀ
ÀeÀl
hxuÀmÀ n. 1) harmony. 2) obedience. See: xuÀmÀ.
See: hxdxmÕ + hyÀ.
hxu≠Ã s≠ n. 1) rest. 2) relaxation. See: xu≠ s≠ .
hyÀxm Pl: `yÀxm. n 5/6. name. See: hxÀk.
hxuÀsÀ h Àvt∆ xm n. feeling of the body, i.e.,
hytd n. killing, murder.
referring to how the body is feeling.
hytd h mfdœ n. suicide.
hyƒ pro poss 4, 5. yours (sg.). See: hyÀ.
See: ytd mfdœ.
hyÀ1 pro dem 5. that one, referring to s.t. a bit
hytd h vt» k jx` n. murder. See: ytd.
hytd h vt» k l` xh bg≠ xm f`∆ xm f`xm
hyÀ2
hy≠Ã
n. manslaughter.
See: hxdxmÕ + hy≠Ã .
hyt» dr≠ h hsnœmÀ,h n. wheezing, breathing with
pro poss 4, 5. yours (pl.). See: hyƒ.
a whistling noise.
pro dem 5. that one, referring to s.t. not
hyt» ds≠ n. regaining of life.
hyt» ds≠ h Àvt∆ xm n. rash.
speaker.
´
À1
conj. 1) and. 2) then.
À2
assoc 2, 3, 8, 9. of. See: h.
À, 1 ncl pf 3. singular prefix for nouns.
À, 2 ncl pf 8. plural prefix for nouns.
≠ assoc 1. of.
À it∆ œ adj. good, polite.
Àav`k À mcn Variant: Àax`k À mcn. n.
veranda. See: a`k `∆ mcn.
Àav`xm hfu≠ xm Variant: Àax`xm hfu≠ xm. n.
fufu used to entertain those who come for a
burial.
Àavd&kÀ Variant: Àaxd&kÀ. n. 1) leftovers.
2) many parts of s.t. See: àd&.
Àaxdl,axdl adj. dotted, spotted.
Syn: `s≠ bgn∆ l,`s≠Ã bgn∆ l.
Àbge≠Ã Variant: Àbgeu≠Ã . Pl: `bge≠Ã . n 3/6.
1) mouth. 2) beak. Syn: Àbge≠Ã eÀmxtxm.
3) edge.
Àbge≠Ã `fgt∆ e n. doorstep.
Àbge≠Ã `st n. 1) forehead. 2) forehead illness.
ÀbgeÀ eÀcvn∆ & n. chest illness.
Àbge≠Ã hr`r n. anus.
Syn: Àbge≠Ã À ct∆ xm.
ÀbgeÀ hr`r h mcyÀrÀ n. hem. See: mfuÀr.
Àbge≠Ã À anl n. brim of a cup.
Àbge≠Ã À ct∆ xm n. anus.
Syn: ÀbgeÀ hr`r.
Àbge≠Ã À eÀmxtxm n. beak. Syn: Àbge≠Ã .
ÀbgeÀ À lt mÀ reÀ n. gill.
Àbge≠Ã À mcn Pl: `bge≠Ã ` mcnrÀ. n. door.
,
À
Àbge≠Ã À mjvn∆ n. brim of a basket.
Àbge≠Ã À msn∆ xm n. brim of a pot.
≠ bgeÀ,hxuÀ n. sun.
ÀbgÀl n. secret talk.
Àbgn& Pl: sÀbgn&. n 3/13. 1) shoot of a plant, a
young shoot. 2) bud of a plant, a young bud.
Syn: mst.
ÀcuÀxm n. old age. See: cu≠ xm.
Àcv`l n. tree, low-branching tree; soft, simple
tear-drop shaped leaf (13 x 8 cm) with a
very finely jagged edge; slash white;
coppices. Main use: fuelwood. Other uses:
timber, making door shutters, carving.
Croton macrostachys.
ÀedleÀ pro poss 19. mine. See: ÀedxeÀ.
ÀedxeÀ pro poss 19. ours (exclusive). See: ÀedleÀ.
Àed» xme≠ pro dem 19. this one, referring to s.t.
near to the speaker, though not necessarily
to the hearer, yet visible to both. See: ÀerheÀ+
ÀerÕÃ e≠ .
Àe≠Ã n 3. okra soup, a slimy soup with or without
vegetables.
ÀeÀ `∆ œdmèÀ pro poss 19. theirs. See: ÀeÀ
œvdxmeÀ.
ÀeÀ œvdxmeÀ pro poss 19. his, hers. See: ÀeÀ
`∆ œdmèÀ.
ÀeÀl n. tree, straight-trunked, high-branching tree,
grows above 10 m; leaves pinnate with
terminal leaflet; leaflets 4-6 opposed pairs,
papery, thin texture with narrow pointed tip;
slash white; coppices. Main use: bark for
walls of oil vessels. Other use: fuelwood.
41
Àen» xm
Àjtœ
Milletia conraui.
Àen» xm n. chieftancy, royalty.
Syn: èn ` sÀenxm.
Àen» xm À E≠Ã xÕ mÕ n. kingdom of God.
ÀerheÀ1 pro dem 19. that one, referring to s.t. a bit
hearer, yet visible to both. See: Àed» xme≠ +
ÀerÕÃ eÕ .
ÀerheÀ2 pro poss 19. yours (pl.). See: ÀexèÀ.
ÀerÕÃ e≠ pro dem 19. that one, referring to s.t. not
speaker. See: Àed» xme≠ + ÀerheÀ.
Àevn haÀxm n. dance equipment.
Àevn hed∆ k n. tools.
Àevn À ct&hmÀ ` mcn n. furniture.
Àevn À v`xm n. placenta, including umbilical
cord.
Syn: àyÀ ` v`xm+ mcn» v`∆ xm.
Àevn À vtk n. belongings.
Àevn À xÀmÀ it» œ n. feast. Syn: `xÀ.
Àevn À x≠ mÀ mÀ fudxm n. manure.
Àevn lad∆ x&hmjt∆ l n. business capital.
Syn: Àjvn+ m`∆ Àjvn.
Àexè n 3. dance, performed by women.
Syn: bgnœ.
ÀexèÀ pro poss 19. yours (sg.). See: ÀerheÀ.
Àex`k n. corner. Syn: hauÀ.
Àex`œ adj. fat, hefty. Syn: `jnxkÀ.
Àex`r Pl: sÀex`r. n 3/13. branch. Syn: Àjß .
Àex`r À eÀj`» & n. branch of tree. Syn: Àjß À
eÀj`» &.
Àex`xm Pl: sÀex`xm. n 3/13. 1) valley.
Syn: ènœkÀ. 2) path on which a stream
flows. 3) tree, soft slender leaf (11 x 4 cm);
young leaves have jagged edges; smooth,
dark gray bark; slash white; coppices. Main
use: xylophones. Other use: fuelwood.
Nuxia conjesta. 4) spear.
Àexd Variant: ÀmjeÀ. n. tree, with smooth, brittle,
ovate, dark green leaves (22 x 14 cm); bright
yellow exudate; coppices. Main use:
fuelwood; timber for Fulani houses. Other
use: exudate placed in fresh wounds to drive
away flies.
Àexde À Mjn∆ & n. people signaling the approach
of the juju Nko', waving branches in hands.
Àexd» & n. measurement, dimensions, e.g., of a
building. Syn: `∆ med∆ &. See: ed∆ &.
Àexd» & `bg`& n. brick mould. Syn: en» l+
`» ms`xms`xm `bg`&.
Àexdxm Pl: èxdxm+ hexdxm. n 3/6, 3/4. leg.
Syn: Õ mjd∆ r+ hjdr.
Àexdxm À mi`∆ l n. axe handle. Syn: Àkvn À
mi`∆ l.
Àfgdl pro poss 2. mine. See: ÀfgdrÀ.
ÀfgdrÀ pro poss 2. ours (exclusive).
Àfgd» xm pro dem 2. these ones, referring to
people near to the speaker, though not
See: Àfgh+ ÀfgÕÃ .
Àfgh 1 pro dem 2. those ones, referring to people a
bit removed from both the speaker and the
hearer, yet visible to both. See: Àfgd» xm+
ÀfgÕÃ .
Àfgh 2 pro poss 2. yours (pl.). See: Àfgx`.
ÀfgÕÃ pro dem 2. those ones, referring to people
not present but known to both the speaker
and the hearer. Or, it may refer to people
present and near the hearer, but a bit
removed from the speaker. See: Àfgd» xm+
Àfgh.
ÀfgÀ `∆ œdm` pro poss 2. theirs. See: ÀfgÀ
œvdxm.
ÀfgÀ œvdxm pro poss 2. his, hers. See: ÀfgÀ
`∆ œdm`.
Àfgn» œk≠ À iÀl n. backbone, spinal column.
Syn: ÀuÀe À iÀl.
Àfgx` pro poss 2. yours (sg.). See: Àfgh.
≠ jed» l n. 1) razor blade. 2) blade.
ÀjeÀ Variant: ÀjeuÀ. n. sheath that is large, e.g.,
for a cutlass, made out of hard wood or
bamboo. Syn: àt&kÀ.
ÀjeÀeh n. 1) uproar. Syn: hs`œh hcuÀmh. 2) alarm.
See: kdœ ÀjeÀeh.
ÀjeÀl Pl: s≠ jeÀl. n 3/13. praises.
Àje≠Ã r n. support stick. Syn: `sn» &.
Àjn& Pl: sÀjn&. n 3/13. ladder.
Àjß Pl: `jß . n 3/6. 1) arm. 2) branch.
Syn: Àex`r.
Àjß À eÀj`» & n. branch of a tree. Syn: Àex`r À
eÀj`» &.
Àjß À mcyÀrÀ n. 1) fathom of cloth, a
measurement of cloth using the outstretched
arms as the length. 2) sleeve.
Àjß À mcyÀrÀ À cv`» Variant: Àjß À mcyÀrÀ À
cu`» . n. sleeve.
Àjß À m≠Ã mjß– n. left. Syn: m≠ mjß –.
Àjß À svn n. right.
Àjtœ Pl: sÀjtœ. n 3/13. young man.
42
Àjtxm
ÀlyÀ
Àjtxm Pl: l≠ jt» xm. n 3/6a. bed for sleeping.
Àjtxm hjn∆ & n. shelf. Syn: mfvn» .
Àjt∆ xm À je`œ n. bed made with springs, or
any bed made of iron or plank in the
European way.
Àjv`» l Variant: Àje`» l. n. tree, straight-trunked
tree, grows above10 m.; rough, brown bark;
ovate, tough, simple leaf (23 x 12 cm); slash
pink; coppices. Main use: fuelwood. Other
uses: timber, fencing, carving.
Àjvn Pl: lÀjvn. n. 1) money. 2) value.
See: hjvn.
Àjvn èn n. cost of s.t.
Àjvn haß –rÀ n. ransom price.
Àjvn hxtxmsÀ n. bribe. Syn: hxtxmsÀ.
Àjvn À minœ n. salary for the month.
Àjvn Àevn À adx&kÀmÀ n. sales price.
Àkn» k n. medicinal leaves used in the treatment of
skin diseases, e.g., measles. Syn: èuÀ `
ank`.
Àkt» n 3. honey.
Àkt» lÀje≠ n. rabbit holes, e.g., between rocks.
Àkt& n. joyful acclamation made by people, e.g.,
at childbirth, or to praise the fon during a
speech, usually by women. See: kt&.
Àktl n. tree, strong tree which begins to branch
upwards from near the ground; leaves
simple, elliptic, papery texture (15 x 5 cm);
thorns; slash white; coppices. Main uses:
timber for bridges, traditional pillars, and
ladder rungs. Other uses: fuelwood; fencing;
bark is preserved in water which is gargled
to treat toothaches. Bridelia speciosa.
Àkt» d Variant: ÀkuÕÃ . Pl: sÀkt» d. n 3/13. lake.
Àktd&h n. joyful cries. Syn: Àkt&.
Àku`» 1 Pl: hk≠Ã . n 3/4. rope taken from the back of a
fresh raffia bamboo.
Àku`» 2 Pl: lÀk≠Ã . n 3/6a. 1) belly, stomach,
abdomen. Syn: `∆ mst∆ e. 2) womb. Syn: `kd&
`v`xm. 3) pregnancy.
— adj. pregnant.
Syn: Àku`» 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ(.
Àku`» À bgn&mÀ n. diarrhea.
Àku`» À bgvnmÀ n. diarrhea.
Àku`» À jn&mÀ n. stomach swelling, due to either
constipation or blockage of urination.
≠ ku`» À ktlmÀ n. 1) desire that is strong.
2) worry.
Àku`» À ktxmrÀmÀ n. constipation.
Àku`» À xèÀmÀ n. stomach ache.
Àku`» 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ( v. pregnant. Syn: Àku`» .
ÀkuÀ
ÀkuÀ
ÀkuÀ
ÀkuÀ
` ÀbgeÀ,hxuÀ,h mÀm r`kÀ n. sunrise.
` ÀbgeÀ,hxuÀ,h mÀm rß n. sunset.
eÀkh Variant: kuÀeÀkh. n. sometimes, perhaps,
ÀkuÀ
ÀkuÀ
ÀkuÀ
ÀkuÀ
fg` interrog. when.
À bgvnmÀ n. late.
rÀ xdxm mfd& n. time to see trouble.
s` Variant: `k` (contraction). conj. if,
Pl: lÀkuÀ. n 3/6a. 1) time. 2) clock.
maybe.
when.
ÀkuÀ s` j` ÀbgeÀ hxuÀ,h rß n. dusk.
Syn: `kdœ ÀkuÀ hje`.
Àkv`∆ l Pl: sÀk`l. n 3/13. fallow land.
Àkvdœ Pl: hkdœ. n 3/4. 1) bamboo. See: hkdœ.
2) paragraph. See: mbgvƒ.
Àkvn 1 Pl: lÀkvn. n 3/6a. tree, low-branching
tree; rough, black bark; soft, elliptic leaves
(9 x 4 cm) with dull jagged edges; slash
yellow. Main use: medicinal - Bark is used
"country" medicines for curing malaria,
stomach ache, and fever. Bark is sold to
pharmaceutical companies. Other uses:
fuelwood, charcoal, axe and hoe handles.
English name is Pygeum. Prunus africanus.
Àkvn 2 Pl: sÀkvn. n 3/13. hoe handle.
Àkvn» Pl: sÀkvn» . n 3/13. bridge.
≠ lax`» &r≠ Variant: ≠ lav`» &r≠ . n. twin.
Àld» l pro poss 6a. mine. See: Àld» r.
Àld» r pro poss 6a. ours (exclusive). See: Àld» l.
Àld» xm1 pro dem 6a. 1) this one, referring to s.t.
to the hearer, yet visible to both. 2) these
ones. See: ÀlyÀ+ Àly≠Ã .
Àld» xm2 pro obj 6a. 1) it. 2) them. See: l≠ .
Àl≠Ã `∆ œdm` pro poss 6a. theirs. See: Àl≠Ã
œvdxm.
Àl≠Ã œvdxm pro poss 6a. his, hers. See: Àl≠Ã
`∆ œdm`.
Àlx`» pro poss 6a. yours (sg.). See: Àly≠Ã .
Àlx`&sÀ Variant: Àlv`&sÀ. n. 1) gift.
2) reward. Syn: èt» &+ hanxrÀ.
Àlx`&sÀ À vÕÃ ktl n. wedding gift.
Àlx`k Variant: hl`» k. n. scars that are raised or
thick.
Àlxdxm Variant: Àlvdxm. n. worm that is
difficult to tell which end is the head,
referred to as a blind worm.
ÀlyÀ Variant: Àlh. pro dem 6a. 1) that one,
referring to s.t. a bit removed from both the
speaker and the hearer, yet visible to both.
43
Àly≠Ã
ÀsrÕÃ s≠ 2) those ones. See: Àld» xm+ Àly≠Ã .
Àly≠Ã 1 Pl: `ly≠Ã . n 3/6. 1) collar. Syn: Àly≠Ã
mcyÀrÀ. 2) neck, whole neck around.
Syn: Àsnœ.
Àly≠Ã 2 pro dem 6a. 1) that one, referring to s.t. not
speaker. 2) those ones. See: Àld» xm+ ÀlyÀ.
Àly≠Ã 3 pro poss 6a. yours (pl.). See: Àlx`» .
Àly≠Ã Ã À mcyÀrÀ Variant: ÀlÕÃ À mcyÀrÀ.
Pl: `ly≠Ã ` mcyÀrÀ. n 3/6. collar.
Àm assoc 6a. of. See: lÀ.
≠ mcv`∆ l n. 1) paste. 2) gum. 3) birdlime.
≠ met» & n. weeds, grass. See: `xnk+ Àxnk.
Àmj`» & Variant: mj`» &. n. 1) firewood. 2) trees.
See: eÀj`» &.
≠ mjt∆ xm Pl: `∆ mjt∆ xm. n. tail.
≠ mjt∆ xm À e≠Ã mxt∆ xm n. tail of bird.
≠ mjt∆ xm À mx`» l n. 1) tail of an animal, e.g.,
rat, goat, dog. 2) tail of a horse ; pony tail.
See: mr`œ.
≠ ms`∆ œÕ ms`∆ œÕ `ytd n. mucus.
Àmsvdœ Pl: hmsdœ. n 3/4. 1) cord. 2) stem.
≠Ã msvdœ À v`xm n. umbilical cord, navel cord.
Syn: ≠Ã msvdœ+ hsnœ h v`xm.
ÀrdlrÀ pro poss 10. mine. See: ÀrdxrÀ.
Àrd» xmr≠ pro dem 10. these ones, referring to
things near to the speaker, though not
See: ÀrhrÀ+ ÀrÕÃ r≠ .
ÀrdxrÀ pro poss 10. ours (exclusive).
See: ÀrdlrÀ.
Àre≠Ã r `k`∆ l Variant: Àrge≠Ã r `k`∆ l. n. bellows.
ÀrhrÀ1 Variant: ÀrghrÀ. pro dem 10. those ones,
referring to things a bit removed from both
the speaker and the hearer, yet visible to
both. See: Àrd» xmr≠ + ÀrÕÃ r≠ .
ÀrhrÀ2 Variant: ÀrghrÀ. pro poss 10. yours (pl.).
See: Àrx`rÀ.
ÀrÕÃ r≠ Variant: ÀrgÕÃ r≠ . pro dem 10. those ones,
referring to things not present but known to
both the speaker and the hearer. Or, it may
refer to things present and near the hearer,
but a bit removed from the speaker.
See: Àrd» xmr≠ + ÀrhrÀ.
ÀrÀ `∆ œdm`rÀ pro poss 10. theirs. See: ÀrÀ
œvdxmrÀ.
ÀrÀ œvdxmrÀ pro poss 10. his, hers. See: ÀrÀ
`∆ œdm`rÀ.
Àrt» n. tree, sturdy upward-branching tree that
grows above 12 m; bark brown, slightly
rough; soft, simple tear-shaped leaf (12 x 7
cm); fruit resembles coffee bean; slash
white; coppices. Main use: xylophones;
fuelwood. Other use: timber for bridges.
Àrtxm n. friendship.
Àrtd n. stomach ache (kind of). See: Àku`» À
xèÀmÀ.
Àrv`xm Variant: Àrgv`xm. n. dry season.
Àrvd& Pl: sÀrvd&. Variant: Àrgvd&; sÀrgvd&.
n 3/13. calabash for wine that is ornamented.
Àrx`rÀ Variant: Àrgx`rÀ. pro poss 10. yours (sg.).
See: ÀrhrÀ.
ÀsdlsÀ pro poss 13. mine. See: ÀsdxsÀ.
Àsd» xms≠ pro dem 13. these ones, referring to
things near to the speaker, though not
See: ÀsrhsÀ+ ÀsrÕÃ s≠ .
ÀsdxsÀ pro poss 13. ours (exclusive). See: ÀsdlsÀ.
Àse`& Variant: Àsv`&. Pl: sÀs`&. n 3/13. 1) bush.
2) field. Syn: fud» xm. 3) wild.
Àse`k Variant: Àsv`k. n. 1) numb limb.
2) rheumatic pains.
Àse`» œ Pl: sÀs`» œ. n 3/13. steep hillside.
Àse≠Ã Pl: `se≠Ã . n 7/8. penis.
Syn: hjdk+ ìÕÃ .
ÀsÀ `∆ œdm`sÀ pro poss 13. theirs. See: ÀsÀ
œvdxmsÀ.
ÀsÀ œvdxmsÀ pro poss 13. his, hers. See: ÀsÀ
`∆ œdm`sÀ.
ÀsÀe n 3. gums.
Àsnœ Pl: `snœ. n 3/6. 1) neck. Syn: ÀlyÕÃ .
2) throat. 3) tree, low-branching tree; leaves
simple (18 x 7 cm), elliptic, shiny, soft but
appear to be tough; rough, brown bark; slash
yellow; white exudate; coppices. Main use:
fuelwood. Other use: medicinal - bark is
mixed with sweet palm wine to cure malaria.
Àsnœ À jeÀmÀ n. forgetfulness.
See: jeÀ Àsnœ.
Àsnœ À lt n. thirst.
≠ snœ À xèÀmÀ Pl: l≠ snœ Àm xèÀmÀ. n 3/6a.
anger.
ÀsnœkÀ n. neck of a calabash.
ÀsrhsÀ 1 pro dem 13. those ones, referring to things
a bit removed from both the speaker and the
hearer, yet visible to both. See: Àsd» xms≠ +
ÀsrÕÃ s≠ .
ÀsrhsÀ 2 pro poss 13. yours (pl.). See: Àsx`sÀ.
ÀsrÕÃ s≠ pro dem 13. those ones, referring to things
44
Àst&
Àvd» xm
and the hearer. Or, it may refer to things
removed from the speaker. See: Àsd» xms≠ +
ÀsrhsÀ.
Àst& Pl: lÀst&. n 3/6a. 1) time period. 2) day.
Syn: `bgh. 3) night.
Àst& ` at» l n. day 2 of the traditional 8-day
week.
Àst& eÀkh Variant: st&eÀkh. n. someday, one day.
≠ st& hk`& n. country Sunday, native Sunday.
Àst& À ankÀ n. day 8 of the traditional 8-day
week.
Àst& À hxuÀm≠ jnl n. day 4 of the traditional
8-day week.
Àst& À hxuÀr`lmÀ n. day 5 of the traditional 8day week.
Àst& À Àvd mihmhjnl n. day 6 of the
traditional 8-day week.
Àst& À j≠Ã id∆ l n. day 3 of the traditional 8-day
week.
Àst& À jnl n. day 1 of the traditional 8-day
week.
Àst& À svn n. day 7 of the traditional 8-day
week.
ÀstœkÀ À bgÀkhmÀ n. deaf ears. Syn: `st `
jeÀmÀ,`.
Àsv`& Àxnk n. pasture. Syn: msd∆ &.
Àsv`k n. tree, which is low-branched, sometimes
grows at an angle to the ground; soft,
simple, heart-shaped leaf (15 x 13 cm) with
scalloped edges; thorns; pink slash; red
exudate. Main use: fuelwood. Other uses:
timber for ceilings, crossbeams, and pillars;
leaf preserves stored kola and ground nuts;
bark boiled to treat stomach ache;
encourages growth of secondary forest
because seeds are easily spread and
germinated.
Àsvn 1 Pl: lÀsvn. n 3/6a. shelter, hut.
Syn: e≠ k`∆ œ`∆ .
Àsvn 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ(2 v. alive. Syn: fgÀ.
Àsx`sÀ pro poss 13. yours (sg.). See: ÀsrhsÀ.
Àu` pro poss 3, 8. yours (sg.). See: ÀuyÀ.
Àu`» pro poss 1. your (sg.). See: Àuy≠Ã .
ÀuÀ 1 Pl: hfgÀ. n 3/4. 1) net, woven with thin
thread. 2) woven handle of a basket. 3) line
of rope, e.g., being tied on the wall of a
bamboo house.
ÀuÀ 2 Pl: hfgÀ. num. hundred.
Syn: ÀuÀ Àvd&`.
ÀuÀ Àvd&` n. hundred, lit., a hundred cowries.
Syn: ÀuÀ. See: `fgd&`.
ÀuÀ ltxsÀmÀ n. swelling of feet or legs, caused
by an illness.
ÀuÀe n 8. 1) skeleton. 2) bones. See: ùÀe.
ÀuÀe À iÀl n. vertebrae. Syn: Àfgn» œk≠ + Àfgn» œk≠ À iÀl.
ÀuÀr n. 1 3) fire. See: srÀxmsÀ. 2) gun.
ÀuÀr À eÀxÕ mÕ n. eczema.
ÀuÀr À mjedœ n. fire of a volcano. Syn: Àxt» e À
mjedœ+ mjed∆ œ.
ÀuÀxm n. tree, very common in the forest; bark
gray with small bumps; leaves pinnate;
leaflets opposed, elliptic, tough (23 x 10
cm); slash light pink; fruits and seed very
similar to the kola nut. Main use: fuelwood traditionally given to the Fon. Other uses:
spears; hoe handles; seeds are used as bait
for trapping monkeys and tadpoles; rats are
wrapped in the leaves for roasting. Carapa
grandiflora.
ÀuyÀ 1 pro dem 1, 3. that one, referring to s.o. or s.t.
a bit removed from both the speaker and the
See: Àvd» xm+ Àuy≠Ã .
ÀuyÀ 2 pro poss 3, 8. yours (pl.). See: Àu`.
Àuy≠Ã 1 pro dem 1, 3. that one, referring to s.o. or s.t.
and the hearer. Or, it may refer to s.o. or s.t.
removed from the speaker.
See: Àvd» xm+ ÀuyÀ.
Àuy≠Ã 2 pro poss 1. yours (pl.). See: Àu`» .
Àv`» k À an∆ `∆ st∆ œkÀ n. earwax. See: Àv`r.
Àv`» k Àst∆ œk≠ n. earwax.
Àv`œfkÀ n. chaff.
Àv`r n. wax (loan word). Syn: `∆ mc`œ.
Àvd Pl: sÀvd. n 3/13. 1) market. 2) courtyard.
Syn: eÀvds≠Ã . 3) week. 4) tree, which is
thick-trunked with spreading branches,
rounded crown; smooth, brown bark; leaves
simple, ovate, smooth, tough (11 x 6 cm);
clear exudate; coppices. Main use:
fuelwood. Other uses: charcoal; fruits made
into a black dye. Syzigium staudtii.
Àvd» r pro poss 1. ours (exclusive). See: Àvn» l.
ÀvdrÀ pro poss 3, 8. ours (exclusive).
See: Àvnl.
Àvd» xm pro dem 1, 3. this one, referring to s.o. or
s.t. near to the speaker, though not
See: ÀuyÀ+ Àuy≠Ã .
45
Àvh
idlsÀ
Àvh Variant: Àvtd. n. grass. See: eÀvh.
Àvtxm À svn n. healthy body.
Àvh À mcn n. thatching grass. Syn: Àvh À xu`mÀ. Àvtxm vtk n. human body.
Àvh À xu`mÀ n. thatching grass. Syn: Àvh À mcn. Àvtxm xtl n. naked body. Syn: hr`r hxtlh.
See: xu`.
Àxd» l pro poss 9. mine. See: Àxd» r.
Àvnl pro poss 3, 8. mine. See: ÀvdrÀ.
Àxd» r pro poss 9. ours (exclusive). See: Àxd» l.
Àvn» l pro poss 1. mine. See: Àvd» r.
Àxd» xm pro dem 9. this one, referring to s.t. near to
Àvn» r Variant: Àfgn» r. n. tree, low-branching,
hearer, yet visible to both. See: ÀyÀ+ Ày≠Ã .
thick-trunked, grows above 12 m; rough,
gray bark; leaves digitate; leaflets in groups
of 5 or 6; leaflets tough with dull jagged
edges; leaves have a yellowish tint; slash
brown below white; clear, gummy exudate.
Main use: to house beehives because of its
attractive flowers. Other uses: fuelwood,
fencing, carving of chairs, charcoal.
Schefflera manii.
Àvt `∆ œdm` pro poss 3, 8. theirs. See: Àvt
œvdxm.
Àvt» `∆ œdm` pro poss 1. theirs. See: Àvt»
œvdxm.
Àvt œvdxm pro poss 3, 8. his, hers. See: Àvt
`∆ œdm`.
Àvt» œvdxm pro poss 1. his, hers. See: Àvt»
`∆ œdm`.
Àvtxm Pl: hvtxm. n 3/4. 1) body. 2) skin.
Syn: ÀfuÀ Àvtxm. See: mivn Àvt» xm.
Àvtxm èn n. form, shape.
Àvtxm eÀj`∆ & n. 1) trunk of a tree. 2) stem,
stalk. Syn: `jn» &kÀ èn.
I
i`» a,i`∆ a adv. unkempt, disorderly placed.
See: i`∆ e.
i`∆ ak≠ adv. unkempt, disorderly placed.
i`∆ e v. do disorderly.
i`& v. be mad, be insane.
See: k`» xs≠ ,k`xsÀ+ hi`&.
i`œ n. castor oil bean.
i`∆ œ v. 1) read. See: s`œ. 2) call. 3) announce.
4) invite. Syn: hk`&Õ . See: hi`» œ.
i`∆ œs≠ v. 1) call, invite. 2) beckon. Syn: md∆ & `vt
rÀ i`∆ œ.
i`r 1 v. err, mistake. See: mi`r+ i`xkÀ.
i`r 2 adv. seldom.
i`xkÀ v. make many errors or mistakes, e.g., in
speech, oration. See: i`r.
iƒ prep. before.
iƒ m` prep. before that.
ÀxÕÃ `∆ œdm` pro poss 9. theirs.
See: ÀxÕÃ œvdxm.
ÀxÕÃ œvdxm pro poss 9. his, hers. See: ÀxÕÃ
`∆ œdm`.
Àxvn n. 1) gifts, e.g., salt, fowls, goats, etc.,
required to be given to other compound
owners who have previously been initiated
into Àxvn when one builds his own
compound. See: hl`» & h lÀkt» &. 2) rank,
attain a rank of nobility, rank among the
elders.
ÀyÀ pro dem 9. that one, referring to s.t. a bit
hearer, yet visible to both. See: Àxd» xm+ Ày≠Ã .
Ày≠Ã 1 pro dem 9. that one, referring to s.t. not
speaker. See: Àxd» xm+ ÀyÀ.
Ày≠Ã 2 pro poss 9. yours (pl.). See: Àyx`» .
Àyx`» pro poss 9. yours (sg.). See: Ày≠Ã .
,
i
iƒ s` j` prep. before, before then.
idarÀ v. cause uneasiness, cause worry. See: ide
m≠ .
ide m≠ v. molest, give trouble. See: idarÀ.
id∆ k v. 1) walk. 2) smash. 3) step, step on s.t.
4) travel. See: vtk À id∆ kÀmÀ. 5) move.
Syn: mt∆ k≠ . 6) do.
id∆ k À mbgÀxm v. stamp, e.g., foot on the ground.
id∆ k rÀ ` mfdœ v. wander about without
permission.
id∆ k` v (imp.). walk.
id∆ kÀmÀ n. traveling, walking, (that which is).
idl Pl: idlrÀ. n 9/10. dream.
id∆ l v. pray.
idl À adlmÀ n. nightmare.
idlsÀ v. 1) agree or concord with. 2) repeat an
action or word, e.g., regrind corn to make
the powder very fine, repeat what was said
46
id» ls≠ j`&kÀ
i≠ œ Variant: iÕ œ. v. 1) suffer. Syn: xdxm mfd&.
for clarification.
id» ls≠ Pl: id» ls≠ r≠ . n 9/10. sister.
id» ls≠ h kdl` n. sister, older.
id» lsÀ h sdk`» n. sister, younger.
id∆ œ n. 1) hunger. 2) famine. Syn: hfgnœ h mrn&.
idr v. 1) wear out, dilapidate. 2) decay.
id∆ xk≠ v. trample. Syn: l`xm.
ih
Variant: cyÀ. Pl: ihrÀ. n 9/10. 1) road, way.
2) passageway. 3) manner, way.
ih ` ln adv. oceanwards.
ih ` mrd adv. landwards.
ih `∆ bgÕÃ n. way of life.
ih Õ a`∆ l n. detour.
ih Õ je`∆ &s≠ n. mood.
ih rÀ fg`k Àvtxm n. attitude toward one's
comportment or behaviour.
ih rÀ mÕ hvn n. manner or way of doing s.t.
ih y≠ ,h ` `sdl ` mÀm fgÀ `sdxm n.
mood.
iÕ jr≠ v. shake. Syn: md∆ &rÀ.
ihmi`∆ n. ginger (loan word).
v. become dark, become night.
iÀ
i≠ j v. wave from side to side. Syn: md∆ &.
i≠ j hr`r v. roll the hips. Syn: i≠ jsÀ.
i≠ j Àmjt∆ xm v. wag tail.
Syn: md& Àmjt∆ xm.
i≠ j Àexdxm v. shake a leg.
i≠ jr≠ v. cause to shake.
i≠ jr≠ `st v. shaking head from side to side, to
express disapproval. Ant: md∆ &s≠ `st.
i≠ js≠ v. shake a bit.
iÀl Pl: iÀlrÀ. n 9/10. back.
i≠ l adj. 1) all. 2) whole.
iÀl `∆ u≠ n. arch of foot.
iÀl h xèÀmÀ n. backache.
J
j` 1 neg. not.
j` 2 conj. then, so.
j`∆ 1 Variant: je`∆ . interrog pro. which, what.
j`∆ 2 Variant: je`∆ . pro. either, any.
j` m,kƒ v. never. Syn: at kƒ.
jàkÀ v. 1) fold. 2) twist. Syn: mf`kh.
jàkÀ Àvtxm v. shrug.
Syn: ft∆ as≠ Àvtxm ha`∆ l.
j`∆ as≠ v. scratch. See: j`∆ e`+ j`∆ e.
2) fumble. Syn: eÀl. 3) fling. Syn: k`∆ œ.
i≠ œ j`kh j`kh v. twirl.
i≠ œ rÀ j`kh v. surround, encircle.
iÀœ`∆ v. suffering, struggling.
iÀœh v. be confused.
i≠ œmÀ n. suffering, (that which is).
i≠ œr≠ À vtk v. daze.
i≠ œs≠ v. be foolish.
in∆ ar≠ v. 1) beautify. 2) correct mistakes.
in∆ as≠ v. be better. See: in∆ e.
in∆ e v. 1) be good, be nice. 2) be beautiful.
ine`∆ v. 1) be attractive. 2) be neat. 3) be nice.
ine≠ v. be good.
ine≠ vÕ v. 1) be unattractive. 2) be wicked.
it∆ & v. till the soil. See: anxm.
itkh v. allow s.t. to dry a bit, e.g., wet cloths.
it∆ l v. 1) drive away. Syn: r`∆ œ. 2) chase.
Syn: mxÀœ ha`l.
it∆ ls≠ v. follow.
it∆ ls≠ ùÀ v. track.
it∆ œ adj. good.
iu` Pl: iu`» rÀ. n 9/10. water source, fountain,
river, stream.
Syn: iu` h sn.
iu`» e≠ mfu`œ n. sea.
iu`» e≠ mfu`œ h fg`&mÀ n. ocean.
iu` h sn n. river or big stream.
iu`rÀ v. spill, empty a container of liquid into
some other thing.
iu`rÀ À vtk v. treat s.o. with disrespect or make
him look common in the presence of others.
Syn: bge`&sÀ rÀ e`œ s≠ xdxm.
,
j
jàsÀ m≠ `vt,`∆ v. be stingy. Syn: je≠ s≠ .
j`» e Pl: j`» er≠ . n 9/10. armpit.
j`∆ e v. scratch. Syn: j`∆ asÀ.
j`∆ e` v (imp. intns). scratch harder.
j`∆ eÕ v. wound the skin with fingernails, or thorns.
Syn: œ`∆ eÕ . See: j`∆ e.
j`& v. 1) cut. 2) can, be able.
j`∆ & ` v. be able, can.
j`&kÀ v. cutting with a sword.
47
j`&rÀ
jdl
j`&rÀ v. cut open partly, with a knife, e.g., fruit
or pod.
j`∆ &r≠ v. 1) search for with a light. See: hj`» &r≠ .
2) examine. See: jhmh.
j`&sÀ v. cut into bits, cut into slices.
j`k adv. round.
j`∆ k`∆ rÕÃ n. kerosene (loan word).
j`kh v. fold or roll up s.t., e.g., a mat.
Syn: at&mÀ. 2) go round.
j`∆ kÕ v. 1) descend, go down. Syn: rt&h. 2) drip,
e.g., water.
j`l v. squeeze. Syn: exd&. See: j`lsÀ+ e`k+
mt∆ &.
j`∆ l Pl: j`∆ lr≠ . n 9/10. 1) juju dance leader.
2) leader. Syn: vtk `rÀ. 3) captain.
j`l Àsnœ rÀ ytd v. strangle. Syn: rx≠ œrÀ.
j`l`mc`∆ n. carpenter (loan word). Syn: mjn» l
Àevn.
j`lsÀ v. squeeze a little. See: j`l.
j`œ v. fry.
j`œh v. use a new thing for the first time, e.g.,
eating or harvesting the first fruit of the
farm, spend the first day in a new house.
j`∆ œÕ v. scrape. Syn: jnlh.
j`œkÀ v. mix with palm oil, e.g., roast chicken,
meat, or vegetables.
j`œsÀ v. fry a bit. See: hj`œsÀ.
j`∆ œs≠ v. suggest, guess.
See: hje`» &s≠ h kh.
j`œv` n. limestone.
j`∆ r`k`∆ n. cassava, manioc (loan word).
j`rh v. 1) pour into another vessel. 2) return.
Syn: j`rh rÀ fuÕ .
j`rh fuÕ v (imp.). return, come back.
j`rh ha`l v. flinch.
Syn: ft∆ as≠ Àvtxm ha`∆ l.
j`rh kd∆ l `kd∆ & `sdxm v (imp.). replace, put
s.t. back in its place.
j`rh m≠ Õ a`lh v. recede.
j`rh yÕ s≠ v (imp.). resume.
j`x` n. 1) cargo (loan word). Syn: àdx&h+
Àevn. 2) burden.
j`xm 1 Pl: j`xmrÀ. n 9/10. monkey.
j`xm 2 v. wonder.
j`∆ xm v. 1) promise. 2) swear.
j`xm À layÀ v. worry, ponder.
j`xmÀ n. wonderful, (that which is).
j`∆ xms≠ v. 1) vow. 2) force s.o. to do s.t. whether
they want to do it or not. Syn: je`∆ xms≠ .
j`∆ xr≠ v. cause to go down, lower, let down.
jƒ 1 cond. if. See: `.
jƒ 2 conj dev. then.
jƒ 3 adv. later.
jƒ 4 v. surround.
jƒ– Pl: jƒ–r≠ . num 9/10. four.
jd v. 1) shout. 2) oppose, try to kick against.
jd∆ 1 v. hatch. See: hjd» .
jd∆ 2 pro reciprcl. each, used in a reciprocal
manner, e.g., They asked eachother.
jd∆ mf`∆ xm n. lucky one.
jd∆ ak≠ v. 1) be startled, be taken aback.
Syn: fu≠ s≠ . 2) start acting as if insane. 3) be
crippled, be paralyzed.
jd∆ akÀmÀ n. crippled, paralyzed, (one who is).
jd& v. call s.o. with a shout. See: jd&sÀ.
jd∆ & v. 1) appear, look, look like. See: hjd» &.
2) expect. Syn: bgÕ s≠ . 3) be awake.
Syn: atmÕÃ vÕ .
jd∆ &m≠ v. 1) watch. Syn: jh. 2) face s.o., face to
face.
jd&rÀ v. 1) allow to mate. 2) bait.
jd&sÀ v. call s.o. by making a noise. See: hjd&sÀ.
jd∆ &s≠ v. admire, e.g., clothes.
jdk 1 Pl: jdxrÀ. n 9/10. basket used for fufu.
jdk 2 v. have.
jdk h kdkhmÀ Pl: jdxrÀ kdkhmÀrÀ. n 9/10. plate or
tray for winnowing.
jd∆ k`∆ v. hang.
jdkh v. 1) know. 2) recognize. 3) learn. Syn: xd&h.
4) afford. 5) have as one's own possession.
Syn: jdkÀ. 6) obtain, get.
jdkh an∆ l Õ ed∆ k v. earn.
jdkh rƒ v. gain. Syn: xÀ rƒ.
jdkÀ1 v. 1) have, hold. 2) reach, attain.
Syn: bgdl.
jdkÀ2 v aux. have, must (followed by an
infinitive).
jdkÀ rÀ v. must.
jdkÀ vh v. ought not, must not.
jdkÀ vh `bgÀ v. be meaningless, referring to
ideas, speech, or actions.
jdkÀ vh `rnœ v. toothless.
Syn: lat `∆ rn∆ œ.
jdkÀ vh my≠ sÀ m≠ mfxn∆ &rÀ v. eternal.
jdl v. 1) hem or end up the brims of any woven
container. 2) pretend. Syn: jdl rÀ mÕ .
See: hjdl,jdl.
48
jdl cxdxm hjn» œ 'rÀ m`∆ (
je≠ xms≠ jdl cxdxm hjn» œ 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. flirt.
See: hjn» œ h kÀrÀmÀ,h.
jd∆ l À bgnœ v. dance chong.
jdl` poss adj 7, 8. my.
jdmÀ v. disown, forsake.
jdr` poss adj 6, 7. our (exclusive).
jd∆ r` conj. 1) or. 2) whether.
jdrh v. cough. See: `jdrh.
jdrÀ v. complain that s.t. is too small for one.
— n. coals. See: `jd.
jd∆ xm`∆ dem adj 7. this, referring to s.t. near to
— dem adj 6. these.
See: jh+ jÕ .
je` v (imp.). come home, go home.
je`∆ & v. think. See: je`∆ &s≠ .
je`&sÀ v. knock, beat, or tap, e.g., door, or drum
with sticks. See: `∆ mje`» &s≠ .
je`∆ &s≠ Variant: jv`∆ &s≠ . v. 1) think.
2) consider. Syn: xu≠ sÀ `st. 3) meditate.
4) remember. 5) hope. Syn: ld∆ &m≠ .
See: hje`» &s≠ . 6) mean. 7) make the
framework of a wooden building.
je`» &s≠ vÕ v. be unconcerned.
je`k`je`∆ k`∆ Pl: je`k`je`∆ k`∆ rÀ. n 9/10. bamboo
mat for the wall. Syn: eÀfg`l eÀ vtxm
mcn.
je`∆ l v. noise made by the banging of a door.
je`œ adj. 1) foreign, English. 2) modern.
je`∆ xms≠ v. 1) force s.o. to do s.t. quickly, hurry
s.o. 2) warn. Syn: ktlsÀ+ j`∆ xms≠ .
jed∆ v. 1) cook. 2) boil.
jed∆ ` aÀ v. undercook, cook badly. Syn: jed∆ m`
jÀ e`œ s≠ aÕ + adarÀ rÀ jed∆ .
jed∆ m` jÀ ah bgvn∆ r≠ v. overcook.
Syn: hjed» h bgvnrÀ.
jed∆ m` jÀ e`œ s≠ ah v. undercook.
jed&kÀ v. talk too much.
Syn: jt∆ l Àbge≠Ã .
jedxm v. 1) be reached, be ready. 2) satisfy. 3) be
enough. 4) be suitable. 5) reach the required
measurement, e.g., length or width.
jedxmÀ v. be equal. Syn: xÀmÀ.
jedxmrÀ v. add, increase.
jedxmsÀ v. be the same.
jeÕ v. harvest. See: jeÕ s≠ .
JeÕÃ &Õ en∆ xm n. traditional ruling council.
jeÕ s≠ v. glean, harvest a bit. See: jeÕ .
jeÀ v. die. See: hjeÀ.
jeÀ Àsnœ v. forget. See: Àsnœ À jeÀmÀ.
je≠ rÀ kdl` v. stunt growth. Syn: œd&rÀ.
jeÀk v. eat, to grind with teeth, e.g., solid foods
such as meat, ground nuts, kernels, kola
nuts. Syn: bg`l. See: hjeÀk+ jeÀxsÀ.
je≠ k v. 1) pour out all at once. 2) shake out or off,
e.g., dust from bedding. See: je≠ xs≠ .
jeÀk `rnœ v. 1) grind teeth. 2) gnash teeth.
jeÀkÀ v. 1) break to pieces. 2) crumble.
Syn: a≠ xs≠ .
je≠ k≠ v. whittle. See: a≠ xs≠ + ad&kÀ+ bgt∆ œr≠ jnls≠ + je≠ s≠ .
je≠ l1 Pl: je≠ lr≠ . n 9/10. 1) landslide.
2) erosion.
je≠ l2 v. 1) criticize, gainsay. 2) annul, delete,
cancel.
jeÀlsÀ v. comfort.
jeÀmÀ v. change s.t., e.g., money, fruit, etc.
jeÀmÀ `bgh hvn v. change the day of s.t.
Syn: kd∆ lr≠ + srhmsÀ rÀ mct∆ `rÀ.
jeÀmÀ hjd& v. camouflage.
jeÀmÀ Àevn À xÀmÀ `» mste v. digest.
Syn: fu`∆ Àevn À xÀmÀ `» mste.
jeÀr adv. completely dry (onomatopoeia).
je≠ r v. wear out, e.g., fingers and toes due to
leprosy.
jeÀrÀ n. 1) tinder, the moss gathered from oil palm
fronds, which was used as tinder when fires
were started with a flint stone and iron.
2) cotton.
jeÀsÀ v. die, referring to many animals or people
dying.
je≠ s≠ v. 1) be stingy. Syn: jàsÀ m≠ `vt,`∆ .
2) economize. 3) scrape with a sharp object.
je≠ sÀmÀ n. stingy, (one who is).
jeÀxm 1 Pl: jeÀxmrÀ. n 9/10. hill, mountain.
jeÀxm 2 v. close up a hole. Syn: ed∆ xm.
je≠ xm v. punch, strike, knock, hit. Syn: kdœ+
je≠ xm m≠ e≠ mj`∆ l e≠ .
je≠ xm m≠ e≠ mj`∆ l e≠ v. fight, punch or hit
with the fist. Syn: je≠ xm.
je≠ xm m≠ mcnœ v. gore.
je≠ xm≠ v. collide. Syn: jn∆ xmÀ.
je≠ xm≠ À l≠ cvn∆ & v. embrace. Syn: a`&mÀ.
jeÀxmsÀ v. gather force or momemtum, e.g., the
wind.
je≠ xms≠ v. hit several times, but not too hard.
See: bgt&.
49
je≠ xr≠ jn∆ œ
je≠ xr≠ v. fill, e.g., a pot hole.
jeÀxsÀ v. eat or grind a bit with the teeth.
See: jeÀk.
je≠ xs≠ v. 1) comfort child. 2) pour things from
one container to another, or onto the ground,
e.g., corn, beans, pears. See: je≠ k.
jh 1 v. 1) look at. 2) watch, gaze at. Syn: jd∆ &m≠ .
3) examine. Syn: xdxm. See: jhsÀ.
jh 2 Pl: jhrÀ. n 9/10. floor, bottom.
jh 3 dem adj 7. that, referring to s.t. a bit
— dem adj 6. those.
See: jd∆ xm`∆ + jÕ .
jÕ dem adj 7. that, referring to s.t. not present
but known to both the speaker and the
hearer. Or, it may refer to s.t. present and
speaker.
See: jd∆ xm`∆ + jh.
jÕ ` pro rel 6, 7. which, that.
jh cx`∆ œr≠ v. look across to the other side.
jh fuÕ r≠ v. look towards the speaker.
jh j`∆ xr≠ v. look downwards.
jh jn&rÀ v. look upwards.
jÕÃ mcn n. floor.
jh mct∆ r≠ v. look ahead.
jh rÀ ` mcxd∆ xm v. glare.
jh rt&rÀ v. look downwards.
jh s`xrÀ v. look across on a level land.
jh,` poss adj 6, 7. your (pl.).
jhmh v. 1) examine. 2) search for, find out.
Syn: jÀœ. See: j`∆ &r≠ . 3) tend. Syn: sn∆ &m≠ +
bgÕ .
jÕ mÕ cxdxmrÀ hed∆ k 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. supervise.
jhsÀ v. 1) look at briefly. 2) watch briefly, gaze at
briefly. 3) examine briefly. See: jh.
jÕ s≠ v. examine carefully.
jÀ1 adv. 1) only, just. 2) nearly.
jÀ2 pro subj 7. it.
— pro subj 6. they.
See: `mjdxm`.
jÀ3 v. crack, e.g., a seed or nut such as egusi,
ground nuts, peanuts. Syn: jÀsÀ.
j≠ mn» sd∆ xm adv. even so, just as.
j≠ s` prep. 1) just like, just as. 2) without.
jÀ sd» xm adv. just like this, just so.
jÀkt,`∆ Variant: jÀ kt,`∆ . adj. different, else.
jÀlÀ adv. also.
j≠ lÀ ku≠Ã xm adv. soon.
jÀœ v. 1) want. Syn: jn∆ œ. 2) look for, search,
fetch, find. Syn: jhmh. 3) investigate. 4) pick
off leaves in any manner. Syn: sdxmsÀ+
rv`∆ &Õ . 5) wish. 6) yearn for. 7) close.
j≠ œ v. close, e.g., door, gate, road. See: aÀxsÀ+
bgÀxsÀ.
jÀœ la`∆ r v. pick vegetables.
jÀœ mr`& 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. blame, find fault.
Syn: fg`∆ l.
jÀœ rÀ v. intend to.
jÀœ xdxm v. discover, find.
j≠ œ,j≠ œ,j≠ œ v. 1) noise of footsteps. 2) noise
of heart beating.
jÀœsÀ v. shift a bit, scoot over a bit.
j≠ œs≠ v. 1) prevent. Syn: ed∆ xm. 2) shelter.
Syn: kd∆ xs≠ + bgÀxsÀ. 3) cover. Syn: bgÀxsÀ.
4) protect, defend. See: `∆ mj≠ œs≠ .
j≠ xtœ n. 1) joint disease, especially of the legs.
2) reed that creeps, with a soft stem that
produces slimy juice.
jn∆ ar≠ v. discourage s.o. by trying to contradict or
minimize the importance of what they are
doing.
jn∆ eh n. coffee.
jn& v. 1) ascend, rise. 2) grow up. 3) climb.
jn& mx`l je`œ v. ride on horseback.
jn&h v. be sick, be ill. See: hjn&h.
jn&hmÀ n. sick, (that which is).
jn&mÀ n. 1) high, (that which is). 2) honorable,
respectful, dignified.
jn&rÀ v. 1) honour, respect. 2) praise.
jn&sÀ v. go up a bit, go higher.
jn∆ k v. break. Syn: jn∆ xs≠ .
jn∆ k Àsnœ v. gulp.
jnk` v. bear, produce.
jnkh v. meet s.o. or s.t. going ahead in the same
direction, catch up from behind.
See: jn∆ xm≠ .
Jnl 1 n. Kom person(s).
jnl 2 v. 1) shave. 2) peel. Syn: xt∆ l+ xu≠ .
3) strip. Syn: xt∆ l. 4) clean with a spade or
cutlass, e.g., a yard or road.
jnlh v. scrape. Syn: j`∆ œÕ .
jnlsÀ v. 1) clean, e.g., roast plantain, cocoyam,
etc. 2) whittle.
jnmfd∆ n. melon.
jn∆ œ v. 1) like. 2) love. 3) want, desire. Syn: jÀœ.
50
jn» œ vÕ jvn» s≠ fgÀ,fgÀ
See: hjt» l.
jt» l adv. concerning.
jt∆ l Àbge≠Ã v. talk too much. Syn: jed&kÀ.
different directions, meet face to face.
jtlh 1 v. 1) be sorry. 2) regret. 3) dare.
2) meet s.o. or s.t. at a particular point.
jtlh 2 adv. just or merely, e.g., just talking
See: jnkh. 3) collide. Syn: je≠ xmÀ. 4) be
futilely.
cognate. Syn: xÀmÀ. 5) match. 6) break into
jtlh Àvtxm 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. regret, mourn, be
two parts, e.g., stick, corn. 7) agree.
sorrowful, be sad. Syn: ad∆ xmr≠ hsdl.
jnxmrÀ v. look sorrowful, look pitiful.
jt∆ lk≠ v. 1) touching several parts of s.t. or s.o.
jn∆ xs≠ v. break many times. See: jn∆ k.
2) be too talkative.
jß v. carry loose objects in arms, carry things
jtlsÀ v. 1) pick up many objects, one by one.
which are untied. See: hjß + jß kÀ.
Syn: anœ+ anœsÀ. 2) collect.
jß –1 Pl: jß –r≠ . n 9/10. bachelor.
jt∆ ls≠ v. 1) repeat, say or do again. 2) knock on
jß –2 v. pluck, pick, harvest, e.g., fruit, coffee.
a door.
jß kÀ v. carry carefully, e.g., when trying to hold jtmh v. fill in with s.t., e.g., liquid or grains.
many things which are loose or untied.
jtœ v. 1) sneak. Syn: mx`» &sÀ rÀ kt∆ + jtœ rÀ kt∆ +
See: jß .
kdxm. 2) start decaying, due to heat, e.g.,
jß sÀ v. trim branches.
tadpole corpses. 3) flow slowly or creep,
e.g., any liquid such as water, oil, blood,
jt 1 Pl: jtrÀ. n 9/10. 1) kernel, pit, nut. 2) trunk
tears.
of an elephant.
jt
»
s
n.
coat (loan word). See: `vè.
jt 2 v. 1) catch. Ant: k`∆ œ. 2) feel. Syn: xuÀ.
See: hjt. 3) be worth. 4) skim off s.t. from jtsÀ v. catch several things, e.g., insects,
chickens.
the surface of a liquid, e.g., oil floating on
water.
jtxmsÀ v. pour into another container, filling in a
gentle manner.
jt∆ v. 1) take, e.g., from me. See: fg`k+ erh.
2) snore. Syn: en∆ &. 3) noise made by flowing jtxrÀ v. force s.o. to do s.t. against their will.
stream.
jtxsÀ v. tie, tie s.t. in a small bundle. See: jtk+
jt fg`∆ v. be worth what.
bgeÀœ.
jt rÀ `st v. forfeit.
jt∆ dr≠ v. 1) despise. 2) discourage.
jt v`xm v. help receive a child at birth.
jtdsÀ v. 1) roughen, make rough, e.g., surface of
a stone in order to make it better at grinding.
jte v. sniff. Syn: k≠ ls≠ .
2) call repeatedly, e.g., a dog to the track of
jte `ytd v. sniff, e.g., back phlegm in the
an animal.
nose. Syn: k≠ ls≠ . See: jte.
jv`&
Variant: je`&. interj. knock
jt» fgn∆ œ Variant: jt» vn∆ œ. n. 1) rumour,
(onomatopoeia).
scandal. Syn: `∆ mj`œ rÀ adarÀ hyÀxm h
jvn v. demand a refund of a debt. See: hjvn.
vt» k+ hedl. 2) flippancy.
jvn∆ v. light, burn. Ant: kÀlrÀ. See: cx`∆ xm+
jt∆ & adv. recently.
hjvn» h Àu≠ r.
jt&kÀ v. group together.
jvn∆ Àmj`» & v. add firewood. Syn: jvn∆ ÀuÀr.
jt∆ &k≠ v. press or crowd together due to lack of
jvn∆ ÀuÀr v. make fire, add firewood.
space.
Syn: e`xsÀ ÀuÀr+ jvn∆ Àmj`» &.
jt&sÀ v. gather many things, e.g., chickens.
jvnm≠Ã
adj. meant for burning, e.g., firewood.
jt∆ &s≠ adv. just now, recently.
jvn∆ r≠ v. abrade or roughen by rubbing or
jtk 1 v. 1) tie, fasten. 2) wrap, wrap up.
scraping against s.t. coarse.
Syn: kxÀl. See: bgeÀœ+ jtxsÀ.
jvn
∆
r≠ fgÀ,fgÀ v. 1) be rough or coarse. 2) be
jtk 2 adv. 1) full stomach, enough. 2) tight.
sandy.
jtk 3 n. strap.
Syn: jvn» s≠ fgÀ,fgÀ.
jtk `sdl v. be brave. Syn: bgÀkh.
jvn∆ s≠ v. be rough or coarse in texture.
jt∆ l v. 1) touch. Syn: ln∆ ls≠ . 2) tie or chain
jvn» s≠ fgÀ,fgÀ v. be rough, be coarse.
up, e.g., an animal or person. 3) drive in s.t.,
Syn: jvn∆ r≠ fgÀ,fgÀ. See: jvn∆ r≠ .
e.g., a peg into the soil, a nail into a board.
jn» œ vÕ v. don't like, be unwilling.
jnr adj. bald.
jn∆ xm≠ v. 1) meet s.o. or s.t., from opposite or
51
jx`
kd&
jx` 1
jx` 2
jx` 3
jx`∆
v. know. Syn: jdkh.
poss adj 6, 7. your (sg.).
poss adj logo 6, 7. his, her, its.
v. move in a cunning or tricky manner.
Syn: kx`∆ s≠ + ex`∆ s≠ .
jx` vh v. innocent.
jx` vh hvn h kh v. 1) be unconscious. 2) not
know anything.
K
kàrÀ Variant: kèrÀ. v. 1) dress up s.o.
2) decorate s.o. or s.t., e.g., a house, church
or compound. See: kè+ hkàrÀ.
k`∆ as≠ v. 1) touch s.o. with a finger to get their
attention. See: hk`» as≠ . 2) dig out soil a bit
from a hole, e.g., as a rat does. See: k`∆ e.
kè v. dress oneself.
k`∆ e v. dig a hole with the hands, or paws.
See: k`∆ as≠ .
k`∆ & v. pay.
k`∆ &Õ v. 1) tell. 2) deliver a message. 3) invite.
See: hk`&Õ .
k`» &r≠ v. move about aimlessly, wasting time.
k`k` v. 1) delay. Syn: k`l. 2) loiter. Syn: a≠ k≠ .
k`∆ kÕ v. 1) rise up, stand, get up. 2) wake up.
Syn: xd∆ l`∆ .
k`∆ kÕ rÀ hjeÀ v. rise from the dead, resurrect.
Syn: yt∆ ds≠ + xt∆ lÕ .
k`∆ kÕ rÀ m` mt» hr`& v. revolt.
k`l v. 1) cook, prepare. 2) stir, e.g., fufu.
Syn: rd∆ &. 3) delay. Syn: k`k`.
k`» l Pl: k`» lr≠ . n 9/10. lamp (loan word).
See: jvn∆ .
k`l`» r n. orange (loan word).
k`lh v. dam up, block, used of water only.
k`∆ œ v. 1) throw. Ant: jt. 2) shoot. Syn: shl.
3) fling. Syn: i≠ œ. 4) pass a traditional
injunction.
k`œ` rÀ mÕ hvn v. do s.t. continuously,
without breaking. Syn: k`œ`,k`œ`.
k`œ`,k`œ` v. do s.t. completely.
k`œkÀ v. stagger.
k`œsÀ v. bend down. Syn: mfuÀlsÀ+ mfuÀl`+
mfuÀlrÀ. See: hk`œsÀ.
k`∆ r v. 1) group together. 2) beckon s.o. by
touching them lightly, e.g., on the shoulder.
3) play tag.
k`xm 1 adv. today.
jx`∆ k≠ v. do s.t. by tricks.
jx`sÀ v. 1) make use to, accustom, acquaint.
2) become immune to.
jx`∆ s≠ v. 1) surround. 2) do s.t. by tricks.
Syn: jx`∆ k≠ .
,
k
k`xm 2 v. be clean. See: hk`xm.
k`xm a`» œ,a`œ v. be light in colour.
Syn: a`xm.
k`xm rÀ hs`œh mÀ hje`&sÀ v. be chaste, be
pure, of speech and thought.
k`xmrÀ v. 1) clean, make completely clean.
2) rinse. 3) play and comfort a baby.
See: hk`xmrÀ.
k`xrÀ v. delay, cause to delay. See: hk`xrÀ.
k`∆ xr≠ v. raise. Syn: jn&rÀ. Ant: rt&rÀ.
k`xsÀ v. 1) delay a bit. 2) loiter a bit.
k`∆ xs≠ v. 1) raise a bit. Ant: rt&sÀ. 2) show signs
of madness. See: hk`» xs≠ .
k`» xs≠ ,k`xsÀ v. be mildly mad. Syn: xtœrÀ,
xt∆ œrÀ. See: i`&À.
kƒ v. 1) be small. Syn: sdk`» + sdasÀmÀ+ kƒmÀ.
2) be thin.
kƒ»
adv. then, indicating an expected result or
outcome.
kƒ– 1 past today. past tense, today. See: mÀm kƒ– +
m≠ m kƒ» .
kƒ– 2 fut dist. future tense, distant. See: mÕ .
kƒ bgvn» v. be smallest. See: kƒs≠Ã bgvn» .
kƒ bgvn» r≠ , `∆ v. be too little for the purpose
intended.
See: fg`& bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
kƒk≠Ã v. be small, referring to many things.
kƒmÀ n. small, (that which is).
kƒrÀ v. lessen, decrease bulk or quantity of.
Syn: e`∆ as≠ + rt&rÀ.
kƒs≠Ã bgvn» v. be smaller.
See: kƒ bgvn» .
kd∆
v. 1) miss. 2) lose. Syn: kd∆ èn. See: hkd» +
`∆ mkd∆ .
kde v. poison. See: mkde+ hkde.
kd& v (imp.). 1) go, go away, depart, run.
2) escape, flee. See: hkd&. 3) lose, e.g., one's
senses.
52
kd∆ &
kÀ
kd∆ & v. carry s.t. on one shoulder while using a
stick as a lever to support the load from the
opposite shoulder.
kd&mÀ v. escape in different directions, scatter.
kd&sÀ v. escape a bit.
kd∆ &s≠ v. promise never to do s.t.
kd∆ k v. hide.
kdkh v. catch or trap s.t., e.g., grain, powder, or
liquid.
kdkhmÀ n. catching or trapping, (that which is),
describing a kind of vessel.
kd∆ k≠ v. lose. See: kd∆ .
kdkÀmÀ n. lost, (those which are). See: kd∆ .
kdl v. injure or wound by accident.
See: `kdlsÀkd∆ l v. 1) keep, store. 2) put, place. 3) lay.
4) save. 5) treasure.
kd∆ l `vtl v. lay eggs.
kd∆ l en∆ xm `bgÀ v. enthrone.
kd∆ l hfgdk,hfgdk v. balance.
kd∆ l hr`& v. 1) obey. Syn: xuÀ hr`&. 2) be
obedient. 3) institute a law.
kd∆ l Àjvn v. 1) hoard. 2) save money.
kdl jt» fgn∆ œ 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. gossip.
kd∆ l latl v. show unwillingness to run
errands.
kd∆ l mfdœ hr`r hr`& m≠ vt∆ k À vt» kt∆
v. submit oneself under the law of another
person.
kdl vh hr`& 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. be disobedient.
Syn: s`∆ k.
kdl` v. 1) grow. 2) develop. 3) progress.
kd∆ lÕ v. 1) snare, trap. 2) waylay. Syn: s`l vtk.
3) cover with soil or add soil to beds that
contain growing crops.
kd∆ lÕ À fudxm v. mulch.
kdlmÀ n. storage, keeping.
kdlrÀ v. 1) wound. 2) nurse s.o. or s.t. to grow.
kd∆ lr≠ v. 1) schedule s.t., fix a future date, for
some purpose. 2) postpone. Syn: jeÀmÀ
`bgh hvn+ srhmsÀ rÀ mct∆ `rÀ.
kdœ v. 1) beat, hit. Syn: mx`∆ ak≠ + je≠ xm.
See: hkdœ. 2) punish, e.g., dog or child.
3) float. Syn: ct∆ &Õ `st» . 4) drown. 5) slap.
Syn: kdœ mÀ `vt,`. 6) whip. Syn: vèh.
kdœ à`» & Àbge≠ mcn v. slam a door.
kdœ `vt v. 1) slap. Syn: la`r `vt `fxd∆ &.
2) beat hand, beat on the hand.
kdœ hr`r v. spank, beat on the buttocks.
kdœ ÀjeÀeh v. sound alarm. See: ÀjeÀeh.
kdœ mÀ `vt,` v. slap.
Syn: kdœ+ kdœ `vt.
kdœ sÀvn» v. flutter, e.g., a cock fluttering its
wings.
kdœsÀ v. 1) beat a bit, e.g., to beat off ash from
s.t., or to relieve pain. 2) flip, flick.
Syn: mxt&+ œ`l. 3) tap.
kdrÀ v. smoothen or level s.t.
kd∆ r≠ v. forget. See: hkd» r≠ .
kdr≠Ã fgÀ,fgÀ v. be level at sight.
kd∆ r≠ rÀ et v. 1) pardon, forgive. See: bgxd&rÀ.
2) excuse.
kd∆ s≠ v. cover or block up a hole or crack, e.g.,
with wax, mud, cement.
kdxm v. 1) slip, slide. 2) be slippery. 3) be smooth.
4) glide. 5) sneak. Syn: mx`» &sÀ rÀ kt∆ + jtœ
rÀ kt∆ + jtœ.
kdxmrÀ v. cause to be slippery. See: kdxm.
kd∆ xs≠ v. 1) hide. 2) hibernate. Syn: atmh rÀ `
mcxdxm. 3) shelter. Syn: j≠ œs≠ + bgÀxsÀ.
kd∆ xs≠ hjd» & v. disquise.
kdxsÀmÀ n. hidden, (that which is).
kÕ 1 v. 1) take. See: kÕ s≠ . 2) adopt. Syn: kÕ rÀ m`∆
jdkÀ r` èn ` mfdœ. 3) lead. Syn: m` mct»
`rÀ.
kÕ 2 adj. another, other, some, certain.
kh `jn» xm v. 1) count. 2) check numbers.
Syn: s`œ.
kÕ rÀ fuÕ v. take and bring.
Syn: et rÀ fuÕ .
kÕ rÀ m`∆ jdkÀ r` èn ` mfdœ v. adopt, take
for oneself. Syn: kÕ .
kh vh vtk hvn 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. shun, avoid.
khaÀr n. tomorrow.
kÕ l`∆ ,kÕ l`∆ n. 1) shade. Syn: `kxÀœrÀ.
2) shadow, e.g., cast by an object or clouds.
kÕ lÕ Variant: kt∆ lÕ . Pl: kÕ lÕ r≠ . n 9/10. clay
bowl or utensil, earthen pot.
khœh Variant: kxÀœh. v. finish eating by wiping
plate clean with finger or spoon. Syn: khœsÀ.
khœsÀ Variant: kxÀœsÀ. v. finish eating by wiping
plate clean with finger or spoon. Syn: khœh.
kÕ rÕ v. take s.t. away from its former position,
wipe out.
kÕ s≠ v. take a bit of s.t.
kÕ v`∆ xm n. baby-sitter.
kÀ
v. 1) float. 2) look down on s.o. or take s.o.
as common.
53
kÀ `st» lt∆
kv`∆ &r≠ the birth of a child. Syn: mÕ m` fgdkÀ jdkh.
See: Àkt&.
kt∆ &r≠ v. 1) cause envy, by showing s.t. which
his belonging.
one cannot give away. 2) tease, tickle
k≠Ã akÀ v. be dim, not be bright.
curiosity. 3) cause anxiety. 4) jeer at,
k≠Ã ak≠ a`» xm,a`xm v. be dim, not be bright.
ridicule. Syn: ln∆ l.
Syn: a`xm vh ìt» œ.
ktl 1 Pl: fgÀktl. n 1/2. 1) husband. 2) thumb.
kÀl Variant: kxÀl. v. wrap.
ktl 2 v. 1) bite. 2) snap, break. Syn: ad&`.
k≠ l Variant: kx≠ l. v. 1) smell. See: hk≠Ã l+ èuÀ
3) labour to give birth.
` kÀlmÀ,`. 2) produce an unbearable scent
ktl 3 adv. usually, always; with negative = never.
or odour. See: k≠ ls≠ .
kt∆ l1 v. be hot. Syn: xt∆ r+ r`&rÀ. Ant: r`xm.
kÀl Àvtxm Variant: kxÀl Àvtxm. v. wind up
kt∆ l2 n. dry season.
the body. Syn: mf`kh.
kÀlrÀ Variant: kxÀlrÀ. v. extinguish. Ant: jvn∆ . ktl `∆ u≠ n. big toe. See: a`œ `∆ u≠ .
ktl `∆ vt n. thumb. See: a`œ `∆ vt+ v`xm
See: hkÀlrÀ.
`∆ vt.
kÀlsÀ v. 1) entangle. 2) wrap. 3) tie. 4) fold.
kt
»
l
bgvn
» r≠ ,`∆ 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. 1) be rash. 2) be
Syn: kÀl.
very
hot,
be over heated.
k≠ ls≠ v. 1) produce a very faint scent. 2) smell,
kt∆ l h bgvn∆ sÀmÀ n. drought.
find out by smelling s.t. Syn: jte+ k≠ l.
See: hk≠Ã l.
kt» l mfuÀ n. rooster.
k≠ lsÀm≠Ã adj. smelling.
kt» l mjeÀ n. widower. See: vÕÃ mjeÀ.
kÀrÀ v. 1) trick s.o. Syn: cÀl vtk. 2) deceive.
ktlkÀ v. bite in several places.
Kn» n. name, given to males.
kt∆ lk≠ v. do s.t. in a hurry.
kn
v. 1) lick. Syn: mxuÀ m≠ Õ kdlh. 2) eat.
kt» lm≠ n. male (the male one).
knakÀ rÀ mÕ v. do incorrectly.
kt∆ lm≠Ã adj. hot.
knasÀ v. trick, deceive. Syn: kÀrÀ.
ktlrÀ v. get very close to. Syn: a`&rÀ.
kne v. 1) do incorrectly. Syn: knakÀ rÀ mÕ . 2) be kt∆ lr≠ v. warm up. Syn: xt&.
a bit better.
kt∆ lrÀ mÕ n. uncle.
knl v. 1) cover, wrap, e.g., with leather or
ktlsÀ v. 1) eat with soup. 2) ask s.o. to hurry,
formica. 2) be out of use or out of date.
e.g., in coming or in doing s.t.
knlÕÃ fgÀ,fgÀ v. be smooth to the touch.
Syn: je`∆ xms≠ .
knlÕÃ jd» & jd∆ & v. 1) be smooth to the sight.
kt» ls≠ adj. warm.
2) be uninteresting to the sight.
kt» lvh n. groom. See: vÕÃ ktl.
knlÕÃ jt,jt v. be too oily to the taste.
ktœ v. 1) hurry, be in a haste. 2) suffer.
knmÀ n. edible, lickable, (that which is).
ktœkÀ v. gnash teeth, suffer helplessly.
knrÀ v. help s.o. to eat or lick, e.g., soft or liquid ktsÀ1 v. aim, aim at. Syn: kt.
foods such as oil, milk, pap.
ktsÀ2 adv. 1) really. 2) exactly.
kn∆ r≠ v. 1) cause to continue. 2) lengthen or extend
kt∆ s≠ v. sprain a joint of the body.
s.t. beyond the required or expected time.
ktxm v. be full. See: bgt∆ œr≠ .
kn∆ s≠ v. prolong doing or saying s.t.
— adv. full. See: ktxm a≠ jr≠ + `bgt» œ.
knxm v. 1) beg. 2) ask. Syn: bgvnsÀ+ aÀe hvn.
ktxm a≠ jr≠ v. be full to the brim.
kß sÀ rÀ mct∆ ` mrd v. lie all on the ground,
ktxmrÀ v. fill. Ant: re≠ r`∆ .
e.g., trees, animals, people.
ktxmrÀ rÀ ` œ`œ v. cram.
kt v. target, aim at s.t. or s.o. Syn: ktsÀ.
kt∆ d v. be bitter.
kt»
n. nothing.
kt∆
v. leave, go away, (spoken at the place one is kuÀœmÀ n. crippled, lame (one who is).
ku≠Ã xm adv. 1) now. 2) immediately.
leaving from).
kv`∆ & v. 1) flash. 2) begin to ripen. Syn: œv`∆ œ.
kt& v. 1) thank, a global way of thanking or
See: hkv`» &.
appreciating s.o. 2) acclaim, proclaim, an
alarm of good news, e.g., by women about
kv`∆ &r≠ v. cause to flash. See: hkv`» &.
kÀ `st» lt∆ v. float on water.
kÀ vtk v. treat s.o. with disrespect, in reference to
54
kvdl`
kxÀœ èn
kvdl` adj. 1) elder. Syn: bgxd&. See: kdl`.
2) aged. Syn: ad∆ œr≠ . 3) senile.
kx`∆ s≠ v. 1) surround. 2) trick s.o. to do s.t.
Syn: ex`∆ s≠ + jx`∆ .
kxÀl Variant: khl. v. wind up, wrap up.
Syn: jtk. Ant: x`r+ x`∆ xsÀ.
kxÀlrÀ ÀuÀr Variant: khlrÀ ÀuÀr. v. put out the
fire, extinguish the fire.
kxÀœ 1 n. fly whisk made from the tail of a horse.
kxÀœ 2 v. ruin s.o. See: khœ.
kxÀœ 3 n 9. tree, usually short, wildly-branching
tree; rough, gray bark; soft, small leaves (7 x
1.5 cm); slash streaked red and white. Main
use: sapwood is stripped for making strong
ropes and mats. Other uses: fuelwood; plant
manure; previously, bark was pounded to
obtain cloth. Lasiosiphon glaucus.
kxÀœ èn v. spoil s.t., make s.t. useless.
55
L
l` 1 Variant: lÀ. pro subj 1. I.
l` 2 pro obj 1. me.
l` 3 poss adj. my.
l` 4 conj. 1) or. 2) which, when, while.
l` 5 adv. already.
l` 6 quest marker. question marker.
l` fgÀ xd&h ldxm v. tamed. Ant: s≠ j` fgÀ
,
l
la`∆ k Pl: la`∆ xr≠ . n 9/10. 1) mask, net to cover
the face, used by jujus. 2) lining, e.g., of
material.
la`∆ k Àbge≠ èn n. 1) mask (cloth). 2) cover.
See: a`∆ k.
la`l Pl: la`lrÀ. n 9/10. snake.
la`» l iu`∆ n. snake that lives in water.
la`∆ œ Pl: la`∆ œr≠ . n 9/10. 1) walking stick,
xd&h.
cane. 2) club. 3) crutches (plural form).
l`∆ & v. 1) put on, wear. Syn: l`∆ & Àvt∆ xm+ s`l+ la`∆ œ h mx`lmÀ n. walking stick, cane.
s`l hr`r. Ant: bgn&. 2) offer.
la`∆ œ hr`& n. wand. Syn: hbgÀ.
3) contribute. Syn: bgv`&. 4) cast lots.
la`∆ œ vt∆ k ≠ mf`∆ œ n. wand. Syn: hbgÀ.
5) rear. 6) sow, e.g., seeds. 7) nurse seeds.
la`œh n 9. 1) line. 2) rung.
l`∆ & Àvt∆ xm v. wear. Syn: l`∆ &+ s`l hr`r.
la`r 1 n. charm.
l`& ldxm v. be worn.
Syn: s`l ldxm.
la`r 2 v. beat. Syn: kdœ.
l`∆ &Õ v. 1) throw away, discard. 2) neglect.
la`∆ r n. 1) vegetables. 2) soup. 3) leaves.
3) lose. Syn: kd∆ èn. 4) abandon. Syn: uhrh la`r `vt `fxd∆ & v. slap s.o.'s cheek or beat
jÀ r`ln&. 5) forsake.
s.o.'s jaw with a hand. Syn: kdœ `vt.
l`∆ &À v. rear, raise.
la`∆ r Õ je≠ n. njama-njama, huckleberry, the
l`∆ &m≠ v. bet and wait for the results, as a form
main vegetable served with corn fufu.
of a challenge to s.o. Syn: snmÀ.
la`xm 1 Pl: la`xmrÀ. n 9/10. nail, screw.
l`∆ &s≠ v. 1) reward, dash or contribute a bit.
la`xm 2 adj. clear.
Syn: cƒrÀ. 2) spread articles out, e.g., for
la`∆ xm Pl: la`∆ xmr≠ . n 9/10. fence.
sale.
la`∆ xm rÀ j≠ œs≠ èn n. barricade.
l`∆ k v. 1) plaster with mud or cement. 2) erupt or
la`∆ xm≠ Pl: la`∆ xm≠ r≠ . n 9/10. enemy.
sprout, e.g., certain skin diseases like
la`xmrÀ n. foundation.
measles or young grass or weeds sprouting
from the ground.
Syn: hr`r h mcn.
l`k` v. marry (loan word). Syn: bgÀxms≠ .
laƒ– 1 Pl: laƒ–r À. n 9/10. 1) side. 2) bank.
See: l`k`» .
See: laƒ– iu`∆ . 3) polite address,
specifically to fons, kings, or chiefs.
l`k`» n. marriage (loan word). Syn: hbgÀxms≠ +
laƒ– 2 prep. beside.
hk`l.
l`ls≠Ã v. 1) be flat. 2) flatten, press flat.
laƒ– iu`∆ Pl: laƒ–r À iu`» . n. 1) riverbank,
shore. 2) beach.
l`∆ min∆ œ n. 1) traditional military society
meeting (loan word). 2) meeting. 3) drinking lad Pl: ladrÀ. n 9/10. 1) hammer or stone,
used to flatten iron. 2) chisel. 3) one who
society. Syn: min∆ œ.
says.
l`» r`∆ n. master (loan word).
lad∆ Pl: lad∆ r≠ . n 9/10. speaker, one who says.
L`∆ xdxm n. name, given to females.
l`xm v. trample down, march on, e.g., dirt on a lad h mfdlsÀmÀ n. gouge.
lad∆ & Pl: lad∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. shoulder.
grave. Syn: id∆ xk≠ .
Syn: hfgnl.
l`xm jÕÃ mcn v. stamp the floor.
lad∆ &Õ Variant: lad∆ x&Õ . Pl: lad∆ &Õ r≠ . n 9/10.
lƒ» r≠ n. miles (loan word).
carrier.
lƒsÀ v. show grief or sorrow with repeated
lad
∆
&Õ mjt∆ l n. business, trading.
gestures of the hands and body. See: ld,`.
Syn: ladx&k≠ .
la`∆ & Pl: la`∆ &rÀ. n 9/10. 1) cloud. 2) fog
lad∆ k n. compensation for oneself.
(plural form). Syn: ìvn» .
ladœ
lÀfgh
ladœ Pl: ladœrÀ. n 9/10. maggot that is large
and edible, found in the stems of the oil and
raffia palms.
ladœkÀ Pl: ladœkÀrÀ. n 9/10. bell.
lad∆ œk≠ v. writhe in pain or bereavement.
ladx&k≠ n. trade, exchange. Syn: lad∆ &Õ mjt∆ l.
lad∆ xmsÀ n. pants (loan word). Syn: rÕ lh+
mcyÀrÀ `∆ msd» xm≠ .
laÀ Pl: laÀrÀ. n 9/10. 1) evil, immorality.
2) sin.
laÀ e≠ xÕ mÕ Pl: laÀrÀ e≠Ã xÕ mÕ . n. natural
disaster.
lan∆ voc. polite form of address, often used in
greetings, leave takings, and in conversation
to invite attention.
lan» an∆ r≠ n. weaver of bags. See: mbgte
l≠ bg≠ .
lan∆ & Pl: lan∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. calabash, used to hold
corn beer.
lank `∆ ad∆ n. afternoon.
lank ≠ ed∆ l n. weakened corpuscles.
lank ≠ vtxm n. weakened body.
lan∆ kn& n. Fulani people.
lanl n 9. creator.
lan∆ œ Pl: lan∆ œr≠ . n 9/10. ox.
lan» xm≠ n. 1) peace. 2) recovery from illness,
healing.
laß Pl: laß rÀ. n 9/10. 1) cut on body,
incision. 2) scar.
laß –r≠ n. saviour. Syn: mf`∆ lsÀ.
laß sÀ Pl: laß sÀrÀ. n 9/10. caterpillar, which
causes skin inflammation if touched by s.o.
Lat∆ n. name, given to females.
lat `∆ rn∆ œ n. toothless person. Syn: jdkÀ vh
`rnœ.
lat& Pl: lat&rÀ. n. 1) charm. 2) ignorant
person, s.o. ignorant about a particular thing.
lat∆ & Pl: lat∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. jigger.
lat& `∆ vt∆ l`vtl Pl: lat&rÀ
Àvtl`vtl. n. eagle.
latl n. unwillingness to run errands.
See: kd∆ l latl.
latmhrÀ n. sleep.
latr Pl: latxrÀ. n 9/10. flower.
lau≠ j Pl: lau≠ jr≠ . n 9/10. 1) anthill.
2) termite dwelling. 3) storage pit for food,
e.g., cocoyams or yams.
lau≠ j l≠ mfn» œkÀ n. anthill.
lau≠ œ n. yeast-like substance made from guinea
corn.
lau≠ œ je`œ n. yeast.
lauÀsÀ h ank n. measles. Syn: lauÀsÀ.
lauÀsÀ h sn n. chicken pox.
layÀ Variant: lauÀ. n. world. Syn: mrd.
ld∆ ,`∆ Variant: lƒ– . v. finish. See: ld∆ rÕ .
ld,` Àvtxm v. show grief or sorrow with
gestures of the hands and body. Syn: ldsÀ
Àvtxm.
ld& v. stutter, stammer.
ld∆ &m≠ v. think hopefully.
ldl v. shape, work, or mould in the hand into a
large loaf. See: ldlsÀ.
ld» l poss adj 6a. my.
ldlsÀ v. shape, work, or mould in the hand into
a small loaf.
ld∆ œ `vn v. contemplate.
ld» r poss adj 6a. our (exclusive).
ld∆ rÕ v. complete, finish, end. See: lƒ–.
ldsÀ Àvtxm v. show grief or sorrow with
gestures of the hands and body. Syn: ld,`
Àvtxm.
ldxm 1 asp compl. completive aspect, perfective
aspect. Ant: `. See: m`∆ .
ldxm 2 adv emph. emphasis.
ld∆ xm dem adj 6a. 1) this, referring to s.t. near to
hearer, yet visible to both. 2) these.
See: lyÀ+ ly≠ .
ld» xmsÕ conj. but. Syn: lÀsÕ .
lÀ1 v. 1) refuse giving s.t. to s.o. 2) be selfish.
3) be mean.
lÀ2 pro subj 1. I. See: l`.
lÀ3 assoc 6a. of. See: Àm.
lÀ, ncl pf 6a. plural prefix for nouns.
l≠ pro subj 6a. 1) it. 2) they. See: Àld» xm.
lÀ k`xm n. same day next week. See: lÀ
ku≠Ã xm.
lÀ ku≠Ã xm n. same time, same season, e.g., next
year, next evening, or last year, last evening.
See: lÀ k`xm.
lÀbgh ≠ m rd∆ & n. few days.
lÀeÀ n 6a. pus.
lÀfg`xm n 6a. 1) glue. 2) sap.
lÀfg`» xm≠ n 6a. excrements, small.
lÀfgdxm n 6a. milk.
lÀfgh n 6a. yellowish type of liquid sodium
bicarbonate, drained out of wood ash.
57
lÀfgh,lÀfgh
lt» mjvn
lÀfgh,lÀfgh v. be yellowish.
l≠ rn∆ œ n 6a. 1) life. 2) human.
L≠ fgn∆ l1 n. name of a big river in Kom, which lÀsÕ conj. but. Syn: ld» xms≠ .
sweeps along everything at its banks when
lÀst n 6a. intestines.
overflooded.
lÀst∆ n 6a. car, automobile, motor (loan word).
l≠ fgn∆ l2 n 6a. glutton. Syn: bg`l`∆ mbgh.
lÀst∆ lÀ iu`∆ n. ship (loan word). Syn: mft&
lÀi`œ n 6a. castor oil.
h fg`» &mÀ.
L≠ ivn n 6a. name of a juju.
lÀuÀk n 6a. oil.
lÀj`k n 6a. corn beer, made out of guinea corn. lÀuÀk ≠ m a`∆ œmÀ n. palm oil.
l≠ j`k`∆ n 6a. 1) albino (loan word). 2) white
lÀuÀk lÀuÀk adj. oily.
race. Syn: ha`» œ.
l≠ j`∆ k`∆ n 6a. food (kind of), prepared from
cassava.
lÀj`» xm n 6a. 1) gun powder. 2) agreement,
covenant.
l≠ k v. signal with the eyes. See: l≠ xs≠ .
l≠ k`∆ l n. nickname for s.o. unknown.
See: e≠ k`∆ l.
lÀkÕÃ n 6a. bile.
l≠ kÕ `rÀ v. 1) wink or blink eyes once.
Syn: l≠ xs≠ `rÀ. 2) invite s.o.'s attention
with the eyes.
lÀk≠Ã l Variant: lÀkx≠Ã l+ lÀkÕÃ l. n 6a.
foreshadowing sign of s.t. to happen.
lÀkn&n∆ kn∆ &n∆ n 6a. nectar. Syn: mjvn.
LÀknlan n. name of a village.
lÀkt» & n 6a. 1) wine. 2) drinks.
lÀkt» & l≠ je`œ n 6a. beer.
l≠ kt∆ lbgtœ n. restlessness, distress.
lÀktœ n 6a. blood.
lÀkuÀ n 6a. 1) ants. See: eÀkuÀ+ œ`∆ œ`∆ œ. 2) times.
See: ÀkuÀ.
lÀkuÀ fg` conj. each time, whenever,
anytime.
lÀkuÀ ≠ m i≠ l n 6a. always.
l≠ m`∆ œ n 6a. 1) falsehood. 2) politics.
lÀmbgx` n 6a. saliva.
lÀmfh l≠ Õ exd∆ xm n 6a. legs like tiny tall
stems. See: eÀmfh.
l≠ mfn∆ &`∆ ,mfn∆ &`∆ n 6a. gravel. See: e≠ mfn∆ &s≠ .
lÀmÀ n. selfish, (one who is).
lÀmiÕ n 6a. 1) urine. 2) urinary illness (kind of).
l≠ mse≠ œ exclm. 1) God forbid! 2) Be cursed!,
Be damned!
l≠ mxt∆ œs≠ n 6a. 1) bracelet. Syn: sÀevn.
2) chain, e.g., a necklace chain. Syn: mbg`&
Õ xt∆ œsÀmÀ.
l≠ mxt» œs≠ n 6a. hair little.
l≠ re≠ s≠Ã n 6a. small fish.
l≠ rÕ mfd∆ n 6a. grass beetles (coloured).
l≠ u≠Ã l an∆ n 6a. twenty (two tens).
l≠ xÕ mÕ ≠ m a≠Ã n 6a. idols, false gods, e.g., a
rock, a tree.
l≠ xs≠ v. blink. See: l≠ k.
l≠ xs≠ `rÀ v. wink or blink repeatedly.
Syn: l≠ kÕ `rÀ.
ln v. 1) deny. Syn: stxmrÀ. 2) claim ignorance.
ln∆ v. say a proverb or tell a story.
lnjx` n. one who knows s.t. but pretends to be
ignorant (idiom).
ln∆ & n. one.
lnk`∆ xm n. one million.
Ln» l n. name, given to females.
Ln∆ l1 n. name, given to males.
ln∆ l2 v. 1) try, test. See: ln∆ lr≠ . 2) taste.
3) sample. 4) tease. Syn: kt∆ &r≠ . 5) do s.t.
terrible.
ln∆ l vtk v. 1) tease. Syn: kt&rÀ vtk. 2) tempt.
ln∆ lr≠ v. 1) try, attempt. 2) test, evaluate.
See: ln∆ l.
ln∆ ls≠ v. 1) feel s.t. Syn: jt∆ l. 2) recover, e.g.,
from an illness.
ln∆ ls≠ rÀ hjn&h v. recover.
ln∆ ls≠ rÀ j`k v. grope.
lnœ adj. 1) extreme state of being
(onomatopoeia), e.g., completely silent,
stretched to the limit, very very ill. 2) mute.
Syn: bghlh lnœ.
lt 1 n 6a. water.
lt 2 adj. old.
lt∆ v. visit. Syn: lt∆ s≠ .
lt∆ & v. 1) uproot. 2) take or eat s.t. dry in
powdery form, without mixing with water,
e.g., powdered milk.
lt&sÀ lÀkt& rhix`,rhix` v. sip.
lt∆ k v. swell. See: lt∆ xs≠ .
— n. swelling.
lt∆ m≠ v. 1) compare. 2) mix up objects.
lt» mjvn Pl: lt» mjvnrÀ. n 9/10. parrot.
58
lt∆ rÕ m`» xm vÕ e.g., objects. See: lxd∆ xs≠ .
lxd∆ l v. chew like a toothless person.
lxd∆ xs≠ v. collect a handful, take a bit.
See: lxd∆ k.
lyÕ Variant: ly≠ . v. swallow. See: lyÕ s≠ .
lyÕ s≠ v. 1) swallow a bit. 2) swallow repeatedly.
See: lyÕ .
lyÀ Variant: lh. dem adj 6a. 1) that, referring to
s.t. a bit removed from both the speaker and
the hearer, yet visible to both. 2) those.
See: ld∆ xm+ ly≠ .
ly≠Ã Variant: lÕÃ . poss adj 6a. your (pl.).
ly≠ Variant: lÕ . dem adj 6a. 1) that, referring to
s.t. not present but known to both the
speaker and the hearer. Or, it may refer to
s.t. present and near the hearer, but a bit
removed from the speaker. 2) those.
See: ld∆ xm+ lyÀ.
ly≠ ` pro rel 6a. which, that.
ly≠ èn ` xÀmÀ,` v. gobble. Syn: jn∆ k Àsnœ.
lt∆ rÕ v. sprinkle or spray water. Syn: v`∆ œ.
ltrÀ n. wetness.
ltrÀ,ltrÀ adv. wet.
lt∆ s≠ v. 1) wait, wait awhile. 2) visit. Syn: lt∆ +
rd& hlt» . See: hlt» .
lt∆ xr≠ v. inflate, e.g., jaws. See: vd `xuÀr.
2) cause to swell. See: mchlrÀ.
lt∆ xs≠ v. swell in several places. See: lt∆ k.
ltxsÀmÀ n. swollen, (that which is).
lx`» poss adj 6a. your (sg.).
lx`& Variant: lv`&. v. flap.
lx`l Variant: lv`l. v. climb.
lx`∆ xm Variant: lv`∆ xm. v. 1) flash, give out a
sudden bright light. See: lx`∆ xms≠ . 2) loaf
about idly. See: l`xm. 3) wedge, pry, use
lever.
lx`∆ xmr≠ v. cause to flicker.
lx`∆ xms≠ v. 1) flicker, give out a sudden bright
light at intervals. See: lx`∆ xm. 2) pound,
throb, e.g., a throbbing headache.
lxd∆ & v. drizzle continuously. Syn: lxd∆ &k≠ .
lxd∆ &k≠ v. drizzle a bit. Syn: lxd∆ &.
lxd∆ k Variant: lvd∆ k. v. collect with both hands,
M
m,
m`
m`» 1
m`» 2
ncl pf 9. singular prefix for nouns.
conj. 1) that. 2) whether. 3) if.
adv. like, like this.
dem intr. introduces a demonstrative which
refers to s.o. or s.t. previously known or
mentioned in the context.
m`∆ 1 Pl: fg≠ m`∆ . n 1/2. 1) mother. Syn: mÕ mh+ mÕ .
2) will.
m`∆ 2 asp cont. continuous or imperfective aspect
particle, e.g., be -ing. See: ldxm+ `.
m`∆ `∆ k`∆ œ `yÕ ,`∆ n. bulb of white lily.
m`∆ aƒ– n. paternal grandmother. Syn: m`∆ mÕ +
m`∆ m`∆ + m`∆ an∆ . See: an∆ aƒ– nq an∆ mÕ .
m`∆ an∆ n. paternal grandmother.
m`∆ en∆ xm n. 1) mother of the Fon, his real
mother. 2) gueen mother, a title for the Fon's
elected mother, who is usually chosen from
among the Fon's aunts or cousins (1st or
2nd). See: vh msn&.
m` lan∆ exclm. I say, an attention-getting
expression, used to introduce s.t. that one
would like to say when in a discussion with
s.o. else.
,
m
m`∆ m`∆ n. maternal grandmother.
m`∆ m`∆ mÕ jdr` m`∆ m`∆ aƒ– À vt `∆ rÀ
n. ancestor.
m`∆ mfuÀ n. hen.
m`∆ mÕ n. maternal grandmother. Syn: m`∆ aƒ–+
m`∆ m`∆ + m`∆ an∆ .
m`∆ v`∆ xm Pl: m`∆ vn∆ xm. n. mother.
m`∆ vh mÀ an∆ vh n. in-laws.
m`∆ & `∆ st» l n. title given to queen mothers or to
women who are highly respected.
m`∆ & `∆ vt v. beckon s.o. with the hand.
m`kÕ v. move in a line.
m`œrÀ v. 1) perform an obligation, e.g., death
celebration. 2) transact, e.g., business.
m`œsÀ v. 1) finish killing, e.g., an animal.
2) second s.t., e.g., a motion. See: hm`œsÀ.
m`∆ rÕ v. 1) stretch. 2) fall short.
M`∆ xm1 n. name, given to females.
m`∆ xm2 v. 1) be straight. 2) be correct.
— adv. 1) straight, directly. 2) correctly.
m`» xm vÕ v. crooked, not straight. Syn: mfnkÕÃ
fgÀ,fgÀ+ xd» œ,xd∆ œ fgÀ,fgÀ+ m`» xs≠ vÕ .
59
m`∆ xr≠ mcn» œv`∆ &k≠ m`∆ xr≠ v. stretch.
m`∆ xs≠ v. 1) stretch. 2) straighten. 3) expand.
4) iron.
m`» xs≠ vÕ v. crooked, not straight. Syn: m`» xm
vÕ .
mbg`& Pl: mbg`&rÀ. n 9/10. 1) bangle.
Syn: mbg`» & ≠ jß . 2) handle of pot.
Syn: `vt. 3) handcuff. 4) prison. See: mcn»
mbg`&.
mbg`∆ & n. 1) crumb. 2) straw.
mbg`& Õ xt∆ œsÀmÀ n. chain. Syn: l≠ mxt∆ œs≠ .
mbg`» & ≠ exd∆ xm Pl: mbg`» &rÀ Àexdxm. n. anklet.
mbg`» & ≠ jß Pl: mbg`» &rÀ Àjß . n. bangle.
mbg`& msn∆ xm n. handle of pot.
mbgd∆ jd∆ kd∆ & Pl: mbgd∆ jd∆ kd∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. sieve,
sifter.
Syn: `» mrÕ à`xm.
mbgdœ Pl: mbgdœrÀ. n 9/10. bottle.
See: e≠ mbgdœ.
mbgh n. sleeping house of the Fon. Syn: mbgh ≠ en∆ xm.
mbgÕ Pl: mbgÕ r≠ . n 9/10. guardian.
mbgÕ ayÀrÀ n. shepherd.
mbgÕ E≠ xÕ mÕ n. angel.
mbgÕ ≠ en∆ xm n. bodyguard of the fon.
mbgÕ mx`∆ lr≠ n. herder.
Syn: `jn» r ` mx`» lr≠ .
mbgÕÃ m≠ Pl: mbgÕÃ m≠ r≠ . n 9/10. 1) custom,
tradition, culture. 2) character, behaviour.
3) life.
mbgÀk Pl: mbgÀxrÀ. Variant: mbgÀkrÀ. n 9/10.
1) lid, cover. 2) cork. See: bgÀk.
mbgÀxm Pl: mbgÀxmrÀ. n 9/10. noise produced by
stamping with foot on the ground.
mbg≠ xmsÀ n. meeting.
mbgvn xuÀkh 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ( v. eavesdrop.
mc`∆ interrog pro. who.
mc`∆ et mc`∆ v. let not, dare not, used as a
warning against consequences. Syn: mc`∆
et+ et mc`∆ .
mc`∆ a`∆ & n. tobacco.
mc`∆ œ v`∆ xm n. small support bar made of
bamboo, fixed near the fireside so that
crawling babies can learn how to stand by
holding it.
mcd∆ Pl: mcd∆ r≠ . n 9/10. seed of a tree (kind of).
mcd&kÀ v. be unable to stand upright. Syn: sd∆ œkÀ.
mcdœ,mcd∆ œ adv. same as, just as. Syn: hfgdk
s`.
mch Pl: mchrÀ. n 9/10. 1) insult. 2) curse. See: sd
m≠ mch h aÀ.
mchlrÀ v. inflate. See: vd `xuÀr+ lt∆ xr≠ .
mcÀl` v. swell (loan word). Syn: lt∆ k.
mcn Pl: mcnrÀ. n 9/10. 1) house. 2) nest.
Syn: `k`» &. 3) building.
mcn `∆ eu≠ Pl: mcnrÀ l≠Ã eu≠ . n. hospital.
Syn: mcn» mf`∆ œ.
mcn `∆ eu≠ h sdk`» n. clinic, hospital (small),
health centre.
mcn `∆ r`∆ œ h r`∆ œmÀ n. shelter for drying grain.
mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ n. 1) church. 2) temple.
mcn h bghmÀ Pl: mcnrÀ bghmÀrÀ. n. 1) sleeping
house. 2) painted house. Syn: mcn h xn&mÀ.
mcn Õ jed∆ mÀ n. kitchen.
mcn h xn&mÀ n. painted house. Syn: mcn h
bghmÀ.
mcn» l≠ ct∆ lkÀ n. cocoon.
mcn» mbg`& Pl: mcnrÀ mbg`&. n. prison.
mcn» mbg≠ xmsÀ Pl: mcnrÀ mbg≠ xmsÀ. n. society
house.
mbgÀxmsÀ sÀk`& l` sÀ eu≠Ã k≠ hr`r h mcn h
Syn: mcn» mfu`&.
ln& n. race. Syn: hk`&.
mcn» mbg≠ xmsÀ m≠ fgdkÀ It» r≠ n.
synagogue.
mbgte l≠ bg≠ n. carver of stools or chairs.
mcn» mexdœ n. place where a patient goes to
See: lan» an∆ r≠ .
recover or convalesce. See: exdœ.
mbgt& n. 1) work, labour. 2) curer, healer.
mcn
»
mf`
∆ œ n. hospital.
Syn: vtk ≠ mf`∆ œ. See: bgt&.
Syn: mcn» `∆ eu≠ .
mbgt∆ l Pl: mbgt∆ lrÀ. n 9/10. drum.
mcn
»
mfu`&
Pl: mcnrÀ mfu`&. n. 1) society
mbgvƒ Pl: mbgvƒrÀ. n 9/10. 1) mark.
house.
Syn:
mcn mbg≠ xmsÀ. 2) meeting
See: bgvƒ– . 2) sample. 3) example.
house.
4) chapter. See: Àkvdœ.
mcn» min∆ œ n. meeting house of military society.
mbgvƒ e≠ xÕ mÕ n. birthmark.
mcn» mr`» œ fu≠ fu≠ n. spider web.
mbgvƒ– Õ e≠ lm≠ Àvt∆ xm m≠ vt∆ k n.
mcn» mx`∆ lr≠ n. stable. See: hadxm.
mole.
mcn» œv`∆ &k≠ Pl: mcnrÀ œv`∆ &k≠ . n. school.
mbgvn∆ mr`& n. witness.
60
mcn» v`∆ xm
mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ mcn» v`∆ xm n. 1) placenta. Syn: Àevn À v`xm+ mcyÀrÀ hk`& n. traditional dress.
àyÀ ` v`xm. 2) childbirth celebration, by mcyÀrÀ stœmÀrÀ n. trousers.
a group of women.
md∆ & v. 1) shake. See: md∆ &k≠ . 2) wave. Syn: i≠ j.
mcnœ Pl: mcnœrÀ. n 9/10. 1) flute. 2) horn.
3) beckon.
3) tentacle. 4) swelling. Syn: `stœ+
md∆ & `st v. beckon by nodding. See: md∆ &s≠ `st.
e≠ mcnœ.
md∆ & `vt rÀ i`∆ œ v. beckon with hand.
mcn∆ œ Pl: mcn∆ œr≠ . n 9/10. potato.
Syn: i`∆ œsÀ.
mcn∆ œ a`∆ k`∆ & n. sweet potato.
md∆ & Àmjt∆ xm v. wag tail.
mcn∆ œ je`œ n. Irish potato.
md∆ & Àvtxm mÀ Àsnœ À xèÀmÀ v. shrug the
mcn» œ je≠ xm n. mountain peak.
shoulders or shake the head in anger.
mcnœrÀ v. 1) pile up, heap up. 2) fill above brim. md∆ &`∆ rÀ mct∆ m≠ `∆ rÀ,` m≠ Õ a`lh v.
See: a≠ jr≠ .
mcnxm v. go ahead, e.g., go ahead of me.
mcn∆ xm n. ill luck, bad luck.
mct∆ v. 1) go (place going to). See: kt∆ .
2) continue.
mct» `r≠ 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. lead.
mct∆ m≠ `∆ rÀ,` v. proceed, go forwards.
mct∆ m≠ Õ a`lh v. regress, go backwards.
mct∆ r≠ x`&h v. 1) reach out. 2) arrive.
mct∆ l n. vagina.
mct∆ l ≠ exd∆ xm n. back of the knee, flexible part
sway forwards and backwards.
md∆ &k≠ v. shake a bit. See: md∆ &.
md∆ &r≠ v. cause to shake. Syn: iÕ jr≠ .
md∆ &s≠ v. 1) shake repeatedly. 2) wave repeatedly.
Syn: i≠ j. 3) nod repeatedly.
md∆ &s≠ `st v. nodding the head up and down, to
express approval. Ant: i≠ jr≠ `st.
me`l v. limit in action.
me`l` Pl: me`l`rÀ. num 9/10. eight.
me`r `∆ vt n. web connecting the thumb to rest
of the hand.
me`∆ rÕ ,e`∆ rÕ v. warning.
of the leg above the calf. Syn: eÀst& eÀ
≠ exd∆ xm.
me`xmÀrÀ adv. between.
mct∆ l ≠ jß n. crease of the elbow, the soft
med∆ &s≠ Pl: med∆ &s≠ rÀ. n 9/10. 1) teller. 2) preacher.
flexible part of front of elbow joint.
3) prophet.
mcu≠ n. 1) most, many. Syn: cuÀmÀ. 2) several. med∆ &s≠ h fg`&mÀ n. prophet.
Syn: rÀ hcu≠ .
medxmeÀ pro obj 19. it. See: eÀ.
mcuÀr Pl: mcuÀxrÀ. n 9/10. drum, short, played mehmhrÀ n. darkness of the night. Syn: `∆ mehmÕ +
with a stick.
àd ` eÀlmÀ,`.
mcx`œh adj. long and thin, e.g., legs, sometimes me≠ jr≠ `∆ fg`∆ k n. dung beetle.
used in a ridiculing manner.
me≠ ls≠ n. mould.
mcx`∆ œrÀ ≠ iÕ Pl: mcx`∆ œrÀrÀ ih. n 9/10. side of
mexdœ n. recovery, convalescence. See: exdœ.
the road, one side of the road. Syn: laƒ– ≠ mf`& Pl: mf`&rÀ. n 9/10. scale, e.g., of fish,
ih.
pangoline, crocodile.
mcx`∆ xmr≠ n. kindling, small and dry sticks used
mf`kh v. coil. Syn: khl Àvtxm+ mfnxmÀ+
for lighting fires. Syn: mjÀrÀ+ mcx`∆ xmr≠ jàkÀ.
≠ u≠ r+ mfd∆ .
mf`kÕ n. vegetable (kind of) from the garden,
mcxd∆ xm1 prep. far from.
locally called drum head or Chinese cabbage
mcxd∆ xm2 n. 1) distance. 2) long time. 3) director,
(loan word).
one who shows or directs.
mf`∆ ls≠ Variant: mfx`∆ ls≠ . Pl: mf`∆ ls≠ r≠ .
mcxd∆ xmr≠ Pl: mcxd∆ xmr≠ r≠ . n 9/10. 1) teacher.
n 9/10. 1) helper. See: f`∆ lsÀ. 2) saviour.
2) director. See: cxd∆ xmr≠ + hcxd» xmr≠ .
Syn: laß –r≠ .
mcyÀ Õ fgn∆ œ Variant: mcyÀ Õ vn∆ œ. n. flag.
mf`œ adv. no, not.
mcyÀ Õ k`& n. flag.
— interj. no.
mcyÀrÀ n. 1) clothes. 2) dress. 3) cloth.
mf`∆ œ n 9. 1) medicine. 2) nursing. 3) chief.
mcyÀrÀ `∆ msd» xm≠ n. underskirt, slip.
4) priest. See: mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ .
Syn: lad∆ xmsÀ+ rÕ lh.
5) member of a society, e.g., a juju society.
mcyÀrÀ hcxÀl n. costume.
mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ Pl: mf`∆ œr≠ À mcn»
61
mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ h mf`œsÀmÀ
mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆
E≠ xÕ mÕ . n 9/10. priest (Bible).
mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ h mf`œsÀmÀ
mfn∆ & ≠ u≠ r Variant: mfn∆ & u≠ r. n. flint, stone
n. high
priest (Bible).
mf`œsÀ v. be high.
mf`œsÀmÀ n. high, (that which is).
mf`∆ xm Pl: mf`∆ xmr≠ . n 9/10. 1) proverb, saying.
2) riddle. Syn: `∆ mxd∆ &r≠ . 3) parable.
4) scarecrow, rattling in wind, planted in
corn fields to keep away birds.
mfƒ v. be thin or gaunt after an illness.
Syn: mfƒsÀ.
mfƒsÀ v. look thin or gaunt, e.g., because of
hunger or illness.
mfd∆ Pl: mfd∆ rÀ. n 9/10. 1) giraffe. 2) claw. 3) leg
of insect. 4) twigs or tiny branches often
gathered as kindling for starting fires.
Syn: mcx`∆ xmr≠ .
mfd∆ `∆ u≠ Pl: mfd∆ r≠ Àu≠ . n. toenail.
mfd∆ `∆ vt Pl: mfd∆ rÀ Àvt. n. fingernail.
mfd& Pl: mfd&rÀ. n 9/10. 1) trouble. 2) harm.
3) misfortune. 4) disaster. 5) agony.
Syn: hkt» l. 6) persecution. 7) punishment.
8) elephant grass, kind of, found along river
banks.
mfd∆ &rÀ n 10. egusi, made from pumpkin seeds.
mfd∆ &s≠ v. slant or lean to one side.
mfdk ≠ jß Pl: mfdxrÀ `jß . n 9/10. elbow.
mfdl Variant: mfdlrÀ. v. bend slightly.
mfd∆ l Pl: mfd∆ lr≠ . n 9/10. 1) gong. 2) bell.
mfd∆ l Jnl n. Kom language (idiom).
mfdlh v. flatten stomach and curve back
slightly.
mfdœ Pl: mfdœrÀ. pro reflx 9/10. self, used
reflexively. See: jd∆ .
Mfd» r1 n. name, given to males.
mfdr v. 1) limp. See: mfdxsÀ. 2) be lame.
See: e≠ mfd» r.
mfd» r2 adj. great.
mfdr≠ vt∆ k n. very eldery person.
mfdxm adv. just enough.
mfdxmÀ n. proud behaviour, e.g., how one walks
or carries oneself.
mfdxsÀ v. limp slightly. See: mfdr.
mf≠ Pl: mf≠ r≠ . n 9/10. kettle, made from
calabash.
mfn& n. termite. Syn: hcyÀ.
— v. knock with knuckles.
mfn∆ & Pl: mfn∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. stone.
mfn∆ & `∆ st n. stone-headed person (insult).
mfn∆ & Õ rd∆ n. tombstone.
that produces fire when struck with iron or
with another stone.
mfn∆ & mf`∆ œ n. 1) shrine. 2) place for divining.
mfnk 1 Pl: mfnxrÀ. Variant: mfnkrÀ. n 9/10. snail
shell.
mfnk 2 v. bend or turn left or right.
mfnkÕÃ fgÀ,fgÀ v. be twisted. Syn: m`» xm vÕ .
mfnkhmÀ n. crooked, (that which is).
mfn∆ xm Pl: mfn∆ xmr≠ . n 9/10. young girl, who
reaches teen age.
mfnxmÀ v. meander. Syn: mf`kh.
mfnxrÀ v. warp, bend.
mfß – Pl: mfß –r À. n 9/10. 1) seed. Syn: `rÀ.
2) seedling. Syn: mfß – hxdxrÀmÀ. 3) spore.
mft∆ e n. driver of a vehicle.
mft& v. kneel.
mft∆ & Pl: mft∆ &rÀ. n 9/10. 1) canoe. 2) boat.
mft∆ & `» st n. head, large.
mft∆ & h fg`&mÀ n. ship.
Syn: lÀst» lÀ iu`∆ .
Mft∆ l1 n. 3) name, given to males.
mft∆ l2 Pl: mft∆ lrÀ. n 9/10. 1) porcupine.
2) wise man.
mftlh Pl: mftlhrÀ. n 9/10. locust.
mft∆ œ1 prep. beside, near, around. Syn: hbgÀ,ha≠ .
mft∆ œ2 adj. 1) wrong. 2) not in right place.
mft∆ œ3 adv. wrongly.
mftrÀ n. 1) cancer. 2) syphilis.
mfu`& n. ridge, e.g., of a hill.
mfu`& ≠ je≠ xm n. ridge of hill.
mfu`∆ & ≠ vt∆ k n 9. youths at their age.
mfu`& ≠ exd∆ xm n. shin bone.
mfu`∆ k`∆ & n. okra. Syn: `jn∆ k`.
mfu`∆ kÕ Pl: mfu`∆ kÕ r≠ . n. whip.
mfu`œkÀ v. be sour. Syn: mfud. Ant: sne.
mfud v. be sour. Syn: mfu`œkÀ. Ant: sne.
mfud∆ k Pl: mfud∆ xr≠ . Variant: mfud∆ kr≠ . n 9/10.
farm cultivated on fallow land, cleared land,
or hoed land, with burnt square beds in dry
season. See: mj`» &.
mfuÕ mfuh Variant: mfuÕ ,mfuh. n. 1) foreigner.
2) stranger.
mfuÀ Pl: mfuÀrÀ. n 9/10. chicken, fowl.
mfuÀ `∆ mrn∆ œsnœ n. 1) turkey, wild. 2) fowl
with featherless neck.
mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ n. 1) duck. Syn: fu`∆ ,fu`» + cn∆ œe`» .
2) goose, swan, albatross, pelican, loon.
62
mfuÀ ≠ je≠ xm
miƒ»
mfuÀ ≠ je≠ xm n. ostrich.
mfuÀ mcn» n. address of maternal family
relatives.
mfuÀl Pl: mfuÀlrÀ. n 9/10. boa, python.
mfuÀl` v. bend. Syn: k`œsÀ+ mfuÀlsÀ+
mfuÀlrÀ.
mfuÀl` rÀ mct∆ `rÀ v. bend forwards.
mfuÀl` rÀ mct ha`l v. bend backwards.
mfu≠ lÕÃ xdl n. burier, personal i.e., person
who will bury me.
mfu≠ lhrÀ n. cemetery.
mfuÀlkÀ v. 1) be humble. 2) show respect or
honour. 3) worship. See: hmfuÀlkÀ.
mfuÀlrÀ v. cause to tilt, cause to bend.
Syn: k`œsÀ+ mfuÀlsÀ.
mfuÀlsÀ v. bend over slightly. Syn: k`œsÀ.
mfuÀmfuÀ v. carry a child such that his face is
on one's shoulder.
mfuÀr v. 1) hem. 2) bend. 3) train, e.g., a plant.
mfuÀxm n. 1) sacrifice performed to bless guinea
corn farms or nurseries. 2) land preserved
for farming.
mfv`∆ & Variant: mfu`∆ &. n. age mates.
Mfvn∆ 1 n. name of a juju.
mfvn Pl: mfvnrÀ. n 9/10. antelope.
mfvn∆ 2 Pl: mfvn∆ r≠ . n 9/10. 1) wall shelf.
Syn: Àjtxm h jn∆ &. 2) drawer.
mfvn h sdk` n. gazelle.
mfvn ≠ sv`& n. helpless person.
Syn: mfvnxtl ≠ vt∆ k.
mfvn xh jd» & s` lan∆ œ n. gnu.
mfvn,Õ bgt& n. water buck. Syn: an∆ iu`∆ .
mfvn∆ &rÀ Variant: mfxn∆ &r≠ . n. end, last. Syn: `
ldrh. See: fn∆ &r≠ .
mfvn∆ mÀ n. boundary. Syn: hfg`lh.
mfvnrÀ n. blight.
mfvnxtl ≠ vt∆ k n. person who has nothing.
Syn: mfvn ≠ sv`&.
mÕÃ 1 fut today. future tense, today.
mÕÃ 2 v. make.
mÕ 1 Pl: fg≠ mÕ . n 1/2. 1) grandmother. 2) mother.
Syn: mÕ mh+ m`∆ .
mÕ 2 v. 1) do. 2) make. Syn: e`xsÀ. See: mÕ s≠ .
mÕ 3 past rec today. past tense, recent past today.
See: kƒ– + sh+ m≠ m kƒ.
mÕ lad» x&k≠ v. trade. Syn: adx&kÀ.
mÕ laÀ v. 1) offend. 2) do evil. 3) sin.
mÕ m` jÀ m` sn v. reinforce.
mÕ m` vtk mxn&rÀ Àsnœ v. annoy, anger,
irritate.
mÕ rÀ `cx`& v. force.
MÕ a`∆ & n. juju.
mÕ lxd∆ & n. mumps.
mÕ mh n. old mother, grandmother. 2) mother.
Syn: m`∆ + mÕ .
MÕ mxÀœ 1 n. name, given to males.
mÕ mxÀœ 2 adj. 1) alone, lonely. 2) particular,
special, unique.
mÕ s≠ v. 1) do a bit. 2) make a bit. See: mÕ .
m≠ 1 conj coord. and.
m≠ 2 prep. 1) of. 2) with.
m≠ hj`xm h 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ( v. be amazed.
m≠ Õ khœh adj. dirty.
m≠ ≠ vtxm xtl adj. bare body. Syn: `xtl.
m≠ lanxm,m≠ lanxm adv. gently, slowly.
Syn: ànk,ànk+ rhix`,rhix`.
mÀm 1 pres. present tense. See: m,.
mÀm 2 asp prog. progressive aspect marker.
mÀm kƒ– fut beyond today. future tense, beyond
today. See: mÀm mÕÃ .
m≠ m kƒ past dist. past tense, distant past.
See: mÕ + kƒ– + sh.
mÀm mÕÃ fut today. future tense, today. See: mÀm
kƒ– .
m≠ mbgt∆ d n. 1) daytime. Ant: m≠ mst&À. 2) noon.
m≠ mjß adj. left. Syn: Àjß À m≠Ã mjß –.
m≠ mjß – n. left-handed person.
m≠ mst&À n. darkness, night. Ant: m≠ mbgt∆ d.
mi`∆ j`» r Variant: i`∆ j`»r. n. jackass, donkey (loan
word).
mi`∆ & Õ fgn∆ œ Variant: mi`∆ & Õ vn∆ œ. n. spear
spine.
mi`∆ l Pl: mi`∆ lrÀ. n 9/10. axe.
mi`∆ mf`∆ Pl: mi`∆ mf`∆ r≠ . n 9/10. shrimp,
crayfish, lobster, oyster, squid.
mi`œ Pl: mi`œrÀ. n 9/10. 1) xylophone.
2) wander. Syn: mivn.
mi`∆ œ Pl: mi`∆ œr≠ . n 9/10. 1) song. 2) music.
3) dance (kind of). See: mi`∆ œ lÀjtl.
mi`œ l≠ jt∆ l n. xylophone for juju dance.
mi`œrÀ v. worry s.o.
mi`r Pl: mi`xrÀ. n 9/10. error, mistake.
miƒ v. hang or suspend oneself, e.g., on a branch,
or when one supports himself with a stick
when having a bad leg. Syn: fg`œkÀ.
miƒ» adj. long and thin.
63
miƒ» jd» & m≠ ≠ snœ
mj`∆ xms≠ `∆ st
miƒ» jd» & m≠ ≠ snœ adj. you long thin necked
fellow (insult).
miƒsÀ v. deny rudely. See: mfƒsÀ.
mid adv. far off, afar.
mid∆ k`∆ yÕ n. baboon.
midœrÀ v. hang up. Syn: fg`œrÀ.
midrÀ v. carry, suspend.
mid∆ xms≠ v. twinkle, sparkle. See: hmid» xms≠ .
miÕ v. urinate.
mihkÕ Pl: mihkÕ r≠ . n 9/10. cutting grass (animal).
miÕ k≠ v. act carelessly.
Mihmhjnl n. name of a town.
mi≠ Pl: mi≠ rÀ. n 9/10. sheep.
Syn: ayÀ mi≠ .
min∆ e `∆ st n. fortunate person.
min∆ & Pl: min∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. 1) shell of kola nut.
2) pill. 3) plant, used for fuel (pl. form).
minœ Pl: minœrÀ. n 9/10. 1) moon. 2) month.
min∆ œ Pl: min∆ œr≠ . n 9/10. 1) traditional military
society meeting. 2) meeting. 3) drinking
society. Syn: l`∆ min∆ œ.
minœ `∆ ms≠ l n. March, month of heat, during
the dry season when it is often too hot to do
much work and people like to rest under the
shade of trees.
minœ bgeÀrv`xm n. October, month of
dragonfly.
minœ e≠ rt∆ n. September, month of frog, which
people like to catch for food.
minœ h eÀ n. new moon, waxing of moon.
Ant: minœ rÀ lƒ» .
minœ Õ aÀxm n. January, month of
celebration/dancing, esp. the traditional
celebration held at Laikom, with singing,
dancing, playing musical instruments and
shooting guns.
minœ Õ axdl n. April, month of hunting, esp.
the week-long hunt for the Fon, in which
every animal that is captured or killed is
taken to Laikom and given to the Fon.
minœ Õ mfu≠ xm n. November, month of the
green grasshopper that people catch for
food.
minœ Õ sdl n. June, month of clearing, e.g.,
farms and fallow fields of brush and weeds.
minœ je≠ lr≠ n. August, month of landslides, at
the peak of the rainy season.
minœ l≠ rhmfd∆ n. December, month of
catching grass beetles, which are found in
the tall grass, particularly on the hills and
mountainsides.
minœ mfß –r≠ n. May, month of sowing guinea
corn seeds.
minœ mfvd∆ xr≠ Variant: minœ mfvd∆ kr≠ . n.
February, month of preparing farms by
working the hard soil and burning the dry
weeds and brush.
minœ minxmrÀ n. July, month of harvesting
corn and planting late maize or crops.
minœ rÀ lƒ» n. waning of moon, when the
month is ending. Ant: minœ h eÀ.
minxm v. go longing for things from others.
mit∆ ls≠ Pl: mit∆ ls≠ r≠ . n 9/10. 1) follower.
See: it∆ ls≠ . 2) disciple.
mit∆ œ1 adj. fortunate, blessed.
mit∆ œ2 n. tree, straight-trunked tree; easily
distinguished by nipple-shaped thorns
covering the trunk; leaves pinnate with
terminal leaflet; leaflets smooth, brittle,
elliptic (33 x 13 cm). Main use: carving;
xylophones. Other uses: fuelwood; fencing;
thorns are ground into powder to treat
stomach ache; used to treat abscesses when
boiled with palm wine; mixed with castor oil
as "bad medicine". Cerbias pertendral (?).
miu` n. punishment, curse, judgment.
miu`∆ Pl: miu`∆ r≠ . n 9/10. unit.
miuÀfkÀrÀ `∆ laxd∆ xm ÀbgeÀ mcyÀrÀ n.
fringe.
Mivn 1 n. name, given to males.
mivn 2 v. behave scatteredly. Syn: mi`œ.
mivn∆ 2 n. flesh, meat.
mivn∆ ≠ vt∆ xm n. 1) flesh. 2) muscle.
mivn∆ ≠ vt∆ xm ÕÃ s`∆ œmÀ y≠ ` xÕ m,fg`k
ÀuÀe n. ligament. Syn: eÀfg`œ eÀ sneÀ.
mivn∆ ,Õ en∆ Pl: mivn∆ rÀ,hen∆ . n 9/10. bat.
Syn: e≠ fu≠Ã e.
Mj`∆ &1 n. 2) name of a juju.
mj`∆ &2 n. skin disease caused by filaria parasite.
mj`∆ &Õ n. grass, which is already cut and in a
heap.
mj`k n. 1) hoop. 2) wheel.
mj`l Pl: mj`lrÀ. n 9/10. thousand.
mj`œ n. corn beer.
mj`∆ xm adj. real, normal.
mj`» xm layÀ n. one who sits to worry or
ponder.
Mj`» xmlayÀ n. name, given to males and
females.
mj`∆ xms≠ adj. real, normal.
mj`∆ xms≠ `∆ st n. headache, common.
64
mj`∆ xr≠ mn» lÀ hj`∆
mj`∆ xr≠ n. scabies.
mjd∆ e n. awhile, a short time or a few minutes.
rough, brown bark; smooth, tough, slender
leaf (7 cm x 8 mm); slash light pink;
common at higher altitudes in forest. Main
Syn: e≠ mjd∆ asÀ.
use: timber. Other uses: fuelwood, carving
mjd& Pl: mjd&rÀ. n 9/10. loud cry.
Dane guns; bark is boiled to treat stomach
pains. Podocarpus milanjianus (manii).
mjdl Pl: mjdlrÀ. n 9/10. 1) cage. 2) basket.
mjÀrÀ n. burning sticks used to light fires or to
mjd∆ s≠ Pl: mjd∆ s≠ r≠ . n. flake of dry skin.
serve as a lamp or torch. Syn: mcx`∆ xmr≠ .
mje`∆ m` Pl: mje`∆ m`∆ rÀ. n 9/10. stripe.
mjed∆ n. cook, one who prepares food. See: jed∆ . Mjn∆ &1 n. name of a juju.
mjed∆ œ n. 1) abyss, bottomless pit, or a deep pit, mjn∆ &2 Pl: mjn∆ &rÀ. n 9/10. 1) basket, woven of
straw and tied on the waist by women, used
e.g., caused by the collapse of the
to put vegetables in from the farm.
underground. Syn: xt» e À mjedœ.
mjn∆ &rÀ n. menstruation.
2) volcano.
Syn: ÀkuÀ À vtk À vh.
mjeÀ Variant: mjeuÀ. n. deceased one, the
mjn
»
l
Àevn n. carpenter. Syn: j`l`mc`∆ .
deceased.
See:
jnl.
mje≠ Pl: mje≠ rÀ. n 9/10. rope.
mjnœ Pl: mjnœrÀ. n. shin bone.
mje≠ Õ s`∆ œmÀ Àvt∆ xm s` xÕ bg≠ xms≠ mjnœ ≠ exd∆ xm Pl: mjnœrÀ hexdxm. n 9/10.
mivn ≠ vt∆ xm rÀ `∆ uÀe ` n. sinew,
bone of the leg.
tendon. Syn: eÀfg`œ eÀ sneÀ ha`∆ l h
mjn∆ œm≠ n. lover, one's lover.
Àexdxm.
mjn∆ xmÀ Õ xu≠ m≠ mrd n. horizon.
mje≠ mr`& ≠ re≠ rÀ n. fishing line with hook.
mjt» re≠ rÀ Variant: mjt» ru≠ rÀ. n. fisherman.
mje≠ mrd Pl: mjeÀrÀ mrd. n 9/10. 1) ancestor.
2) ghost.
mjte Pl: mjterÀ. n 9/10. barrel for oil, made
from tree bark.
mjeÀ,`∆ st n. deaf person.
mjt
∆
e
n. dishonesty.
MjeÀl 1 n. name of a village.
mjeÀl 2 n. fumigation substance, which is burned mjt∆ l n. basket that is long, used by traders to
carry certain food items, e.g., kola nuts, Irish
to fumigate or kill germs.
potatoes, often to other regions of Cameroon
mjeÀmx`∆ l Pl: mjeÀmx`∆ lr≠ . n 9/10. pig, wart
or to Nigeria. See: lad∆ &h mjt∆ l.
hog.
mje≠ mx`∆ l h kt» lm≠ n. 1) pig, male. 2) boar, mjtlsÀ n. chest. Syn: e≠ cxn∆ &+ `∆ mf`∆ œs≠ .
mjtm` Pl: mjtm`rÀ. n. club or walking stick
wild.
used to beat or fight with.
mje≠ mx`∆ l Àsv`& n. pig, wild.
mjt∆ m`l`∆ n. scorpion (loan word).
mje≠ mx`∆ l mcn n. pig, domesticated.
Syn: mr`» œfu≠ fu≠ m≠ ≠ mjt∆ xm.
mje≠Ã œ n. 1) powder, anything in powder form.
mjt
∆
mbgƒ
» n. sponge (loan word).
2) flour, e.g., corn flour, cassava flour.
mjt∆ s≠ n. recent. See: jt∆ s≠ .
mje≠Ã œ l≠ mfn∆ &r≠ n. cement.
mje≠ r`∆ n. 1) tin, mineral. 2) coals (loan word). mjvn n. 1) nectar. Syn: lÀkn&n∆ kn∆ &n∆ . 2) pollen.
mjvn∆ Pl: mjvn∆ r≠ . n 9/10. basket.
See: `jd.
mk`xm ≠ st∆ & n. near dawn, when places are still
mje≠ rÀ n. tying material.
fairly dark, but beginning to show some
Syn: hk≠Ã + `xuÀr.
signs of light.
mje≠ xm hed» k n. pains of the body, resulting
mkde
Pl:
mkderÀ. n 9/10. poison. See: kde.
from strenuous labour.
mkd∆ xsÀ n. hiding.
mjh n. 1) watcher. 2) spy. Syn: fud∆ .
mkv`∆ & n. 1) dawn. 2) bright morning star.
mjÀœ n. leaf believed to have magic powers.
mn» adv intns. 1) very. See: aÀ. 2) even. Syn: mn»
mj≠ œ Pl: mj≠ œr≠ . n 9/10. tree, tough, slowlÀs`. 3) regular, e.g., illness. 4) really.
growing; gray, ridged bark; most easily
Syn: jÀmn» + r`ln& r`ln&. 5) just.
distinguished by long, tough, smooth leaf
(37 x 5 cm); coppices. Main use: fencing,
mn» lÀ adv. even.
boundary marker. Other use: leaves used
mn» lÀ fg` pro indef. anything.
symbolically of peace.
mn» lÀ hj`∆ pro indef. anyone.
mj≠ œ `∆ jt∆ n. tree, tall, straight-trunked tree;
65
mn» lÀ ÀkuÀ fg`
msnl
(clothes). See: rÀ.
mrÕ mrvn Variant: mrgÕ mrgvn. n. yaws.
mr≠ l Pl: mr≠ lrÀ. Variant: mrÕ l+ mrg≠ l.
n 9/10. horsewhip (grass), used in traditional
medicine.
Mrnl n. name, given to males.
adv. for long.
mrn∆ lan Pl: mrn∆ lanrÀ. num 9/10. seven.
Syn: mn» rÀ st& `rÀ.
mrt Pl: mrtrÀ. n 9/10. antelope.
mn» rÀ Àst& `rÀ adv. long ago. Syn: mn» rÀ `
mrxÀœ Variant: mrgxÀœ. Pl: mrxÀœrÀ. n 9/10.
mcxd∆ xm.
1) hanger, hook for hanging. 2) rack for
mn∆ & n. one.
hanging things, e.g., clothes, food, bags, etc.
mr`& Pl: mr`&rÀ. n 9/10. 1) needle. 2) legal case.
3) judgment. 4) injection. Syn: mr`& Õ jn∆ &h. ms`k n. entertainment. See: s`k.
ms`∆ k n. 1) headiness. 2) insolence, rudeness.
See: r`∆ &. 5) whisker.
See: hs`» k. 3) disobedience.
mr`& h bgt&mÀ n. injection. Syn: mr`& Õ jn∆ &h.
See: kdl vh hr`& 'rÀ m`∆ (.
mr`& Õ jn∆ &h n. injection.
Pl: ms`lrÀ. n 9/10. snare. See: `s`l.
ms`l
Syn: mr`& h bgt&mÀ.
ms`∆ l Pl: ms`∆ lr≠ . n 9/10. 1) obstacle.
mr`& ≠ re≠ rÀ Variant: mr`& À ru≠ rÀ. n. hook.
2) fathom, a measurement of length.
Syn: mft∆ ,`+ eÀbgn&.
n. 1) stem that is giant and climbing.
ms`
∆
œ
mr`∆ k Pl: mr`∆ xr≠ . Variant: mr`∆ kr≠ . n 9/10.
2)
rubber. 3) suspension bridge, tie-tie
calabash, used only for wine.
bridge, made only of cane or rope.
mr`∆ l Pl: mr`∆ lr≠ . n 9/10. seed, e.g., of pepper,
ms`r n. seam. Syn: `xt∆ œ.
tomato, pumpkin and other gourds.
mr`» l s≠ jvn n. borrower of money. See: r`l. msd∆ & Pl: msd∆ &rÀ. n 9/10. 1) village. 2) village
quarter. 3) grass that is fresh, e.g., growing
mr`œ Pl: mr`œrÀ. n 9/10. tail of a horse, or any
on a burnt field. 4) pasture. Syn: Àsv`&
tail which is bushy, e.g., squirrel.
Àxnk.
See: ≠ mjt∆ xm À mx`» l.
msd∆ l Pl: msd∆ lr≠ . n 9/10. 1) horizontal barrier
mr`∆ œ n. palace resting place or hall for strangers.
tied on a fence to narrow space and
mr`œ Õ mfn∆ l n. hand of bananas.
strengthen it. 2) interval.
See: ` msd∆ lr≠ `» msdlr≠ .
mr`» œfu≠ fu≠ Pl: mr`œrÀfu≠ fu≠ . n 9/10.
spider.
msdœ adv. solid, hard, healthy, (onomatopoeia).
mr`» œfu≠ fu≠ m≠ ≠ mjt∆ xm n. scorpion.
msdxm Pl: msdxmrÀ. n 9/10. tadpole with open
Syn: mjt∆ m`l`∆ .
lips.
mr`» xm ≠Ã mj`» & n. wood splitter.
msd» xm≠ m≠ mst&À n. midnight.
mrd Pl: mrdrÀ. n 9/10. 1) ground, earth, soil.
msd» xmr≠ n. one who helps stop s.t., e.g., a wrong
Syn: mrdrÀ. See: ` mrd. 2) earth, world.
doing or happening.
mrd Õ md∆ &`mÀ n. earthquake.
msd» xmr≠ fud∆ xm n. section of a farm.
mrd Õ xu≠ sÀmÀ n. fertile soil, fresh ground.
msdxmsÀ pro obj 13. them. See: sÀ.
mrde n. sharing cup. Syn: hjt» œÕ .
mse≠ k n. palace society, a cult for blessing of crops
and animals and for forbidding all crimes
mrd& n. 1) joint. Syn: `xt» œ. 2) knot, e.g., of
done to animals, crops and persons,
sugercane where one section meets another.
performed at the beginning of planting
mrd∆ & n. few. Syn: rÀ hkƒ.
season.
Ant: rÀ hcu≠ + s`k.
mshl n. 1) weaver. 2) shooter. 3) digger.
mrd∆ & ` interrog pro. how many.
See: shl.
mrd& eÀj`» & n. node of a stem.
msn n. strength.
mrd∆ &`∆ ,mrd∆ &`∆ n. hiccup.
msn» bgt∆ d n. midday, noon.
mrdœ re≠ rÀ n. school of fish. Syn: `mn» xm `
msn& Pl: msn&rÀ. n 9/10. palace.
re≠ rÀ.
msn∆ & Pl: msn∆ &r≠ . n 9/10. support. Syn: `sn» &.
mrdrÀ n. soil, ground. Syn: mrd.
msnl Pl: msnlrÀ. n 9/10. 1) fireside stone that
mrdxmrÀ pro obj 10. 1) them. 2) it, e.g., shirt
mn»
mn»
mn»
mn»
mn»
lÀ ÀkuÀ fg` pro indef. anytime.
lÀ mc`∆ pro indef. everybody.
lÀ s` conj. even, even though.
r`jnr adv. none, not at all.
rÀ ` mcxd∆ xm Variant: mn» r` mcxd∆ xm.
66
msn» me`r
mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,jdkÀ lÀkt» œ Àm sàsÀm≠Ã
is movable and used to narrow space of
fireside, or can be taken off when a bigger
pot is to be set on the fire. 2) prop.
msn» me`r n. fork, V-shaped part of a plant where
another branch begins.
msnœ Pl: msnœrÀ. n 9/10. hollow.
msnœ `ytd n. nostril.
msnœ Õ iÕ n. plant with a hollow.
msn∆ œ`∆ ,msn∆ œ`∆ n. bubbles, glassy bulbs formed
on top of foam.
msn∆ œ`∆ ,msn∆ œ`∆ rÀ eÀe`rÀ `st lt n.
foam.
msnœ,msnœ n. 1) hiding. 2) hidden place.
3) safe.
msn» œs≠ hjeÀ n. gift offered to a bereaved person.
msn∆ xm Pl: msn∆ xmr≠ . n 9/10. pot.
msn∆ xm `∆ bg`& Pl: msnxmr≠ . n 9/10. pot made
of clay. See: msn∆ xm jnl+ msn∆ xm
ladmj`∆ r.
mv`lh hcxd∆ k n. dimple on the chin.
mvdxmÀ e≠ jt∆ n. waist, where the belt is worn.
mx`∆ ak≠ v. 1) whip, scourge. Syn: kdœ. 2) treat
carelessly or maltreat s.o. or s.t.
See: hmx`» ak≠ .
mx`& adv. secretly do or say s.t. Syn: mx`&sÀ+
ex`∆ s≠ + jx`∆ sÀ jx`∆ k≠ .
mx`∆ & v. 1) write. 2) book. 3) draw.
mx`∆ & èn v. draw. Syn: cxn∆ xms≠ `kÀœrÀ èn.
mx`∆ &`∆ ,mx`∆ &`∆ adv. wish a safe farewell.
mx`&sÀ v. leave quietly, move silently, move
secretly. See: mx`&.
mx`∆ &s≠ v. write a bit.
mx`&sÀ rÀ jh v. peep.
mx`&sÀ rÀ kt∆ v. sneak away. Syn: jtœ+ jtœ
rÀ kt∆ + kdxm.
mx`&sÀ rÀ kt m≠ hvtlÕÃ v. slink away with
shame.
mx`
∆
kÀmÀ
n. spotted, (that which is). See: mx`k≠ ,
msn∆ xm `kd∆ k`kdk rÀ m`∆ j`œ Àevn `sdxm
mx`kÀ.
n. frying pan. Syn: `j`œ `kd∆ k`kdk+ hj`œ.
mx`k≠ ,mx`kÀ v. be spotted. See: ÕÃ mx`∆ kÀmÀ.
msn∆ xm Õ jed∆ mÀ n. cooking pot.
mx`l 1 Pl: mx`lrÀ. n 9/10. 1) animal. 2) meat.
msn∆ xm jn∆ l n. clay pot of Kom origin.
3) pneumonia. Syn: èn hbgha≠ .
msn∆ xm Ladmj`∆ r n. clay pot made in
mx`l
2 v. use walking stick. Syn: mx`lsÀ.
Mbenkas, a tribe under Kom.
mx`l `∆ jeÀ n. victim.
msrÕ n. blacksmith. Syn: vtk `∆ k`∆ l. See: srh.
mx`l hk`& `rdrd n. camel.
mst Pl: mstrÀ. n 9/10. 1) bud. Syn: Àbgn&.
mx`» l iu`∆ n. 1) hippopotamus.
See: st. 2) twig. 3) honey added to a drink
Syn: `∆ med» xmed∆ xm. 2) whale.
to make it more alcoholic, a starter.
mx`l jd» & s` vtk Pl: mx`lrÀ jd» & s`
mst `∆ eu≠ n. medicinal ingredient.
fgdkÀ. n. primate, anthropoid. Syn: mx`l
mst `∆ rÀ fg≠ xÀ n. teacher of bad habits.
y≠ ` xh m,jd» & s` vtk.
mste` Pl: mste`rÀ. num 9/10. six.
mst& Pl: mst&rÀ. n 9/10. 1) quantity of. 2) lump mx`» l je`œ Pl: mx`lrÀ je`œ. n. horse.
mx`» l je`œ h sdk` m≠ m mbgvƒ rÀ
of, loaf of.
eÀe`» rÀ rÀ hcuÀ n. zebra.
mstl Pl: mstlrÀ. n 9/10. 1) message.
mx`» l je`œ h shlrÀmÀ n. a short-legged
See: stl. 2) monkey (kind of).
horse, e.g., a cob.
mstl Õ it∆ œ n. 1) good message. 2) gospel.
mst∆ lat∆ xm n. dysentery, diarrhea with loss of mx`l l` ` ayÕÃ mi`∆ j`» r h kt» lm≠ œd∆ xm mx`l je`œ h jh n. mule.
blood.
mt∆ v. 1) fight. See: hmt» . 2) struggle. 3) stir or
mx`l lan∆ kn& Pl: mx`lrÀ lankn&. n. cow,
steer.
mix, e.g., to make an alkaline soup.
mt∆ & v. 1) dirty, soil. Ant: eu≠ r≠ hkxÀœ. 2) mix.
mx`l mcnœ Õ ln∆ & n. rhinoceros.
3) squeeze. See: j`l+ e`k+ hmt» &.
mx`» l mfnk Pl: mx`lrÀ mfnk. n. molluscs.
mt∆ & Àvtxm v. 1) suffer oneself. 2) dirty oneself. mx`l mj`∆ e Pl: mx`lrÀ mj`∆ e. n. wild cat.
mt∆ k≠ v. 1) move. Syn: id∆ k. 2) move the body.
mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,j`rh jn&rÀ Àevn À
mt∆ r≠ v. 1) cause to shake or move. Syn: md∆ &r≠ .
xÀmÀ rÀ m`∆ bg`l` n. cud-chewing
2) stir, e.g., a fight, cause a disagreement.
animal, e.g., goat.
mt∆ s≠ v. stir round to mix properly.
mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,jdkÀ lÀkt» œ Àm
mv`lh n. dimple, straight mark.
sàsÀm≠Ã n. reptile. Syn: mx`l yh,` xÕ m,
67
mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,mxnœrÀ vnxm
kd» l `vtl jd» vnxm `sdxm.
mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,mxnœrÀ vnxm n.
mammal.
mx`l yh,` xÕ m,kd» l `vtl jd» vnxm
`sdxm n. reptile.
mx`l y≠ ` xh m,jd» & s` vtk n. primate,
anthropoid.
mx`∆ l`∆ an Pl: mx`lrÀavn. n. leopard.
mx`l,e≠ j`∆ & n. 1) monkey. 2) fool (insult).
mx`lsÀ v. treat or use with great care.
mx`œ v. despise, snub, reject.
mx`∆ œr≠ v. hurry, do quickly.
— adv. 1) quickly, fast, easily, immediately.
2) often, commonly.
mx`» œr≠ fx`m`∆ adv. often.
mx`œrÀ id∆ k` v. be nimble.
mx`r 1 adv. quickly, fast.
mx`r 2 v. leap away from, at the sudden sight of
s.t. dangerous or undesired.
mx`r Àvtxm v. separate oneself, stand aloof.
mx`rh v. 1) be repulsed or shrink away from that
which is nasty to see or eat. 2) lay carefully,
e.g., a baby on a bed to sleep alone.
mx`» xm≠ ,mx`xmÀ adv. colorful, spotted,
sparkling.
mxd∆ & n. beads, e.g., the beads decorating the afo a
kom, or worn by elders in traditional dress.
Syn: sÀevn.
mxd&kÀ v. be cautious, be careful.
mxd∆ &r≠ v. 1) ridicule, put down s.o., e.g.,
possibly out of jealous for another's
accomplishments. 2) gossip.
mxd∆ k v. be nasty.
mxdk rÀ sdxm v. cut off any small soft object
with fingers.
mxd∆ k`∆ Pl: mxd∆ k`∆ r≠ . n 9/10. bird that only travels
in dirty places, e.g., pit latrines.
mxdlrÀ v. handle carefully, handle lightly.
mxdxm pro obj 9. it. See: xh.
mxhœ `st» mx`∆ l v. gallop.
mxhœrÀ v. 1) cause to run, e.g., a programme.
2) drive a car.
mxÀl Variant: mxhl. v (imp.). smile.
See: mxÀlkÀ.
mxÀlkÀ Variant: mxhlkÀ. v. smile.
mx≠Ã mcn n. heir, successor.
See: xÀ mcn.
mxÀœ 1 Variant: mxhœ. v. run. See: hmxÀœ.
mxÀœ 2 adj. different.
mxtœ
mxÀœ 3 adv. alone.
mxÀœ ` lÀst∆ v. ride in car.
mxÀœ ha`∆ l v. chase. Syn: it∆ l.
mxÀœ mx`r,mx`r v. run quickly.
mx≠ œÕ Variant: mxÕ œÕ . v. lie down.
mx≠ œÕ `∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ an∆ l Õ ank v. lie
prostrate.
mx≠ œÕ rÀ s`k` s`k` v. lie horizontally.
mxÀœmÀ v. run away in different directions,
scatter.
mx≠ œr≠ v. place or arrange in a lying position.
mx≠ œr≠ èn ` mrd v. lay s.t. down.
mxn Àvtxm v. claim innocence.
mxn» l`∆ v. not, e.g., “Not me,” as a form of
denial, claiming ignorance.
mxn» mfu≠ n. expression claiming ignorance,
commonly used by women.
mxn∆ & v. 1) roast over fire. 2) burn, e.g., incense.
3) scald. Syn: a≠ ak≠ . See: mxn∆ &k≠ . 4) cause
to blaze. See: mxn∆ &s≠ .
mxn∆ &k≠ v. get scalded by a hot liquid, hot vapour
or object. Syn: a≠ ak≠ .
mxn&mÀ n. roasted, broiled, (that which is).
mxn∆ &r≠ v. cause to burn.
mxn∆ &s≠ v. set fire to bushes or groups of objects.
mxn∆ kh v. having another child before the former
one is weaned, with the implication that the
former child will be deprived of milk by the
new baby.
mxnœ v. 1) suck. Syn: rnl. 2) nurse baby,
breastfeed. Syn: rnl.
mxnœrÀ v. nurse baby, breastfeed.
mxnœsÀ v. suck a little, suckle. See: mxnœ.
Mxnr 1 n. geographic area where Lake Nyos is
found, north of Kom.
mxnr 2 v (imp.). smash with the foot.
Syn: mxnxsÀ+ id∆ k.
mxn∆ s≠ v. design, adorn with beautiful designs.
mxnxkÀ v. smash with the feet. Syn: id∆ xk≠ +
mxnxsÀ+ mxnr.
mxnxsÀ v. smash with the foot. Syn: id∆ xk≠ .
mxt∆ & v. flip, flick. Syn: kdœsÀ+ œ`l+ mx`&sÀ.
mxt∆ & À vtk v. hint s.o., by pressing part of his
body with the hand or finger.
mxt∆ &Õ v. squeeze repeatedly.
mxt∆ &Õ m≠ Àvtxm v. be excited.
mxt∆ &s≠ v. feel or press s.t. or s.o. repeatedly, e.g.,
to feel if a fruit is ripe.
mxtœ Pl: mxtœrÀ. n 9/10. hair.
68
mxtœ ≠ bge≠ œvdxm
mxtœ ≠ bge≠ Pl: mxtœrÀ Àbge≠ . n. whisker.
mxt∆ œk≠ v. tickle.
mxtœrÀ n. fur. Syn: sÀvÕÃ . See: mxtœ.
mxtœrÀ `st n. hair on the head.
mxtœrÀ hcxd∆ k n. beard.
mxtœrÀ Àbge≠ n. 1) moustache. 2) beard.
mxtœrÀ Àvt∆ xm n. hair on the body.
mxtœrÀ mct∆ l n. pubic hair.
mxtœrÀ,mxtœrÀ adj. hairy.
mxt∆ xk≠ v. 1) contract the body to take up less
space. 2) retreat, draw back.
mxt∆ xs≠ v. contract the body to take up less space.
mxt∆ d&Õ v. be very happy, be very anxious.
mxt∆ d&Õ m≠ ≠ vtxm v. act happily, act
Ø
anxiously.
mxuÀ v (imp.). 1) drink. 2) smoke.
mxuÀ fuÀ v. swear innocence, in order to be free
from blame or accusation. See: fuÀ.
mxuÀ ldxm v. drunk.
mxuÀ lt m≠ Õ kdlh s` adr v. lap like a cat.
Syn: kn.
mxuÀsÀ v. sip.
my≠ sÀ n. 1) start. 2) root cause.
my≠ s≠ n. starter, beginner.
mytd,ƒ Variant: myvƒ. Pl: mytd,ƒrÀ.
n 9/10. whistle. Syn: snœ. See: yuƒ.
,
œ
œ`∆ eÕ v. wound the skin with fingernails or thorns. œdl v. nip off tip.
Syn: j`∆ eÕ .
œdœsÀ v. 1) nibble, bite a small bit. 2) gnaw.
œ`&rÀ v (imp.). open, uncover. Syn: x`∆ rÕ + axd∆ r. œdxm conj coord. and, with.
Ant: bgÀk+ bghsÀ.
œÕ k≠ v. 1) walk with difficulty, e.g., due to back
œ`&sÀ v. rise up slightly, lift up a bit then return,
problems. 2) squirm in pain.
e.g., a lid on a pot so as to retrieve s.t., or to œ≠ s≠ v. balance s.t. on the head.
rise up while sitting to retrieve s.t. under a
œn&sÀ v. 1) take a small amount, use sparingly,
leg.
consume slowly. 2) economize.
œn&sÀ la`∆ r v. eat vegetables sparingly when
underground spider.
they are insufficient relative to other food
œ`l 2 v. 1) pinch or take up s.t. with both fingers.
items.
Syn: bgtxm. 2) flip, flick. Syn: kdœsÀ+
œn
∆
&s≠ la`∆ r v. fetch vegetables when scarce.
mxt∆ &.
œn∆ œr≠ v. scare.
œ`lh v. pinch once forcefully. Syn: œ`lkÀ.
œ`lkÀ v. 1) bite. 2) pinch in several places, or œt&` v. squat. See: œt&sÀ.
œt&` ct∆ &h v. squat.
with all the fingers. Syn: œ`lh.
œt&sÀ v. 1) squat, often by an entrance or over a
œ`œ 1 adv. very, most, e.g., very loud, most
hole in a latrine. 2) do it a bit. See: œt&`.
difficult, very fast, etc.
œv`∆ & v. 1) be shiny, bright. Syn: rn. 2) be holy,
œ`œ 2 n. strength, force.
clean, pure.
œ`∆ œ`∆ œ n. soldier ant, army ant, which will eat
œv`
∆
&k≠ Pl: œv`∆ &k≠ r≠ . n 9/10. book.
many kinds of insects, e.g., cockroaches,
crickets, as well as amphibians, e.g., frogs,
œv`∆ &mÀ n. 1) shining, sparkling, (that which is).
lizards, and which will also bite people.
2) holy, clean, pure, e.g., a holy person, the
See: eÀkuÀ.
Holy Spirit.
œ`œh adj. skeletal, look like a skeleton.
œv`∆ œ v. flicker, flash. Syn: kv`∆ &.
œ`∆ œk≠ v. creep, crawl.
œv`∆ œr≠ v. cause to flash. Syn: kv`∆ &r≠ .
œ`œrÀ v. 1) show teeth. 2) open wide.
œvdxm 1 poss adj. his, her, used in all noun
classes.
œƒ n. crying sound made by a baby
(ideophone).
œvdxm 2 pro obj 1, 3. him, her, it.
— pro obj 8. them.
œd&rÀ v. stunt the growth of s.o., e.g., by having
See: vt∆ + vt.
him carry too many heavy loads as child.
Syn: je≠ rÀ kdl`.
œ`l 1 Pl: œ`lrÀ. n 9/10. tarantula, an
69
R
r`& v. 1) judge. See: mr`&. 2) twitter.
Syn: cyÀmÀ. See: r`&rÀ. 3) govern. Syn: r`&
hk`&. 4) reign, rule.
r`∆ & v. 1) seize, take by force. 2) snatch.
3) remove or uproot seedlings from the
nursery. 4) scramble, do s.t. very quickly or
suddenly. 5) demolish.
r`& hvn v. argue. Syn: ft∆ lm≠ .
r`∆ & rÀ xdk v. transplant.
r`&fg` n. news.
r`&rÀ v. 1) make a hissing sound by drawing in
air with lips, e.g., to express pain. See: r`&.
2) itch. Syn: xt∆ r+ kt∆ l.
r`∆ &s≠ v. destroy, demolish.
r`&sÀ `vn v. argue about things.
r`k v. 1) escape. 2) spring off, leap away. 3) rise.
r`l v. 1) borrow, get s.t. from s.o. on loan.
Ant: r`lrÀ. 2) migrate, leave one's
dwelling place and stay somewhere else.
3) go on transfer.
r`∆ l v. swim.
r`lh v. disappear.
r`ln& Variant: rÀ ` ln&. adv. truly.
— adj. true.
— n. truth.
r`ln&,r`ln& adv. really, truly.
r`lrÀ v. 1) lend, loan, give out s.t. to s.o. on loan.
Ant: r`l. 2) trust, trust in.
r`∆ œ v. 1) dry, e.g., leave or spread to dry in the
sun. See: r`∆ œs≠ + x`m`. 2) drive away.
3) dismiss.
r`œ` v. dissolve.
r`œkÀ v. be happy. See: hr`œkÀ.
r`œk≠Ã vÕ v. be unhappy, be discontented, be sad.
r`∆ œs≠ v. expose to the sun or spread out to dry,
e.g., clothes, coffee. Syn: fvn∆ r≠ . See: r`∆ œ.
r`∆ r v. 1) scatter. 2) tear. Syn: a`∆ xs≠ .
r`xm v. 1) split or chop into many pieces with an
axe (only). See: a`∆ r+ a`∆ xs≠ . 2) be cold.
Ant: kt» l. 3) be wet.
r`xm ùÀ ` mx`» l v. trace the trail of an
animal.
r`xm ùÀ hvn v. investigate.
r`xmÀ n. 1) wet, (that which is). Ant: xtlmÀ.
2) cold. Ant: kt∆ lm≠Ã .
r`xmrÀ v. 1) wet, cause to get wet. 2) pinpoint,
,
r
say directly.
r`xrÀ v. 1) spill. 2) cause to scamper or scatter,
e.g., make people or animals run away in
various directions because of fear.
Syn: cuÀxrÀ.
r`xsÀ v. leap with joy, be gay. See: r`k.
r`∆ xs≠ v. 1) tear to pieces. 2) fray.
rƒ Pl: rƒrÀ. n 9/10. gain, profit. Ant: aƒ.
rƒ» Variant: r`» . (contraction of rÀ,`∆ ( adv.
instead, indicating contra-expectation, i.e.,
what follows the adverbial particle in the
sentence is the opposite of what would be
expected.
rd 1 Pl: rdrÀ. n 9/10. 1) gizzard. 2) gravel.
rd 2 v. 1) sharpen. 2) file.
rd 3 adv. while, when.
rd rÀ adv simult. while, when, as.
rde v. dip and take a portion of liquid, e.g., using
a hand, cup or half-calabash. See: jt.
rd& v. go away from home to job site, e.g., farm,
market.
rd∆ & v. 1) stir. Syn: k`l+ s`xmÀ. 2) agitate, cause
s.t., e.g., a fight, a quarrel, bees to be
bewildered.
rd∆ & ` interrog. how many.
rd& hlt» v. go on a visit.
rd∆ &k≠ v. 1) stir a bit. 2) tease, provoke.
rd&rÀ v. 1) perform a traditional sacrifice to allow
a woman who has just put to birth to resume
going to the farm or anywhere. 2) lead or
take animals to graze, e.g., cattle.
See: hrd&rÀ.
rd∆ &r≠ v. dislocate.
rd&sÀ v. 1) pause in speaking. 2) break in
movement.
rdk` v. boil, send up bubbles in boiling water.
rdl Pl: rdlrÀ. n 9/10. tree, rough, dark gray
bark; soft, tear-shaped leaf (15 x 10 cm)
with jagged edges; slash red. Main use:
fuelwood. Other uses: plant manure;
charcoal; leaves are heated and the juice is
squeezed into the eye to ease irritation;
warmed leaves are placed on the nose to
treat catarrh, and on the chests of young
girls to encourage breast development.
Maesa lanceolata.
rdlh v. admire. Syn: rdlsÀ.
rdlrÀ poss adj 10. my.
rdlsÀ
rn∆ k
rdlsÀ v. 1) admire. Syn: jh m≠ Õ jnœ Õ . 2) covet. rÀ1
rdœ v. 1) express joy. 2) make warlike displays
rÀ2
with guns, cutlasses and spears.
rdœrÀ v. carry s.t. with hands by two or more
rÀ3
people.
rdxm v. slide.
rÀ4
rdxmkÀ v. slide repeatedly in the same place, or
rÀ5
slide in several different places.
rdxmrÀ v. 1) cause a dirt slide. 2) cause to
rÀ6
collapse.
rÀ7
rd∆ xmr≠ dem adj 10. these, referring to things
,rÀ
rÀ `
to the hearer, yet visible to both. See: rhrÀ+
rÕ r≠ .
rdxrÀ poss adj 10. our (exclusive).
reÀ Pl: reÀrÀ. Variant: rgeÀ; rgeÀrÀ. n 9/10.
1) fish. 2) carp. 3) catfish.
reÀ `∆ jß me`l` n. octopus.
Syn: reÀ jdkÀ `∆ jß me`l`.
reÀ mfnk n. clam.
re≠ js≠ Variant: rge≠ js≠ . v. struggle to get
unentangled.
re≠ r Variant: rge≠ r. v. 1) spill or pour a liquid.
Syn: re≠ r`∆ + an∆ . 2) throw or throw out
objects.
re≠ r`∆ Variant: rge≠ r`∆ . v. 1) get spilled. 2) be
poured. Syn: an∆ + re≠ r+ re≠ xs≠ . 3) be
emptied. Ant: ktxmrÀ. See: re≠ r.
re≠ xs≠ Variant: rge≠ xs≠ . v. spill a bit, pour a bit.
See: re≠ r.
rÕ v. 1) scatter, e.g., a ridge. 2) sift. See: rÕ s≠ .
rhix`,rhix` adv. slowly. Syn: ànk,ànk+ m≠ lanxm,m≠ lanxm.
rÕ lh Pl: rÕ lhrÀ. n 9/10. underskirt, slip (loan
word). Syn: lad∆ xmsÀ+ mcyÀrÀ `∆ msd» xm≠ .
rhrÀ1 v. 1) behave restlessly, e.g., in pain or heat.
2) behave without minding consequences.
rhrÀ2 Variant: rghrÀ. poss adj 10. your (pl.).
rhrÀ3 dem adj 10. those, referring to things a bit
hearer, yet visible to both. See: rd∆ xmr≠ +
rÕ r≠ .
rÕ r≠ 1 v. sift.
rÕ r≠ 2 Variant: rgÕ r≠ . dem adj 10. those, referring
to things not present but known to both the
things present and near the hearer, but a bit
rÕ r≠ ` pro rel 10. which, that.
rÕ s≠ v. 1) scatter a bit. 2) sift a bit. See: rÕ .
inf intr. to (+ verb), used to form the
infinitive form of a verb.
prep. 1) to. 2) to, in comparison to. 3) from.
4) for.
asp prog. already, presently.
v. 1) slaughter. See: hrÀ. 2) fetch. 3) wound,
e.g., the hand with a knife. 4) circumcise.
assoc 10. of.
pro subj 10. they. See: mrdxmrÀ.
ncl concord 10. noun class concord marker.
ncl sf 10. plural suffix for nouns.
Variant: r` (contraction). prep. 1) by.
2) for. 3) with.
rÀ ` mxÀœ Variant: r` mxÀœ. n. difference.
— adj. different.
rÀ ` mxÀœ,rÀ ` mxÀœ Variant: r` mxÀœ,r`
mxÀœ. adv. differently.
rÀ ` œ`œ 1 Variant: r` œ`œ. adv. with strength ,
with force.
rÀ ` œ`œ 2 adj. 1) too much. 2) serious.
rÀ ` xt∆ œ,rÀ ` xt∆ œ Variant: r` xt∆ œ,r`
xt∆ œ. adv. continuously, repeatedly.
rÀ `m`l ` v`xm v. circumcise.
rÀ `r`œ ` ank` v. cut guinea corn. Syn: rÀ
rdkh `r`œ ` ank`.
rÀ `rÀ 1 adv. 1) first. 2) previously.
rÀ `rÀ 2 prep. before.
rÀ hcu≠ adj. 1) many. 2) plenty. Ant: mrd∆ &+ rÀ
hkƒ.
rÀ hkƒ n. small amount, few, a bit.
rÀ hkƒ,rÀ hkƒ adv. slowly.
rÀ m`∆ Variant: r`» (contraction). v. to be, to.
rÀkÀ v. 1) slash. 2) wound in several places with a
knife or blade.
rÀmÀ v. imitate. 2) contest. 3) cut into parts.
r≠ r≠ v. take revenge.
rÀsÀ v. 1) choke. 2) slice, e.g., meat.
rÀ---m≠ prep. between...and.
rn adj. 1) oily, e.g., meat. 2) very nice in
appearance, e.g., a house, or foods that make
one's mouth water to look at, such as nice
carrots. 3) shiny. Syn: œv`&`.
rne v. make a slip of the tongue. See: `∆ mrne.
rn∆ & v. point.
rn∆ & rÀ eu≠ r≠ v. remove s.t. from a narrow hole,
e.g., with finger or piece of stick.
rn∆ &k≠ ÀbgeÀ À vt» k v. find fault with a quiet
person.
rn∆ k v. 1) peel. 2) skin. Syn: xt∆ l+ jnl+ xu≠ .
71
rn∆ k`∆
s` j`
rn∆ k`∆ v. get peeled. See: rn∆ k.
rnl v. 1) sigh. 2) suck. Syn: mxnœ.
rnl` v. summon to court (loan word).
rnlsÀ v. suck a bit.
rn∆ œ v. 1) draw or pull out s.t. from s.o. secretly
rt&h v (imp.). 1) come down. 2) fall, fall off of.
3) descend.
Syn: j`∆ kÕ .
rt&rÀ v. 1) lower, put down, put it down, bring
down, e.g., from head or shelf. Ant: k`∆ xr≠ +
jn&rÀ. 2) help s.o. lower s.t. 3) reduce.
or mysteriously, e.g., money from a pocket.
Syn: e`∆ as≠ + kƒrÀ. 4) dethrone. Syn: rt∆
2) poke out or thrust forward, e.g., the neck.
Àen∆ xm.
See: `rn∆ œ Àsnœ.
rt&sÀ v. 1) lower a bit, come down a bit.
rn∆ œs≠ rÀ jh v. glance, peep. Syn: mx`&sÀ rÀ jh.
2) reduce a bit.
See: xdxm ` l≠Ã k`∆ l`k`l.
rtkÀ v. weed. See: hrtkÀ.
rn∆ snœ Pl: rn∆ snœrÀ. n 9/10. tree, wildlybranching; chalky gray, slightly rough bark; rt∆ minœminœ Pl: rt∆ minœminœrÀ. n 9/10.
thorn.
leaves simple, elliptic, thin, papery (10 x 4
cm); bark has a very strong odour. Main use: rtœ v. 1) blame. Syn: rtœh. 2) scandalize.
medicinal - bark is boiled to cure fainting
rtœh v. report or complain to a higher authority.
sickness and stomach pains.
Syn: rtœ.
rnxm v. 1) err. 2) secretly go away, sneak away rtr v. 1) hem. 2) fill in gaps, e.g., of a fence.
from the company of others.
rtxm Pl: rtxmrÀ. n 9/10. friend. Syn: a`+ vtk
rn∆ xr≠ v. 1) set free a tethered animal. 2) struggle
Õ id∆ k.
out of s.t.
rtd&h v. honour with gift.
rn∆ xr≠ À mfdœ v. exculpate oneself, e.g., from
rtdkÀ Variant: rgtdkÀ. v. 1) mutter.
blame or accusation.
Syn: cx≠ lk≠ . 2) whimper, cry in low tones.
rn∆ xs≠ v. 1) peel many parts of an object. 2) peel
rvèh
Variant: rgvèh. v. beat s.o with a cane.
many objects. 3) bruise.
rv`∆ & Àsv`& Variant: rgv`∆ & Àsv`&. v. move
rß v. 1) be deep. Ant: sÀlrÀ. 2) sink. 3) set.
around in the bush in search of s.t., e.g., an
rß – v. miss, e.g., a target.
animal or wood.
rß vÕ v. be shallow.
rv`∆ &Õ Variant: rgv`∆ &Õ . v. 1) comb. 2) strip off
rß sÀ v. be a bit deeper.
leaves from branches. Syn: sdxmsÀ+ jÀœ.
rß –s≠ v. miss repeatedly.
rx`∆ j`∆ Variant: rgx`∆ j`∆ . n. prostitute.
Syn: `» je`∆ k`∆ + vtk À vh À id∆ kÀmÀ.
rt v. pluck, e.g., feathers, or hair from a dead
animal. Syn: rt,h+ bgn&sÀ.
rx`rÀ Variant: rx`+ rgx`+ rgx`rÀ. poss adj 10.
your (sg.).
rt»
adv. really.
rxd
∆
lr≠ Variant: rgxd∆ lr≠ . v. 1) tilt, lean.
rt∆
v. 1) wash. 2) stab, e.g., a person with a
2)
cause
s.t. to move out of position a bit.
knife. 3) prick. 4) inject. 5) pin or drive s.t.
into the ground, e.g., a stake. 6) wear, e.g. a rxÀœ Variant: rgxÀœ. v. rush.
cap, hat, or crown.
rxÀœrÀ Variant: rgxÀœrÀ. v. 1) cause to rush.
rt∆ À lad∆ & v. wrestle.
2) cause to scamper, cause to escape.
rt∆ Àen∆ xm v. dethrone. Syn: rt&rÀ.
rx≠ œr≠ Variant: rgx≠ œr≠ . v. 1) strangle.
Syn: j`l Àsnœ rÀ ytd. 2) hang.
rt» jÀ mcnœ `∆ u≠ 'rÀ m`∆ ( v. tiptoe.
See: `∆ mrx≠ œr≠ + mrx≠ œ. 3) commit suicide.
rt∆ rÀ mÕ hvn v. do s.t. exactly as requested or
See: ytd mfdœ.
recommended.
rtfd∆ x& Pl: rtfd∆ x&rÀ. n 9/10. soldier (loan
word).
rt,h v. pluck or remove indiscriminately, e.g.,
grass, feathers, hair.
S
s` 1
s` 2
,
s
4) so that. 5) that, who, which.
adv. 1) as, like. 2) how.
conj. 1) because. 2) whether (...or). 3) when. s` j` conj. so that, in order that.
72
s` v`xm lank
sdxmrÀ
s` v`xm lank adv. childishly, like a child.
s`» jr n. tax (loan word).
s`k 1 v. entertain. See: ms`k.
s`k 2 Pl: s`xrÀ. num 9/10. three.
s`∆ k v. 1) be heady, be stubborn. Syn: kdl vh
s`∆ r hrÀ,hrÀ v. count one by one. Syn: s`œsÀ.
s`vt∆ k`∆ n. towel (loan word). Syn: `∆ mxd∆ r
Àvt∆ xm.
s`∆ xkÀ v. sharpen. See: s`r hen» .
s`» xm Pl: s`» xmr≠ . num 9/10. five.
s`∆ xm v. fly.
hr`& 'rÀ m`∆ (. See: hs`» k. 2) twitch, e.g.,
because of fever. 3) be numbed.
s`xmÀ v. mix. Syn: exdr+ eß –m≠ + rd∆ &.
s`k` v. walk across on a level land or plain.
s`∆ xmr≠ v. cause to fly.
s`l v. 1) wear a loincloth. Syn: l`∆ & mcyÀrÀ.
s`∆ xr≠ v. disturb, interfere, obstruct, interrupt.
See: s`l hr`r. 2) snare, trap, e.g., an
s`xsÀ v. 1) move slightly horizontally, e.g., shift
animal or person. 3) make loopholes.
books on table. 2) push gently away.
s`∆ l v. prevent, hinder, block.
See: s`∆ r.
s`l hr`r v. wear loincloth around the waist.
s`∆ xs≠ v. search, search for, by brushing or
Syn: l`∆ & Àvt∆ xm. See: s`l.
clearing, e.g., coin in dirt.
s`l ldxm v. worn.
v. 1) insult. 2) curse. Syn: sd m≠ mch h aÀ.
sd
Syn: l`& ldxm.
See: mch. 3) abuse.
s`l vtk v. waylay s.o. Syn: kd∆ lÕ .
sd m≠ mch h aÀ v. insult with a curse.
s`∆ ls≠ v. 1) disable. 2) intervene. 3) embarrass.
sd» ak≠ Pl: sd» ak≠ r≠ . n 9/10. table (loan word).
4) block, prevent, hinder.
Syn: à`œ.
s`lsÀ `vn jt» l vtk v. plot or plan evil
sdasÀ1 v. advise a bit. See: sde+ hsdasÀ.
against s.o., by a group.
sdasÀ2 adj. little, small.
s`œ v. 1) count. See: s`œsÀ. 2) read. See: i`∆ œ.
sdasÀmÀ n. small, thin, (that which is). Syn: kƒmÀ+
s`∆ œ v. 1) be tough or slimy, difficult to chew,
sdk`» .
e.g., meat, vein, tendon. Syn: sn. See: s`∆ œs≠ sde v. advise. See: `sde.
fgÀ,fgÀ. 2) wrinkle. 3) frown.
sd& v. show, let see.
s`œ `st v. fight or struggle for one's self
sdk`» adj. small.
interests.
sd» k`∆ n. tailor (loan word).
s`œ`∆ v. 1) be slimy. 2) be tough. 3) be
Syn: vtk À s`rÀmÀ.
persevering.
sdkÀ
v.
1) mock. 2) blaspheme.
s`œh v. speak, talk.
sdl v. clear with a cutlass. See: hsdl.
s`œh àÀ jt» l v. denounce, speak ill of.
s`œhmÀ n. talkative, noisy, (one who is). Ant: srÀ sd∆ lm≠ v. get to the middle of s.t., e.g., dry or
rainy season, tree, mountain, river, etc.
lnœ.
sdlsÀ
1 poss adj 13. my.
s`∆ œr≠ v. 1) cause to wrinkle. 2) frown. 3) boil
sdlsÀ2 v. clear a bit with a cutlass.
partly, e.g., vegetables that are not quite
done.
sd∆ œkÀ v. wobble, be shaky, move unsteadily.
s`∆ œr≠ hjd» & v. frown.
Syn: mcd&kÀ.
s`∆ œr≠ la`∆ r v. boil vegetables a short time so sdsÀ v. select or choose s.o. or s.t. from among
they are only partly done.
others, e.g., seeds, pieces of dry wood, good
people.
s`œsÀ v. count one by one.
sdsÀ mfß – v. select seeds.
Syn: s`∆ r hrÀ,hrÀ.
s`∆ œs≠ fgÀ,fgÀ v. be pasty or slimy to the
sdxm v. 1) cut, break. 2) refuse. 3) decide, e.g., a
touch.
legal case.
s`r v. 1) sew. Syn: shlh. 2) bring together, meet sd∆ xm1 conj. then, so, therefore.
together, match, agree. 3) sharpen one
sd∆ xm2 adv. 1) so. 2) like this.
cutlass with the back of another. See: hs`r.
sdxm eÀbgÀ n. s.o or s.t. that comparatively has
s`∆ r v. push away with a piece of stick, e.g., s.t.
no equals in action (idiom). See: eÀbgÀk≠Ã .
undesirable. Syn: a`∆ &+ a`∆ &s≠ + s`∆ xs≠ .
sdxm mr`& v. give or render judgment, decide a
s`r hen» v. sharpen a cutlass with the back of
legal case.
another cutlass.
sdxmrÀ v. stop, prevent. See: msd» xmr≠ .
73
sdxmrÀ v`xm rÀ hfgdxm
Sn»
sdxmrÀ v`xm rÀ hfgdxm v. wean.
sdxmsÀ v. 1) butcher. 2) cut into pieces. 3) cut
off leaves. Syn: jÀœ+ rv`∆ &Õ .
sd∆ xms≠ dem adj 13. these, referring to things
to the hearer, yet visible to both. See: srhsÀ+
srÕ s≠ .
sdxsÀ poss adj 13. our (exclusive).
se`∆ œ Variant: sv`∆ œ. v. scandalize.
se`∆ œ hyÀxm h vt» k v. scandalize the name of
s.o., spoil their reputation.
seÀœrÀ v. 1) bend down s.t. 2) turn upside down.
seÀœsÀ v. bend down a bit.
se≠ r v. scatter.
seÀsÀ v. incite.
sh 1 v. stand. See: shsÀ.
sh 2 adv. 1) upward. 2) so far. 3) that way.
sh 3 cond. conditional particle (with kæ).
sh 4 interrog. 1) how, often followed by question
marker 'a' at the end of a sentence, e.g., 'ti
a?'. 2) what.
sÕÃ 1 adv. 1) a bit. 2) so.
sÕÃ 2 past ystrday. past tense, yesterday. See: mÕ +
kƒ– + m≠ m kƒ.
sÕ adv. so.
sh jÀ ` ih Variant: sh jÀ ` cyÀ. v. 1) standing on
road. 2) ready to go.
sh m`∆ past impf. past imperfect tense (was -ing).
Shl 1 n. name, given to males.
shl 2 Variant: sÀl. v. 1) dig, dig up. 2) shoot.
Syn: k`∆ œ. 3) throw. Syn: k`∆ œ. 4) weave.
5) embroider. Syn: a`&. 6) build.
See: a`∆ &kÀ+ anl.
shl `kuÀ v. kneel.
shl ùÀ v. trip, dash foot against s.t., e.g., a
stone.
shl hfgnœ v. 1) throw a spear. 2) war.
shl ÀuÀr v. shoot a gun, fire a gun.
shl`ftœ n. kingfisher.
shlh 1 v. stand.
shlh 2 adv. 1) always. 2) ever. 3) never (always
plus the negative = never, i.e., at shlh).
See: ktl.
shlh jn& v. accumulate.
shlh mÀ `st,` v. stand on head.
shlkÀ v. throw several things, e.g., stones, spears,
etc.
shlrÀ Variant: sÀlrÀ. v. 1) be short. 2) be low.
3) be shallow. 4) shrink.
sÕ lr≠ Variant: s≠ lr≠ . v. suffocate.
shlrÀmÀ n. short, (that which is).
shlsÀ v. stitch, repair.
shrÀ v. 1) make straight, e.g., as with a
bricklayer's plumb line. 2) arrange. 3) plan.
4) steer, direct. 5) cause to stand erect.
shrÀmÀ n. leading, directing, (one who is).
shsÀ v. stand in different places or positions, e.g.,
trees in the forest or people in a group.
See: sh.
sÀ1 pro subj 13. they. See: msdxmsÀ.
sÀ2 assoc 13. of.
sÀ3 ncl concord 13. noun class concord marker.
sÀ, ncl pf 13. plural prefix for nouns.
s≠ 1 adv. yet.
s≠ 2 prep. without.
sÀ adkÀmÀsÀ n. big ones.
s≠ j` prep. without.
s≠ j` fgÀ xd&h Variant: s`∆ j` fgÀ xd&h. adj.
wild. Syn: atk` fgÀ xd&h.
s≠ j` hr`&h aÀlh adj. illegitimate. Syn: atk`
hr`&h aÀlh.
s≠ j` ÀkuÀ jedxm adj. premature.
sÀ khsÀ adj. some, others, certain ones.
sÀad&kÀ n 13. precipice. Syn: Àan.
sÀbgtd n 13. bride price (a portion of), often
paid months or years later.
sÀevn n 13. beads, of any kind, threaded and
worn around the neck or any part of body.
Syn: mxd∆ &.
sÀevn sÀ hr`r n. beads for waist.
sÀevn sÀ lyÕ n. necklace.
sÀjn&h sÀ fgÀjÕ n. venereal diseases.
sÀl ad∆ x& Variant: shl ad∆ x&. v. 1) cast lots.
2) gamble.
sÀlh Àku`» Variant: stlh Àku`» + shlh Àku`» . v.
become pregnant.
sÀlkÀ rÀ s`œh v. speak in proverbs or parables.
sÀlsÀ Variant: stlsÀ. v. wait a moment.
sÀvÕÃ Variant: sÀvt» d+ sÀfgt» d. n 13. fur.
Syn: mxtœrÀ.
sn 1 v. 1) be strong. See: hsn. 2) be serious, e.g.,
illness. 3) be well, e.g., from an illness. 4) be
important. Syn: fg`&mÀ. 5) insist. 6) be
tough. Syn: s`∆ œ. 7) be difficult. 8) be stiff.
Syn: sn rÀ mfuÀlrÀ.
sn 2 adj. 1) hard. 2) important. 3) serious.
4) loud. Ant: ank. See: svn.
Sn» n. name, given to males.
74
sn∆
strÀ
sn∆
ash. See: sn∆ œ.
sn∆ rÕ hrÀ v. poke s.t. into the eye, e.g., finger,
blade of grass.
snrÀ v. 1) strengthen. 2) raise the price of s.t.
3) seduce s.o.'s wife.
snsnuÀe Pl: snsnuÀerÀ. n 9/10. mamba, a kind of
poisonous snake.
snxmÀ1 v. go through, penetrate.
snxmÀ2 prep. through.
sß – v. 1) open. 2) brush down, e.g., the grass.
srh v. smith. See: `k`» l+ msrÕ .
srhsÀ1 Variant: srh+ shsÀ. dem adj 13. those,
referring to things a bit removed from both
the speaker and the hearer, yet visible to
both. See: sd∆ xms≠ + srÕ s≠ .
srhsÀ2 poss adj 13. your (pl.).
srÕ s≠ Variant: sÕ s≠ . dem adj 13. those, referring to
things not present but known to both the
things present and near the hearer, but a bit
removed from the speaker. See: sd∆ xms≠ +
srhsÀ.
srÕ s≠ ` pro rel 13. which, that.
sr≠ xk≠ v. miscarry. Syn: ayÀ v`xm rÀ vn+ vn
v`xm.
srÀxm v. 1) push. 2) jostle.
srÀxmrÀ v. 1) send. Syn: stl. 2) escort. 3) wave
goodbye.
srÀxmsÀ v. 1) set fire. 2) stir up the fire. 3) push a
little, push a bit. 4) persuade. 5) urge.
6) encourage. Syn: strÀ+ xvnrÀ.
srÀxmsÀ rÀ mct∆ `rÀ v. push forward, e.g., a
fixed date. Syn: kd∆ lr≠ + jeÀmÀ `bgh hvn.
st v. 1) fetch, e.g., water or anything else in
liquid form. 2) prepare, stir. 3) bud. 4) train
or inculcate a habit in a person or animal.
Syn: e`l. 5) act suddenly without having
prepared. 6) give magic powers.
st& v. 1) accumulate. 2) keep s.t. unused for
long.
st∆ & Pl: st∆ &rÀ. n 9/10. 1) rat (kind of). 2) noise
made by a falling kola nut.
stl v. send. Syn: srÀxmrÀ. See: mstl.
stlmÀ v. pass from hand to hand.
stœ v. put s.t. in, send in, e.g., put a hand or stick
into s.t.
stœ èn Àbge≠ v. eat, put s.t. in the mouth.
stœ Àbge≠Ã hvn v. poke one's nose into other
people's matters, interfere.
stœ lad∆ & v. wrestle.
strÀ v. encourage. Syn: srÀxmsÀ+ xvnrÀ.
v. keep s.t. flat by using pieces of stick
across, horizontally and diagonally, e.g.,
smoked slice of meat. See: `∆ msn∆ .
sn rÀ bgvn∆ v. overpower.
sn rÀ fg`& v. overcome.
sn rÀ hjn&h v. be healed.
Syn: anxmÀ rÀ hjn&h.
sn rÀ Àjvn v. be expensive.
sn rÀ mfuÀlrÀ v. be stiff or hard to bend.
Syn: sn.
snarÀ v. 1) explain, make aware. 2) sweeten.
3) sharpen. 4) cause to be salty. 5) cause to
be wise. See: sne.
sne v. 1) be sweet. Ant: mfu`œkÀ+ mfud+ kt» d.
2) be sharp. 3) be salty. 4) be intelligent, be
wise. 5) be clever.
sneÀ v. be sharp.
sneÀmÀ n. 1) wise, (one who is). 2) clever.
sn» & adv. quite.
sn∆ & v. 1) plant. 2) encourage. Syn: et hje`» &sÀ.
3) affirm, confirm or support a thing or idea.
Syn: aÀlh. 4) support, e.g., prop up s.t. to
keep it from falling.
sn∆ & ÀuÀ v. trace the course of s.t. carefully or
strictly.
Syn: bgdl ùÀ.
sn∆ &m≠ v. 1) take care of, care for, tend.
Syn: jhmh+ bgÕ . 2) be wary. 3) obstruct, e.g.,
one object obstructing another.
sn∆ k`∆ jh Pl: sn∆ k`∆ jhrÀ. n 9/10. turtle, tortoise.
Syn: e≠ mjvnmsh.
sn∆ k`∆ rÕÃ Pl: sn∆ k`∆ rÕÃ r≠ . n 9/10. trousers (loan
word).
Syn: mcyÀrÀ stœmÀrÀ.
snl v. 1) stand. 2) place or put s.t.
snlh v. carry carefully with both hands.
Syn: anlh.
snlsÀ v. place or put things on s.t.
snmÀ1 n. powerful, (that which is).
snmÀ2 v. bet or challenge s.o. that a certain thing
is true, which can be verified by s.o. else, or
will be shown in time. Syn: l`∆ &m≠ .
snœ v. 1) blow, e.g., a flute. Syn: exde. 2) crow.
3) whistle.
Syn: snœ `mbgd∆ r+ mytd,ƒ.
sn∆ œ v. make a hollow, e.g., in wood ash or dust.
Syn: sn∆ œs≠ + an∆ &.
snœ `mbgd∆ r v. whistle.
snœsÀ v. 1) call. 2) greet.
sn∆ œs≠ v. make a bit of a hollow, e.g., in wood
75
stxmrÀ
v`xmc`∆ À xd&hmÀ
stxmrÀ v. 1) refuse. 2) disapprove. 3) forbid.
sx`sÀ Variant: sx`. poss adj 13. your (sg.).
4) deny. Syn: ln. 5) protest. 6) reject.
svn adj 1, 3, 8. well, healthy. Ant: hjn&h.
See: sn.
U
u`
u`∆ 1
u`∆ 2
uhrh
pro obj 1. you (sg.). See: v`∆ .
poss adj 1. your (sg.).
Variant: uÀrh. v (imp.). 1) let go or leave an
object, spoken to s.o. who is trying to take
s.t. from a person. 2) leave. 3) allow.
Syn: aÀlh. 4) stop. 5) free. 6) release.
Syn: eu≠ r≠ . See: uÀxsÀ.
uhrh jÀ r`ln& v. abandon. Syn: l`∆ &h.
v. blame. Syn: fg`∆ l+ se`∆ œ hyÀxm h vt» k.
uÀ
uÀakÀ v. blister, swell.
uÀkh v. 1) withdraw, e.g., an action. 2) hesitate.
uÀxsÀ v. 1) leave for awhile, wait a moment.
2) loosen a bit, e.g., a rope. Syn: anxrÀ.
See: uhrh.
uyÀ1 dem adj 1, 3. that, referring to s.o. or s.t. a
V
v`∆ 1 pro subj 1. you (sg.). See: u`∆ .
v`∆ 2 poss adj. your (sg.).
vè v. hang by one's side, e.g., a bag or sash.
Syn: cx`∆ .
vèh v. whip. Syn: kdœ.
v`∆ & mf`∆ xm v. joke.
v`l v. lie.
v`lmÀ n. lying, dishonest, (one who is).
v`œ v. 1) toss on the floor with an underhand
motion. Syn: ltrÕ . 2) scatter , disperse,
disseminate, or spread, e.g., guinea corn
seeds. See: v`œsÀ.
v`∆ œ v. sprinkle, spray.
v`œsÀ v. scatter, disperse, disseminate, or spread,
either repeatedly or just a bit, e.g., guinea
corn seeds. Syn: fvn∆ r≠ . See: v`œ.
v`∆ œs≠ v. sprinkle or spray a bit, e.g., water,
powder, wood ash.
v`r`∆ ehs`∆ n. hospital (loan word). Syn: mcn»
`∆ eu≠ + mcn» mf`∆ œ.
v`xm Pl: vnxm. n 1/2. child, baby.
v`xm ùÀ n. toe. Syn: a`œ `∆ u≠ .
u
,
bit removed from both the speaker and the
See: vd∆ xm+ uy≠ .
uyÀ2 poss adj 1, 3, 8. your (pl.).
uyÀ3 poss adj logo 1, 3, 8. his, her, its. See: jx`.
uy≠ dem adj 1, 3. that, referring to s.o. or s.t. not
the hearer. Or, it may refer to s.o. or s.t.
See: vd∆ xm+ uyÀ.
uy≠ ` pro rel 1, 3, 8. who, which, that.
,
v
v`xm `vt n. little finger of the hand.
Syn: a`œ `∆ vt.
v`xm À kt» lm≠ n. boy.
v`» xm id∆ ls≠ n. 1) niece, child of sister.
2) nephew, child of sister.
v`» xm kt∆ lr≠Ã mÕ n. cousin, child of an uncle.
See: v`» xm v`» xm m`∆ mÕ .
v`» xm lank n. baby.
v`» xm m`∆ vnl n. sibling, brother, sister.
See: v`xm,m`∆ .
v`» xm mjeÀ n. orphan.
v`» xm msn& À kt» lm≠ n. prince.
v`» xm msn& À vh n. princess.
v`» xm v`∆ xm n. grandchild.
v`» xm v`» xm,m`∆ mÕ n. cousin. Syn: v`» xm
kt∆ lr≠Ã mÕ .
v`xm vh n. girl.
v`xmc`∆ Pl: vnxmc`. n 1/2. child.
v`xmc`∆ Õ ed∆ k n. apprentice. Syn: v`xmc` À
xd&hmÀ.
v`xmc`∆ À edkÀmÀ n. servant.
v`xmc`∆ À xd&hmÀ n. student.
76
v`xmc`∆ jt∆ œ
vtk À vh À id∆ kÀmÀ
v`xmc`∆ jt∆ œ Pl: vnxmc`,sÀjtœ. n 1/2.
3) ancient man.
vtk `∆ stl n. 1) foreigner. 2) Gentile (Bible).
young man.
v`xmc`∆ mfn∆ xm n. young woman.
vtk at xd&h xd&h n. novice.
v`xm,m`∆ n. brother, sister. See: v`» xm m`∆
vtk fud∆ xmr≠ n. farmer.
vnl.
Syn: vtk Õ ed∆ k h fud» xmr≠ .
v`xm,mÕ n. brother, sister.
vtk Õ bgvn Pl: fgdkÀ hbgvn. n 1/2. steward or
entertainer chosen by the host of a feast.
v`xm,mÕ À kvdl` n. older brother.
vtk hi`& n. insane person, mad person.
v`xm,mÕ À svdk`» n. younger brother.
vtk Õ id∆ k n. friend. Syn: rtxm+ a`.
vd v. put, put in. Ant: eu≠ rÀ.
vtk Õ r`r h mcn n. descendant.
vd `xuÀr v. inflate. See: mchlrÀ+ lt∆ xr≠ .
vtk ≠ a`∆ &kÀmÀ n. builder.
vd&h v. doubt.
vtk À a`œmÀ n. white man.
vdr poss adj 1. our (exclusive).
vtk À aÀ n. 1) evil person. 2) harsh person.
vdrÀ poss adj 3, 8. our (exclusive).
vtk À aÀxmÀ n. dancer.
vdxm v. ignore, e.g., refuse to respond to s.o.
vtk ≠ anmÀ n. weaver.
who speaks to you concerning a matter.
vd∆ xm dem adj 1, 3. this, referring to s.o. or s.t.
vtk À bgnœmÀ n. thief.
vtk ≠ e`∆ xmÀ n. coward.
to the hearer, yet visible to both.
vtk ≠ ed∆ kÀmÀ n. 1) worker. 2) servant, slave.
vtk ≠ e≠ lmÀ n. black man.
See: uyÀ+ uy≠ .
vtk ≠ e≠ mx`& Pl: fgdkÀ lÀmx`&. n 1/2.
vh 1 Pl: fgÀjh. n 1/2. 1) wife. 2) female.
fortune-teller, diviner.
vh 2 neg. not.
vtk
À
fg`&mÀ n. important person, rich
vh 3 interj. interjection, used to express a feeling,
person.
e.g., fear.
vtk ≠ fuÕ mÀ n. stranger. Syn: mfuÕ mfuh.
vÕÃ mjeÀ n. widow. See: kt» l mjeÀ.
vtk ≠ id∆ kÀmÀ Pl: fgdkÀ fgÀ idkÀmÀ. n 1/2.
vÕÃ msn& n. gueen. See: m`∆ en∆ xm.
traveller, s.o. who walks.
vÕÃ ktl n. bride. See: kt» lvh.
vtk ≠ It» n. a Jew.
vn 1 interrog pro. where.
vtk ≠ je≠ rÀmÀ n. leper, usually with the idea of
vn 2 v. 1) lack. 2) be unable.
one who does not have fingers or toes.
vn 3 interj. interjection, can be used in calling
Syn: vtk `∆ mr`∆ rÕ .
others.
vtk À jn&hmÀ n. sick person. Syn: vtk À
vn rÀ yt∆ dr≠ v. gasp.
xèÀmÀ.
vn v`xm v. miscarry.
vtk À knxmÀ n. beggar.
Syn: ayÀ v`xm rÀ vn.
vtk À kt» lm≠ Pl: fgÀkt» lm≠ . n. man.
vnl poss adj 1, 3, 8. my.
vtk À kuÀœmÀ n. crippled person. Syn: e≠ mfd» r.
vt pro subj 3. it.
vtk À kvdl` Pl: fgÀkdl`. n. 1) adult,
grown-up. 2) elder. Syn: bgxd&.
See: vt∆ + œvdxm.
vtk ≠ mcn n. relative. Syn: vtk r≠Ã .
vt∆ pro subj 1. he, she. See: œvdxm+ vt.
vtk À r`&mÀ n. ruler, judge.
vtk Pl: fgdkÀ. n 1/2. person, someone,
vtk À s`œhmÀ n. 1) talkative or noisy person.
somebody.
2) insane person, mad person.
vtk `∆ eu≠ n. medicine man. Syn: vtk `∆ eu≠ vtk À s`rÀmÀ n. tailor.
hk`&+ vtk mf`∆ œ.
vtk `∆ eu≠ hk`& n. traditional doctor. Syn: vtk vtk À srhmÀ n. blacksmith.
Syn: an∆ `∆ k`∆ l.
`∆ eu≠ . See: vtk mf`∆ œ.
vtk
À
svn n. 1) great person. 2) healthy person.
vtk `∆ kd∆ & n. native.
3) living person.
vtk `∆ mr`∆ rÕ n. leper.
vt∆ k À vh Pl: fgÀjÕ . n. woman.
Syn: vtk À jeÀrÀmÀ.
vtk À vh À id∆ kÀmÀ n. prostitute. Syn: `» je`∆ k`∆ +
vtk `rÀ n. 1) leader. Syn: j`∆ l. 2) first man.
77
vtk À vh sÀ j` vt∆ shlh mx≠ œÕ œdxm vtk À ktlmÀ
rx`∆ j`∆ .
xd» œ,xd∆ œ fgÀ,fg
vtk s` vt∆ md&À èn n. shaker, one who
vtk À vh sÀ j` vt∆ shlh mx≠ œÕ œdxm
vtk À ktlmÀ n. virgin.
vtk À vt» kt∆ Pl: fgdkÀ fgÀkt» . n. different
shakes things.
vtk s` vt m,jhmh cxdxmrÀ hed∆ k n.
supervisor.
vtk uy≠ ` E≠ xÕ mÕ e≠ bgn∆ & ldxm kd∆ l
person.
n. Christ, Messiah.
vtk À xèÀmÀ n. sick person, one in pain.
vtk uy≠ ` vt∆ k`∆ &Õ fgdkÀ v. host, person
Syn: vtk À jn&hmÀ.
who invites people. Syn: an∆ hvn.
vtlh v. 1) be ashamed. 2) be shy.
vtlhmÀ n. shameful, (that which is).
vtlrÀ v. disgrace.
vtmct∆ n. window (loan word). Syn: àt» &
èxde.
vtr` v. pause and reflect, stop doing one thing
and begin to contemplate s.t. else.
vtsÀ v. lack.
vtk À xu`mÀ n. thatcher.
vtk ≠ bge≠ n. talkative person, chatterbox.
vtk ≠ st∆ & n. witch, wizard. Syn: ù≠Ã œ.
vtk ladx&kÀ À e≠ ak≠ n. merchant, full-time
merchant.
vt» k l≠ rn∆ n. fairy.
vtk mf`∆ œ n. medicine person. Syn: vtk èu≠ +
vtk èu≠ hk`&.
vtk msd∆ & n. neighbour.
vtk mstl n. apostle (Bible).
vtk r≠Ã n. relative. Syn: vtk ≠ mcn.
X
xàrÀ v. cause pain, make ache, make hurt.
xè v. 1) pain, ache, hurt. 2) annoy.
xèÀmÀ n. 1) aching, paining, biting, (that
which is). 2) annoying.
x`& v. 1) trim, prune. 2) castrate. See: exdœ.
x`&h v. 1) reach. 2) step or jump over, e.g., an
obstacle.
x`∆ k`∆ v. fall, e.g., tree leaves to the ground.
x`l v. spread progressively, expand to all
parts or places of s.t.
x`m` v. dry, esp. guinea corn. See: r`∆ œ+
hx`m`.
x`mfÕÃ r n. scarf, headtie, headdress (loan
word). Syn: `∆ mjtk `st.
x`œ v. bring up a new topic, or change the
subject abruptly in order to evade s.t.
x`∆ œr≠ v. become lighter in weight, lighten.
Ant: c≠ k.
x`∆ r v. 1) untie. 2) unwind. Ant: kxÀl.
3) loosen. See: x`∆ xs≠ .
x`∆ rÕ v. 1) open, e.g., eyes, mouth, bag, closed
hands, a book. Ant: aÀxsÀ. See: x`∆ xs≠ +
cy≠ rÕ . 2) uncover. Syn: œ`&rÀ.
Ant: bgÀk+ bghsÀ. 3) yawn. See: `mx`∆ rÕ .
x`∆ xr≠ v. cause to fall off, e.g., leaves, grains.
x`∆ xs≠ v. 1) open a bit. 2) untie or loosen a
knot, or s.t. entangled. Ant: bgeÀœ.
See: x`∆ r.
,
x
xd&h v. 1) learn. Syn: jdkh. 2) teach.
Syn: cxd∆ xmr≠ . 3) press. 4) train.
xd&hmÀ n. 1) teaching, (one who is).
2) learning.
xd&mÀ v. 1) appease the anger of s.o. 2) hold
back, prevent.
xd&sÀ v. 1) press against s.t., e.g., against the
ground or an object. 2) lean against.
3) ferment. Syn: e≠ ls≠ . 4) iron, press,
e.g., clothes. Syn: mx`∆ + m`∆ xs≠ .
5) depend upon. 6) preserve s.t. in a
warm enclosure, e.g., for fast ripening.
7) push down.
xdk v. plant.
xd∆ kh1 Pl: xd∆ khrÀ. n 9/10. earring (loan word).
xd∆ kh2 v. 1) make smooth. 2) filter, strain.
3) take off pith from bamboo.
xdl 1 v. 1) sing. 2) open bag. See: xdlsÀ.
xdl 2 poss adj 9. my.
xd∆ l v. wake, awaken. See: xd∆ l`∆ .
xd∆ l`∆ v. awaken, wake up.
xdlh poss adj 4, 5. my.
xdlsÀ v. 1) sing a bit. 2) open a bit.
See: xdl.
xd∆ œ xd∆ œ rÀ id∆ k v. wobble.
xdœmÀ v. stagger.
xd∆ œs≠ v. mention. See: y≠ .
xd» œ,xd∆ œ fgÀ,fgÀ v. be twisted, be
78
xdr
xtœrÀ,xt∆ œrÀ
crooked. Syn: m`» xm vÕ .
xdr poss adj 9. our (exclusive).
xd∆ r v. 1) sweep. See: xd» xsÀ+ `xdr. 2) wipe.
3) brush. See: `∆ mxd∆ r.
xdrh poss adj 4, 5. our (exclusive).
xd∆ xk≠ v. 1) touch lightly. 2) stroke, rub.
Xdxm 1 n. name, given to males.
xdxm 2 v. 1) see. Syn: jh. 2) find.
xd∆ xm1 poss adj 9. this.
xd∆ xm2 dem adj 9. this, referring to s.t. near to
hearer, yet visible to both. See: yÀ+ y≠ .
xdxm ` lÀk`∆ l`k`l v. glimpse.
See: rnœs≠ rÀ jh.
xdxm mfd& v. suffer. Syn: i≠ œ.
xdxm rÀ ` meÀ Variant: xdxm r` meÀ. v.
see s.t. for the first time, see s.t. strange.
xd∆ xmÕ dem adj 5. this, referring to s.t. near to
See: yÀ+ y≠ .
xd∆ xs≠ v. 1) sweep. 2) wipe a bit. See: xd∆ r+
bgxd&rÀ.
xh
Variant: yÀ. pro subj 2. you (pl.).
See: y≠ .
— pro subj 5, 9. it.
See: hmxdxmh+ mxdxm.
xÕ pro logo subj 1, 3. he, she, it.
— pro logo subj 8. they.
See: y≠ .
xÕÃ kt∆ ,Õ Variant: xÕÃ kt∆ ,Õ . adj. different, e.g.,
illness.
xÕ r Variant: x≠ r. v. plant. See: xdk.
xhrh Variant: yÀrh. v. 1) rub. Syn: bgxd&.
2) smear. Syn: xn&. 3) spend the day.
xÀ
v. 1) eat. 2) celebrate. Syn: xÀ Àst& À
fg`&mÀ. 3) win, overcome, defeat,
conquer, succeed. 4) gain, e.g., a profit.
xÀ mcn v. inherit, succeed. See: mx≠ mcn.
x≠ l v. disappear, go out of sight, e.g., on the
other side of a hill or around a corner.
xÀmÀ1 v. 1) agree. 2) be cognate. Syn: jn∆ xm≠ .
3) equalize. Syn: jedxmÀ.
xÀmÀ2 n. edible, (that which is).
xÀrÀ v. feed.
xÀrÀ mx`lrÀ m≠ ≠ xnkÀ v. graze.
xn& v. 1) rub. 2) whitewash. Syn: eÀarÀ.
3) smear. Syn: xhrh.
xn&kÀ v. rub, e.g., oil or medicine on an
affected part of the body.
xn&sÀ v. rub, e.g., oil or medicine on an
affected part of the body. See: xn&.
xn∆ k v. 1) scold. Syn: xn∆ k mÀ sn» œ xèÀmÀ.
2) quarrel.
xnkh v. 1) be weak. 2) be lazy.
xnkhmÀ n. 1) warm, (that which is).
Ant: r`xmÀ. 2) weak. 3) lazy.
xnlh v. pile, pile up. See: hxnlh.
xnlsÀ v. 1) pile up, double. 2) repeat.
xnr v. bask. Syn: xnxsÀ+ xnr ÀuÀr+ xnr
bgtd.
xnxsÀ v. 1) warm. 2) bask. Syn: xnr+ xnr
ÀuÀr+ xnr bgtd.
xte n. soil, earth, dirt that has been dug up or
thrown up.
xt∆ e v. 1) paddle. 2) row.
xt» e À mjedœ n. lava, earth thrown up from
the volcano.
Syn: ÀuÀr À mjedœ+ mjed∆ œ.
xt& v. 1) boil. 2) warm, warm up, heat.
Syn: kt∆ lr≠ . See: xt&h.
xt& `st ≠ u≠ r v. smoke.
xt&h v. 1) bask. 2) heat, warm. 3) dry over
fire. 4) renew or refresh s.t., e.g., the
power of a charm, a marriage. 5) ward
off evil spirits, e.g., by burning incense.
xt&rÀ v. sweat. See: `xt&rÀ.
xtl v. 1) dry. Syn: xtlsÀ+ xtlh. 2) husk.
3) be empty.
xt∆ l v. 1) peel. See: xt∆ lsÀ. 2) shell.
3) remove husks from corn. 4) strip.
Syn: jnl.
xtlh v. dry to the required extent.
See: xtl.
xt∆ lÕ v. resurrect, come back to life.
Syn: k`∆ kÕ rÀ hjeÀ.
xtlmÀ n. dry, (that which is). Ant: r`xmÀ.
xtlrÀ v. 1) empty. 2) cause to dry, e.g.,
wood, meat.
xt∆ lr≠ v. resurrect or bring back to life.
xtlsÀ v. dry bit by bit.
xt∆ ls≠ v. peel. See: xtl.
xt∆ œ v. join.
xtœkÀ v. 1) be desperate. 2) be lonely.
xtœrÀ v. be foolish. See: xtœrÀmÀ.
xtœrÀmÀ n. 1) foolish, (one who is).
2) mildly mad, slightly crazy.
xtœrÀ,xt∆ œrÀ v. be mildly mad. Syn: k`» xs≠ ,
79
xt∆ r
xvn,xvn
k`xsÀ.
xt∆ r v. 1) be hot, be peppery. 2) itch, e.g., like
scabies causes one to do. Syn: r`&rÀ+
kt∆ l. See: `mxt∆ r+ hxt» r+ xt∆ xs≠ .
xtrÀmÀ n. itchy, (that which is).
xtxm v. buy. Ant: adx&kÀ+ ed∆ mh.
xtxm `st v. redeem. See: aß –r≠ .
xtxmsÀ v. 1) buy many things. 2) bargain.
3) bribe.
xt∆ xs≠ v. itch a little. See: xt∆ r.
xu` v. thatch. See: vtk À xu`mÀ.
xuÀ1 Pl: xuÀrÀ. n 9/10. bee.
xuÀ2 v. 1) hear. Syn: xuÀsÀ. 2) understand.
3) respond. 4) feel, e.g., some health or
pain in the body. Syn: jt. 5) produce a
lot of foliage, i.e., many branches and
leaves.
xu≠ v. skin. Syn: rn∆ k+ jnl+ xt∆ l.
xuÀ `laÀlh n. credulous person.
xuÀ hr`& v. obey. Syn: kdl hr`&.
xuÀ Àvtxm v. feel.
xuÀ lÀkÕÃ l l≠ Õ vn Variant: xuÀ
lÀkx≠Ã l l≠ Õ vn. v. suspect that s.t.
will happen. See: lÀkÕÃ l.
xu≠ vh `vn v. be deaf.
See: mjeÀ `∆ st+ `st ` jeÀmÀ,`.
xuÀ vh `vn s`œh vh v. be a deaf-mute.
See: `∆ mjt∆ &.
xuÀmÀ v. obey. See: hxuÀmÀ.
xu≠ œ v. assemble, gather together.
xuÀœsÀ v. 1) fold. 2) close a bit, e.g., a shutter
half-way.
xu≠ œs≠ v. 1) flock. 2) accumulate.
3) assemble. 4) gather. 5) join.
Syn: bg≠ xmsÀ.
xuÀœsÀ Àvtxm v. fold up, e.g., a sensitive
plant.
xuÀœsÀ mcn v. leave the door ajar.
xu≠ r≠ v. calm, comfort or cool the heart or
mind, esp. in times of trouble or tragedy.
xuÀsÀ v. 1) listen. Syn: xuÀ. 2) incubate e.g., a
hen incubating her eggs. See: xuÀsÀ
`vtl.
xu≠ s≠ v. 1) rest. 2) relax. See: hxu≠Ã s≠ .
xuÀsÀ `st v. consider. Syn: je`∆ &s≠ .
xuÀsÀ `vtl v. sit on eggs, incubate eggs.
xvn v. transform into.
xvnrÀ v. 1) exaggerate. Syn: fg`&rÀ.
2) encourage. Syn: strÀ+ srÀxmsÀ.
3) flatter, e.g., in an effort to stimulate
s.o. to do s.t. more than he would have
done. Syn: ad∆ œ+ adlrÀ rÀ bgvnrÀ.
4) instigate.
xvn,xvn v. carry on shoulder, e.g., a baby
or person. See: ad∆ &h+ bg`∆ &rÀ.
80
yƒ
yx`»
Y
yƒ
yÀ1
yÀ2
poss adj 3, 4, 9. your (pl.).
dem adj 5, 9. that, referring to s.t. a bit
See: xd∆ xmÕ + xd∆ xm+ y≠ .
yÀ3 v. enter.
y≠ 1 v. 1) vomit. Syn: fgn&sÀ+ an∆ + eu≠ r≠ .
2) mention, tell, release. Syn: ed∆ &s≠ .
See: xd∆ œs≠ .
y≠ 2 pro logo obj 1, 3. him, her, it.
— pro logo obj 8. them.
See: xÕ .
y≠ 3 pro obj 2. you (pl.). See: xh.
y≠ 4 dem adj 5, 9. that, referring to s.t. not
speaker.
See: xd∆ xmÕ + xd∆ xm+ yÀ.
y≠ ` pro rel 4, 5, 9. which, that.
yÀ `kd∆ & m≠ vt∆ k À vt» kt∆ v. trespass.
yÀ fuh v. come in.
yÀ mct v. go in, get in.
,
y
y≠ kÕ Variant: x≠ kÕ . v. 1) be damp and cold. 2) be
lazy in doing s.t. Syn: fg`kh+ xnkh.
yÀrÀ v. send in, put in, or let in.
y≠ r≠ v. spread, e.g., a mat, cloth, on bed or floor.
yÀsÀ v. move over or make room, e.g., for s.o. on
a bench.
y≠ s≠ v. 1) begin. 2) start.
ytd v. kill, murder. See: hytd+ ytdsÀ.
ytd mfdœ v. commit suicide. See: hytd h
mfdœ+ rx≠ œr≠ .
ytd,ƒ v. whistle. See: mytd,ƒ.
ytdkÀ v. 1) break into pieces. 2) break more than
one.
ytdmÀ Àst v. 1) meet suddenly. 2) collide with.
Syn: jn∆ xm≠ .
yt∆ dr≠ v. breathe. See: `yt» d.
ytdsÀ v. 1) kill (imperative). 2) beat to death.
yt∆ ds≠ v. 1) regain breath or life. 2) resurrect.
Syn: k`∆ kÕ rÀ hjeÀ+ xt∆ lÕ .
yx` Pl: yx`rÀ. n 9/10. grass, kind of.
yx`» poss adj 9. your (sg.).
81
à`mcnm
`fnmx
English - Kom Index
A - a
abandon v. l`∆ &Õ ;
act happily v. mxtd∆ &Õ m≠ ≠ vtxm.
act sluggishly v. fgƒ– s≠ .
v. cu≠ mÕ mÕ ;
act suddenly
v. uhrh jÀ r`ln&.
abdomen n. Àku`» 2.
able, be v. j`&;
v. j`∆ & `.
able to advise v. fgd&mÀ.
v. st.
able to think independently
v. fgd&mÀ.
able to think maturely v. fgd&mÀ.
abortion n. hayh h v`xm s≠ j` ÀkuÀ jedxm;
n. heuÀr≠ h v`xm.
about, be v. bgdl.
about to speak n. `st hkdlh.
n. fg`&mÀ;
above
action of pepper n. hxt» r.
active, be v. fg`∆ ak≠ .
Adam's apple n. `∆ mcn∆ œ Àsnœ.
v. a`&rÀ;
add
v. jedxmrÀ.
v. jvn∆ Àmj`» &;
v. jvn∆ ÀuÀr.
add soil v. kd∆ lÕ .
adding n. hxnlsÀ.
add firewood
address by maternal relatives
prep. `st 2.
n. mfuÀ mcn» .
above, be v. fg`&.
adjust well v. e`xsÀ shrÀ.
abrade v. jvn∆ r≠ .
admiration n. hrdlh;
n. hrdlsÀ.
abruptly adv. fu≠ s≠ 2.
abscess n. `k≠Ã ;
admire v. jd∆ &s≠ ;
n. `sd» l.
v. rdlh;
v. rdlsÀ.
absent-minded, be v. hje`» &s≠ h at fgÀ vh.
v. kÕ 1.
abstain v. a`l.
adopt
n. `∆ mft∆ hvn.
v. kÕ rÀ m`∆ jdkÀ r`
absurdity
adopt, take for oneself
èn ` mfdœ.
v. sd.
abuse
n. mjed∆ œ.
abyss
adorn with designs v. mxn∆ s≠ .
n. vtk À kvdl`.
accept v. aÀlh.
adult
accident n. hf`» xm hvn h aÀ,h;
adultery n. hit» l h fg≠Ã jÕ À fgd» k;
n. hkdl.
n. hjn» xm.
acclaim v. kt&.
advice n. `sde;
n. hsdasÀ.
accumulate v. shlh jn&;
v. st&;
advise v. sde.
v. xu≠ œs≠ .
advise a bit v. sdasÀ1.
adv. mid.
accustom v. jx`sÀ.
afar
n. hxè;
ache
affected by a dream, be v. bgÀ.
v. xè.
affirm v. aÀlh;
v. sn∆ &.
ache, cause to v. xàrÀ.
Achilles tendon n. eÀfg`œ eÀ sneÀ ha`∆ l h
afford v. jdkh.
Àexdxm.
afraid, be v. e`∆ xm.
prep. ha`∆ l.
aching n. xèÀmÀ.
after
acidic in taste, be v. exd∆ xs≠ .
afternoon n. lank `∆ ad∆ .
adv. eh.
acquaint v. jx`sÀ.
again
n. ad∆ œ1.
act anxiously v. mxtd∆ &Õ m≠ ≠ vtxm.
age
act as an accomplice v. f`∆ ls≠ rÀ mh hvn h aÀ, age mates n. mfv`∆ &.
h.
adj. kvdl`.
aged
act as if insane v. jd∆ ak≠ .
agitate v. rd∆ &.
act carelessly v. miÕ k≠ .
agony n. mfd&.
English – Kom index
82
`fqdd
agree
òoqdmshbd
v. aÀlh;
v. jn∆ xm≠ ;
v. s`r;
v. xÀmÀ 1.
agree with v. idlsÀ.
agreement n. lÀj`» xm.
prep. `rÀ 1.
ahead
v. kt;
aim
v. ktsÀ 1.
aim at v. ktsÀ1.
n. `xuÀr;
air
n. hxuÀ 1.
air particle n. hauÀ.
adj. `∆ y≠ ,`yÀ;
ajar
adv. hcyÀr `cyÀr.
n. ÀjeÀeh.
alarm
albatross n. mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ .
albino (loan word) n. l≠ j`k`∆ .
v. Àsvn 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ( 2.
alive
alive, be v. fgÀ1.
adj. i≠ l.
all
all (people) adj. fg≠ i≠ l.
all people n. fgdkÀ fg≠ i≠ l.
alleviate v. e`∆ as≠ mfd&.
alligator n. Õ men∆ l.
v. aÀlh;
allow
v (imp.). uhrh.
allow to dry a bit v. itkh.
allow to mate v. jd&rÀ.
allow to pass v. at&rÀ.
adj. mÕ mxÀœ 2;
alone
adv. mxÀœ 3.
already adv. l` 5;
asp prog. rÀ 3.
adv. anœ 2;
also
adv. eh;
adv. jÀlÀ.
n. à`œ het.
altar
altogether adj. fg≠ i≠ l.
always adv. ktl 3;
adv. shlh 2;
n. lÀkuÀ ≠ m i≠ l.
amazed, be v. m≠ hj`xm h 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ(.
amazement n. hj`xm.
ambition n. hfg`» ak≠ .
ambitious, be v. fg`∆ ak≠ .
amble v. fg`xmÀ.
amendment n. hshrÀ hvn.
amount n. `jn» xm.
ancestor n. m`∆ m`∆ mÕ jdr` m`∆ m`∆ aƒ– À vt
`∆ rÀ;
n. mje≠ mrd.
n. fg≠ an∆ À fg≠Ã an∆ .
ancestors
ancient man n. vtk `rÀ.
and
adv. eh;
conj. À 1;
conj coord. m≠ 1;
conj coord. œdxm.
n. mbgÕ E≠ xÕ mÕ .
angel
n. `je≠Ã xm;
anger
n. ≠ snœ À xèÀmÀ;
v. mÕ m` vtk mxn&rÀ Àsnœ.
animal n. mx`l 1.
animal, cud-chewing n. mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,
j`rh jn&rÀ Àevn À xÀmÀ rÀ m`∆
bg`l`.
ankle bone n. eÀjnk`jnk.
ankle joint n. `xt» œ ù≠ .
anklet n. mbg`» & ≠ exd∆ xm.
announce v. i`∆ œ.
announcement n. hi`» œ.
annoy v. mÕ m` vtk mxn&rÀ Àsnœ;
v. xè.
n. xèÀmÀ.
annoying
v. je≠ l2.
annul
another adj. kÕ 2.
answer v. ad∆ xmr≠ .
answer yes v. aÀlh.
n. eÀkuÀ;
ant
n. e≠ mfn» œkÀ.
ant lion n. a≠ kh,a≠ kh.
antelope n. eÀbgtd;
n. mfvn;
n. mrt.
anthill n. lau≠ j;
n. lau≠ j l≠ mfn» œkÀ.
anthropoid n. mx`l jd» & s` vtk;
n. mx`l y≠ ` xh m,jd» & s` vtk.
n. lÀkuÀ.
ants
n. ct∆ xm;
anus
n. Àbge≠Ã hr`r;
n. Àbge≠Ã À ct∆ xm.
n. `xd» l.
anvil
anxiety, cause v. kt∆ &r≠ .
anxious, be very v. mxtd∆ &Õ .
pro. j`∆ 2.
any
anyhow adv. aÀl.
anyone pro indef. mn» lÀ hj`∆ .
anything pro indef. mn» lÀ fg`.
anytime conj. lÀkuÀ fg`;
pro indef. mn» lÀ ÀkuÀ fg`.
n. `bgt» l.
ape
apology n. hjtlh Àvtxm.
apostle (Bible) n. vtk mstl.
appear v. jd∆ &.
appearance n. hjd» &2.
appease anger v. xd&mÀ.
appetizing, be v. enl.
apprentice n. v`xmc`∆ Õ ed∆ k.
83
@oqhk+ lnmsg ne gtmshmf
a`k`mbd r-s- nm gd`c
April, month of hunting
ashes
ask
n. àuÀ.
v. aÀasÀ;
v. aÀe;
v. bgvnsÀ;
v. knxm.
assemble v. xu≠ œ;
v. xu≠ œs≠ .
asthma n. àuÀ ` j≠Ã id∆ l.
astonishment n. hj`xm.
prep. ` 1.
at
at intervals adv. ` mbge`∆ r≠ ,` mbge`∆ r≠ ;
adv. ` msd∆ lr≠ ,`» msdlr≠ .
v. a`xrÀ.
attach
v. bgdl;
attain
v. jdkÀ 1.
attempt v. ln∆ lr≠ .
n. minœ Õ axdl.
n. `fg`œrÀ.
apron
n. ìdœ.
arch
arch of foot n. iÀl `∆ u≠ .
n. `kd» &.
area
v. ad∆ &m≠ ;
argue
v. ft∆ lm≠ ;
v. r`& hvn.
argue about v. bgn&mÀ.
argue about things v. r`&sÀ `vn.
argument n. `mft∆ lm≠ ;
n. had» &m≠ .
arithmetic n. `jn» xm.
n. Àjß .
arm
arm pains n. fuÀl.
armchair n. `bgÀ ` mc`∆ œ.
armpit n. j`» e.
army ant n. œ`∆ œ`∆ œ.
around prep. mft∆ œ1.
arrange v. shrÀ.
arrangement n. hshrÀ hvn.
n. hfg`k;
arrest
v. fg`k.
v. fuÕ rÀ x`&h 1;
arrive
v. mct∆ r≠ x`&h.
n. hfgnœ;
arrow
n. hfgnœ h eÀmbgx`.
n. eÀfg`œ.
artery
arthritis n. hjn&h `xt∆ œ.
artificial respiration n. hmÕÃ m` vtk ytdrÀ m≠ ≠ vt.
adv. s` 1;
as
adv simult. rd rÀ.
ascend v. jn&.
ash to rise, cause v. e≠ k.
ashamed, be v. cx≠ k;
v. vtlh.
B
baboon n. `bgt» l;
n. mid∆ k`∆ yÕ .
n. v`xm;
baby
n. v`» xm lank.
baby-sitter n. kÕ v`∆ xm.
bachelor n. jß –1.
n. `jÀœ ` iÀl;
back
n. iÀl;
prep. ha`∆ l.
back of the house n. a`k `∆ mcn.
back of the knee n. mct∆ l ≠ exd∆ xm.
n. iÀl h xèÀmÀ.
backache
backbiting n. hedl.
backbone n. Àfgn» œk≠ À iÀl.
attitude toward one's behaviour
n. ih rÀ fg`k Àvtxm.
attractive, be v. ine`∆ .
August, month of landslides
n. minœ je≠ lr≠ .
authority n. `cx`&.
automobile (loan word) n. lÀst∆ .
available, be v. anxmÀ.
avocado pear n. ayƒ» .
avocado tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ ayƒ» .
v. kh vh vtk hvn 'rÀ m`∆ (.
avoid
awake, be v. jd∆ &.
awaken v. xd∆ l;
v. xd∆ l`∆ .
aware, cause to be v. snarÀ.
awhile n. mjd∆ e.
n. mi`∆ l.
axe
axe handle n. Àexdxm À mi`∆ l.
axe, small n. `∆ mbgt» as≠ ;
n. e≠ mi`∆ l.
-
b
backslide v. ft∆ as≠ Àvtxm ha`∆ l.
adj. aÀ 2.
bad
bad behaviour n. hmÕÃ h aÀ,Õ .
bad feelings n. àÀ.
bad luck n. `st ` aÀ,`;
n. mcn∆ xm.
n. an∆ 1.
bag
bag, carried on back n. an∆ À iÀl.
bag, for left shoulder n. an∆ ÕÃ cx`∆ mÀ.
bag, hangs on side n. an∆ h vèÀmÀ.
bag, large n. an∆ h stœmÀ.
v. jd&rÀ.
bait
balance v. kd∆ l hfgdk,hfgdk.
balance s.t. on head v. œ≠ s≠ .
84
a`kc
adgùd qdrskdrrkx
adj. jnr.
bald
ball of thumb n. hs`k `vt.
balsam berry n. `∆ la≠ r.
bamboo n. hmsnlsnl;
beads, of any kind n. sÀevn.
n. Àbge≠Ã ;
beak
n. Àbge≠Ã À eÀmxtxm.
n. hjtxm.
bean
bean seed n. hrÀ h hjtxm.
v. ayÀ 2;
bear
n. Àkvdœ.
bamboo mat n. je`k`je`∆ k`∆ .
bamboo piece n. `rß .
bamboo stick n. `∆ mstœ.
bamboos n. hkdœ 1.
n. `k`» œ;
ban
v. jnk`.
n. mxtœrÀ hcxd∆ k;
n. mxtœrÀ Àbge≠ .
v. at&;
beat
v. je`&sÀ;
v. kdœ;
v. la`r 2.
beat a bit v. kdœsÀ.
beat hand v. kdœ `vt.
beat s.o.'s jaw v. la`r `vt `fxd∆ &.
beat to death v. ytdsÀ.
beat with cane v. rvèh.
beating n. hkdœ 2.
beautiful, be v. in∆ e.
beautify v. in∆ ar≠ .
beauty n. hin» e.
because conj. anl 3;
conj. an∆ l s`;
conj. s` 2.
beckon v. i`∆ œs≠ ;
v. md∆ &.
beckon by nodding v. md∆ & `st.
beckon by touching v. k`∆ r.
beckon s.o. with the hand v. m`∆ & `∆ vt.
beckon with finger v. k`∆ as≠ .
beckon with hand v. md∆ & `vt rÀ i`∆ œ.
beckoning with finger n. hk`» as≠ .
n. àtxm.
bed
bed bug n. èn Àjtxm.
bed for sleeping n. Àjtxm.
bed made with springs n. Àjt∆ xm À je`œ.
n. xuÀ 1.
bee
beehive n. `∆ œv`&.
n. lÀkt» & l≠ je`œ.
beer
beetles, small n. e≠ rhmfd∆ .
before prep. `rÀ1;
prep. iƒ;
prep. iƒ s` j`;
prep. rÀ `rÀ 2.
before that prep. iƒ m`.
before then prep. iƒ s` j`.
v. bgvnsÀ;
beg
v. knxm.
beggar n. vtk À knxmÀ.
v. y≠ s≠ .
begin
begin a song v. bge≠ .
begin to ripen v. kv`∆ &.
beginner n. my≠ s≠ .
behave restlessly v. rhrÀ1.
beard
v. k`∆ œ.
banana n. Õ mfn∆ l.
banana flower n. eÀat& eÀ Õ mfn∆ l.
banana (loan word) n. Õ mfn∆ l h a`∆ m`m`∆ .
banana stem n. `bg`» œ.
banana tree n. Õ mfn∆ l.
banging noise v. je`∆ l.
bangle n. `r`&;
n. mbg`&;
n. mbg`» & ≠ jß.
n. laƒ– 1.
bank
baptism, receive v. erh lt.
baptize v. et lt.
baptized, be v. erh lt.
n. `∆ mcx`» œr≠ .
bar
adj. `xtl;
bare
n. hr`r h xtlh.
bare body adj. m≠ ≠ vtxm xtl.
bargain v. xtxmsÀ.
v. ate.
bark
bark of dog n. hate.
barking of dog n. hatasÀ.
n. ù≠Ã ` eÀj`∆ &.
barrel
barrel for oil n. mjte.
barren n. `j`» xm.
n. la`∆ xm rÀ j≠ œs≠ èn.
barricade
n. hr`r 2.
base
v. xnr;
bask
v. xnxsÀ;
v. xt&h.
n. `j`» &k≠ ;
basket (kind of)
n. e≠ mrvn;
n. het» &;
n. hk`» &;
n. jdk 1;
n. mjdl;
n. mjn∆ &2;
n. mjt∆ l;
n. mjvn∆ .
n. mivn∆ ,Õ en∆ .
bat
bat, small n. e≠ fu≠Ã e.
v. fgÀ 1.
be
n. laƒ– iu`∆ .
beach
beads, decorative n. mxd∆ &.
beads for waist n. sÀevn sÀ hr`r.
85
adgùd rb`ssdqdckx
ahsd
behave scatteredly v. mivn 2.
behave without minding consequences v. rhrÀ1.
behaviour n. mbgÕÃ m≠ .
behind prep. ha`∆ l.
n. `cxd» e;
belch
v. cxd∆ e.
n. haÀlh.
v. aÀlh.
n. `kn&kn&;
n. ladœkÀ;
n. mfd∆ l.
bellows n. Àre≠Ã r `k`∆ l.
n. Àku`» 2.
belly
belongings n. Àevn À vtk.
below prep. hr`r 1;
prep. hsrÀxm 1.
below the brim adv. `bgt» œ.
n. `jtd;
belt
n. eÀjt» .
n. `bgÀ.
bench
v. mfnxrÀ;
bend
v. mfuÀl`;
v. mfuÀr.
bend backwards v. mfuÀl` rÀ mct ha`l.
bend, cause to v. mfuÀlrÀ.
bend down v. k`œsÀ.
bend down a bit v. seÀœsÀ.
bend down s.t. v. seÀœrÀ.
bend forwards v. mfuÀl` rÀ mct∆ `rÀ.
bend or turn left or right v. mfnk 2.
bend over slightly v. mfuÀlsÀ.
bend slightly v. mfdl.
bending down n. hk`œsÀ.
beside n. hbgÀ,ha≠ ;
prep. laƒ– 2;
prep. mft∆ œ1.
v. l`∆ &m≠ ;
bet
v. snmÀ 2.
betray v. adx&kÀ.
v. in∆ as≠ .
better, be
better, be a bit v. kne.
between adv. me`xmÀrÀ;
prep. `∆ msd» xm≠ ,`∆ msd» xm≠ .
between...and prep. rÀ---m≠ .
bicycle n. e≠ mbg`& eÀ mxÀœmÀeÀ.
n. fg`&mÀ.
big
big, be v. ad;
v. fg`&.
big ones n. sÀ adkÀmÀsÀ.
big sticks n. eÀje≠Ã r.
big toe n. ktl `∆ u≠ .
bigger, become a bit v. fg`&sÀ.
bigger, make v. fg`&rÀ.
n. e≠ kÕ j;
bile
n. lÀkÕÃ .
belief
believe
bell
bird (general)
bird (kind of)
n. eÀmxtxm 2.
n. `fgd» r;
n. `∆ jeÀje≠Ã ;
n. `∆ k`∆ k`∆ sn;
n. `∆ lanr;
n. `∆ mbgte;
n. `∆ mfd» xm≠ ;
n. `∆ mft∆ ktœ;
n. `∆ mxtlh;
n. `∆ œvn∆ &`mftlh;
n. `∆ rn∆ œ Àsnœ;
n. `∆ rnœ Àsnœ ` iu`» ;
n. `vtl`vtl;
n. cn∆ œe`» ;
n. cxt∆ œ mjt∆ xm;
n. e≠ mi`» œkÀ;
n. e≠ mje`k`&;
n. e≠ mjt∆ ljt∆ lje`&;
n. e≠ mk`∆ xm≠ ;
n. e≠ mrn∆ &Õ mfn∆ l;
n. e≠ mrt∆ eÀ `vtl`vtl;
n. e≠ ms`» œatxm;
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ bge≠ ;
n. eÀmxtxm e≠ hkÀœ;
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ iu`∆ ;
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ jn&mÀeÀ;
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ mcnœ;
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ mftlh;
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ mr≠ ;
n. e≠ xn∆ œ`mbgvn» ;
n. fu`∆ ,fu`» ;
n. fud;
n. fud Õ mx`∆ kÀmÀ;
n. Õ mbgn&;
n. Õ mfdœ;
n. Õ mrn∆ œhœhœh;
n. Õ mrvn;
n. kt» l mfuÀ;
n. lat& `∆ vt∆ l`vtl;
n. lt» mjvn;
n. m`∆ mfuÀ;
n. mfuÀ;
n. mfuÀ `∆ mrn∆ œsnœ;
n. mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ ;
n. mfuÀ ≠ je≠ xm;
n. mxd∆ k`∆ ;
n. shl`ftœ.
birdlime n. ≠ mcv`∆ l.
n. hayÀ.
birth
birthmark n. mbgvƒ e≠ xÕ mÕ .
biscuit n. `lt∆ &.
adv. sÕÃ 1;
bit, a
n. rÀ hkƒ.
v. ktl 2;
bite
v. œ`lkÀ.
86
ahsd ` rl`kk ahs
aq`hm
bite a small bit v. œdœsÀ.
bite in several places v. ktlkÀ.
biting (pain) n. xèÀmÀ.
bitter, be v. ktd∆ .
bitter temperment n. e≠ kÕ j.
bitter vegetables n. ènl.
bitterness n. hktd» .
bittersweet n. hktd» s≠ .
n. e≠ lmÀ.
black
black, be v. e≠ l.
black man n. vtk ≠ e≠ lmÀ.
black termite n. eÀknl`knl.
blacken v. e≠ lr≠ .
blackening substance n. `∆ me≠ lr≠ .
blackness n. he≠Ã l.
blacksmith n. an∆ `∆ k`∆ l;
blow
blacksmith's workshop
n. ≠ jed» l.
blade
blame n. hfg`» l;
boil vegetables partially v. s`∆ œr≠ la`∆ r.
v. e`» xm vÕ .
bold
n. ùÀe.
bone
bone of the leg n. mjnœ ≠ exd∆ xm.
n. ÀuÀe.
bones
n. œv`∆ &k≠ ;
book
n. msrÕ ;
n. vtk À srhmÀ.
v. cy≠ rÕ ;
v. exde.
blow, e.g., a flute v. snœ.
n. hmxd» l.
blue
n. mfuÀl.
boa
boar, wild n. mje≠ mx`∆ l h kt» lm≠ .
boastfulness n. hcxd» xm h Àvt∆ xm.
n. mft∆ &.
boat
n. Àvtxm.
body
body function n. hed» k h Àvt∆ xm.
bodyguard of fon n. mbgÕ ≠ en∆ xm.
n. `k≠Ã ;
boil
v. e≠ jr≠ ;
v. jed∆ ;
v. rdk`;
v. xt&.
boil partly v. s`∆ œr≠ .
boil, small n. eÀlÀ.
n. `k`» l.
v. fg`∆ l;
v. jÀœ mr`& 'rÀ m`∆ (;
v. rtœ;
v. uÀ.
blaming n. hbgnlÕ .
blank space n. àÀkh.
blanket n. ak`∆ mfÕÃ .
blaspheme v. sdkÀ.
blaze, cause to v. mxn∆ &.
bleed from the nose v. ayƒ.
v. anxrÀ.
bless
bless a child, by father, v. bgt∆ &.
blessed adj. mit∆ œ1.
blessing n. èt» &;
n. hanxrÀ.
blessing of building plot n. hl`» & h lÀkt» &.
n. hjn&h Àmj`» &;
blight
n. mfvnrÀ.
n. edeÀmÀ.
blind
blind, be v. ed∆ e.
blind person n. `med∆ e.
blindness n. `med∆ e.
v. l≠ xs≠ .
blink
blink eyes once v. l≠ kÕ `rÀ.
blink repeatedly v. l≠ xs≠ `rÀ.
blister n. `seÀk;
v. uÀakÀ.
v. s`∆ l;
block
v. s`∆ ls≠ .
block many things v. ed∆ xms≠ .
block up a hole v. kd∆ s≠ .
n. lÀktœ.
blood
blossom v. at∆ r.
blouse n. `st ` mcyÀrÀ.
v. mx`∆ &.
v. at∆ &.
bore
bore, make a little hole v. at∆ &r≠ .
bore several holes v. at∆ &s≠ .
n. `∆ mbgte;
borer
n. hat» &.
n. `∆ mbgt» as≠ ;
n. hat» &s≠ .
born, be v. ayÀ2.
borrow v. r`l.
borrower of money n. mr`» l s≠ jvn.
n. mbgdœ.
bottle
bottle, small n. e≠ mbgdœ.
bottom n. hr`r 2;
n. jh 2.
bottomless pit n. mjed∆ œ.
bounce v. bg`∆ &s≠ .
boundary n. hfg`lh;
n. mfvn∆ mÀ.
bounty n. hcu≠Ã .
n. e≠ mbgx`.
bow
n. `∆ ms`xms`xm.
box
n. v`xm À kt» lm≠ .
boy
bracelet n. `r`&;
n. l≠ mxt∆ œs≠ .
brackets n. eÀjnk.
braid hair v. an `st.
n. henl;
brain
n. hsne.
boring
87
aq`mbg
atqm+ d-f-+ hmbdmrd
branch
bring back to life v. xt∆ lr≠ .
bring down v. rt&rÀ.
bring out v. eu≠ r≠ .
bring together v. s`r.
broiled n. mxn&mÀ.
broken bottle n. `j`œkÀ ` mbgdœ.
broken part n. `jn» k.
broken vessel n. `j`œkÀ.
bronze n. hcx`xm.
n. eÀjeh.
brook
broom n. `xdr.
brother n. v`» xm m`∆ vnl;
n. Àex`r;
n. Àjß ;
v. a≠ .
branch of tree n. Àex`r À eÀj`» &;
n. Àjß À eÀj`» &.
branching n. ha≠Ã .
n. `sdl ` sn» .
brave
brave, be v. bgÀkh;
v. fg`k À mfdœ;
v. jtk `sdl.
bravery n. `fgdrh;
n. hbgÀkh.
v. ad&;
break
v. jn∆ k;
v. ktl 2;
v. sdxm.
break a piece v. ad&mÀ.
break food into parts with hands
v. ad&kÀ.
break in bits v. bgd∆ xsÀ.
break in half v. ad&mÀ.
break in movement v. rd&sÀ.
break in two v. jn∆ xm≠ .
break into pieces v. ytdkÀ.
break many times v. jn∆ xs≠ .
break more than one v. ytdkÀ.
break off in parts v. a≠ xs≠ .
break one part v. ad&sÀ.
break to pieces v. jeÀkÀ.
n. `fgdxm;
breast
n. hfgdxm.
v. mxnœ;
v. mxnœrÀ.
breath n. `ytd» .
breathe v. ytd∆ r≠ .
n. hxtxmsÀ;
bribe
n. Àjvn hxtxmsÀ;
v. xtxmsÀ.
n. `bg`&.
brick
brick mould n. `∆ ms`xms`xm `bg`&;
n. en» l;
n. Àexd» & `bg`&.
n. vÕÃ ktl.
bride
bride price n. sÀbgtd.
bridge n. Àkvn» .
brief period of time n. eÀkd» œm≠ eÀ ÀkuÀ.
brief time n. mjd∆ e.
bright, be v. a`xm;
v. œv`∆ &.
bright morning star n. mkv`∆ &.
brim of a basket n. Àbge≠Ã À mjvn∆ .
brim of a cup n. Àbge≠Ã À anl.
brim of a pot n. Àbge≠Ã À msn∆ xm.
v. et rÀ fuÕ ;
bring
v. fuh et.
breastfeed
n. v`xm,m`∆ ;
n. v`xm,mÕ .
brother, older n. v`xm,mÕ À kvdl`.
brother, younger n. v`xm,mÕ À svdk`» .
bruise n. `kd» & ` jvnrÀmÀ,`;
v. rn∆ xs≠ .
n. `∆ mxd∆ r;
brush
n. `xdrh;
v. xd∆ r.
brush down v. sß –.
bubble v. rdk`.
bubbles n. msn∆ œ`∆ ,msn∆ œ`∆ .
n. mst;
bud
v. st.
bud of a plant n. Àbgn&.
v. a`∆ &k≠ ;
build
v. anl 2;
v. shl 2.
builder n. vtk ≠ a`∆ &kÀmÀ.
building n. hshl 2;
n. mcn;
v. a`∆ &k≠ .
bulb of white lily n. m`∆ `∆ k`∆ œ `yÕ ,`∆ .
bul-bul n. `∆ mxtlh.
n. hfgnœ h Àu≠ r.
bullet
bunch of bananas n. `st hmfnl.
bunch of grass n. han h an∆ .
bunch of plantains n. `st hmfnl.
bundle n. hat&.
bundle of grass or wood n. fx`.
bundle of millet n. fx` Õ rn.
bundle of straw n. fx` ≠ vÕ .
bundle of wood n. fx` ≠ mj`∆ &.
burden n. àdx&h;
n. j`x`.
n. hfuÀlÕ h vt» k.
burial
burial cloth n. `fu≠Ã l.
burier, personal n. mfu≠ lÕÃ xdl.
v. a`kh;
burn
v. eÀ 3;
v. jvn∆ .
burn, cause to v. mxn∆ &r≠ .
burn, e.g., incense v. mxn∆ &.
88
atqmhmf
b`qqx snfdsgdq
burning v. a`kÕÃ a`∆ kh;
business capital n. Àevn lad∆ x&hmjt∆ l.
conj. ld» xmsÕ ;
but
v. a`kh,`∆ .
burning sticks n. mjÀrÀ.
n. `cxd» e;
burp
v. cxd∆ e.
v. at∆ &`∆ .
burst
v. e≠ l;
bury
v. fu≠ lÕ .
n. Àse`&.
bush
bush baby n. e≠ ad∆ .
bush cat n. `mx`» lmÀ.
bush fowl n. fud;
n. Õ mbgn&.
bush, small and thick n. hfxdl.
business n. lad∆ &Õ mjt∆ l.
conj. lÀsÕ .
butcher v. sdxmsÀ.
butterfly n. `∆ la≠ k`laÀk.
buttock n. àtxm hr`r.
buttocks n. hr`r 2.
button n. e≠ mjd∆ &k≠ .
v. xtxm.
buy
buy things v. xtxmsÀ.
prep. rÀ `.
by
bypass from opposite directions
v. bgvn∆ m≠ .
C
cackle of fowl n. hjvnsÀ h mfuÀ.
cackle of hen n. hjvnsÀ h m`∆ mfuÀ.
cactus tree n. `k`xm.
n. mjdl.
cage
calabash n. `bg`» &;
n. `fgdxm;
n. `∆ mrd» œr≠ ;
n. `∆ mseÀœ;
n. `sdl 1;
n. `se≠Ã jr≠ ;
n. eÀanl.
calabash for baby n. eÀanl eÀ v`xm.
calabash, for corn beer n. lan∆ &.
calabash, for wine n. mr`∆ k.
calabash seed n. `∆ msn∆ .
calabash that is ornamented
n. Àrvd&.
calf of leg n. eÀst& eÀ ≠ exd∆ xm.
v. i`∆ œ;
call
v. i`∆ œs≠ ;
v. snœsÀ.
call repeatedly v. jtdsÀ.
call s.o. by making a noise v. jd&sÀ.
call s.o. with a shout v. jd&.
calling n. hi`» œ.
calm heart or mind v. xu≠ r≠ .
n. mx`l hk`& `rdrd.
camel
camouflage v. jeÀmÀ hjd&.
camwood n. à≠Ã .
v. j`&;
can
cancel
cancer
candle
cane
v. j`∆ & `.
v. bgxd&rÀ;
v. je≠ l2.
n. mftrÀ.
n. hkdœ h je`œ.
n. la`∆ œ;
n. la`∆ œ h mx`lmÀ.
-
c
cankerworm n. hfgnœ`fgnœ h mrd.
n. mft∆ &.
canoe
can't be trusted v. fgÀ j`∆ & fgÀ at» r`∆ lrÀ.
cap (any) n. ènk.
cap with bill n. ènk hkdlh.
captain n. j`∆ l.
car (loan word) n. lÀst∆ .
carcass n. `jeÀ ` mx`» l.
n. hsn» &m≠ .
care
care for v. sn∆ &m≠ .
carefree adj. `∆ cd∆ œ2.
careful, be v. mxd&kÀ.
careless, be v. fgÀkÀ.
n. àdx&h.
cargo
cargo (loan word) n. j`x`.
caring n. hsn» &m≠ .
n. reÀ.
carp
n. mjn» l Àevn.
carpenter
carpenter (loan word) n. j`l`mc`∆ .
carrier n. lad∆ &Õ .
n. e≠ mjx`∆ eÀ je`œ.
carrot
v. ad∆ &Õ ;
carry
v. midrÀ.
carry away easily v. bgvƒ.
carry by balancing on shoulder
v. atœ.
carry carefully v. jß kÀ.
carry carefully with both hands
v. snlh.
carry child, face on shoulder
v. mfuÀmfuÀ.
carry in arms v. bg`∆ &rÀ.
carry loose objects in arms v. jß .
carry on back v. a`k`.
carry on head v. fd∆ kÕ .
carry on shoulder v. xvn,xvn.
carry together v. atœ.
89
b`qqx trhmf ` rtoonqs rshbj
bgnjd
carry using a support stick v. kd∆ &.
carry with hands, 2 people v. rdœrÀ.
carrying s.t. loosely in arms n. hjß .
v. bgte.
carve
carved stool n. `bgÀ ` bgteÀmÀ,`.
carver of stools n. mbgte l≠ bg≠ .
cassava food n. l≠ j`∆ k`∆ .
cassava, manioc (loan word)
n. j`∆ r`k`∆ .
cast lots v. l`∆ &;
v. sÀl ad∆ x&.
castor oil n. lÀi`œ.
castor oil bean n. i`œ.
castrate v. x`&.
n. adr.
cat
cat, wild n. mx`l mj`∆ e.
catarrh n. `∆ med∆ ls≠ .
v. fg`k;
catch
v. jt 2.
catch mould v. e≠ ls≠ .
change (money) n. hjeÀmÀ.
change s.t. v. jeÀmÀ.
change the subject v. x`œ.
changing course n. ha≠Ã .
chapter n. mbgvƒ.
character n. mbgÕÃ m≠ .
charcoal n. `jd;
charm
chase
n. `jd» s≠ .
n. la`r 1;
n. lat&.
v. it∆ l;
v. mxÀœ ha`∆ l.
chaste in speech and thought, be
v. k`xm rÀ hs`œh mÀ hje`&sÀ.
chatterbox n. vtk ≠ bge≠ .
n. anxmÀmÀ.
cheap
cheap, be v. anxmÀ.
cheap or easy to get or control
adj. `∆ lanœ.
catch or trap s.t., e.g., grain v. kdkh.
catch several things v. jtsÀ.
catch things v. fg`xsÀ.
catching n. hjt.
catching or trapping (vessel) n. kdkhmÀ.
caterpillar n. e≠ ct∆ lkÀ;
n. Õ mcu≠ k`mcuÀk;
n. laß sÀ.
catfish n. reÀ.
cautious, be v. mxd&kÀ.
n. hen» .
cave
ceiling n. hj`œ;
n. hj`œ h mcn.
ceiling for storing maize n. hj`œ `r`œ.
celebrate v. xÀ.
celebration n. hxÀ h Àst& À fg`&mÀ.
cement n. mje≠Ã œ l≠ mfn∆ &r≠ .
cemetery n. mfu≠ lhrÀ.
centipede n. `∆ sn∆ œ `∆ an∆ .
centre n. `∆ msd» xm≠ ,`∆ msd» xm≠ .
certain adj. kÕ 2.
certain ones adj. sÀ khsÀ.
n. Àv`œfkÀ.
chaff
n. l≠ mxt∆ œs≠ ;
chain
n. mbg`& Õ xt∆ œsÀmÀ.
chain up v. jt∆ l.
n. `bgÀ ` xd&sÀmÀ,`.
chair
chalk stone n. èuÀ,à`xm.
n. `∆ a≠ mj`œj`œ;
chalky stone
n. edl.
challenge v. l`∆ &m≠ ;
v. snmÀ 2.
chameleon n. e≠ m`∆ &`m`&.
change course v. a≠ .
change day of s.t. v. jeÀmÀ `bgh hvn.
check numbers v. kh `jn» xm.
n. `fxd» &;
cheek
n. at&at& `fd» &.
n. `∆ mf`∆ œs≠ ;
n. e≠ cxn∆ &;
n. mjtlsÀ.
chest illness n. ÀbgeÀ eÀcvn∆ &.
v. bg`l.
chew
chest
chew like a toothless person
v. lxd∆ l.
chewing n. hbg`l.
chicken n. mfuÀ.
chicken pox n. lauÀsÀ h sn.
n. en∆ xm;
chief
n. mf`∆ œ.
chieftancy n. Àen» xm.
n. v`xm;
child
n. v`xmc`∆ .
child, small n. eÀenxm.
child-bearing n. àyÀ.
childbirth celebration n. mcn» v`∆ xm.
childbirth remains n. fn» l v`∆ xm.
childishly adv. s` v`xm lank.
childless person n. ct∆ l v`∆ xm.
n. `fuÀk ` r`xmÀ,`.
chill
chimpanzee n. `bgt» l.
n. hcxdk.
chin
Chinese cabbage n. mf`kÕ .
n. `∆ mbgte;
chisel
n. e≠ mi`∆ l;
n. lad.
chisel, carve with a chisel v. bgte mÀ lad.
chisel, small n. `∆ mbgt» as≠ .
choice n. hbgn&.
choice ram n. `∆ bgn& `x`&.
v. rÀsÀ.
choke
90
bgnnrd
bnk` gtrj
choose
v. bgn&;
v. sdsÀ.
choosing n. hbgn&.
v. bgd∆ r.
chop
chop into pieces with axe v. r`xm.
chop off bark v. a`∆ œ.
n. hbgd∆ r.
chopping
Christ n. vtk uy≠ ` E≠ xÕ mÕ e≠ bgn∆ & ldxm
kd∆ l.
chrysopfly n. `fvnl.
church n. mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ .
cigarette tin, small n. e≠ mje`œje`œ.
circumcise v. rÀ4;
adj. hjÀœ`jÀœ.
clot of soil n. `ftœ.
n. mcyÀrÀ.
cloth
clothes n. mcyÀrÀ.
clotting n. hfgdakÀ.
n. la`∆ &.
cloud
n. `∆ ms≠ lkÀ `∆ la`∆ œ;
club
v. rÀ `m`l ` v`xm.
civet cat n. `bgex`.
n. hfg`k.
claim
claim ignorance v. ln.
claim innocence v. mxn Àvtxm.
n. reÀ mfnk.
clam
n. hr`r h mcn.
clan
v. at&.
clap
clap hands v. at& Àvt.
clap, hit or beat several times
n. la`∆ œ.
club or stick used for fighting
n. mjtm`.
v. at&sÀ.
v. a`xmrÀ.
v. ex`œsÀ;
v. fg`k.
clavicle n. ùÀe hfgnl.
n. mfd∆ .
claw
clay bowl or utensil n. kÕ lÕ .
n. œv`∆ &mÀ;
clean
v. eu≠ r≠ hkxÀœ.
clean, be v. k`xm 2;
v. œv`∆ &.
clean, clean completely v. k`xmrÀ.
clean, e.g., cocoyam v. jnlsÀ.
clean with a spade or cutlass v. jnl 2.
cleaning completely n. hk`xmrÀ.
cleanliness n. hin» e;
n. hk`xm;
n. Õ k`xmh.
adj. la`xm 2.
clear
clear a bit with a cutlass v. sdlsÀ2.
clear, be v. a`xm.
v. sdl.
clear with a cutlass
cleared land n. hsdlh.
clearing n. hsdl 2.
clearness n. Õ k`xmh.
clever n. sneÀmÀ.
clever, be v. sne.
v. jn&;
climb
v. lx`l.
climbing bird n. eÀmxtxm eÀ jn&mÀeÀ.
cling to v. fg`ls≠ mct.
n. mcn `∆ eu≠ h sdk`» .
clinic
clarify
clasp
v. e`k.
clip
n. ÀkuÀ.
clock
v. jÀœ.
close
close a bit v. xuÀœsÀ.
close a hole v. exd∆ lÕ .
close, e.g., a book v. bgÀxsÀ.
v. j≠ œ.
close, e.g., door
close, shut, e.g., eyes v. aÀxsÀ.
close up a hole v. jeÀxm 2.
close up many things v. ed∆ xms≠ .
closed adj. `∆ a≠ k,àÀk;
clumsy, be v. c≠Ã kÀ adeÀ m≠ Õ idkÕ .
clutch v. fg`k m≠ ≠ vt.
n. `jd.
coal
n. jdrÀ.
coals
coals (loan word) n. mje≠ r`∆ .
coarse, be v. jvn∆ r≠ fgÀ,fgÀ;
v. jvn∆ s≠ ;
v. jvn» s≠ fgÀ,fgÀ.
n. `∆ vè.
coat
coat (loan word) n. jt» s.
coating n. hknl.
cob of corn n. hr`œ.
cob of corn (bare) n. `je≠Ã hr`œ.
n. e≠ lt&`∆ xu`∆ .
cobra
cockroach n. èxdl.
cockroaches (pl. form) n. het» &.
cocoa tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ j`∆ j`.
coconut palm n. eÀj`» & eÀ jt.
cocoon n. mcn» l≠ ct∆ lkÀ.
cocoyam (general) n. `k`œcocoyam (kind of) n. `k`œ ` ahvd;
n. `k`œ ` j`j`;
n. `k`œ ` je`œ;
n. `k`œ ` jnl;
n. `k`œ ` mcn∆ &r`œ;
n. `k`œ ` ms`∆ œ.
cocoyam stick n. `jnœ `k`∆ œ.
coffee n. jn∆ eh.
coffee tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ jn∆ eh.
n. `∆ mjd∆ .
coffin
cognate, be v. jn∆ xm≠ ;
v. xÀmÀ 1.
v. mf`kh.
coil
cola husk n. ù≠Ã haÕ .
91
bnk` onc
bnn,bnn
cola pod n. `s`l haÕ .
n. `∆ med∆ ls≠ ;
cold
communicable, be v. cx`∆ œm≠ .
communication n. cyÀrÀ.
compare v. ed∆ &m≠ ;
n. r`xmÀ.
cold, be v. r`xm.
cold house (idiom) n. `k`» l.
coldness n. `∆ msn∆ xm;
v. lt∆ m≠ .
compassion n. hrtxm;
n. hrtxm h jnk`mÀ,h.
compensation for oneself n. lad∆ k.
competition n. hrÀmÀ.
v. cyÕ mfd&.
complain
complain that s.t. is too small
n. `s`k.
collapse v. ed.
collapse, cause to v. rdxmrÀ.
n. Àly≠Ã 1;
collar
n. Àly≠Ã Ã À mcyÀrÀ.
v. jdrÀ.
collect v. jtlsÀ.
collect a handful v. lxd∆ xs≠ .
collect with both hands v. lxd∆ k.
collide v. je≠ xm≠ ;
v. jn∆ xm≠ .
complain to higher authority v. rtœh.
complete v. ld∆ rÕ .
completive aspect asp compl. ldxm 1.
compose v. adsÀ.
compound n. àd 1.
conceive v. anœ v`xm.
concerning adv. jt» l.
concord with v. idlsÀ.
conditional particle (with kæ)
v. rv`∆ &Õ .
confess v. ed∆ &s≠ .
confide v. et `sdl.
confirm v. aÀlh;
collide with v. ytdmÀ Àst.
Colocasia sets n. `∆ mc`œ.
colour n. hjd» & èn.
colour red v. a`∆ œr≠ .
colourful adv. mx`» xm≠ ,mx`xmÀ.
n. `∆ mrv`∆ &Õ ;
comb
cond. sh 3.
comb of fowl n. `kdl ` mfu≠ .
v. fuÕ .
come
come a bit v. fuÕ s≠ .
come back v (imp.). j`rh fuÕ .
come back to life v. xt∆ lÕ .
come down v (imp.). rt&h.
come down a bit v. rt&sÀ.
come gradually v. fuÕ s≠ .
come home v (imp.). je`.
come in v. yÀ fuh.
come last v. fn∆ &r≠ .
come out v. eu≠ .
come out a bit v. eu≠ s≠ .
comfort v. eu≠ r≠ r` mfd&;
v. sn∆ &.
confuse v. aÀk 1.
confused, be v. eÀl;
v. iÀœh.
confusion n. `∆ la≠ k`∆ .
congratulate v. adlrÀ;
v. et `∆ xn∆ œm≠ .
conquer v. xÀ.
consider v. je`∆ &s≠ ;
v. xuÀsÀ `st.
comfort a baby v. k`xmrÀ.
comfort child v. je≠ xs≠ .
comfort heart or mind v. xu≠ r≠ .
comforting a baby n. hk`xmrÀ.
coming n. hfuÕÃ .
coming home n. hje`.
coming out from different groups
constipation n. Àku`» À ktxmrÀmÀ.
construction n. à`» &k≠ .
consume slowly v. œn&sÀ.
contemplate v. ld∆ œ `vn.
contest v. rÀmÀ.
continous aspect asp cont. m`∆ 2.
continue v. mct∆ .
continue, cause to v. kn∆ r≠ .
continue to v. fg`∆ œs≠ .
continuously adv. rÀ ` xt∆ œ,rÀ ` xt∆ œ.
contract body v. mxt∆ xk≠ ;
command v. ad∆ m≠ `∆ cx`& `.
command s.o. to speak
contradict
contribute
v. jeÀlsÀ.
v. eu≠Ã k≠ .
v (imp.). ad∆ ,`.
commandment n. hr`&.
commit suicide v. rx≠ œr≠ ;
v. ytd mfdœ.
common person n. `∆ lanœ ` vt» k.
common worker n. eÀjnkh eÀ vt» k.
commonly adv. mx`∆ œr≠ .
v. mxt∆ xs≠ .
v. jn∆ ar≠ .
v. bgv`&;
v. l`∆ &.
control oneself v. fg`k À mfdœ.
convalescence n. mexdœ.
convinced to do s.t., be v. fg`œ `vn.
coo-coo n. `∆ jeÀje≠Ã .
92
bnnj
bqtrg
cook
cover a hole or crack v. kd∆ s≠ .
cover with soil v. kd∆ lÕ .
v. minxm;
covet
n. mjed∆ ;
v. jed∆ ;
v. k`l.
cook badly v. jed∆ ` aÀ.
cooking n. hjed» .
v. eß –s≠ .
cool
n. Àmsvdœ.
cord
n. mbgÀk.
cork
n. `r`œ;
corn
n. hr`œ.
corn beer n. mj`œ.
v. rdlsÀ.
corn beer, from guinea corn
n. lÀj`k.
corn cob (bare) n. `je≠Ã hr`œ.
corn fufu n. à`xm.
corn stalk n. `x`œrÀ.
corner n. hauÀ;
n. hfg`œ 2;
n. Àex`k.
corpse n. `jeÀ ` vt» k;
n. hfuÀxm.
corpuscle n. edl.
correct adj. hfgdk;
adv. ` it» œ.
correct, be v. m`∆ xm2.
correct mistakes v. in∆ ar≠ .
correction n. hshrÀ hvn.
correctly adv. m`∆ xm2.
corruption n. hadarÀ.
cost of s.t. n. Àjvn èn.
costly thing n. èn Àjvn À svn.
costume n. mcyÀrÀ hcxÀl.
cotton n. `∆ laxd∆ xm;
n. jeÀrÀ.
cough n. `jdrh;
v. jdrh.
v. kh `jn» xm;
count
v. s`œ.
count one by one v. s`œsÀ;
v. s`∆ r hrÀ,hrÀ.
counting n. `jn» xm.
country n. hk`&.
country, small n. eÀk`» &k≠ .
country Sunday n. ≠ st& hk`&.
courtyard n. Àvd.
courtyard, small n. eÀvds≠Ã .
cousin n. v`» xm v`» xm,m`∆ mÕ .
cousin, child of uncle n. v`» xm kt∆ lr≠Ã mÕ .
covenant n. lÀj`» xm.
n. la`∆ k Àbge≠ èn;
cover
n. mbgÀk;
v. bgÀk;
v. bgÀxsÀ;
v. j≠ œs≠ ;
v. knl.
n. mx`l lan∆ kn&.
cow
cow peas n. `fg`r.
coward n. vtk ≠ e`∆ xmÀ.
cowry shell n. `fgd&`.
n. `∆ mjdl.
crab
crack, e.g., seed or nut v. jÀ3.
v. ktxmrÀ rÀ ` œ`œ.
cram
v. œ`∆ œk≠ .
crawl
crayfish n. mi`∆ mf`∆ .
craziness n. hk`» xs≠ .
crazy, slightly n. xtœrÀmÀ.
crease of the elbow n. mct∆ l ≠ jß.
v. anl 2;
create
v. e`xsÀ.
creation n. ànl.
creator n. lanl.
credulous person n. xuÀ `laÀlh.
v. jtœ;
creep
v. œ`∆ œk≠ .
cricket n. `∆ mbgd∆ r.
cricket, female n. e≠ mkdxm.
crippled n. jd∆ akÀmÀ;
n. kuÀœmÀ.
crippled, be v. jd∆ ak≠ .
crippled person n. e≠ mfd» r;
n. vtk À kuÀœmÀ.
criticize v. je≠ l2.
croak of frog n. hcy≠Ã h Õ mr`∆ lm≠ .
n. Õ men∆ l.
crocodile
crooked n. mfnkhmÀ;
v. m`» xm vÕ ;
v. m`» xs≠ vÕ .
crooked, be v. xd» œ,xd∆ œ fgÀ,fgÀ.
n. `∆ mv`» lm≠ ;
cross
v. cx`∆ œ;
v. cx`∆ œ.
cross beam n. `∆ mcx`» œr≠ .
cross, cause to v. cx`∆ œr≠ .
cross repeatedly v. cx`∆ œs≠ .
crossing v. cx`∆ œm≠ .
v. snœ.
crow
crow of cock n. hsnœ h kt» l mfuÀ.
crowd n. `mn∆ xm.
crowd together v. jt∆ &k≠ .
crown n. ènk ` sÀen∆ xm.
n. `sdl ` aÀ,`.
cruel
crumb n. mbg`∆ &.
crumble v. jeÀkÀ.
crunch while chewing food
crush
v. fgd∆ as≠ .
v. fu`∆ r≠ .
93
bqtsbgdr 'ok- enql(
cdbdhs
crutches (pl. form) n. la`∆ œ.
n. hcy≠Ã ;
cry
cut
n. laß ;
v. ad&;
v. fud∆ k;
v. j`&;
v. sdxm.
cut guinea corn v. rÀ `r`œ ` ank`.
cut into bits v. j`&sÀ.
cut into parts v. rÀmÀ.
cut into pieces v. bgd∆ xsÀ;
v. sdxmsÀ.
cut into slices v. j`&sÀ.
cut off a statement v. fgde.
cut off leaves v. sdxmsÀ.
cut open partly v. j`&rÀ.
cut wood v. fud∆ k.
cutlass n. hen» .
cutting n. hrÀ.
cutting board n. `∆ mj`» &s≠ .
cutting grass (animal) n. mihkÕ .
cutting with a sword v. j`&kÀ.
cypress tree n. `∆ ft∆ l ` je`œ.
v. cy≠ .
v. cy≠ r≠ .
cry, cause to
cry, of animals v. cy≠ m≠ .
cry of hawk n. hcy≠Ã h e≠Ã mrt∆ eÀ `vtl`vtl.
crying sound by baby n. œƒ.
cuckoo n. `∆ jeÀje≠Ã .
cultivate v. ed∆ k.
cultivated farm n. mfud∆ k.
culture n. mbgÕÃ m≠ .
n. anl 1.
cup
n. `∆ ms`xms`xm ` anlrÀ.
cupboard
n. mbgt&.
curer
n. èuÀ.
cures
n. mch;
curse
n. miu`;
v. et& m≠ `∆ auÀ,`;
v. sd.
cursed!, Be exclm. l≠ mse≠ œ.
n. àd& hmfnk.
curve
custom n. mbgÕÃ m≠ .
D
dagger n. e≠ mxtd∆ eÀ Àav`∆ r ≠ avn∆ .
dam up or block water v. k`lh.
damage v. adarÀ.
damned!, Be exclm. l≠ mse≠ œ.
damp and cold, be v. y≠ kÕ .
damp place n. hkÀ.
dampen v. bge≠ k≠ .
n. `∆ mrÕ ;
dance
n. haÀxm;
v. bgd∆ œ;
v (imp.). aÀxm.
dance, by women n. Àexè.
v. jd∆ l À bgnœ.
dance chong
dance equipment n. Àevn haÀxm.
dance (kind of) n. mi`∆ œ.
dancer n. vtk À aÀxmÀ.
danger n. èn rÀ fuh mÀ mfd&.
dangerous thing n. èn ` adlmÀ,`.
v. jtlh 1.
dare
dare not v. mc`∆ et mc`∆ .
n. he≠Ã l.
dark
dark, be v. e≠ l.
dark, become v. iÀ.
darkness n. àd ` eÀlmÀ,`;
n. `∆ mehmÕ ;
n. he≠Ã l;
n. m≠ mst&À.
darkness of the night n. mehmhrÀ.
dash a bit v. l`∆ &s≠ .
dash foot against s.t. v. shl ùÀ.
-
d
dash (loan word) v. cƒrÀ.
n. hkv`» & Àst&;
dawn
n. mkv`∆ &.
n. `bgh;
n. Àst&.
day of week 1 n. Àst& À jnl.
day of week 2 n. Àst& ` at» l.
day of week 3 n. Àst& À j≠Ã id∆ l.
day of week 4 n. Àst& À hxuÀm≠ jnl.
day of week 5 n. Àst& À hxuÀr`lmÀ.
day of week 6 n. Àst& À Àvd mihmhjnl.
day of week 7 n. Àst& À svn.
day of week 8 n. Àst& À ankÀ.
daytime n. m≠ mbgt∆ d.
v. i≠ œr≠ À vtk.
daze
n. `st ` jeÀmÀ,`.
deaf
deaf, be v. xu≠ vh `vn.
deaf ears n. ÀstœkÀ À bgÀkhmÀ.
deaf mute n. `∆ mjt∆ &.
deaf person n. mjeÀ,`∆ st.
deaf-mute, be a v. xuÀ vh `vn s`œh vh.
n. hjeÀ.
death
death cry n. hcy≠Ã h hjeÀ.
n. heß» ;
decay
v. eß –;
v. idr.
decay, cause to v. eß –r≠ .
deceased one, the deceased n. mjeÀ.
n. hkÀrÀ.
deceit
day
94
cdbdhud
chldmrhnmr
deceive v. kÀrÀ;
design v. mxn∆ s≠ .
v. jn∆ œ.
desire
desire that is strong n. ≠ ku`» À ktlmÀ.
despair v. ank 1.
desperate, be v. xtœkÀ.
despise v. bg`r;
v. knasÀ.
December, month of grass beetles
n. minœ l≠ rhmfd∆ .
decide v. sdxm.
decide a legal case v. sdxm mr`&.
decorate v. kàrÀ.
decoration n. hkàrÀ.
decrease v. bgt∆ œr≠ ;
v. fu≠ .
deep, be v. rß .
deep pit n. mjed∆ œ.
deeper, be a bit v. rß sÀ.
defeat v. xÀ.
defend v. bge≠ miu`;
v. j≠ œs≠ .
v. eu≠ r≠ `xuÀr.
n. hk`k`;
v. k`k`;
v. k`l.
delay a bit v. k`xsÀ.
delay, cause to v. k`xrÀ.
delay, causing n. hk`xrÀ.
delay s.o. v. bgeÀœrÀ.
v. je≠ l2.
delete
delirium n. `fuÀk ` sn.
deliver v. aß –r≠ .
deliver a message v. k`∆ &Õ .
deliver a stillborn v. ayÀ v`xm l` vt jeÀ
ldxm.
demand v. aÀe.
demand refund v. jvn.
demanding refund n. hjvn.
demolish v. a≠ r;
v. r`∆ &;
v. r`∆ &s≠ .
demolish into pieces v. a≠ xs≠ .
demolition n. ha≠Ã r.
n. `k`» &.
den
denial n. hstxmrÀ.
denounce v. et& m≠ `∆ auÀ,`;
v. s`œh àÀ jt» l.
n. àn&kÀ.
dent
v. a`l;
deny
v. ln;
v. stxmrÀ.
deny oneself v. fg`k À mfdœ.
deny rudely v. miƒsÀ.
depart v (imp.). kd&.
depend upon v. xd&sÀ.
depression n. àn&kÀ.
descend v. j`∆ kÕ ;
v (imp.). rt&h.
descendant n. vtk Õ r`r h mcn.
n. hk`& `rdrd.
desert
deflate
delay
v. jtd∆ r≠ ;
v. mx`œ.
destroy v. adarÀ;
v. r`∆ &s≠ .
destruction n. hadarÀ.
detain v. fg`k.
determination n. `jeÀsÀ.
dethrone v. rt∆ Àen∆ xm;
v. rt&rÀ.
detour n. ih Õ a`∆ l.
develop v. kdl`.
deviate from the right statement
v. fgde.
devil (loan word) n. cd» akÀ.
n. `lx`» &.
dew
diabetes n. hjn&h Àsnœ xtlmÀ mÀ `∆ mxtl`.
diaphragm n. hfg`lh ` `∆ mf`∆ œs≠ œd» xm ≠ kuÀ,
`∆ .
diarrhea n. Àku`» À bgn&mÀ;
n. Àku`» À bgvnmÀ.
v. jeÀ.
die
die, many animals or people v. jeÀsÀ.
difference n. hjeÀmÀ;
n. rÀ ` mxÀœ.
different adj. jÀkt,`∆ ;
adj. mxÀœ 2;
adj. rÀ ` mxÀœ;
adj. xÕÃ kt∆ ,Õ .
different person n. vtk À vt» kt∆ .
differently adv. ` mbge`∆ r≠ ,` mbge`∆ r≠ ;
adv. rÀ ` mxÀœ,rÀ ` mxÀœ.
difficult, be v. sn 1.
difficult, be too v. fg`&.
v. shl 2.
dig
dig a hole with hands, or paws
v. k`∆ e.
dig out soil a bit v. k`∆ as≠ .
dig up v. shl 2.
v. jeÀmÀ Àevn À xÀmÀ `» mste.
digest
digger n. `∆ mst;
n. mshl.
digging n. hshl 2.
dignified n. jn&mÀ.
dilapidate v. idr.
v. eß –m≠ 1.
dilute
dim, be v. a`xm vh ìt» œ;
v. k≠Ã akÀ;
v. k≠Ã ak≠ a`» xm,a`xm.
dimensions n. Àexd» &.
95
chlokd nm bghm
cnnqrsdo
dimple on chin n. mv`lh hcxd∆ k.
dimple, straight mark n. mv`lh.
v. bge≠ .
dip
dip from liquid v. rde.
v. cxd∆ xmr≠ ;
direct
displace v. at&rÀ.
dispute v. bgn&mÀ.
disquise v. kd∆ xs≠ hjd» &.
disseminate v. v`œ.
disseminate; spread v. v`œsÀ.
dissolve v. r`œ`.
distance n. `fgè;
v. shrÀ.
directing n. shrÀmÀ.
directly adv. m`∆ xm2.
director n. mcxd∆ xm2;
n. mcxd∆ xm2.
distress n. l≠ kt∆ lbgtœ.
distribute v. fvn∆ .
disturb v. s`∆ xr≠ .
v. at&;
divert
n. mcxd∆ xmr≠ .
n. hkxÀœ.
dirt
dirt to slide, cause v. rdxmrÀ.
adj. m≠ Õ khœh;
dirty
v. mt∆ &.
v. mt∆ & Àvtxm.
dirty oneself
dirtying n. hmt» &.
disable v. s`∆ ls≠ .
disagree v. bgn&mÀ;
v. e`œ sÀ aÀlh.
disagreement, cause a v. mt∆ r≠ .
disappear v. r`lh;
v. x≠ l.
disapproval n. hstxmrÀ.
disapprove v. stxmrÀ.
disaster n. mfd&.
discard v. l`∆ &Õ .
disciple n. mit∆ ls≠ .
discontented, be v. r`œk≠Ã vÕ .
discourage v. bgd∆ r≠ ;
v. jtd∆ r≠ .
discouraging remarks n. `∆ mbgƒ– ;
n. hbgd» r≠ .
discouraging words n. hjtd» r≠ .
discover v. jÀœ xdxm.
discuss v. ad∆ r≠ .
disease n. hjn&h.
disgorge v. an∆ 4.
disgrace v. vtlrÀ.
disgust v. a`∆ xm.
n. `j`œ;
dish
n. `j`œ ` kdkhmÀ,`.
dishonest n. v`lmÀ.
dishonesty n. hœ`lsÀ;
n. mjt∆ e.
dislocate v. rd∆ &r≠ .
dislocation n. hrd» &r≠ .
dismiss v. r`∆ œ.
disobedience n. ms`∆ k.
disobedient, be v. kdl vh hr`& 'rÀ m`∆ (.
disorderly adv. `mbg`∆ œ,`mbg`∆ œ;
adv. i`» a,i`∆ a;
adv. i`∆ ak≠ .
disown v. jdmÀ.
disperse v. v`œ;
v. v`œsÀ.
v. fgde.
divert, change the course of s.t.
v. a≠ r≠ .
v. fvn∆ ;
v. fvn∆ r≠ ;
v. fvn∆ s≠ .
divide equally v. fvn∆ hsn∆ œ.
divination n. eÀmx`&;
n. hexdœ h eÀmx`&.
divide
divine, consult one's gods
v. exdœ 2;
v. exdœ eÀmx`&.
diviner n. vtk ≠ e≠ mx`&.
division n. `∆ mfvn∆ r≠ .
divorce n. hfvn» r≠ h l`k`» .
v. id∆ k;
do
v. mÕ 2.
do a bit v. mÕ s≠ ;
v. œt&sÀ.
do continuously v. k`œ` rÀ mÕ hvn.
do disorderly v. i`∆ e.
do evil v. mÕ laÀ.
do hurriedly v. kt∆ lk≠ .
do incorrectly v. knakÀ rÀ mÕ ;
v. kne.
do quickly v. mx`∆ œr≠ ;
v. r`∆ &.
do s.t. by tricks v. jx`∆ k≠ ;
v. jx`∆ s≠ .
do s.t. completely v. k`œ`,k`œ`.
do s.t. exactly as requested v. rt∆ rÀ mÕ hvn.
do s.t. terrible v. ln∆ l2.
do s.t. unplanned v. e`kh rÀ mh hvn.
do suddenly v. fu≠ s≠ mÕ ;
v. r`∆ &.
n. aÀ 1.
dog
v. jn» œ vÕ .
don't like
n. à`» &;
door
n. Àbge≠Ã À mcn.
door frame n. e≠ mad» &r≠ ;
n. hvtvt.
door post n. hvtvt.
doorstep n. Àbge≠Ã `fgt∆ e.
96
cnssdc
d`qqhmf 'kn`m vnqc(
dotted
drizzle v. auÀsÀ.
drizzle a bit v. lxd∆ &k≠ .
drizzle continuously v. lxd∆ &.
v. bgdl.
drop
drop from hand, cause to v. bgdlrÀ.
drop repeatedly v. bgdlkÀ.
drought n. kt∆ l h bgvn∆ sÀmÀ.
drown v. kdœ.
n. mbgt∆ l.
drum
drum dance n. `bgÀl.
drum head n. mf`kÕ .
drum, short, played with stick
adj. `s≠Ã bgn∆ l,`s≠Ã bgn∆ l;
adj. Àaxdl,axdl.
double v. xnlsÀ.
v. vd&h.
doubt
n. `∆ k`∆ k`∆ sn;
dove
n. e≠ mk`∆ xm≠ .
adv. hsrÀxm 3;
down
prep. ` mrd.
downward slope n. an 1.
drag feet v. ft∆ e ÀuÀ ` mrd.
dragon fly n. Õ msƒkƒ&.
n. àt» & `vtœkÀ;
drain
v. a`∆ r.
drainage ditch n. ènœkÀ `vtœkÀ.
v. ft∆ e;
draw
v. mx`∆ &;
v. mx`∆ & èn.
draw a little v. ft∆ as≠ .
draw back v. mxt∆ xk≠ .
v. ft∆ as≠ Àvtxm ha`∆ l.
draw back from
draw or pull out s.t. secretly v. rn∆ œ.
drawer n. mfvn∆ 2.
dream n. idl.
n. mcyÀrÀ.
dress
dress (loan word) n. fx`» œ.
dress oneself v. kè.
dress up s.o. v. kàrÀ.
dressing n. hkè.
n. `∆ merÕ àt∆ &;
drill
n. hat» &;
v. erÕ àt» &.
drill, cause to v. erÕ r≠ .
drilling n. hat» &s≠ ;
n. herÕÃ .
v (imp.). mxuÀ.
drink
drinking society n. l`∆ min∆ œ;
n. min∆ œ.
drinks n. lÀkt» &.
v. bgdl;
drip
v. j`∆ kÕ .
v. ft∆ e.
drive
drive a little v. ft∆ as≠ .
drive away v. it∆ l;
v. r`∆ œ.
drive car v. mxhœrÀ.
drive in s.t., e.g., peg, nail v. jt∆ l.
n. mft∆ e.
driver
n. mcuÀr.
drum, small n. e≠ mbgt∆ l.
drumstick n. `∆ lat&;
n. `∆ mje`» &s≠ .
v. mxuÀ ldxm.
n. xtlmÀ;
v. r`∆ œ;
v. xtl.
dry bit by bit v. xtlsÀ.
dry, cause to v. xtlrÀ.
dry, completely adv. jeÀr.
dry, esp. guinea corn v. x`m`.
dry over fire v. xt&h.
dry season n. Àrv`xm;
n. kt∆ l2.
dry to required extent v. xtlh.
drying place n. hx`m`.
drying platform n. hrÀ.
n. cn∆ œe`» ;
duck
n. fu`∆ ,fu`» ;
n. mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ .
v. ade jd&.
dull
n. `fg`» k.
dung
dung beetle n. me≠ jr≠ `∆ fg`∆ k.
n. `kdœ ÀkuÀ hje`;
dusk
n. ÀkuÀ s` j` ÀbgeÀ hxuÀ,h rß .
n. à≠Ã k;
dust
n. ìvn» .
dust to rise, cause v. e≠ k.
adj. à≠Ã k,à≠Ã k.
dusty
n. eÀvt» xs≠ .
dwarf
dwelling place n. `kd& ` bghmÀ,`.
dysentery n. mst∆ lat∆ xm.
drunk
dry
E
each time conj. lÀkuÀ fg`.
each, used reciprocally
eagle
ear
pro reciprcl. jd∆ 2.
n. lat& `∆ vt∆ l`vtl.
n. `stœkÀ.
-
e
early morning adv. aÀr;
adv. aÀrÕ ,aÀrÕ .
early today adv. aÀrÕ ,aÀrÕ .
v. jdkh an∆ l Õ ed∆ k.
earn
earring (loan word) n. xd∆ kh1.
97
d`qsg 'rnhk(
earth (soil) n. mrd.
earth (world) n. mrd.
earthen pot n. kÕ lÕ .
earthquake n. mrd Õ md∆ &`mÀ.
earthworm n. hfgnœ`fgnœ h mrd.
earwax n. Àv`» k À an∆ `∆ st∆ œkÀ;
dqnrhnm
embrace v. a`&mÀ;
n. Àv`» k Àst∆ œk≠ .
adv. mx`∆ œr≠ .
n. à`∆ r fgd∆ ` Àbgtd,hxuÀ mÀm r`k
`sdxm.
n. anxmÀmÀ.
easy
easy, be v. anxmÀ.
v. jeÀk;
eat
v. kn;
v. stœ èn Àbge≠ ;
v. xÀ.
eat a bit v. jeÀxsÀ.
eat vegetables sparingly v. œn&sÀ la`∆ r.
eat with soup v. ktlsÀ.
eating n. hjeÀk.
n. hfxdr h mcn.
eaves
eavesdrop v. mbgvn xuÀkh 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ(.
n. hadkÕ .
echo
eclipse of moon n. hj≠Ã œs≠ Õ minœ.
eclipse of sun n. hj≠Ã œs≠ ≠ bge≠ hxuÀ.
economize v. je≠ s≠ ;
v. œn&sÀ.
eczema n. ÀuÀr À eÀxÕ mÕ .
n. hauÀ;
edge
n. Àbge≠Ã .
edible n. xÀmÀ2.
edible, lickable n. knmÀ.
n. hvtl.
egg
egg plant n. eÀmx`&.
egg, small n. eÀvtlk≠ .
egocentricity n. `∆ mex`œ.
egusi, (pumpkin seeds) n. mfd∆ &rÀ.
num. me`l`.
eight
pro. j`∆ 2.
either
elbow n. mfdk ≠ jß .
elbow joint n. `xt» œ Àjß .
adj. kvdl`;
elder
n. vtk À kvdl`.
elderly person n. bgxd& 1.
elderly person, very n. mfdr≠ vt∆ k.
v. bgn&.
elect
elect several people v. bgn&sÀ.
elephant n. `∆ s`∆ l.
elephant grass n. `rt» œ.
elephant grass, kind of n. mfd&.
elephant grass stem n. eÀrt» œ.
elephantiasis n. hlt» xs≠ Àu≠ m≠ Õ exdxmh.
elevation n. `stœ.
adj. jÀkt,`∆ .
else
embarrass v. s`∆ ls≠ .
easily
east
v. je≠ xm≠ À l≠ cvn∆ &.
v. a`&;
v. shl 2.
embroidering n. hshl 2.
emerge plainly v. eu≠ `∆ mc`xm.
adv emph. ldxm 2.
emphasis
emptied, be v. re≠ r`∆ .
empty adj. `xtl;
v. xtlrÀ.
empty a container v. iu`rÀ.
empty, be v. xtl.
empty space n. `kd» & ` xtl`.
encircle v. i≠ œ rÀ j`kh.
enclose in fingers v. aÀxsÀ.
encourage v. ad∆ œ2;
v. et hje`» &sÀ;
v. sn∆ &;
v. srÀxmsÀ;
v. strÀ;
v. xvnrÀ.
adv. ` ld∆ rh;
end
n. mfvn∆ &rÀ;
v. fn∆ &;
v. fn∆ &r≠ ;
v. ld∆ rÕ .
endure v. fg`∆ œÕ .
enemy n. la`∆ xm≠ .
English adj. je`œ.
enigma n. `m`l.
enkindling n. hcx`» xm.
enlarge v. adrÀ;
v. fg`&rÀ.
v. a`xmrÀ.
enlighten
enough adv. jtk 2.
enough, be v. jedxm.
entangle v. kÀlsÀ.
embroider
entangled in s.t., become
v. fg`∆ œs≠ .
v. yÀ 3.
enter
entertain v. s`k 1.
entertainer n. vtk Õ bgvn.
entertainment n. ms`k.
entertainment place n. hbgvn.
enthrone v. kd∆ l en∆ xm `bgÀ.
envious adj. fgd∆ &m≠ .
n. hfgd» &m≠ .
envy
envy, cause v. kt∆ &r≠ .
epilepsy n. `∆ mfu≠ .
adj. hfgdk.
equal
equal, be v. jedxmÀ.
equalize v. xÀmÀ1.
v. bgxd&rÀ.
erase
erosion n. je≠ l1.
98
dqq
err
e`kk
examine briefly v. jhsÀ.
examine carefully v. jÕ s≠ .
example n. mbgvƒ.
exasperate s.o. v. bgt&kÀ.
exceed v. bgvn∆ `kdœ.
except conj. at jÀ;
v. fu≠ ;
v. i`r 1;
v. rnxm.
err, cause s.o. to v. fu≠ r≠ .
n. mi`r.
error
v. l`∆ k.
erupt
escape n. hkd&;
prep. ` at jÀ.
exchange n. ladx&k≠ .
excited, be v. mxt∆ &Õ m≠ Àvtxm.
excrement n. `fg`» k.
excrements, small n. lÀfg`» xm≠ .
excrete, lay, e.g., feces v. f≠ œ.
v. f≠Ã œ,fÀœ.
excreting
exculpate oneself v. rn∆ xr≠ À mfdœ.
excuse v. kd∆ r≠ rÀ et.
v. fgÀ 1.
exist
expand v. fg`&rÀ;
v. r`k;
v (imp.). kd&.
escape a bit v. kd&sÀ.
escape, cause to v. rxÀœrÀ.
escape in different directions
v. kd&mÀ.
v. srÀxmrÀ.
n. e`œmÀ;
v. jdkÀ vh my≠ sÀ m≠ mfxn∆ &rÀ.
eternal life n. hbgh h e`œmÀ,h;
n. hbgh y≠ ` xh kƒ– lƒ vh.
eucalyptus tree n. e≠ j`» & eÀ je`œ.
evade a topic v. x`œ.
evaluate v. ln∆ lr≠ .
adv. mn» lÀ;
even
adv intns. mn» ;
conj. mn» lÀ s`.
even so adv. j≠ mn» sd∆ xm.
even though conj. mn» lÀ s`.
adv. shlh 2.
ever
everlasting n. e`œmÀ.
everlasting life n. hbgh h e`œmÀ,h;
n. hbgh y≠ ` xh kƒ– lƒ vh.
every (person) adj. fg≠ i≠ l.
everybody pro indef. mn» lÀ mc`∆ .
adj. aÀ 2;
evil
n. laÀ.
evil doings n. hmÕÃ h aÀ,Õ .
evil person n. vtk À aÀ.
evil spirit n. `xuÀr ` aÀ,`.
exactly adv. ktsÀ2.
exactly as adv. hfgdk s`.
exaggerate v. fg`&rÀ;
v. xvnrÀ.
examine v. j`∆ &r≠ ;
v. jh 1;
v. jhmh.
escort
eternal
v. m`∆ xs≠ .
expand to all parts v. x`l.
expect v. bgÕ s≠ ;
v. jd∆ &.
expect s.o. else to act v. ad∆ &m≠ .
expectation n. had» &m≠ .
expensive, be v. sn rÀ Àjvn.
explain v. snarÀ.
explain carefully v. e`xsÀ ed∆ &s≠ .
explain well v. e`xsÀ ad∆ .
explode v. ayÀ2.explode, cause s.t. to v.
axƒrÀ.
express disgruntlement or discontent with
oneself v. cy≠ À eÀjnkh.
express joy v. rdœ.
expression claiming ignorance
n. mxn» mfu≠ .
extend v. kn∆ r≠ .
extinguish v. kÀlrÀ.
extinguish fire v. kxÀlrÀ ÀuÀr.
extinguishing n. hkÀlrÀ.
extravagance n. `∆ la`œ.
extreme state of being adj. lnœ.
n. hrÀ.
eye
eye secretion n. `lx`» &.
n. `rÀ 1.
eyes
F
n. e≠ sÀs≠Ã .
fable
n. hjd» &1.
face
face s.o., face to face v. jd∆ &m≠ .
v. ed;
fail
v. ed hvn.
fail to affirm v. e`œ sÀ aÀlh.
v. ankh;
faint
v. ed.
-
f
faint because of epilepsy v. fu≠ .
n. vt» k l≠ rn∆ .
fairy
fairy tale n. e≠ sÀs≠Ã eÀ vt∆ k l≠ rn∆ .
n. haÀlh.
faith
v. bgdl;
fall
v. ed;
v. x`∆ k`∆ ;
v (imp.). rt&h.
99
e`kk+ b`trd sn
ehmc e`tks vhsg r-n-
fall, cause to v. edrÀ.
fall off, cause to v. x`∆ xr≠ .
fall repeatedly v. bgdlkÀ.
fall short v. m`∆ rÕ .
fallen rain n. `vtœkÀ.
fallow land n. Àkv`∆ l.
false gods n. l≠ xÕ mÕ ≠ m a≠Ã .
falsehood n. l≠ m`∆ œ.
family n. hr`r h mcn.
famine n. hfgnœ h mrn&;
n. la`∆ xm.
fence
ferment v. e≠ ls≠ ;
v. xd&sÀ.
n. eÀvtxm.
fern
fertile soil n. mrd Õ xu≠ sÀmÀ.
fertilize v. anœrÀ.
v. jÀœ;
fetch
v. rÀ 4.
n. id∆ œ.
famous, be v. fgÀ jx` mn» fg≠ i≠ l.
v. cy≠ rÕ .
fan
n. hrnœ h xuÀ,`∆ .
fang
far, be v. cx`∆ ;
v. cxd∆ e.
far distance n. `fgè.
far from prep. mcxd∆ xm1.
far off adv. mid.
n. fudxm.
farm
farm plot n. `kd» & ` fud» xm.
farmer n. vtk fud∆ xmr≠ .
adv. mx`∆ œr≠ ;
fast
v. fg`xm.
fetch vegetables when scarce
v. œn∆ &s≠ la`∆ r.
fetching n. hrÀ.
n. `fuÀk.
fever
n. mrd∆ &;
few
n. rÀ hkƒ.
few days n. lÀbgh ≠ m rd∆ &.
few minutes n. mjd∆ e.
fiddling with s.t. delicate n. hfgdakÀ.
fiddling with s.t. harmful n. hfgdakÀ.
v. fg`∆ r.
fidget
n. fudxm;
field
adv. mx`r 1.
v. jtk 1.
fasten
fastener n. `∆ mbgeÀœ.
adj. Àex`œ;
fat
n. Àse`&.
fierceness n. hadl.
fig tree n. `knxm;
n. fg`&mÀ;
n. hrn.
fat, be v. fg`&.
n. aƒ– 1;
father
n. an∆ 3.
fathom n. ms`∆ l.
fathom of cloth n. Àjß À mcyÀrÀ.
n. he`» xm;
fear
v. e`∆ xm.
fear, cause to v. a`œrÀ.
n. `xÀ;
feast
n. Àevn À xÀmÀ it» œ.
feather n. hu≠Ã k.
febrile illness n. `fuÀk ` ank`.
fight
n. eÀfu≠Ã l;
n. e≠ mf`&.
n. hmt» ;
v. mt∆ .
fight for self-interests v. s`œ `st.
fight with fist v. je≠ xm m≠ e≠ mj`∆ l e≠ .
fighting n. hmt» .
figurehead n. `∆ mxd» &r≠ .
n. `je≠Ã .
filaria
n. `∆ mrd;
file
v. rd 2.
February, month of preparing farms
n. minœ mfvd∆ xr≠ .
v. xÀrÀ.
feed
feeding trough n. eÀjÀ.
v. jt 2;
feel
fetch, e.g., fire v. bgte.
fetch, e.g., water v. st.
fetch food, e.g., from farm
v. ln∆ ls≠ ;
v. xuÀ 2;
v. xuÀ Àvtxm.
feel by touch v. mxt∆ &s≠ .
feel good v. cd∆ œr≠ .
feeling n. hjt.
feeling of the body n. hxuÀsÀ h Àvt∆ xm.
feeling sick n. àÀ.
female n. vh 1.
n. hrd.
filing
v. ktxmrÀ.
fill
fill above brim v. mcnœrÀ.
fill, e.g., a pot hole v. je≠ xr≠ .
fill in gaps v. rtr.
fill in with s.t. v. jtmh.
v. xd∆ kh2.
filter
n. hvn» h reÀ.
fin
n. fn∆ &rÀmÀ.
final
v. jÀœ;
find
v. jÀœ xdxm;
v. xdxm 2.
find fault v. fg`∆ l;
v. jÀœ mr`& 'rÀ m`∆ (.
find fault with quiet person v. rn∆ &k≠ ÀbgeÀ À
vt» k.
find fault with s.o. v. fx`» ≠ bge≠Ã À vt» k.
100
ehmc nts
enf
find out v. jhmh.
n. a`œ `∆ vt.
finger
fingernail n. mfd∆ `∆ vt.
v. ld∆ ,`∆ ;
finish
flattener n. `∆ msn∆ .
v. adlrÀ rÀ bgvnrÀ;
flatter
v. ld∆ rÕ .
finish eating by wiping plate v. khœh;
v. khœsÀ.
finish killing v. m`œsÀ.
finishing a kill n. hm`œsÀ.
n. ÀuÀr.
fire
fire a gun v. shl ÀuÀr.
fire of a volcano n. ÀuÀr À mjedœ.
firefly n. eÀmiƒ» miƒ– eÀ e≠ mid» xm.
fireplace n. hbgÀ;
n. hbgÀ h ÀuÀr.
fireside stone, movable
firewood n. Àmj`» &.
firmness n. hsn.
adv. `rÀ 2;
first
n. msnl.
adv. rÀ `rÀ 1.
first man n. vtk `rÀ.
n. reÀ.
fish
fish, small n. l≠ re≠ s≠Ã .
fisherman n. mjt» re≠ rÀ.
fishing line with hook n. mje≠ mr`& ≠ re≠ rÀ.
v. a`xrÀ.
fit
fit a handle onto s.t. v. cxt∆ œ.
num. s`» xm.
five
v. e`xsÀ.
fix
fixed fire stone n. hseÀr.
n. mcyÀ Õ fgn∆ œ;
flag
n. mcyÀ Õ k`&.
flake of skin n. mjd∆ s≠ .
n. hkdlh Àu≠ r.
flame
flamingo n. `∆ rn∆ œ Àsnœ.
v. lx`&.
flap
n. hkv`» &;
flash
n. hlx`» xm;
n. hœv`» œr≠ ;
v. kv`∆ &;
v. lx`∆ xm;
v. œv`∆ œ.
flash, cause to v. kv`∆ &r≠ ;
v. œv`∆ œr≠ .
flash of light n. hkv`» & h bgt» d.
flask, small n. e≠ mr≠ œ.
adj. àƒ» ,aƒ– ;
flat
adj. `∆ kd∆ k`kdk;
adv. `∆ sd∆ k`sdk.
flat, be v. aƒ» ,aƒ–;
v. l`ls≠Ã .
flat object n. à`» œ ` èn.
flatten v. l`ls≠Ã .
flatten stomach and curve back slightly
mfdlh.
v.
v. ad∆ œ2;
v. xvnrÀ.
n. `jte.
flea
v (imp.). kd&.
flee
fleeing n. hkd&.
n. mivn∆ 2;
flesh
n. mivn∆ ≠ vt∆ xm.
v. kdœsÀ;
flick
v. mxt∆ &;
v. œ`l 2.
flicker v. lx`∆ xms≠ ;
v. œv`∆ œ.
flicker, cause to v. lx`∆ xmr≠ .
n. hkd&;
flight
n. hs`» xm.
v. j`rh ha`l.
flinch
v. i≠ œ;
fling
v. k`∆ œ.
n. mfn∆ & ≠ u≠ r.
flint
v. kdœsÀ;
flip
v. mxt∆ &;
v. œ`l 2.
flippancy n. jt» fgn∆ œ.
v. jdl cxdxm hjn» œ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
flirt
flirtation n. hjn» œ h kÀrÀmÀ,h.
v. ct∆ &Õ `st» ;
float
v. kdœ;
v. kÀ.
float in the air v. auÀ.
float on water v. kÀ `st» lt∆ .
v. xu≠ œs≠ .
flock
flock, small n. eÀmn» xm≠ .
n. `∆ mjtœ.
flood
n. jh 2;
floor
n. jÕÃ mcn.
v. ed.
flop
n. mje≠Ã œ.
flour
v. eu≠ .
flow
flow slowly v. jtœ.
flower n. èn ` atrÀmÀ,`;
n. latr;
v. at∆ r.
flower (loan word) n. ek`v`∆ .
n. e≠ lax`k `st.
flu
n. mcnœ.
flute
flutter wings v. kdœ sÀvn» .
n. eÀmiƒ» miƒ–;
fly
v. s`∆ xm.
fly, cause to v. s`∆ xmr≠ .
fly whisk n. kxÀœ 1.
n. èrh;
foam
n. msn∆ œ`∆ ,msn∆ œ`∆ rÀ eÀe`rÀ `st lt.
n. ìvn» .
fog
101
enf 'ok- enql(
eqxhmf o`m
fog (pl. form) n. la`∆ &.
v. at&mÀ;
fold
v. jàkÀ;
v. kÀlsÀ;
v. xuÀœsÀ.
fold s.t. v. j`kh.
fold up v. xuÀœsÀ Àvtxm.
follow v. it∆ ls≠ .
follower n. mit∆ ls≠ .
n. en∆ xm.
fon
fon's burial place n. heÀl.
n. èn ` xÀmÀ,`.
food
food and drink n. èn ` xÀmÀ,` mÀ hmxuÀ,h.
n. `fgn&;
fool
n. `∆ mft∆ ;
n. `∆ mjnxm.
fool (insult) n. mx`l,e≠ j`∆ &.
foolish n. xtœrÀmÀ.
foolish, be v. a≠ k≠ ;
v. i≠ œs≠ ;
v. xtœrÀ.
foolish word n. `∆ mft∆ hvn.
n. ùÀ.
foot
footrest n. `∆ msn» ls≠ ÀuÀ.
prep. rÀ 2;
for
prep. rÀ `.
for long adv. mn» rÀ ` mcxd∆ xm.
forbid v. a`lrÀ;
v. k`∆ œ;
v. stxmrÀ.
n. œ`œ 2;
force
v. mÕ rÀ `cx`&.
force s.o. to do s.t. v. j`∆ xms≠ ;
v. jtxrÀ.
force s.o. to do s.t. quickly
v. je`∆ xms≠ .
force subsoil to surface v. e≠ jr≠ .
forced to do s.t., be v. fg`œ `vn.
forehead n. Àbge≠Ã `st.
forehead illness n. Àbge≠Ã `st.
foreign adj. je`œ.
foreign country n. `stl.
foreign country, small n. eÀst» lm≠ .
foreigner n. `stl;
n. mfuÕ mfuh;
n. vtk `∆ stl.
forerunners of juju Nko' n. Àexde À Mjn∆ &.
foreshadowing sign n. lÀk≠Ã l.
foreskin n. `m`l ` v`xm.
n. `jt 1.
forest
forfeit v. jt rÀ `st.
v. jeÀ Àsnœ;
forget
v. kd∆ r≠ .
n. hkd» r≠ ;
n. Àsnœ À jeÀmÀ.
forgetfulness
forgive v. kd∆ r≠ rÀ et.
fork, V-shaped part of plant
n. msn» me`r.
n. Àvtxm èn;
v. e`xsÀ.
forsake v. jdmÀ;
v. l`∆ &Õ .
fortunate adj. mit∆ œ1.
fortunate person n. min∆ e `∆ st.
fortune telling n. eÀmx`&;
n. hexdœ h eÀmx`&.
fortune-teller n. vtk ≠ e≠ mx`&.
foundation n. `bgÀ ` mcn;
n. hr`r h mcn;
n. la`xmrÀ.
founder of compound n. eÀsd» &.
fountain n. iu`.
num. jƒ– .
four
n. mfuÀ.
fowl
fowl with featherless neck n. mfuÀ
`∆ mrn∆ œsnœ.
n. e≠ mrn∆ œm≠ .
fox
fraction, a n. à`» r.
v. r`∆ xs≠ .
fray
freckle n. e≠ mbgvƒ» eÀ a`œmÀeÀ ` vtk
Àvt∆ xm.
v (imp.). uhrh.
free
fresh ground n. mrd Õ xu≠ sÀmÀ.
fresh tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ xu≠Ã e≠ .
n. a` 1;
friend
n. rtxm;
n. vtk Õ id∆ k.
friendship n. Àrtxm.
n. he`» xm.
fright
frighten v. e`∆ xmr≠ .
frightened, be v. e`∆ xm.
frightened, be suddenly v. bgÀk rÀ fu≠ s≠ .
frightening, be v. adl.
frightful n. adlmÀ.
frightful, be v. adl.
n. miuÀfkÀrÀ `∆ laxd∆ xm ÀbgeÀ mcyÀrÀ.
fringe
n. eÀrt;
frog
n. Õ mr`∆ lm≠ .
prep. ` 1;
from
prep. rÀ 2.
v. s`∆ œ;
frown
v. s`∆ œr≠ ;
v. s`∆ œr≠ hjd» &.
n. e≠ rx≠ j;
fruit
n. eÀs`l.
fruits, very young adj. `mxnœ.
v. j`œ.
fry
fry a bit v. j`œsÀ.
frying n. hj`œsÀ.
frying pan n. hj`œ.
form
102
eqxhmf o`m enq bnqm
fhud l`fhb onvdqr
frying pan for corn n. hj`œ `r`œ.
fufu for funeral guests n. Àav`xm hfu≠ xm.
fufu stick n. `jnœ à`xm.
Fulani people n. lan∆ kn&.
adv. a≠ jr≠ ;
full
fun
n. hbgn& `vn;
n. hcxÀl.
funeral n. hfuÀlÕ h vt» k.
n. hvÕÃ ;
fur
n. mxtœrÀ;
n. sÀvÕÃ .
furniture n. Àevn À ct&hmÀ ` mcn.
furrow n. atkh.
adv. ktxm.
full after eating, be v. ct&kÀ.
full, be v. ktxm.
full stomach adv. jtk 2.
full to brim, be v. ktxm a≠ jr≠ .
fumble v. eÀl;
future tense, beyond today
fut beyond today. mÀm kƒ– .
future tense, distant fut dist. kƒ– 2.
future tense, today fut today. mÕÃ 1;
v. i≠ œ.
fumigation substance n. mjeÀl 2.
fut today. mÀm mÕÃ .
G
gain
n. rƒ;
v. jdkh rƒ.
gain, e.g., a profit v. xÀ.
gainsay v. je≠ l2.
gall bladder n. eÀmdœ`∆ md∆ œ`∆ .
gallop v. mxhœ `st» mx`∆ l.
gamble v. sÀl ad∆ x&.
n. e≠ mi`» œ;
game
n. hcxÀl.
v. at∆ & àt» &.
gap
garden n. fud» xm la`∆ r.
garden egg n. `∆ iu`∆ ;
n. `∆ iu`∆ ` eÀmjeÀ;
n. `∆ iu`∆ ` eÀmjnl;
n. `∆ iu`∆ ` mfvnxn∆ œ`∆ ;
n. `∆ iu`∆ ` mÕ j`∆ œ;
n. `∆ iu`∆ Õ an∆ &.
gas (intestinal) n. èxd» r.
v. vn rÀ yt∆ dr≠ .
gasp
gather v. bg≠ xms≠ ;
v. xu≠ œs≠ .
gather force v. jeÀxmsÀ.
gather many things v. jt&sÀ.
gather momemtum v. jeÀxmsÀ.
gather secretly for consultation
v. bgt&mÀ `∆ bge≠Ã ;
v. bgt&mÀ Àst.
gather together v. xu≠ œ.
gaunt, be v. mfƒ.
gay, be v. r`xsÀ.
gaze at v. jh 1.
gaze at briefly v. jhsÀ.
gazelle n. mfvn h sdk`.
n. e≠ mjt∆ m`» xu`∆ ,xu`∆ .
gecko
generation n. ì`» œ.
Gentile (Bible) n. vtk `∆ stl.
gentle n. anxmÀmÀ.
gentle, be v. anxmÀ.
-
g
gently
adv. ànk,ànk;
adv. anrh;
adv. m≠ lanxm,m≠ lanxm.
n. Mxnr 1.
geographic area
germinate v. eu≠ .
v. jdkh.
get
v. ah.
get cooked or done
get done a bit more v. ahsÀ.
v. yÀ mct.
get in
get peeled v. rn∆ k`∆ .
get ripe v. ah.
get scalded v. mxn∆ &k≠ .
get spilled v. re≠ r`∆ .
get tired v. ank 1.
get to the middle of s.t. v. sd∆ lm≠ .
get up v. k`∆ kÕ .
get very close to v. ktlrÀ.
getting ripe n. hkv`» & h bgt» d.
n. mje≠ mrd.
ghost
n. Àlx`&sÀ.
gift
gift for a bereaved person
n. msn» œs≠ hjeÀ.
gifts to compound owners n. Àxvn.
n. ÀbgeÀ À lt mÀ reÀ.
gill
ginger (loan word) n. ihmi`∆ .
giraffe n. mfd∆ .
n. `∆ msd∆ l.
girdle
n. v`xm vh.
girl
v. et.
give
give a name v. bge≠ .
give an opinion v. et hje`» &sÀ.
give birth v. ayÀ2.
give comfort v. et lan» xm≠ rÀ ≠ vtxm.
give hope v. et hje`» &sÀ.
give judgment v. sdxm mr`&.
give light v. a`xm.
give magic powers v. st.
103
fhud qdrs sn sgd ancx
give rest to the body
fq`rrgnoodq
v. et lan» xm≠ rÀ
≠ vtxm.
give trouble v. ide m≠ .
give way v. bgvn∆ r≠ .
giving n. het.
gizzard n. rd 1.
glad, be v. r`œkÀ.
glance v. rn∆ œs≠ rÀ jh.
n. `kd»∆ & Àvt∆ xm jÕ ` jÀ m,sn&m≠ m≠ gland
lÀkt» œ.
v. jh rÀ ` mcxd∆ xm.
glare
n. `∆ mjh.
glass
v. jeÕ s≠ .
glean
v. kdxm.
glide
glimpse v. xdxm ` lÀk`∆ l`k`l.
n. ha`xm h fg`&mÀ,h;
glory
n. hjn&rÀ.
v. fgd∆ 2.
glow
glow, cause to v. fgd∆ r≠ .
glow, causing to n. hfgd» r≠ .
n. lÀfg`xm.
glue
glutton n. bg`l`∆ mbgh;
n. l≠ fgn∆ l2.
gnash teeth v. jeÀk `rnœ;
v. ktœkÀ.
n. eÀmiƒ» miƒ– eÀ Õ mbgx`∆ .
gnat
v. œdœsÀ.
gnaw
n. mfvn xh jd» & s` lan∆ œ.
gnu
v. mct∆ ;
go
v (imp.). kd&.
go higher v. jn&sÀ.
v. yÀ mct.
go in
go across v. cx`∆ œ.
go across, help v. cx`∆ œr≠ .
go ahead v. mcnxm.
go away v (imp.). kd&.
go away from home to work or market v. rd&.
go backwards v. mct∆ m≠ Õ a`lh.
go down v. fu≠ ;
v. j`∆ kÕ .
go down, cause to v. j`∆ xr≠ .
go forwards v. mct∆ m≠ `∆ rÀ,`.
go home v (imp.). je`.
go on a visit v. rd& hlt» .
go on transfer v. r`l.
go out v. eu≠ .
go out of sight v. x≠ l.
go round v. j`kh.
go through v. snxmÀ 1.
go up a bit v. jn&sÀ.
go wrong, cause s.o. to v. fu≠ r≠ .
n. ayÀ 1;
goat
n. ayÀ mcnœ.
gobble v. ly≠ èn ` xÀmÀ,`.
n. E≠ xÕ mÕ 1.
God
n. e≠ xÕ mÕ 2.
god
God forbid! exclm. l≠ mse≠ œ.
going home n. hje`.
going to work or market n. hrd&.
n. mfd∆ l.
gong
adj. À it∆ œ;
good
adj. it∆ œ.
good, be v. in∆ e;
v. ine≠ .
good heart n. `sdl ` itœ`∆ .
good luck n. `st ` itœ`∆ .
good message n. mstl Õ it∆ œ.
goose
v. je≠ xm m≠ mcnœ.
gore
gorilla n. eÀat&.
gospel n. mstl Õ it∆ œ.
gossip v. kdl jt» fgn∆ œ 'rÀ m`∆ (;
v. mxd∆ &r≠ .
gouge n. lad h mfdlsÀmÀ.
govern v. r`&.
government n. fn» lmƒ–.
governor n. fn» lmƒ–.
gown (loan word) n. fx`» œ.
v. ax`& rÀ fg`k.
grab
gradually adv. a`&h 2.
graduate v. eu≠ r≠ .
n. eÀr≠Ã k≠ ;
grain
n. hrÀ.
grains of paradise n. `bgn» &.
grandchild n. v`» xm v`∆ xm.
grandfather, maternal n. an∆ m`∆ ;
n. an∆ mÕ .
grandfather, paternal n. an∆ aƒ–;
n. an∆ an∆ .
n. mÕ 1;
n. mÕ mh.
grandmother
grandmother, maternal
n. m`∆ mÕ .
n. m`∆ m`∆ ;
grandmother, paternal n. m`∆ aƒ–;
grasp
grass
n. m`∆ an∆ .
v. fg`k.
n. `xnk;
n. hjeÀk;
n. ≠ met» &;
n. Àvh.
grass, already cut, in a heap
n. mj`∆ &Õ .
grass beetles (coloured) n. l≠ rÕ mfd∆ .
grass, fresh growing n. msd∆ &.
grass, (kind of) n. yx`.
grass leaf n. eÀj`» xm.
grass stem n. `f`» œk≠ .
grasshopper n. `∆ ld∆ l;
n. `∆ ms`∆ xm;
104
fq`rrgnoodq+ rl`kk
g`mf nq rtrodmc nmdrdke
grope
ground
n. hj`» &;
n. Õ mfu≠ xm.
grasshopper, small n. e≠ mfn∆ xmst» œ.
v. bgxd& 2.
grate
gratefulness n. `∆ xn∆ œm≠ .
n. `∆ mbgxd&.
grater
n. hrd» .
grave
gravel n. l≠ mfn∆ &`∆ ,mfn∆ &`∆ ;
n. rd 1.
grayish adv. eÀeÕÃ .
v. xÀrÀ mx`lrÀ m≠ ≠ xnkÀ.
graze
adj. mfd» r2.
great
great, be too v. fg`& bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
great person n. vtk À svn.
greater, become v. adsÀ.
n. hlÀ.
greed
greediness n. `∆ la`œ.
green tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ xu≠Ã e≠ .
v. bg`∆ &s≠ ;
greet
v. snœsÀ.
greet again v. eh snœsÀ.
greet happily v. et mfd∆ xmr≠ .
greet with honour v. ad∆ xm.
greeting n. hsnœsÀ.
v. fu`∆ ;
grind
v. fu`∆ s≠ ;
v. jeÀk.
grind a bit v. jeÀxsÀ.
grind teeth v. jeÀk `rnœ.
v. fg`k.
grip
v. adlsÀ;
groan
v. cx≠ l.
groom n. kt» lvh.
v. ln∆ ls≠ rÀ j`k.
n. mrd;
n. mrdrÀ.
ground nut n. ankd∆ œ.
n. `mn∆ xm.
group
group, small n. eÀmn» xm≠ .
group together v. jt&kÀ;
v. k`∆ r.
v. kdl`.
grow
grow larger v. ahrÀ.
grow up v. jn&.
v. cx≠ lk≠ .
growl
grown-up n. vtk À kvdl`.
grudge n. hje`» &s≠ ha`∆ xm m≠ `∆ mfgd∆ &`∆ .
grumble v. cx≠ lk≠ .
v. bgÕ .
guard
guardian n. mbgÕ .
n. vÕÃ msn&.
gueen
v. j`∆ œs≠ .
guess
n. hfu≠Ã h mr`&.
guilt
guinea corn n. `r`œ ` ank`.
guinea fowl n. fud Õ mx`∆ kÀmÀ.
guinea pig n. eÀje≠Ã .
n. hktœ h je`œ.
guitar
v. jn∆ k Àsnœ.
gulp
n. ≠ mcv`∆ l;
gum
v. a`xrÀ.
n. ÀsÀe.
gums
n. ÀuÀr.
gun
gun barrel n. `jnœ Àu≠ r.
gun powder n. lÀj`» xm.
H
v. fud∆ k.
hack
Hades n. hk`& h mjeÀrÀ mrd.
haemorrhage n. heu≠Ã h l≠Ã kt∆ œ r` l≠Ã fg`∆ œ.
haemorrhoids n. `r`r.
hailstone n. `vß .
n. mxtœ.
hair
hair, little n. l≠ mxt» œs≠ .
hair on body n. mxtœrÀ Àvt∆ xm.
hair on head n. mxtœrÀ `st.
hairstyle n. han `st.
adj. mxtœrÀ,mxtœrÀ.
hairy
hairy chest n. `cxd» l.
adj. àd& 2;
half
n. à`» r;
n. àd& 1.
half-full adj. àd& 2.
hammer n. lad;
v. a`xm.
n. `vt 1.
hand
-
h
hand of bananas n. mr`œ Õ mfn∆ l.
hand stitching n. hshlh mÀ Àvt» .
handcuff n. mbg`&.
handle n. `rnœh;
n. `vt 1.
handle carefully
v. anlh;
v. mxdlrÀ.
handle lightly v. mxdlrÀ.
handle of pot n. mbg`&;
n. mbg`& msn∆ xm.
handrail n. `∆ mfg`k `vt.
handstand n. hshlh mÀ Àvt» .
v. fg`œrÀ;
hang
v. jd∆ k`∆ ;
v. rx≠ œr≠ .
hang by one's side v. vè.
hang, e.g., bag on arm v. cx`∆ .
hang on s.t. v. fg`œkÀ.
hang or suspend oneself v. miƒ.
105
g`mf to
gdko otkk+ d-f-+ qnod
hang up v. fg`œrÀ;
he
v. midœrÀ.
hanger n. mrxÀœ.
hanging n. `∆ mrx≠ œr≠ .
happen v. f`∆ xm.
happen, cause to v. f`∆ xmr≠ .
happen suddenly, abruptly
v. au≠ œr≠ .
happen unexpectedly v. bg≠ xm;
v. bg≠ xm bgÀxm.
happen without planning v. bg≠ xm.
happiness n. hr`œkÀ.
happy, be v. cx`k;
v. r`œkÀ.
happy, be very v. mxtd∆ &Õ .
adj. sn 2;
hard
adv. msdœ.
hard to bend, be v. sn rÀ mfuÀlrÀ.
harden v. bgtœ.
hardhearted n. `sdl ` sn» .
hardhearted, be v. bgÀkh.
hardheartedness n. hbgÀkh.
hardness n. hsn.
n. eÀbgtd.
hare
n. `∆ je`∆ k`∆ .
harlot
n. mfd&.
harm
harmattan n. èxde ` kt» l.
harmony n. hxuÀmÀ.
n. hktœ ànan.
harp
harsh actions n. hmÕÃ h aÀ,Õ .
harsh person n. vtk À aÀ.
harvest v. jeÕ ;
v. jß –2.
harvest a bit v. jeÕ s≠ .
harvesting n. hjeÕÃ .
n. ènk huÀ.
hat
v. jd∆ 1.
hatch
hatching n. hjd» .
v. a`∆ xm.
hate
hatred n. ha`» xm.
v. jdk 2;
have
v. jdkh;
v. jdkÀ 1;
v aux. jdkÀ 2.
have a cold v. fu≠ k.
have diarrhea v. axƒrÀ.
have fever v. fu≠ k.
have intercourse v. bgh m≠ vt∆ k À vh.
having another child before weaning
hawk
haze
v. mxn∆ kh.
n. `vtl`vtl;
n. bgnœ 2;
n. bgnœlan∆ lan∆ .
n. ìvn» .
pro logo subj. xÕ ;
pro subj. vt∆ .
n. `st 1.
head
head illness n. `st 1;
n. `st ` bgvnsÀmÀ,`;
n. `st ` mfvnrÀ.
head, large n. mft∆ & `» st.
head of guinea corn n. `st hr`œ h an∆ kh.
n. `st ` bgvnsÀmÀ,`;
headache
n. `st ` xèÀmÀ,`.
headache, common n. mj`∆ xms≠ `∆ st.
headdress n. ènk;
n. `∆ mjtk `st.
headiness n. ms`∆ k.
headmaster n. `st ` mcn œv`∆ &k≠ ;
n. `st ` mcxd∆ xmr≠ .
heady, be v. s`∆ k.
healed, be v. sn rÀ hjn&h.
healer n. mbgt&.
healing n. lan» xm≠ .
healing talk n. àuÀ.
health centre n. mcn `∆ eu≠ h sdk`» .
healthy adj. `jàkÀ;
adj. svn;
adv. msdœ.
healthy body n. Àvtxm À svn.
healthy person n. vtk À svn.
n. `sd&.
heap
heap up v. mcnœrÀ.
heaping n. hxnlh.
v. xuÀ 2.
hear
n. `sdl 2;
heart
n. hsdl 1.
heart sickness n. hjn&h `sdl.
hearth n. hbgÀ h ÀuÀr.
n. `∆ ms≠ l;
heat
n. hkt» l;
v. xt&;
v. xt&h.
heated, be over v. kt» l bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
heaven n. hxuÀ1.
heavy, be v. cx≠ k.
heavy, be a bit v. cx≠ xs≠ .
n. eÀsd» &.
hedge
n. hbgÀœkÀ ù≠ .
heel
adj. Àex`œ.
hefty
height n. hmf`œsÀ.
n. mx≠Ã mcn.
heir
n. `kd∆ & ÀuÀr.
hell
n. hf`» ls≠ ;
help
v. f`∆ ls≠ .
help deliver v. ayÀrÀ.
help deliver child v. jt v`xm.
help give birth v. ayÀrÀ.
help pull, e.g., rope v. erhrÀ.
106
gdko r-n- d`s
gnkd
help s.o. eat v. knrÀ.
highest point n. e≠ mbgnxmbgnxm.
n. jeÀxm 1.
help s.o. lower s.t. v. rt&rÀ.
hill
help wash hands by pouring water onto them v. hilltop n. `st» jeÀxm;
bgx`sÀ.
helper n. mf`∆ ls≠ .
helpless person n. mfvn ≠ sv`&.
n. ÀbgeÀ hr`r h mcyÀrÀ;
hem
n. e≠ mcnœ eÀ jeÀxm.
pro logo obj. y≠ 2;
pro obj. œvdxm 2.
hinder v. s`∆ l;
v. s`∆ ls≠ .
hinder s.o. v. bgn& ùÀ.
him
v. ft∆ œ;
v. jdl;
v. mfuÀr;
v. rtr.
n. m`∆ mfuÀ.
hen
poss adj. œvdxm 1;
her
poss adj logo. jx` 3;
poss adj logo. uyÀ 3;
pro obj. œvdxm 2.
n. `∆ erÕ iß .
herb
n. `mn» xm ` mx`» lr≠ .
herd
herder n. `jn» r ` mx`» lr≠ ;
n. mbgÕ mx`∆ lr≠ .
adv. èd» xm;
here
dem adj. fg`∆ xm.
n. `∆ rnœ Àsnœ ` iu`» .
heron
pro poss. `jÀ œvdxm`;
hers
pro poss. hxh œvdxmh;
pro poss. ÀeÀ œvdxmeÀ;
pro poss. ÀfgÀ œvdxm;
pro poss. Àl≠Ã œvdxm;
pro poss. ÀrÀ œvdxmrÀ;
pro poss. ÀsÀ œvdxmsÀ;
pro poss. Àvt œvdxm;
pro poss. Àvt» œvdxm;
pro poss. ÀxÕÃ œvdxm.
hesitate v. uÀkh.
v. atmh rÀ ` mcxdxm;
hibernate
v. kd∆ xs≠ .
hiccup n. mrd∆ &`∆ ,mrd∆ &`∆ .
hidden n. kdxsÀmÀ.
hidden place n. msnœ,msnœ.
hidden, s.t. n. `∆ mkd∆ k.
v. fu≠ ls≠ ;
hide
v. kd∆ k;
v. kd∆ xs≠ .
hideousness n. hadl.
hiding n. hkd&rÀ;
n. mkd∆ xsÀ;
n. msnœ,msnœ.
n. jn&mÀ;
high
n. mf`œsÀmÀ.
high, be v. cxd∆ e;
v. mf`œsÀ.
high fever n. `fuÀk ` sn.
high priest (Bible) n. mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ h
mf`œsÀmÀ.
hint s.o. by touching them v. mxt∆ & À vtk.
n. `jt&sÀ.
hip
hip bone n. ùÀe ` mvdxmÀ e≠ jt∆ .
hippopotamus n. `∆ med» xmed∆ xm;
n. mx`» l iu`∆ .
poss adj. œvdxm 1;
poss adj logo. uyÀ 3;
pro poss. `jÀ œvdxm`;
pro poss. hxh œvdxmh;
pro poss. ÀeÀ œvdxmeÀ;
pro poss. ÀfgÀ œvdxm;
pro poss. Àl≠Ã œvdxm;
pro poss. ÀrÀ œvdxmrÀ;
pro poss. ÀsÀ œvdxmsÀ;
pro poss. Àvt œvdxm;
pro poss. Àvt» œvdxm;
pro poss. ÀxÕÃ œvdxm.
v. r`&rÀ.
hiss
history n. e≠ sÀs≠Ã .
v. je≠ xm;
hit
v. kdœ.
hit lightly, repeatedly v. je≠ xms≠ .
hit with fist v. je≠ xm m≠ e≠ mj`∆ l e≠ .
v. kd∆ l Àjvn.
hoard
hobble n. `∆ mjt∆ l.
hobbling gait n. hid» k h vtk À ku≠ œmÀ.
n. eÀ 1;
hoe
v. ed∆ k m≠ e≠ .
hoe handle n. Àkvn 2.
hoe handle making n. hen» h sÀkvn.
v. ex`œsÀ;
hold
v. fg`k;
v. fg`xsÀ;
v. jdkÀ 1.
hold arm in arm v. a`&mÀ.
hold back v. xd&mÀ.
his
hold carefully with both hands
v. ax`lsÀ.
hold comfortably v. exdlsÀ.
hold, e.g., a meeting v. fg`k.
hold in a closed hand v. aÀk 1.
hold things v. fg`xsÀ.
holding n. hfg`k.
n. àt» &;
hole
n. haÀ.
107
gnkknv
hcnkr
hollow
hot, be
n. msnœ;
v. an∆ &.
n. œv`∆ &mÀ.
holy
holy, be v. œv`∆ &.
Holy Spirit n. @xuÀr ` Øv`&mÀ,`.
honest actions n. hmÕÃ r`ln&.
honey n. Àkt» .
v. kt∆ l1;
v. xt∆ r.
hot, be very v. kt» l bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
hot pepper n. e≠ mr`» &r≠ ;
n. eÀrtr.
hot season n. `∆ ms≠ l.
n. bgtd.
hour
n. mcn.
house
adv. s` 1;
how
interrog. sh 4.
how many interrog. rd∆ & `;
interrog pro. mrd∆ & `.
huckleberry n. la`∆ r Õ je≠ .
huddle for warmth v. exdlsÀ mfdœrÀ.
v. a`&mÀ.
hug
adj. `jnxkÀ.
huge
n. hcx≠Ã l;
hum
v. cx≠ lk≠ .
human n. l≠ rn∆ œ.
human body n. Àvtxm vtk.
humble, be v. mfuÀlkÀ.
humility n. hmfuÀlkÀ.
hump of cow n. e≠ mjn& eÀ mx`l lankn&.
humpback n. e≠ mjn& eÀ iÀl.
hundred num. ÀuÀ2.
hundred (cowries) n. ÀuÀ Àvd&`.
hunger n. id∆ œ.
v. axdl.
hunt
hunting n. haxdl.
hunting reward n. `m`œsÀ.
v. mx`∆ œr≠ .
hurry
v. ktœ.
hurry, be in a haste
hurry s.o. v. je`∆ xms≠ ;
v. ktlsÀ.
hurrying n. hkt» lk≠ .
v. xè.
hurt
hurt, cause to v. xàrÀ.
husband n. ktl 1.
n. ù≠Ã ;
husk
n. hvn» ;
v. xtl.
husking n. hxt» l.
n. e≠ k`∆ œ`;
hut
n. Àsvn 1.
hydrophobia n. hi`& h aÀrÀ.
n. aÀ ≠ se`&.
hyena
honey, as starter in fermentation
n. mst.
honey sucker n. e≠ mrn∆ &Õ mfn∆ l.
honour n. hjn&rÀ;
n. hmfuÀlkÀ;
v. jn&rÀ.
honour with gift v. rtd&h.
honourable n. jn&mÀ.
n. ùÀ.
hoof
n. `∆ mfgn∆ e;
hook
n. eÀbgn&;
n. mr`& ≠ re≠ rÀ;
v. fgn∆ e.
hook for hanging n. mrxÀœ.
hookworm n. Õ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ;
n. hfgnœ`fgnœ h mr`&.
n. mj`k.
hoop
hoot of owl n. hcy≠Ã Õ `∆ mfd» xm≠ .
v. bg`∆ &m≠ ≠ exdxm Àln&À.
hop
n. hje`» &s≠ ;
hope
n. hld» &m≠ ;
v. je`∆ &s≠ .
horizon n. mjn∆ xmÀ Õ xu≠ m≠ mrd.
horizontal barrier n. msd∆ l.
n. mcnœ.
horn
hornbill n. eÀmxtxm eÀ mcnœ.
horror n. hadl.
n. mx`» l je`œ.
horse
n. mx`» l je`œ h
horse, short-legged
shlrÀmÀ.
horsefly n. eÀmiƒ» miƒ– eÀ mx`l je`œ.
horsewhip (grass for medicine)
n. mr≠ l.
hospital n. mcn `∆ eu≠ ;
n. mcn» mf`∆ œ.
hospital (loan word) n. v`r`∆ ehs`∆ .
hospital, small n. mcn `∆ eu≠ h sdk`» .
n. an∆ Õ vn;
host
v. vtk uy≠ ` vt∆ k`∆ &Õ fgdkÀ.
hostile, be v. bgde.
adj. kt∆ lm≠Ã .
hot
I
I
I say
ice
pro subj. l` 1;
pro subj. lÀ 2.
exclm. m` lan∆ .
n. `vß .
-
i
n. `∆ la≠ k≠ .
idiot
idle, be v. a`∆ œk≠ .
n. l≠ xÕ mÕ ≠ m a≠Ã .
idols
108
he
hmsdqu`k
if
cond. jƒ 1;
conj. `k`;
conj. ÀkuÀ s`;
conj. m`.
if not so prep. atk` sÕ .
igniting n. hcx`» xm.
ignorant n. `∆ mjnxm.
ignorant person n. `∆ la≠Ã lk≠ ` vt» k;
n. lat&.
ignore v. at&rÀ;
v. vdxm.
v. jn&h.
ill, be
ill luck n. mcn∆ xm.
illegal actions n. hmÕÃ `vn s≠ j` hr`&h aÀlh.
illegitimate adj. s≠ j` hr`&h aÀlh.
illness n. `∆ mn∆ œ;
n. hjn&h.
illustrate v. ed∆ &m≠ .
imitate v. rÀmÀ.
immediately adv. ku≠Ã xm;
adv. mx`∆ œr≠ .
immorality n. laÀ.
immune to, become v. jx`sÀ.
impatience n. `sdl ` ktlmÀ,`.
imperfective aspect asp cont. m`∆ 2.
important adj. sn 2;
n. fg`&mÀ.
important, be v. adl;
v. sn 1.
important person n. vtk À fg`&mÀ.
prep. ` 1;
in
prep. `∆ msd» xm≠ .
in batches adv. ` msd∆ lr≠ ,`» msdlr≠ .
in front of prep. `rÀ1.
in order prep. ` la`œh ` la`œh.
in order that conj. s` j`.
in successive stages adv. ` msd∆ lr≠ ,`»
msdlr≠ .
in the middle prep. `∆ msd» xm≠ ;
prep. `∆ msd» xm≠ ,`∆ msd» xm≠ .
incense n. hkdœ 2.
v. bg`xm.
incise
incise in many places v. bg`xmsÀ.
incision n. laß .
v. seÀsÀ.
incite
incitement to action n. hrd» &.
incompletive aspect suffix
asp incompl. ,`.
incorrect, be v. fu≠ .
increase v. cu≠ s≠ ;
v. jedxmrÀ.
increase a bit in bulk or largeness
v. fg`&sÀ.
increase, cause to v. cu≠ r≠ .
incubate v. xuÀsÀ.
incubate eggs v. xuÀsÀ `vtl.
inculcate evil manners into s.o.
v. e`l.
inexpensive, be v. anxmÀ.
infectious, be v. cx`∆ œm≠ .
infertile n. `j`» xm.
infested by weevils v. at∆ l.
inflate v. mchlrÀ;
v. vd `xuÀr.
inflate, e.g., jaws v. lt∆ xr≠ .
inherit v. xÀ mcn.
inheritance n. hxÀ.
initiate v. bgxd∆ &.
initiate s.t. v. ed∆ &r≠ .
initiation n. hbgxd» & èn.
v. rt∆ .
inject
injection n. mr`&;
n. mr`& h bgt&mÀ;
n. mr`& Õ jn∆ &h.
injunction n. `k`» œ.
injure by accident v. kdl.
n. `kdlsÀ.
injury
in-laws n. m`∆ vh mÀ an∆ vh.
innocent v. jx` vh.
inquire v. aÀasÀ.
inquisitiveness n. hmitœkÀ.
insane, be v. i`&.
insane person n. vtk hi`&;
n. vtk À s`œhmÀ.
insanity n. hi`&.
n. `jnœ à`xm;
insect
n. e≠ cxn∆ œ;
n. e≠ mrd∆ &Õ mt∆ .
inside
v. sn 1.
insist
insolence n. ms`∆ k.
instead adv. rƒ» .
instead of adv. bgvn∆ 2.
instigate v. xvnrÀ.
institute a law v. kd∆ l hr`&.
insufficient, be v. bgtd∆ rÀ.
n. mch;
insult
v. sd.
insult with curse v. sd m≠ mch h aÀ.
intelligence n. hsne.
intelligent, be v. sne.
intend to v. jÀœ rÀ.
intention n. hje`» &s≠ .
intentional actions n. hmÕÃ jx` jÀ mn» jx`.
interfere v. s`∆ xr≠ ;
v. stœ Àbge≠Ã hvn.
interjection interj. vh 3;
interj. vn 3.
interrupt v. s`∆ xr≠ .
interval n. msd∆ l.
109
hmsdqudmd
itit+ m`ld ne+ eqnl o`k`bd
v. s`∆ ls≠ .
intervene
intestines n. lÀst.
into
into different groups prep. ` ≠ mje`» &s≠ pro logo subj. xÕ ;
pro obj. `mjdxm`;
pro obj. hmxdxmh;
pro obj. Àld» xm 2;
pro obj. medxmeÀ;
pro obj. mrdxmrÀ;
pro obj. mxdxm;
pro obj. œvdxm 2;
pro subj. eÀ 4;
pro subj. jÀ 2;
pro subj. l≠ ;
pro subj. vt;
pro subj. xh.
n. `∆ mxt∆ r;
itch
v. r`&rÀ;
v. xt∆ r.
itch a little v. xt∆ xs≠ .
itching n. hxt» r.
itching a little n. hxt» xs≠ .
n. xtrÀmÀ.
itchy
its
poss adj logo. uyÀ 3.
≠ mje`» &s≠ .
investigate v. aÀasÀ;
v. jÀœ;
v. r`xm ùÀ hvn.
invitation n. hi`» œ;
n. hk`&Õ .
v. i`∆ œ;
invite
v. i`∆ œs≠ ;
v. k`∆ &Õ .
invite attention with eyes v. l≠ kÕ `rÀ.
n. `j`r;
iron
v. m`∆ xs≠ ;
v. xd&sÀ.
iron ore n. `rn.
irritate v. mÕ m` vtk mxn&rÀ Àsnœ.
is, form of "to be" v. fgÀ1.
n. `stœ `msd» xm≠ iu`∆ .
island
pro. `sdxm 3;
it
pro indef. `∆ 1;
J
v. bgt&.
jab
n. `mx`» lmÀ.
jackal
jackass, donkey (loan word)
n. mi`∆ j`» r.
January, month of dancing
n. minœ Õ aÀxm.
n. `fxd» &.
jaw
jealous adj. fgd∆ &m≠ .
jealous, be v. fgd∆ &.
jealous of, be v. fgd∆ &.
jealousy n. `∆ mfgd∆ &;
n. hfgd» &m≠ .
jeer at v. axd∆ l;
v. kt∆ &r≠ .
jeering n. haxd» l.
Jew (loan word) n. vtk ≠ It» .
n. lat∆ &.
jigger
n. hed» k.
job
v. bg≠ xms≠ ;
join
v. xt∆ œ;
v. xu≠ œs≠ .
n. `xt» œ;
joint
n. mrd&.
joint disease n. j≠ xtœ.
joint illness n. `xt» œ.
v. v`∆ & mf`∆ xm.
joke
n. `∆ mxd∆ &r≠ .
jokes
joking n. hcxÀlrÀ.
-
j
v. bgdlsÀ.
jolt
v. srÀxm.
jostle
journey n. hid» k.
n. hr`œkÀ.
joy
joyful acclamation n. Àkt&.
joyful actions n. hcx`xsÀ;
n. hmxnmÀ.
joyful, be v. r`œkÀ.
joyful cries n. Àktd&h.
n. vtk À r`&mÀ;
judge
v. r`&.
n. hjh hvn;
n. miu`;
n. mr`&.
n. `jtl.
juju
juju dance leader n. j`∆ l.
juju from the palace n. EÀat& eÀ Jnl.
juju mask n. `st ` `jt∆ l.
judgment
juju, masked from head to foot
n. `∆ cx`∆ œr≠ .
n. @¶ mft&;
n. L≠ ivn;
n. Mfvn∆ 1;
n. MÕ a`∆ &;
n. Mj`∆ &1.
juju, name of
juju, name of, from palace
n. Mjn∆ &1.
110
itit+ m`ld ne+ ldchbhmd itit
k`lo 'kn`m vnqc(
juju, name of, medicine juju
just
adv. jÀ 1;
adv. jtlh 2;
adv intns. mn» .
just as adv. hfgdk s`;
adv. j≠ mn» sd∆ xm;
adv. mcdœ,mcd∆ œ;
prep. j≠ s`.
just enough adv. mfdxm.
just like prep. j≠ s`.
just like this adv. jÀ sd» xm.
just now adv. jt∆ &s≠ .
just so adv. jÀ sd» xm.
n. E≠ mjn& eÀ MÕ a`∆ &.
juju, running juju of Nantang
n. E≠ bgnœ eÀ M`∆ ms`∆ œ.
July, month of harvesting corn
n. minœ minxmrÀ.
v. bg`∆ &.
jump
jump over v. x`&h.
junction n. è`» e.
June, month of clearing
n. minœ Õ sdl.
K
v. kd∆ l.
keep
keep as a secret v. fu≠ ls≠ .
keep aside v. at&rÀ.
keep flat v. sn∆ .
keep unused v. st&.
keeping n. hkd» l;
n. kdlmÀ.
v. shl `kuÀ.
n. e≠ mxtd∆ .
interj. jv`&;
v. je`&sÀ;
v. je≠ xm.
knock on a door v. jt∆ ls≠ .
knock on head n. `∆ mjß –.
knife
knock
knock with force repeatedly
v. at∆ xk≠ .
knock with knuckles v. mfn&.
n. `bgeÀœ;
knot
v. bgnœ v`xm.
kidney n. exdœ `j≠ œ.
v. ytd.
kill
kill (imperative) v. ytdsÀ.
killing n. hytd.
n. `sdl ` itœ`∆ ;
kind
n. `jtr.
knot, e.g., sugercane n. mrd&.
v. jdkh;
know
v. jx` 1.
knowledge n. hsne.
kola nut n. hah.
kola nut tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ haÕ .
Kom language (idiom) n. mfd∆ l Jnl.
Kom person(s) n. Jnl 1.
n. anxmÀmÀ;
n. Õ mjÕ .
kindle v. fgd∆ r≠ .
kindling n. hfgd» r≠ .
kindling sticks n. mcx`∆ xmr≠ .
n. en∆ xm.
king
L
ladder
v. vtsÀ.
n. `s`» œ;
n. Àjn&.
v. ktl 2.
k
kingdom of God n. Àen» xm À E≠Ã xÕ mÕ .
kingfisher n. shl`ftœ.
kitchen n. mcn Õ jed∆ mÀ.
n. e≠ mrt∆ eÀ `vtl`vtl.
kite
n. hkuÀ.
knee
knee joint n. `xt» œ Àexdxm.
v. mft&;
kneel
keeping away n. hkd&rÀ.
kernel n. jt 1.
kerosene (loan word) n. j`∆ k`∆ rÕÃ .
kettle, from calabash n. mf≠ .
n. `∆ mbgn&.
key
v (imp.). bgx`.
kick
kick a little v. bgx`sÀ.
kick against v. jd.
kick repeatedly v. bgx`kÀ.
kidnap v. bgnœ À vtk;
labour n. mbgt&.
labour to give birth
v. vn 2;
lack
-
-
l
n. Àktd» .
lake
n. kuÀœmÀ.
lame
lame, be v. mfdr.
lame person n. e≠ mfd» r.
lamp (loan word) n. k`» l.
111
k`mc
land
kds fn nq kdùd `m naidbs
leaf with magic powers
v. eu≠ .
leak
v. mfd∆ &s≠ ;
lean
v. ed;
v. fu≠ .
land, large area of n. ha`k.
land preserved for farming
n. mfuÀxm.
land that is level n. ha`k.
landing n. hfu≠Ã .
landslide n. je≠ l1.
landwards adv. ih ` mrd.
language n. hs`œh.
n. àÕÃ ;
lap
n. hr`r 2.
lap like a cat v. mxuÀ lt m≠ Õ kdlh s` adr.
n. admÀ;
large
n. fg`&mÀ.
large basket n. `∆ mrvn.
large, be v. ad;
v. fg`&.
large in quantity, be v. adx&Õ fgÀ.
large seat n. `bgÀ ` fg`&mÀ,`.
n. had.
largeness
larger, become v. adsÀ.
larger, become a bit v. fg`&sÀ.
larynx n. `fgdrh;
n. `kd» & Àsnœ jÕ ` fx` mÀm eu≠ `sdxm.
n. fn∆ &rÀmÀ;
last
n. mfvn∆ &rÀ;
v. bgh.
last a bit v. bghsÀ.
n. ÀkuÀ À bgvnmÀ.
late
late afternoon n. `kdœ ÀkuÀ me`l.
adv. jƒ 3.
later
latrine n. hje≠Ã k.
v. bgxd& 2.
laugh
laughter n. hbgxd&.
n. xt» e À mjedœ.
lava
n. hr`&.
law
v. kd∆ l.
lay
lay a loophold v. ad∆ m`∆ .
lay across v. cx`∆ œ.
v. mx`rh.
lay carefully
lay eggs v. kd∆ l `vtl.
lay grass along furrows v. exdlsÀ À fudxm.
lay s.t. down v. mx≠ œr≠ èn ` mrd.
n. xnkhmÀ.
lazy
lazy, be v. xnkh;
v. y≠ kÕ .
v. kÕ 1;
lead
v. mct» `r≠ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
lead to graze v. rd&rÀ.
leader n. j`∆ l;
n. vtk `rÀ.
leading n. shrÀmÀ.
n. `∆ mct∆ œkÀ;
leaf
n. heÀ.
n. mjÀœ.
v. rxd∆ lr≠ .
lean against v. xd&sÀ.
leap away v. r`k.
leap away from v. mx`r 2.
leap with joy v. r`xsÀ.
v. jdkh;
learn
v. xd&h.
learning n. Õ k`xmh;
n. xd&hmÀ.
leather n. fuÀ.
v (imp.). uhrh.
leave
leave a bitter aftertaste v. fgd∆ &s≠ .
leave door ajar v. xuÀœsÀ mcn.
leave for awhile v. uÀxsÀ.
leave, go away v. kt∆ .
leave quietly v. mx`&sÀ.
leaves n. la`∆ r.
n. Õ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ.
leech
adj. m≠ mjß ;
left
n. Àjß À m≠Ã mjß–.
left hand n. `vt Àjß mÀmjß –.
left, left hand side n. à`» r Àjß m≠Ã mjß –.
left-handed person n. m≠ mjß –.
leftover n. àd& 1.
leftovers n. àdr;
n. Àavd&kÀ.
n. hjdr;
n. Àexdxm.
leg of animal n. Õ mjd∆ r.
leg of insect n. mfd∆ .
legal case n. mr`&.
legend n. e≠ sÀs≠Ã .
leg
legs like tiny tall stems n. lÀmfh l≠ Õ exd∆ xm.
lemon tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ kdlnm.
v. r`lrÀ.
lend
length n. hcxd» e.
length measurement n. ms`∆ l.
lengthen v. cxd∆ ar≠ ;
v. kn∆ r≠ .
leopard n. àn;
leper
leprosy
n. mx`∆ l`∆ an.
n. vtk `∆ mr`∆ rÕ ;
n. vtk ≠ je≠ rÀmÀ.
n. `∆ mje≠ r;
n. `∆ mr`∆ rÕ .
v. bgt∆ œr≠ .
lessen
lessen, decrease bulk or quantity
v. kƒrÀ.
n. hkƒrÀ.
lessening
let down v. j`∆ xr≠ .
let go or leave an object
v (imp.). uhrh.
112
kds hm
let in
let not
let see
level
knnj enq
v. yÀrÀ.
v. mc`∆ et mc`∆ .
v. sd&.
adj. `∆ kd∆ k`kdk;
v. kdrÀ.
n. `∆ lx`∆ xm.
lever
v. kn.
lick
n. mbgÀk.
lid
n. `∆ mj`œ;
lie
v. v`l.
lie all on the ground v. kß sÀ rÀ mct∆ ` mrd.
lie down v. mx≠ œÕ .
lie horizontally v. mx≠ œÕ rÀ s`k` s`k`.
lie in wait v. fu≠ s≠ 1.
lie in wait for s.o. or s.t. v. fu≠ .
lie prostrate v. mx≠ œÕ `∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ an∆ l Õ ank.
n. `bgh;
life
n. hbgh;
n. l≠ rn∆ œ;
n. mbgÕÃ m≠ .
lift hand threateningly v. e`∆ e `vt.
lift stick threateningly v. e`∆ e la`∆ œ.
lift up a bit v. œ`&sÀ.
ligament n. eÀfg`œ eÀ sneÀ;
n. mivn∆ ≠ vt∆ xm ÕÃ s`∆ œmÀ y≠ ` xÕ m,
fg`k ÀuÀe.
v. cx`∆ xm;
light
v. jvn∆ .
light in colour, be v. k`xm a`» œ,a`œ.
light in weight n. hx`» œr≠ .
light in weight, be very v. exdk.
light in weight, very adv. exdk`,exdk`;
adv. exdkh,exdkh.
light (opposite of dark) n. ha`xm.
lighten weight v. x`∆ œr≠ .
lighter, become v. x`∆ œr≠ .
lighting a path n. hj`» &r≠ .
lightning n. hlx`» xm;
n. huÀ h lx`» xmÀ,h.
adv. m`» 1;
like
adv. s` 1;
v. jn∆ œ.
like a child adv. s` v`xm lank.
like this adv. m`» 1;
adv. sd∆ xm2.
limestone n. j`œv`.
v. ed∆ &m≠ .
limit
limit in action v. me`l.
v. bg`∆ &;
limp
v. mfdr.
limp slightly v. mfdxsÀ.
n. la`œh.
line
line of rope n. ÀuÀ1.
lineage n. hr`r h mcn.
lining, e.g., of material n. la`∆ k.
lintel
n. `∆ mcx`» œr≠ ;
n. e≠ lad» &r≠ .
n. ay≠ jdl.
lion
n. fuÀ ≠ bge≠ .
lip
v. xuÀsÀ.
listen
adj. sdasÀ 2.
little
little, be too v. kƒ bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
little finger of hand n. v`xm `vt.
little thing n. `sdk`» .
v. bgh.
live
living person n. vtk À svn.
n. à`r.
lizard
n. hfgde.
loaf
loaf about idly v. lx`∆ xm.
loaf of n. mst&.
loaf, small n. eÀfgdak≠Ã ;
n. e≠ mst&.
v. r`lrÀ.
loan
lobster n. mi`∆ mf`∆ .
location n. `kd» &.
n. `∆ men∆ ;
lock
v. en∆ .
lock several things v. en∆ s≠ .
locking n. hen» .
n. mftlh.
locust
locust bird n. eÀmxtxm eÀ mftlh.
n. hj`œ àd.
loft
n. èt» œ;
log
n. `∆ mr`» xms≠ .
v. a≠ k≠ ;
loiter
v. k`k`.
loiter a bit v. k`xsÀ.
loitering n. hk`k`.
lonely adj. mÕ mxÀœ 2.
lonely, be v. xtœkÀ.
long ago adv. mn» rÀ Àst& `rÀ.
long and thin adj. mcx`œh;
adj. miƒ» .
long, be v. cx`∆ ;
v. cxd∆ e.
long (things) adj. cxd∆ ak≠ .
long time n. mcxd∆ xm2.
longing greatly n. hminxm.
long-necked adj. miƒ» jd» & m≠ ≠ snœ.
v. jd∆ &.
look
look across on level land v. jh s`xrÀ.
look across to other side v. jh cx`∆ œr≠ .
look ahead v. jh mct∆ r≠ .
look at v. jh 1.
look at briefly v. jhsÀ.
look down on s.o. v. kÀ.
look downwards v. jh j`∆ xr≠ ;
v. jh rt&rÀ.
look dull v. fu≠ xm jd∆ &.
look for v. jÀœ.
113
knnj f`tms
l`kd
look gaunt v. mfƒsÀ.
look level v. kdr≠Ã fgÀ,fgÀ.
look like v. jd∆ &.
look pitiful v. jnxmrÀ.
look smooth v. knlÕÃ jd» & jd∆ &.
look sorrowful v. jnxmrÀ.
look thin v. mfƒsÀ.
look towards v. jh fuÕ r≠ .
look uninteresting v. knlÕÃ jd» & jd∆ &.
look upwards v. jh jn&rÀ.
looking down on s.o. n. hkÀ.
loon
loophole n. `rt» l.
loosen v. x`∆ r;
loud
loud cry
louse
love
adj. sn 2.
n. mjd&.
n. eÀrd» r.
n. hjn» œ;
v. jn∆ œ.
lover, one's lover n. mjn∆ œm≠ .
low back n. `jÀœsÀ.
low, be v. shlrÀ.
v. j`∆ xr≠ ;
lower
v. rt&rÀ.
lower a bit v. rt&sÀ.
lower back n. `jt&sÀ.
lower family n. HsrÀxm`k`&.
lower leg n. `jdr.
lower part n. à`∆ r hsrÀxm.
lucky one n. jd∆ mf`∆ xm.
n. e≠ mst&.
lump
lump of n. mst&.
n. hje`» &s≠ rÀ mh hvn h aÀ,h.
lust
n. hmxhœÕ ;
lying
v. x`∆ xs≠ .
loosen a bit v. uÀxsÀ.
n. An» ;
Lord
n. An» an.
v. kd∆ ;
v. kd∆ k≠ ;
v. l`∆ &Õ ;
v (imp.). kd&.
losing n. hkd» .
n. `∆ mkd∆ ;
loss
n. aƒ.
loss of interest n. hknl.
n. kdkÀmÀ.
lost
lose
n. v`lmÀ.
lying down n. hmxhœÕ .
lying facedown adv. `∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ.
lying faceup adv. `r`∆ œ,`r`œ;
M
-
m
mad, be v. i`&.
mad, be mildly v. k`» xs≠ ,k`xsÀ;
make fire v. jvn∆ ÀuÀr.
make framework of wooden building
mad, mildly n. xtœrÀmÀ.
mad person n. vtk hi`&;
make loopholes v. s`l.
make magic v. eÀxmsÀ.
make many errors v. i`xkÀ.
make more v. cu≠ r≠ .
make room v. yÀsÀ.
make rough v. jtdsÀ.
make signs, e.g., with hands v. ed∆ &k≠ .
make smooth v. xd∆ kh2.
make straight, e.g., with plumb line
v. xtœrÀ,xt∆ œrÀ.
n. vtk À s`œhmÀ.
madman n. `∆ mft∆ .
madness n. hi`&;
n. hk`» xs≠ .
maggot n. `jd&kÀ;
n. fuÀk.
maggot, large and edible n. ladœ.
magical power n. hjt» &.
magical powers n. eÀxmsÀmÀ.
mahogany tree n. `st ` ayÀ.
n. `r`œ.
maize
v. e`xsÀ;
make
v. mÕÃ 2;
v. mÕ 2.
make a bit v. mÕ s≠ .
make a hissing sound v. r`&rÀ.
make a hollow v. sn∆ œ.
make a slip of the tongue v. rne.
make a small hollow v. sn∆ œs≠ .
make a squelching sound v. enxm.
v. je`∆ &s≠ .
v. shrÀ.
make streaks v. cxn∆ xms≠ .
make use to v. jx`sÀ.
make warlike display v. rdœ.
make wooden handle v. en∆ .
making n. he`xsÀ.
making fire n. he`xsÀ h Àu≠ r;
n. hjvn» h Àu≠ r.
making frightening faces n. hœn» œr≠ .
malaria n. `fuÀk;
male
n. `fuÀk ` bgdlrÀmÀ,`;
n. `fuÀk ` sn.
n. kt» lm≠ .
114
l`kd fn`s
ldmc
male goat n. hede.
malign v. bgn∆ lÕ .
maligning n. hbgnlÕ .
maltreat v. fg`k àÀ;
match
n. `∆ mfud∆ k;
v. jn∆ xm≠ ;
v. s`r.
maturity n. hfgd&mÀ.
v. mx`∆ ak≠ .
maltreatment n. hmx`» ak≠ .
mamba n. snsnuÀe.
mammal n. mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,mxnœrÀ vnxm.
n. vtk À kt» lm≠ .
man
n. hvÕÃ lyÕ m≠ mx`∆ l je`œ.
mane
manger n. eÀjÀ.
manikin n. eÀvt» xs≠ .
manner n. cyÀ;
n. ih.
manner or way to do s.t. n. ih rÀ mÕ hvn.
manslaughter n. hytd h vt» k l` xh bg≠ xm
f`∆ xm f`xm.
manure n. Àevn À x≠ mÀ mÀ fudxm.
adj. rÀ hcu≠ ;
many
n. cuÀmÀ;
n. mcu≠ .
many, be v. cu≠ .
many parts of s.t. n. Àavd&kÀ.
many pits n. àÀ.
March, month of heat
n. minœ `∆ ms≠ l.
march on v. l`xm.
n. `k`r;
mark
n. `∆ la≠ akÀ;
n. mbgvƒ;
v. cxn∆ xms≠ .
mark, e.g., for identification
v. bgvƒ– .
mark places for boring v. fgdasÀ.
mark, small n. e≠ mbgvƒ.
mark when measuring v. fgde.
market n. Àvd.
market, small n. eÀvds≠Ã .
marriage n. hbgÀxms≠ .
marriage (idiom) n. hk`l.
marriage (loan word) n. l`k`» .
marrow n. henl.
v. bg≠ xms≠ .
marry
marry (loan word) v. l`k`.
marvel n. hj`xm.
n. `jtl.
mask
n. la`∆ k Àbge≠ èn.
mask (cloth)
mask or net to cover face n. la`∆ k.
massage v. exd&;
v. fg`xsÀ.
master (loan word) n. l`» r`∆ .
n. eÀfg`» l.
mat
mat for drying n. hfg`» l.
May, month of sowing
n. minœ mfß –r≠ .
maybe n. ÀkuÀ eÀkh.
pro obj. l` 2.
me
v. je`∆ &s≠ .
mean
mean, be v. lÀ1.
meander v. mfnxmÀ.
meaningless, be v. jdkÀ vh `bgÀ.
meant for burning adj. jvnm≠Ã .
measles n. lauÀsÀ h ank.
measure v. ed∆ &.
measurement n. Àexd» &.
measuring instrument n. `∆ med∆ &.
measuring mark n. hfgde.
n. mivn∆ 2;
meat
n. mx`l 1.
medal n. eÀcƒ» .
medicinal grass n. eÀi`œ eÀ fud.
medicinal herb n. `st èu≠ .
medicinal ingredient n. mst `∆ eu≠ .
medicinal leaf n. `∆ vn∆ ÀuÀr.
medicinal leaves n. Àkn» k.
medicinal plant n. `xt& ì`œ.
medicine n. èuÀ;
n. mf`∆ œ.
medicine man n. vtk `∆ eu≠ .
medicine person n. vtk mf`∆ œ.
medicines used as curse n. bgÀrÀ.
meditate v. je`∆ &s≠ .
meekness n. hmfuÀlkÀ.
meet an obstacle v. fg`∆ œs≠ .
meet at a particular point v. jn∆ xm≠ .
meet face to face v. jn∆ xm≠ .
meet from opposite directions
v. jn∆ xm≠ .
meet suddenly v. ytdmÀ Àst.
meet together v. s`r.
meet up with s.o. going in same direction v.
jnkh.
meeting n. l`∆ min∆ œ;
n. mbg≠ xmsÀ;
n. min∆ œ.
meeting house n. mcn» mfu`&.
meeting house of military society
melody
melon
melt
member
mend
n. mcn» min∆ œ.
n. fx`» mi`∆ œ.
n. jnmfd∆ .
v. atœrÀ.
n. mf`∆ œ.
v. e`xsÀ;
v. hlh.
115
ldmrsqt`shnm
menstruation n. mjn∆ &rÀ.
mention v. xd∆ œs≠ ;
lnsnqbxbkd
mistake n. mi`r;
v. y≠ 1.
n. vtk ladx&kÀ À e≠ ak≠ .
merchant
mercy n. hjnxmrÀ hrtxm;
merely adv. jtlh 2.
message n. mstl.
Messiah n. vtk uy≠ ` E≠ xÕ mÕ e≠ bgn∆ & ldxm
kd∆ l.
midday n. msn» bgt∆ d.
middle n. `∆ msd» xm≠ ,`∆ msd» xm≠ .
middle of road or trail n. ùÀ ` cyÀ.
midget n. eÀvt» xs≠ .
midnight n. msd» xm≠ m≠ mst&À.
mid-way n. `∆ msd» xm≠ ,`∆ msd» xm≠ .
migrate v. r`l.
adj. ank 2.
mild
mildew v. e≠ ls≠ .
mildness n. hank.
miles (loan word) n. lƒ» r≠ .
military society meeting n. min∆ œ.
military society meeting (loan word)
n. l`∆ min∆ œ.
n. lÀfgdxm.
milk
n. hrn h Mrn&.
millet
millipede n. `∆ sn∆ œ `∆ an∆ .
n. hje`» &s≠ ;
mind
n. hsne.
pro poss. `jdl`;
pro poss. hxdlh;
pro poss. ÀedleÀ;
pro poss. Àfgdl;
pro poss. Àld» l;
pro poss. ÀrdlrÀ;
pro poss. ÀsdlsÀ;
pro poss. Àvnl;
pro poss. Àvn» l;
pro poss. Àxd» l.
mineral n. mje≠ r`∆ .
minimize importance v. jn∆ ar≠ .
minor thing v. eÀvn» k≠ .
miracle n. hvn h j`xmÀ,h.
mirror n. `∆ mjh.
miscarry v. ayÀ v`xm rÀ vn;
v. sr≠ xk≠ ;
v. vn v`xm.
miserliness n. hlÀ.
misfortune n. mfd&.
mishandle v. fg`k àÀ.
misplace v. at&rÀ.
v. kd∆ ;
miss
v. rß –.
miss repeatedly v. rß –s≠ .
n. ìvn» .
mist
mine
v. i`r 1.
mistreat v. fg`k àÀ.
n. eÀxuÀj`xuÀj.
mite
v. exd&rÀ;
mix
v. mt∆ ;
v. mt∆ &;
v. mt∆ s≠ ;
v. s`xmÀ.
mix, cause to v. exdrÀ.
mix large quantity v. exdr.
mix like mud v. enxm.
mix one substance with another
v. eß –m≠ 1.
mix small quantity v. exdxsÀ.
mix up objects v. lt∆ m≠ .
mix with palm oil v. j`œkÀ.
mixing together n. hk`l.
mixture n. hexdr.
v. bgxd&sÀ;
mock
v. sdkÀ.
modern adj. je`œ.
n. e≠ mct∆ l;
mole
n. mbgvƒ– Õ e≠ lm≠ Àvt∆ xm m≠ vt∆ k.
molest v. ide m≠ .
molluscs n. mx`» l mfnk.
moment n. eÀkd» &m≠ eÀ ÀkuÀ.
money n. Àjvn.
money, small amount n. e≠ jvn» s≠ .
monkey n. j`xm 1;
n. mx`l,e≠ j`∆ &.
monkey (kind of) n. mstl.
month n. minœ.
month is ending n. minœ rÀ lƒ» .
n. ih Õ je`∆ &s≠ ;
mood
n. ih y≠ ,h ` `sdl ` mÀm fgÀ `sdxm.
n. minœ.
moon
more, become v. cu≠ s≠ .
more than, be v. bgvn∆ 1.
mortar n. `jÀ;
n. eÀjÀ.
n. hmxnœ`mxnœ.
mosquito
n. hknl.
moss
adv. œ`œ 1;
most
n. cuÀmÀ;
n. mcu≠ .
n. `∆ la≠ k`laÀk.
moth
mother n. m`∆ 1;
n. m`∆ v`∆ xm;
n. mÕ 1;
n. mÕ mh.
mother of Fon n. m`∆ en∆ xm.
motor (loan word) n. lÀst∆ .
motorcycle n. e≠ ms≠ ls≠ l.
116
lntkc
mould
m`ld+ fhudm sn l`kdr
muddy
mulch
mule
n. me≠ ls≠ ;
v. anl 2.
adj. `bg`» &k≠ ,`bg`» &k≠ .
v. kd∆ lÕ À fudxm.
n. mx`l l` ` ayÕÃ mi`∆ j`»r h kt» lm≠ œd∆ xm mx`l je`œ h jh.
mumps n. mÕ lxd∆ &.
murder n. hytd;
n. hytd h vt» k jx`;
v. ytd.
n. he≠Ã l.
murk
murmur n. hcx≠Ã l;
v. cx≠ lk≠ .
muscle n. mivn∆ ≠ vt∆ xm.
muscular arm n. eÀat& eÀ Àjß .
mushroom n. `fgn&.
n. mi`∆ œ.
music
n. `∆ mrd∆ &.
musical instrument
v. jdkÀ rÀ;
must
v aux. jdkÀ 2.
must not v. jdkÀ vh.
adj. lnœ.
mute
mute, be v. bghlh lnœ.
mutter v. rtdkÀ.
muzzle n. `∆ mctœ;
n. `ytd mÀ ÀbgeÀ mx`l.
poss adj. edleÀ;
my
poss adj. fgdl;
poss adj. jdl`;
poss adj. l` 3;
poss adj. ld» l;
poss adj. rdlrÀ;
poss adj. sdlsÀ 1;
poss adj. vnl;
poss adj. xdl 2;
poss adj. xdlh.
mystery n. heÀxmsÀ.
mould in hand, e.g., fufu v. ldl.
mould s.t. into small lump in hand
v. ldlsÀ.
moulding device n. `∆ mbgdl.
mountain n. jeÀxm 1.
mountain peak n. mcn» œ je≠ xm.
mourn v. jtlh Àvtxm 'rÀ m`∆ (.
mourning n. hjtlh Àvtxm;
n. `∆ mrn∆ œ;
n. e≠ f≠ .
moustache n. mxtœrÀ Àbge≠ .
mouth n. Àbge≠Ã .
v. id∆ k;
move
v. mt∆ k≠ .
move about aimlessly v. k`» &r≠ .
mouse
move about, in opposite directions
v. bge`.
move, cause to v. mt∆ r≠ .
move cunningly v. jx`∆ .
move in a line v. m`kÕ .
move in a tricky way v. jx`∆ .
move over v. yÀsÀ.
move secretly v. mx`&sÀ.
move silently v. mx`&sÀ.
move slightly horizontally v. s`xsÀ.
move the body v. mt∆ k≠ .
move unsteadily v. sd∆ œkÀ.
move very low, e.g., to ground
v. fg`∆ l.
moving aimlessly n. hk`» &r≠ .
much, be too v. fg`& bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
much talking n. hs`œh hcuÀmÀ,h.
mucus n. ≠ ms`∆ œÕ ms`∆ œÕ `ytd.
n. `bg`» &k≠ .
mud
N
nail
n. la`xm 1;
v. a`xm;
v. a`∆ xms≠ .
n. hr`r h xtlh.
naked
naked body n. Àvtxm xtl.
n. @bg`» e;
name
n. An» ;
n. Bg`» &;
n. Bgx`∆ ;
n. EÀmxtxm 1;
n. hxÀk;
n. hyÀxm;
v. bge≠ .
name, given to females
n. E≠ mjtxm;
-
n
n. L`∆ xdxm;
n. Lat∆ ;
n. Ln» l;
n. M`∆ xm1.
name, given to males
n. Kn» ;
n. Ln∆ l1;
n. Mfd» r1;
n. Mft∆ l1;
n. MÕ mxÀœ 1;
n. Mivn 1;
n. Mrnl;
n. Shl 1;
n. Sn» ;
n. Xdxm 1.
117
m`ld+ enq l`kdr `mc edl`kdr
mns rdqhntr
name, for males and females
n. Mj`» xmlayÀ.
name of a village n. LÀknlan.
v. atxmsÀ.
nap
narrate v. e`xsÀ ed∆ &s≠ .
narrow, be v. e`kh.
nastiness n. hmxd» k.
n. bg`&mÀ.
nasty
nasty, be v. mxd∆ k.
native n. vtk `∆ kd∆ &.
native Sunday n. ≠ st& hk`&.
natural disaster n. laÀ e≠ xÕ mÕ .
nausea n. hjn&h À iu`» e≠ mfu`œ.
n. hsnœ.
navel
navel cord n. hsnœ h v`xm;
n. ≠Ã msvdœ À v`xm.
prep. mft∆ œ1.
near
near, be v. a`&rÀ.
near dawn n. mk`xm ≠ st∆ &.
nearly adv. aƒ– 2;
adv. jÀ 1.
neat, be v. ine`∆ .
n. Àly≠Ã 1;
neck
n. Àsnœ.
neck of a calabash n. ÀsnœkÀ.
necklace n. sÀevn sÀ lyÕ .
nectar n. lÀkn&n∆ kn∆ &n∆ ;
n. mjvn.
needle n. hbgÀ;
n. mr`&.
neglect v. l`∆ &Õ .
neighbour n. vtk msd∆ &.
nephew, child of sister n. v`» xm id∆ ls≠ .
n. `k`» &;
nest
n. mcn.
n. e≠ k`∆ l;
net
n. ÀuÀ 1.
v. j` m,kƒ.
never
never seen v. at shlh xdxm.
never (with negative) adv. shlh 2.
new, be v. eÀ2.
new moon n. minœ h eÀ.
newness n. heÀ.
n. r`&fg`.
news
adj. `∆ mjt∆ ls≠ .
next
nibble v. œdœsÀ.
nice, be v. in∆ e;
v. ine`∆ .
nice in appearance, very adj. rn.
nickname for s.o. unknown
n. l≠ k`∆ l.
niece, child of sister
n. Àst&;
night
n. m≠ mst&À.
night, become v. iÀ.
n. v`» xm id∆ ls≠ .
nightjar n. e≠ fu≠Ã e.
nightmare n. idl À adlmÀ.
nimble, be v. mx`œrÀ id∆ k`.
num. atk`ln∆ &.
nine
nip off tip v. œdl.
njama-njama n. la`∆ r Õ je≠ .
adv. mf`œ;
no
interj. `x;
interj. mf`œ.
nod repeatedly v. md∆ &s≠ .
nodding the head up and down
v. md∆ &s≠ `st.
node of a stem n. mrd& eÀj`» &.
n. fx`rÀ.
noise
noise made by striking adv. a≠ j.
n. st∆ &.
noise of a falling kola nut
noise of a flowing stream v. jt∆ .
noise of a heart beating v. j≠ œ,j≠ œ,j≠ œ.
noise of footsteps v. j≠ œ,j≠ œ,j≠ œ.
noise of stamping foot n. mbgÀxm.
noise (pl. form) n. fx`.
n. s`œhmÀ.
noisy
noisy fidgeting n. hfg`» r.
noisy person n. vtk À s`œhmÀ.
adv. mn» r`jnr;
none
v. fgÀ vh.
nonsense n. hsne h fgÀ vh.
n. m≠ mbgt∆ d;
noon
n. msn» bgt∆ d.
adj. mj`∆ xm;
adj. mj`∆ xms≠ .
n. à`∆ r hjt∆ d.
north
n. `ytd.
nose
n. `ytd.
nose and mouth
nostril n. msnœ `ytd.
adv. e`∆ œ h;
not
adv. e`œ s≠ ;
adv. mf`œ;
neg. at 1;
neg. j` 1;
neg. vh 2;
v. fgÀ vh.
not accept v. e`œ sÀ aÀlh.
not at all adv. mn» r`jnr.
not available v. fgÀ vh.
not boiled well v. fu≠ xm.
not frightful, be v. adl vh.
not full adv. `bgt» œ.
not held as planned adv. e≠ kÕ .
not in right place adj. mft∆ œ2.
not in use, be v. bgvn∆ s≠ .
not know anything v. jx` vh hvn h kh.
not like that v. fgÀ vh sÕÃ .
"not me", a denial v. mxn» l`∆ .
not serious n. hcxÀlrÀ.
normal
118
mns rn
mts
v. fgÀ vh sÕÃ .
not so
not straight v. m`» xm vÕ ;
novice
n. `∆ mjed∆ r;
n. vtk at xd&h xd&h.
adv. ku≠Ã xm.
now
numb limb n. Àse`k.
numbed, be v. s`∆ k.
number n. `jn» xm.
numbness n. `s`k.
nurse baby v. mxnœ;
v. mxnœrÀ.
nurse seeds v. l`∆ &.
nurse s.o. or s.t. to grow v. kdlrÀ.
nursing n. mf`∆ œ.
n. jt 1.
nut
v. m`» xs≠ vÕ .
not together adv. ` mbge`∆ r≠ ,` mbge`∆ r≠ .
not wholeheartedly adj. fgd∆ &m≠ .
not yet adv. at ct&;
adv. at ct& s≠ .
nothing n. kt» .
noun class concord
ncl concord. ` 4;
ncl concord. eÀ 6;
ncl concord. h 2;
ncl concord. rÀ 7;
ncl concord. sÀ 3.
November, month of green grasshopper
n.
minœ Õ mfu≠ xm.
119
O - o
n. hfgn» œ h mft∆ &.
oar
n. hbge≠Ã m≠ .
oath
obedience n. hxuÀmÀ.
obedient, be v. kd∆ l hr`&.
v. kd∆ l hr`&;
obey
v. xuÀ hr`&;
v. xuÀmÀ.
obstacle n. ms`∆ l.
obstruct v. s`∆ xr≠ ;
v. sn∆ &m≠ .
obtain v. jdkh.
n. iu`» e≠ mfu`œ h fg`&mÀ.
ocean
oceanwards adv. ih ` ln.
October, month of dragonfly
n. minœ bgeÀrv`xm.
octopus n. reÀ `∆ jß me`l`.
n. `s≠Ã l;
odour
n. hk≠Ã l.
oesophagus n. àt» & Àsnœ jÕ ` jÀ m,kt» Àbge≠ mct bgdl `mste.
assoc. ` 3;
assoc. eÀ 5;
assoc. fgÀ 4;
assoc. h 1;
assoc. À 2;
assoc. ≠ ;
assoc. Àm;
assoc. lÀ 3;
assoc. rÀ 5;
assoc. sÀ 2;
prep. m≠ 2.
offend v. mÕ laÀ.
v. l`∆ &.
offer
offering n. het.
adv. mx`∆ œr≠ ;
often
adv. mx`» œr≠ fx`m`∆ .
n. lÀuÀk.
oil
oil clots n. `∆ mc`œ.
adj. lÀuÀk lÀuÀk;
oily
adj. rn.
ointment n. `xhrh.
okoro soup n. Àe≠Ã .
n. `jn∆ k`∆ ;
okra
n. mfu`∆ k`∆ &.
adj. `cuÀxm;
old
adj. lt 2.
old age n. ÀcuÀxm.
old, become v. cu≠ xm.
old man n. an∆ ad∆ .
old mother n. mÕ mh.
prep. ` 1;
on
prep. `st 2.
of
on the ground prep. ` mrd.
on top of prep. `st 2.
n. ln∆ &;
one
n. mn∆ &;
num pro. `∆ ln∆ &;
pro indef 3sg. fgÀ 2.
one after another prep. ` la`œh ` la`œh.
one after the other adv. ` mbge`∆ r≠ ,` mbge`∆ r≠ .
one day n. Àst& eÀkh.
one helping stop s.t. n. msd» xmr≠ .
one million n. lnk`∆ xm.
one side n. à`» r.
one who says n. lad.
n. `k`∆ l`r`&.
onion
onion (loan word) n. `mxn∆ r.
adv. jÀ 1.
only
only s.t., be v. fn∆ &.
opaque, be v. e≠ l.
adj. `∆ y≠ ,`yÀ;
open
v. bgn&;
v. sß –;
v (imp.). œ`&rÀ.
open a bit v. cy≠ xs≠ ;
v. x`∆ xs≠ ;
v. xdlsÀ.
open a hole v. at∆ & àt» &.
open bag v. xdl 1.
open, e.g., door v. cy≠ rÕ .
open, e.g., eyes, mouth v. x`∆ rÕ .
open several doors v. cy≠ xs≠ .
open s.t. that is folded v. axd∆ r.
open wide v. œ`œrÀ.
opening n. hbgn&.
openly adv. ` mc`xm.
operate v. ed∆ k.
oppose v. jd.
conj. jd∆ r`;
or
conj. l` 4.
n. k`l`» r.
orange (loan word)
orange tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ k`l`» r.
orphan n. v`» xm mjeÀ.
ostrich n. mfuÀ ≠ je≠ xm.
adj. kÕ 2.
other
other day n. hedkh.
other side n. hmiÀxm.
others adj. sÀ khsÀ.
otherwise prep. atk` sÕ .
ought not v. jdkÀ vh.
our (exclusive) poss adj. edxeÀ;
poss adj. fgdrÀ;
poss adj. jdr`;
poss adj. ld» r;
ntq 'hmbktrhud(
o`rr f`r
poss adj. rdxrÀ;
poss adj. sdxsÀ;
poss adj. vdr;
poss adj. vdrÀ;
poss adj. xdr;
poss adj. xdrh.
our (inclusive) poss adj. fgdr≠ m`∆ .
our, your and my poss adj. fgdr≠ u`∆ .
ours (exclusive) pro poss. `jdr`;
pro poss. hxdrh;
pro poss. ÀedxeÀ;
pro poss. ÀfgdrÀ;
pro poss. Àld» r;
pro poss. ÀrdxrÀ;
pro poss. ÀsdxsÀ;
pro poss. Àvd» r;
pro poss. ÀvdrÀ;
pro poss. Àxd» r.
adv. àd 2.
out of
out of date, be v. knl.
out of position a bit, cause to go
v. rxd∆ lr≠ .
out of use, be v. knl.
outside adv. àd 2.
over
adv. hmiÀxm;
prep. `st 2.
v. et&.
over powder
over rub v. et&.
over side n. hmiÀxm.
over there prep. hmiÀxm èh;
prep. hmiÀxm èÕÃ .
overcome v. sn rÀ fg`&;
v. xÀ.
v. jed∆ m` jÀ ah bgvn∆ r≠ .
overcook
overcooking n. hjed» h bgvnrÀ.
overdo v. cx`∆ œs≠ .
overlap v. eu≠ rÀ midœkÀ.
overpower v. sn rÀ bgvn∆ .
overtake v. bgvn∆ 1.
n. `∆ mfd» xm≠ .
owl
v. jdkh.
own
owner n. an∆ 3.
owner of clothes n. an∆ mcyÀrÀ.
owner of compound n. an∆ ad∆ .
owner of house n. an∆ mcn.
n. lan∆ œ.
ox
oyster n. mi`∆ mf`∆ .
P - p
pack
v. a`&h 1;
v. a`&sÀ.
paddle v. xt∆ e.
n. hxè;
pain
v. xè.
pain, cause v. xàrÀ.
paining n. xèÀmÀ.
n. hkt» l.
pains
pains of body n. mje≠ xm hed» k.
paint an object v. bgn∆ l.
painted house n. mcn h bghmÀ;
n. mcn h xn&mÀ.
painting with colours n. hbgn» l.
palace n. msn&.
palace hall n. mr`∆ œ.
palace resting place n. mr`∆ œ.
palace society, a cult for blessing
n. mse≠ k.
n. `st Àbge≠ .
palate
adv. eÀeÕÃ .
pale
n. `∆ msd» xm≠ `vt.
palm
palm bird n. `fgd» r.
palm leaf n. `x`œ.
palm oil n. lÀuÀk ≠ m a`∆ œmÀ.
palm oil tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ hrnl;
pan
n. hrnl.
n. `j`œ.
pan for frying n. msn∆ xm `kd∆ k`kdk rÀ m`∆ j`œ
Àevn `sdxm.
pants (loan word) n. lad∆ xmsÀ.
n. a`∆ ;
papa
n. a`∆ a`.
parable n. mf`∆ xm.
paragraph n. Àkvdœ.
paralyzed n. jd∆ akÀmÀ.
paralyzed, be v. jd∆ ak≠ .
parasite, of plants n. hadk`∆ ad∆ k`∆ .
parcel n. hat&.
pardon v. kd∆ r≠ rÀ et.
n. eÀmxtxm eÀ bge≠ ;
parrot
n. lt» mjvn.
n. à`» r;
n. àd& 1;
n. `kdœ.
part of n. à`» r.
particle n. `rdlkÀ.
particular adj. mÕ mxÀœ 2.
partridge n. fud;
n. Õ mbgn&.
v. bgvn∆ 1.
pass
pass a little v. bgvn∆ s≠ .
pass carefully by s.t. v. an∆ k≠ .
pass, cause to v. bgvn∆ r≠ .
pass from hand to hand v. stlmÀ.
pass gas v. exd∆ r.
part
121
o`rr hmitmbshnm
ohdqbd
pass injunction v. k`∆ œ.
pass near s.t. v. a`∆ xk≠ .
pass to another v. bgvn∆ r≠ .
passageway n. èx`œ;
peeling n. ù≠Ã ;
n. `xdlh;
n. cyÀ;
n. ih.
passing gas n. hexd» r.
passing up and down v. bgvn∆ m≠ .
passover n. hx`&rÀ.
past tense, distant past dist. m≠ m kƒ.
past tense, imperfect (was -ing)
past impf. sh m`∆ .
past tense, recent past today
past rec today. mÕ 3.
past tense, today past today. kƒ– 1.
past tense, yesterday
past ystrday. sÕÃ 2.
n. ≠ mcv`∆ l.
n. Àsv`& Àxnk;
n. msd∆ &.
pasty, be; slimy, be v. s`∆ œs≠ fgÀ,fgÀ.
pasty clay n. `k`l.
v. a`∆ k.
patch
path of a stream n. Àex`xm.
path, small n. eÀihs≠Ã .
patient, be v. exdlsÀ mfdœ.
pause and reflect v. vtr`.
pause in speaking v. rd&sÀ.
n. ùÀ ` mx`l mÀ mfd∆ r≠ `sdxm.
paw
v. k`∆ &.
pay
pay a fine v. bge≠ miu`.
payment n. had» xmr≠ ;
n. hk`» &;
n. hk`» & h Àjvn.
payment in installments n. hk`» &sÀ.
payment of tax n. Õ l`» & h s`» jr.
n. lan» xm≠ .
peace
peace offering n. het h lan» xmÀ.
peacock n. eÀmxtxm eÀ mr≠ ;
n. Õ mfdœ.
n. e≠ mbgnxmbgnxm.
peak
peak of hill n. e≠ mcnœ eÀ jeÀxm.
peak of roof n. e≠ mbgnxmbgnxm eÀ `st ` mcn.
peanut n. ankd∆ œ;
n. eÀmcd» œ.
pebble n. e≠ mfn∆ &s≠ .
v. bgte.
peck
v. jnl 2;
peel
v. rn∆ k;
v. xt∆ l;
v. xt∆ ls≠ .
peel many objects v. rn∆ xs≠ .
v. rn∆ xs≠ .
peel many parts
paste
pasture
n. hxt» l.
v. mx`&sÀ rÀ jh;
v. rn∆ œs≠ rÀ jh.
n. eÀbgn&.
peg
pelican n. mfuÀ ≠ iu`∆ .
n. hbgÀ.
pen
pen for animals n. hadxm.
penetrate v. snxmÀ 1.
n. ìÕÃ ;
penis
n. hjdk;
n. Àse≠Ã .
people n. fgd∆ k;
n. fgdkÀ.
people sent to diviner n. fgdkÀ eÀmx`&.
pepper medicine n. eÀrtr e≠ mf`∆ œ.
peppery, be v. xt∆ r.
perfective aspect asp compl. ldxm 1.
perform an obligation v. m`œrÀ.
perform miracles v. eÀxmsÀ.
peep
perform sacrifice after childbirth
v. rd&rÀ.
perhaps n. ÀkuÀ eÀkh.
period n. `kdœ.
perish or die in great numbers
v. a≠ kÕ .
permission n. `cx`&.
persecution n. mfd&.
perseverance n. hfg`œÕ .
persevere v. fg`∆ œÕ .
persevering, be v. s`œ`∆ .
person n. vtk.
person having nothing
n. mfvnxtl ≠ vt∆ k.
v. srÀxmsÀ.
n. `fvnl.
n. `jnœ.
n. cxt∆ œ mjt∆ xm.
n. `jvn» .
n. `kÀœrÀ.
v. anœ 1;
v. jß –2.
pick off leaves v. jÀœ.
pick up v. anœ 1;
v. anœsÀ.
persuade
pest
pestle
pheasant
phlegm
photo
pick
pick up many objects, one by one
v. jtlsÀ.
pick vegetables v. jÀœ la`∆ r.
picture n. `kÀœrÀ.
n. à`» r;
piece
n. `rdlkÀ.
piece of calabash n. `∆ mkÕ à`xm.
pieces, small n. `∆ ms≠ lkÀ.
pied crow n. `∆ œvn∆ &`mftlh.
pierce v. bgt&.
122
ohf
onkhsd `ccqdrr
n. mjeÀmx`∆ l.
pig
pig, domesticated n. mje≠ mx`∆ l mcn.
n. mje≠ mx`∆ l h kt» lm≠ .
pig, male
pig, wild n. mje≠ mx`∆ l Àsv`&.
pigeon n. `∆ k`∆ k`∆ sn;
pile
pile up
piles
piling
pill
pimple
pin
pinch
n. e≠ mk`∆ xm≠ .
n. `sd&;
v. xnlh.
v. mcnœrÀ;
v. xnlh;
v. xnlsÀ.
n. `r`r.
n. hxnlh.
n. min∆ &.
n. `rt» xm.
n. hbgÀ;
v. rt∆ .
n. hœ`l;
v. œ`l 2.
pinch in several places v. œ`lkÀ.
pinch off s.t. with fingers v. mxdk rÀ sdxm.
pinch once forcefully v. œ`lh.
pinch or pick up s.t. with two fingers
v. bgtxm.
pinch with all fingers v. œ`lkÀ.
pinching a bit n. hœ`lsÀ.
pinching repeatedly n. hœ`lkÀ.
pinpoint v. r`xmrÀ.
pipe for smoking n. eÀbgnl`.
n. haÀ;
pit
n. jt 1.
n. `rß .
n. hrtxm;
n. `kd» &;
place
n. `st `suÀr;
v. a`xrÀ;
v. kd∆ l;
v. snl.
place a curse v. bg≠ .
place for divining n. mfn∆ & mf`∆ œ.
place in lying position v. mx≠ œr≠ .
place of convalescence n. mcn» mexdœ.
place of sacrifice n. `∆ yxƒ– ;
n. heÀl.
place or put things on s.t. v. snlsÀ.
place where wind passes n. àt» & èxde.
placenta n. `bgÀ ` v`xm;
n. mcn» v`∆ xm.
placenta and cord n. Àevn À v`xm.
n. ha`k.
plain
plaiting n. han `st.
n. hkd» l;
plan
v. a`∆ &k≠ ;
v. shrÀ.
pith
pity
plank
plant
n. à`» œ ` e≠Ã j`∆ &.
n. èuÀ ` sn;
n. e≠ mjtxmjtxm;
v. sn∆ &;
v. xdk;
v. xÕ r.
plant, for fuel (pl. form) n. min∆ &.
plant with a hollow n. msnœ Õ iÕ .
plantain banana n. Õ mfn∆ l h cx`» ,h.
plaster v. bgh;
v. bgh Àvtxm mcn;
v. l`∆ k.
plaster a bit v. bghsÀ.
plastering n. hbgh;
n. hbgh h mcn;
n. hknl.
n. `j`œ ` kdkhmÀ,`.
plate
plate for winnowing n. jdk h kdkhmÀ.
platform n. à`œ.
platform for speaking n. à`œ hs`œh.
n. hcxÀl;
play
v. at&.
play, causing s.o. or s.t. to
n. hcxÀlrÀ.
play deaf v. at&rÀ.
play, play a game v. cxÀl.
play tag v. k`∆ r.
v. bgvnsÀ.
plead
plentifulness n. hcu≠Ã .
plenty adj. rÀ hcu≠ .
plot or conspire evil against s.o.
v. s`lsÀ `vn jt» l vtk.
v. ad∆ r;
v. jß –2;
v. rt.
v. rt,h.
pluck indiscriminately
n. `∆ in∆ œ.
plum
plum tree n. eÀj`» & eÀ `∆ in∆ œ.
plunder v. bgnœ ÀkuÀ hfgn∆ œ.
pneumonia n. èn hbgha≠ ;
n. mx`l 1.
pocket n. an∆ mcyÀrÀ.
n. `s`l.
pod
v. rn∆ &.
point
poison n. mkde;
v. kde.
poisoning n. hkde.
poisonous drug n. fuÀ.
poke out v. rn∆ œ.
poke s.t. into eye v. sn∆ rÕ hrÀ.
poking stick n. `∆ me`k.
n. hjeÀ,h Àfgn∆ œk≠ À iÀl.
polio
adj. À it∆ œ.
polite
polite address voc. lan∆ .
pluck
123
onkhsd `ccqdrr+ sn enmr nq bghder
polite address, to fons or chiefs
n. laƒ– 1.
politics n. l≠ m`∆ œ.
pollen n. à≠Ã k Àevn atrÀmÀ;
n. mjvn.
pollinate v. anœrÀ.
n. `bgÀl.
pond
ponder v. j`xm À layÀ.
ponderer n. mj`» xm layÀ.
pondering n. hj`xm h layÀ.
pony tail n. ≠ mjt∆ xm À mx`» l.
n. `bgÀl.
pool
pool, small n. eÀbgÀlm≠Ã .
poor, be v. eÀe.
poor in appearance, be v. ade jd&.
poor man n. àu≠Ã j.
poor person n. àuÀ ` vt» k;
n. `∆ meÀe.
porcupine n. mft∆ l2.
porridge n. èn ` s`xmÀmÀ,`.
portion n. `kdœ.
position n. `kdœ.
postpone v. kd∆ lr≠ .
postponement n. hkd» lr≠ .
n. msn∆ xm.
pot
pot for cooking n. msn∆ xm Õ jed∆ mÀ.
pot, of clay from Kom
n. msn∆ xm jn∆ l.
pot made of clay n. msn∆ xm `∆ bg`&.
pot, of clay from Mbenkas
n. msn∆ xm Ladmj`∆ r.
pot, small n. e≠ msn∆ xm.
potato n. mcn∆ œ.
potato (Irish) n. mcn∆ œ je`œ.
potato (sweet) n. mcn∆ œ a`∆ k`∆ &.
pothole n. eÀaÀk≠Ã .
pottery clay n. `bg`& ` msn∆ xm.
pounce on v. ed `st.
pound v. bgt&;
v. lx`∆ xms≠ .
pounded cocoyam n. `bgt&.
v. an∆ 4;
pour
v. re≠ r.
pour a bit v. re≠ xs≠ .
pour gently v. jtxmsÀ.
pour into another vessel v. j`rh.
pour many things v. je≠ xs≠ .
pour out v. re≠ r.
pour out all at once v. je≠ k.
poured, be v. re≠ r`∆ .
poverty n. `∆ meÀe.
powder n. mje≠Ã œ.
powder to rise, cause v. e≠ k.
power n. `cx`&.
powerful n. snmÀ1.
oqdudms
praise
n. hadlrÀ;
n. hjn&rÀ;
v. adlrÀ;
v. adxm;
v. jn&rÀ.
praises n. ÀjeÀl.
v. id∆ l.
pray
pray for healing v. bg≠ s≠ À vtk.
prayer n. hid» l;
n. hid» ls≠ .
praying mantis n. an∆ rn» œ.
preacher n. med∆ &s≠ .
precious thing n. èn Àjvn À svn.
precipice n. an 1;
n. sÀad&kÀ.
prefix, plural, for nouns
ncl pf. `, 1;
ncl pf. fgÀ,;
ncl pf. h, 1;
ncl pf. À, 2;
ncl pf. lÀ,;
ncl pf. sÀ,.
prefix, singular, for nouns
ncl pf. `, 2;
ncl pf. eÀ,;
ncl pf. h, 2;
ncl pf. À, 1;
ncl pf. m,.
pregnancy n. Àku`» 2.
pregnant adj. Àku`» 2;
v. Àku`» 'rÀ m`∆ fgÀ(.
pregnant, become v. sÀlh Àku`» .
premature adj. s≠ j` ÀkuÀ jedxm.
preparation n. ha`&sÀ.
prepare v. a`&sÀ;
v. at&;
v. k`l;
v. st.
prepare food v. fg`xm.
present tense pres. mÀm 1.
presently asp prog. rÀ3.
preserve v. aÀrÀ.
preserve s.t. v. xd&sÀ.
v. xd&h;
press
v. xd&sÀ.
press against s.t. v. xd&sÀ.
press around v. enrÀ.
press flat v. l`ls≠Ã .
press repeatedly v. mxt∆ &s≠ .
press together v. jt∆ &k≠ .
pretend v. jdl.
pretending n. hjdl,jdl.
pretending to give n. hmxt» œr≠ .
prevent v. ed∆ xm;
v. j≠ œs≠ ;
124
oqdudms r-n-
ots cnvm
v. s`∆ l;
v. s`∆ ls≠ ;
v. sdxmrÀ;
v. xd&mÀ.
prevent s.o. v. bgn& ùÀ.
previously adv. rÀ `rÀ 1.
v. bgt&;
prick
v. rt∆ .
prickly plant n. bg≠Ã œkÀ.
n. `∆ cd∆ œ1;
pride
n. hcx`k;
n. hfg`œrÀ h Àvt∆ xm.
n. mf`∆ œ.
priest
priest (Bible) n. mf`∆ œ mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ .
primate n. mx`l jd» & s` vtk;
n. mx`l y≠ ` xh m,jd» & s` vtk.
prince n. v`» xm msn& À kt» lm≠ .
princess n. v`» xm msn& À vh.
prison n. mbg`&;
n. mcn» mbg`&.
private, s.t. n. `∆ mkd∆ k.
n. `∆ lx`∆ xm.
prize
n. èÀl.
problems
proceed v. mct∆ m≠ `∆ rÀ,`.
procession n. `mn» xm s` jÀ m`kÕ m`∆ mct,`∆ .
proclaim v. kt&.
produce v. jnk`.
produce a bad odour v. k≠ l.
produce a faint scent v. k≠ ls≠ .
produce much foliage v. xuÀ2.
produce smoke v. cuÀr.
n. rƒ.
profit
progress v. kdl`.
progressive aspect asp prog. mÀm 2.
prohibit v. a`lrÀ.
prohibition n. hstxmrÀ.
prolong v. kn∆ s≠ .
promise n. hbge≠Ã m≠ ;
n. hj`∆ xms≠ ;
n. hkd» l;
n. hkd» lr≠ ;
v. bge≠ m≠ ;
v. j`∆ xm.
promise never to do s.t. v. kd∆ &s≠ .
n. msnl.
prop
prop up v. sn∆ &.
property (pl. form) n. èn.
prophet n. med∆ &s≠ ;
n. med∆ &s≠ h fg`&mÀ.
prostitute n. `∆ je`∆ k`∆ ;
n. rx`∆ j`∆ ;
n. vtk À vh À id∆ kÀmÀ.
prostitution n. hid» k h vtk À vh r` mfdœ.
prostrate adv. `∆ je≠ ,`jeÀ.
protect v. j≠ œs≠ .
protector n. `∆ mj≠ œs≠ .
protest n. hstxmrÀ;
v. stxmrÀ.
v. cx`k;
v. fg`œrÀ Àvtxm.
proud behaviour n. mfdxmÀ.
proverb n. mf`∆ xm.
provoke v. rd∆ &k≠ .
v. x`&.
prune
v. lx`∆ xm.
pry
prying tool n. `∆ lx`∆ xm.
pubic bone n. ùÀe ` mct∆ l.
pubic hair n. mxtœrÀ mct∆ l.
public n. fgdkÀ fg≠ i≠ l.
puff adder n. èrh.
v. ft∆ e.
pull
pull a bit repeatedly v. erhsÀ.
pull a little v. ft∆ as≠ .
pull up v. bgn&.
pulling up n. hbgn&.
pumpkin n. han&.
punch v. je≠ xm.
punch with fist v. je≠ xm m≠ e≠ mj`∆ l e≠ .
punish v. anxmrÀ;
v. et mfd&;
v. kdœ.
punishment n. mfd&;
n. miu`.
n. œv`∆ &mÀ.
pure
pure, be v. œv`∆ &.
proud, be
pure in speech and thought, be
v. k`xm rÀ hs`œh mÀ hje`&sÀ.
n. an∆ ≠ jvn;
n. e≠ an∆ eÀ Àjvn.
n. lÀeÀ.
pus
v. srÀxm.
push
push a bit v. srÀxmsÀ.
push a little v. srÀxmsÀ.
push aside v. a`∆ &s≠ .
push away with stick v. s`∆ r.
push down v. a`∆ &s≠ ;
v. xd&sÀ.
push forward v. srÀxmsÀ rÀ mct∆ `rÀ.
push gently away v. s`xsÀ.
push off v. a`∆ &.
push through v. enrÀ.
pushing n. hs`» r;
n. hsrÀxm 2.
pushing down v. a`∆ &k≠ .
v. kd∆ l;
put
v. snl;
v. vd.
purse
put a flat object on its edge
put down
v. fu`&rÀ.
v. rt&rÀ.
125
ots hm
qd`kkx
put in
put points clearly v. eu≠ `∆ mc`xm.
put s.t. back in place v (imp.). j`rh kd∆ l `kd∆ &
v. stœ;
v. vd;
v. yÀrÀ.
put in mouth v. stœ èn Àbge≠ .
put it down v. rt&rÀ.
put on, e.g., clothes v. l`∆ &.
python
Q
n. Õ mbgn&.
quail
quantity of n. mst&.
quarrel v. xn∆ k.
quarrel, cause s.o. to v. fx`» ≠ bge≠Ã À vt» k.
quarreling n. hxn» k.
queen mother n. m`∆ en∆ xm.
queer person n. `∆ vn∆ mjvn.
quench thirst v. bg≠ k Àsnœ lt.
question n. haÀe hvn;
-
`sdxm.
n. mfuÀl.
q
quick, be v. fg`∆ ak≠ .
quickly adv. mx`∆ œr≠ ;
adv. mx`r 1.
quickness n. hfg`» ak≠ .
quiet, be v. bghlh.
n. hbgh lnœ.
quietness
n. Õ msd∆ œk≠ h kt» l mfuÀ.
quill
adv. sn» &.
quite
quest marker. ` 5;
quest marker. l` 6.
R - r
n. eÀje≠Ã .
rabbit
rabbit holes n. Àkt» lÀje≠ .
n. hi`& h aÀrÀ.
rabies
n. hk`&;
race
rat
n. mbgÀxmsÀ sÀk`& l` sÀ eu≠Ã k≠ hr`r h
mcn h ln&.
n. mrxÀœ.
rack
raffia apron n. an∆ `lx`∆ &.
raffia bag n. `st ` an∆ .
raffia palm n. `kt» &.
raffia palm fruit n. `∆ mjeÀe.
n. `r`» &;
rag
n. `r`» &s≠ ;
n. `r`» r.
n. huÀ.
rain
rain bird n. `∆ jeÀje≠Ã .
rain water n. `vtœkÀ.
rainbow n. Õ e≠ khminœminœ.
rainy season n. ad∆ œ1.
v. k`∆ xr≠ ;
raise
v. l`∆ &À.
raise a bit v. k`∆ xs≠ .
raise the price v. snrÀ.
n. `x`&.
ram
n. `kdœ;
rank
n. Àxvn.
ransom price n. Àjvn haß –rÀ.
v. bgh m≠ Àvtk À vh rÀ `cx`&.
rape
n. hytd» s≠ h Àvt∆ xm.
rash
rash, be v. kt» l bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
n. ìd» k;
n. bgvnjt∆ &;
n. Õ lay≠ ;
n. st∆ &.
rat, giant n. e≠ mct∆ l.
rat, red n. `∆ mkt.
adv. aÀk 2.
rather
rather than adv. bgvn∆ 2.
n. `∆ œvn∆ &`mftlh.
raven
rawness n. hjt.
razor blade n. ≠ jed» l.
v. bgdl;
reach
v. jdkÀ 1;
v. x`&h.
reach out v. mct∆ r≠ x`&h.
reach puberty v. bg≠ e.
reach the required measurement
v. jedxm.
reached, be v. jedxm.
v. i`∆ œ;
read
v. s`œ.
reading n. hi`» œ.
ready, be v. fu≠Ã s≠ ,`;
v. jedxm.
ready to go v. sh jÀ ` ih.
adj. mj`∆ xm;
real
really
adj. mj`∆ xms≠ .
adv. ktsÀ 2;
adv. r`ln&,r`ln&;
adv. rt» ;
adv intns. mn» .
126
qd`q
rear
qdokx
v. l`∆ &;
v. l`∆ &À.
n. hsne.
reason
recalling to mind in fear n. hbgÀk h fu≠ s≠ .
recede v. j`rh m≠ Õ a`lh.
receive from several people v. erhsÀ.
receive from s.o. else v. erh.
recent n. mjt∆ s≠ .
recently adv. jt∆ &;
adv. jt∆ &s≠ .
recognize v. jdkh.
recollection with fear n. hbgÀk h fu≠ s≠ .
reconcile v. a`&h 1;
v. a`&sÀ.
recount v. ed∆ &s≠ .
recover v. anxmÀ;
v. ln∆ ls≠ ;
v. ln∆ ls≠ rÀ hjn&h.
recovery n. lan» xm≠ ;
n. mexdœ.
red, be v. a`∆ œ.
redeem v. aß –r≠ ;
v. xtxm `st.
redeem or release from trouble
rejoice v. cd∆ œr≠ .
rejoice greatly v. cx`xsÀ.
relative n. vtk ≠ mcn;
n. vtk r≠Ã .
v. xu≠ s≠ .
relax
relaxation n. hxu≠Ã s≠ .
n. `xhrh.
relaxation place
release v. eu≠ r≠ ;
v. y≠ 1;
v (imp.). uhrh.
remain n. `r`» r;
v. e`œ;
v. fn∆ &.
remain only s.t. v. fn∆ &.
remainder n. àdr;
n. à≠Ã r≠ .
remaining n. e`œmÀ.
remains of liquid in container
n. hitkh.
remember v. je`∆ &s≠ .
remind s.o. v. ad∆ s≠ .
remnant n. `r`» r.
remove v. bge≠ ;
v. eu≠ r≠ r` mfd&.
redish, be v. a`∆ œk≠ .
redness n. ha`» œ.
reduce v. e`∆ as≠ ;
v. e`∆ e;
v. rt&rÀ.
reduce a bit v. rt&sÀ.
reduce temperature v. eß –s≠ .
reed that creeps n. j≠ xtœ.
reform oneself v. bge≠ rÀ l`∆ &Õ À mbgÕÃ m≠ h aÀ.
refrain from bad habits v. bge≠ rÀ l`∆ &Õ À
mbgÕÃ m≠ h aÀ.
refresh v. xt&h.
refund v. ad∆ xmr≠ .
refusal n. hstxmrÀ.
refuse v. sdxm;
v. stxmrÀ.
refuse giving s.t. to s.o. v. lÀ1.
regain breath or life v. ytd∆ s≠ .
regaining of life n. hytd» s≠ .
regress v. mct∆ m≠ Õ a`lh.
n. hjtlh Àvtxm;
regret
v. jtlh 1;
v. jtlh Àvtxm 'rÀ m`∆ (.
regular adv intns. mn» .
v. r`&.
reign
reindeer n. cxn∆ .
reinforce v. mÕ m` jÀ m` sn.
v. mx`œ;
reject
v. stxmrÀ.
rejection n. hstxmrÀ.
v. cy≠ rÕ ;
v. eu≠ r≠ .
remove corn from cob v. ad∆ xs≠ .
remove dirt v. eu≠ r≠ hkxÀœ.
v. rn∆ & rÀ eu≠ r≠ .
remove from narrow hole
remove harness v. e`∆ ar≠ .
remove husks v. xt∆ l.
remove indiscriminately v. rt,h.
remove many things v. bgn&sÀ.
remove or uproot seedlings v. r`∆ &.
remove s.t. v. bgn&.
removing one thing n. hbgn&.
renew v. xt&h.
v. e`xsÀ;
repair
repeat
v. hlh;
v. shlsÀ.
v. eh snœsÀ;
v. jt∆ ls≠ ;
v. xnlsÀ.
repeat an action or word v. idlsÀ.
repeat chorus of song v. adxmrÀ.
repeatedly adv. rÀ ` xt∆ œ,rÀ ` xt∆ œ.
repent v. ad∆ xmr≠ hsdl.
repent from sin v. ad∆ xmr≠ hsdl rÀ `vn ` aÀ,`.
repetition n. hadxmrÀ;
replace
reply
n. hidlsÀ;
n. hxnlsÀ.
v (imp.). j`rh kd∆ l `kd∆ & `sdxm.
n. had» xmr≠ ;
v. ad∆ xmr≠ ;
v. e≠ xr≠ .
127
qdonqs
report
qnbj
rib
n. hed» &s≠ ;
v. ed∆ &s≠ .
report to higher authority v. rtœh.
reproach n. hfg`» l;
n. hvtlh.
n. Õ mjÕ h mx`» l y≠ ` xÕ m,kd» l `vtl;
n. mx`l rÕ r≠ ` rÀ m,jdkÀ lÀkt» œ Àm
sàsÀm≠Ã ;
n. mx`l yh,` xÕ m,kd» l `vtl jd»
vnxm `sdxm.
repulsed, be v. mx`rh.
request n. haÀe èn;
v. aÀe;
v. bgvnsÀ.
rescue v. aß –r≠ .
resemble v. eÀrÀ2.
reserve v. aÀrÀ.
resist temptation v. fg`k À mfdœ.
respect n. hmfuÀlkÀ;
v. jn&rÀ.
respectful n. jn&mÀ.
respond v. xuÀ2.
n. hxu≠Ã s≠ ;
rest
v. bg≠ mÕ ;
v. xu≠ s≠ .
rest day n. `bgh ` xuÀsÀmÀ,`.
restless, be v. fg`∆ ak≠ .
restlessness n. hfg`» ak≠ ;
n. l≠ kt∆ lbgtœ.
restrain v. fg`xsÀ.
result in v. fuÕ m≠ 'Õ vn,h(.
resume v (imp.). j`rh yÕ s≠ .
resurrect v. k`∆ kÕ rÀ hjeÀ;
v. xt∆ lÕ ;
v. ytd∆ s≠ .
resurrect, cause to v. xt∆ lr≠ .
resurrection n. hk`kÕ rÀ hjeÀ.
retreat v. mxt∆ xk≠ .
n. had» xmr≠ ;
return
v. j`rh;
v (imp.). j`rh fuÕ .
return to normal v. bg≠ mÕ .
returning home n. hje`.
reveal secrets of s.o. v. a`xmrÀ hr`r h vt» k.
revenge n. hr≠Ã r≠ ;
v. ad∆ xmr≠ À laÀ.
revengeful, be v. bgde.
v. k`∆ kÕ rÀ m` mt» hr`&.
revolt
reward n. Àlx`&sÀ.
reward a bit v. l`∆ &s≠ .
rheumatic pains n. Àse`k.
rheumatism n. hjn&h Àxt∆ œ.
rhinoceros n. mx`l mcnœ Õ ln∆ &.
rhyme n. e≠ mi`∆ œ≠ .
reptile
n. hbgÀ h fg`∆ &k≠ ;
n. hbgÀ,ha≠ ;
n. hfg`» &k≠ .
n. `jtxm ` je`œ;
rice
n. `jtxm ` lÀkuÀ.
adj. fg`& Àjvn;
rich
n. fg`&mÀ.
rich person n. vtk À fg`&mÀ.
n. hfg`&;
riches
n. hfg`& h Àjvn.
n. mf`∆ xm.
riddle
ride horseback v. jn& mx`l je`œ.
ride in car v. mxÀœ ` lÀst∆ .
n. àtxm;
ridge
n. mfu`&.
ridge of a hill n. mfu`& ≠ je≠ xm.
ridicule v. bgxd&sÀ;
v. kt∆ &r≠ ;
v. mxd∆ &r≠ .
adj. hfgdk;
right
n. Àjß À svn.
right hand n. `vt Àjß Àsvn.
right, right hand side n. à`» r Àjß Àsvn.
adj. `∆ sÕ ,`sh.
righteous
n. e≠ mbg`&.
ring
ringworm n. hfg`r`∆ fg`∆ r`∆ .
v. k`xmrÀ.
rinse
rinsing n. hk`xmrÀ.
n. fg`∆ œ1.
riot
ripe, be v. a`∆ œ.
ripen, cause to v. a`∆ œr≠ .
ripeness n. ha`» œ.
ripening n. hkv`» &.
v. jn&;
rise
v. r`k.
rise from the dead v. k`∆ kÕ rÀ hjeÀ.
rise up v. k`∆ kÕ .
rise up slightly v. œ`&sÀ.
n. hk`kÕ .
rising
n. iu`.
river
river crossing n. hsdlh.
river, name of a big one
n. L≠ fgn∆ l1.
river or big stream n. iu` h sn.
riverbank n. laƒ– iu`∆ .
n. cyÀ;
road
n. ih.
roar of lion n. hcy≠Ã h ayÕ jdl.
roast hastily v. a≠ xkÀ.
roast over fire v. mxn∆ &.
roasted n. mxn&mÀ.
roasted ground corn n. `lt∆ &.
robust adj. `jàkÀ.
n. hvt.
rock
128
qncdms
r`ld rd`rnm 'mdws xd`q(
rodent
royalty
rub
n. bgvnjt∆ &;
n. e≠ f≠ .
v. aÀœ.
roll
roll a bit v. aÀœsÀ.
roll over and over v. aÀœkÀ.
roll the hips v. i≠ j hr`r.
roll up s.t. v. j`kh.
n. `st ` mcn;
roof
v. a`xm.
roofed entrance n. ìdœ.
n. `∆ msd» xm≠ ` mcn;
room
n. `sdxm ` mcn.
rooster n. kt» l mfuÀ.
n. hfg`œ 1.
root
root cause n. my≠ sÀ.
n. `fg`œ.
roots
n. è`l;
rope
n. Àku`» 1;
n. mje≠ .
rope from raffia palm n. hrd&.
n. heß» ;
rot
v. eß –.
rot bit by bit v. eß –s≠ .
rot, cause to v. eß –r≠ .
adj. eß –m≠ 2.
rotten
rough, be v. jvn∆ r≠ fgÀ,fgÀ;
v. jvn∆ s≠ ;
v. jvn» s≠ fgÀ,fgÀ.
rough, s.t. n. `r`» &.
roughen v. jtdsÀ;
v. jvn∆ r≠ .
adj. ` mj`k ` mj`k;
round
adv. j`k.
v. xt∆ e.
row
royal cloth n. cnl`∆ .
royal dance n. e≠ la`∆ œ.
royal thing n. èn ` sÀen∆ xm.
rub with hands to get off scales
v. exd&rÀ.
rubber n. ms`∆ œ.
rubbing n. hxn&.
rudeness n. ms`∆ k.
ruffian n. fud∆ .
v. adarÀ.
ruin
ruin s.o. v. kxÀœ 2.
ruining s.o. n. hkxÀœ.
n. hr`&;
rule
v. r`&.
n. vtk À r`&mÀ.
ruler
rumour n. jt» fgn∆ œ.
v. mxÀœ 1;
run
v (imp.). kd&.
run away v. mxÀœmÀ.
run, e.g., programme, cause to
v. mxhœrÀ.
run quickly v. mxÀœ mx`r,mx`r.
n. la`œh.
rung
running n. hmxÀœ.
v. rxÀœ.
rush
rush, cause to v. rxÀœrÀ.
n. ha`» œ.
rust
rust, cause to v. a`∆ œr≠ .
v. fg`∆ r;
rustle
v. fg`∆ xs≠ .
rustling n. hfg`» r.
S
Sabbath n. `bgh Àst& hk`& m≠ fgdkÀ It» r≠ .
sackcloth n. e≠ mbgh.
sacrifice n. het;
n. hrd» .
sacrifice (blessing guinea corn)
n. mfuÀxm.
sacrificial pot n. hjÀœ.
sacrificial rite n. hjÀœ.
sad, be v. jtlh Àvtxm 'rÀ m`∆ (;
v. r`œk≠Ã vÕ .
sadness n. hjtlh Àvtxm.
n. msnœ,msnœ.
safe
safe, be v. aß –.
n. haß» .
safety
v. an∆ &`∆ rt∆ &h.
sag
n. Àen» xm.
v. bgxd& 2;
v. bgxd&rÀ;
v. xd∆ xk≠ ;
v. xhrh;
v. xn&;
v. xn&kÀ;
v. xn&sÀ.
-
s
salamander n. e≠ mjt∆ m`» xu`∆ ,xu`∆ .
salary for the month n. Àjvn À minœ.
sales price n. Àjvn Àevn À adx&kÀmÀ.
n. lÀmbgx`.
saliva
n. eÀmfu`œ.
salt
salty, be v. sne.
salty, cause to be v. snarÀ.
salvation n. haß» ;
n. haß» r≠ .
adj. hfgdk.
same
same as adv. hfgdk s`;
adv. mcdœ,mcd∆ œ.
same, be the v. jedxmsÀ.
same day next week n. lÀ k`xm.
same season (next year) n. lÀ ku≠Ã xm.
129
r`ld shld 'mdws c`x(
rdbqdskx cn nq r`x
same time (next day) n. lÀ ku≠Ã xm.
sample n. mbgvƒ;
v. ln∆ l2.
n. `rdrd.
sand
sand-leaf tree n. hvtr`∆ vt∆ r`∆ .
sandy, be v. jvn∆ r≠ fgÀ,fgÀ.
n. lÀfg`xm.
sap
satisfy v. jedxm.
v. aß –r≠ ;
save
v. kd∆ l.
save money v. kd∆ l Àjvn.
v. aß –.
saved, be
saving n. haß» r≠ .
saviour n. laß –r≠ ;
n. mf`∆ ls≠ .
v. ad∆ .
say
say again v. eh snœsÀ.
say directly v. r`xmrÀ.
say firmly or loudly v. ad∆ m≠ `∆ cx`& `.
say incorrectly v. fgde.
say proudly v. fg`œrÀ ad∆ .
say proverb v. ln∆ .
saying n. mf`∆ xm.
scabies n. mj`∆ xr≠ .
v. a≠ ak≠ ;
scald
v. mxn∆ &.
scale, e.g., of fish n. mf`&.
n. fuÀ `st.
scalp
scamper, cause to v. cuÀxrÀ;
v. r`xrÀ;
v. rxÀœrÀ.
scandal n. hedl;
n. hvn h aÀ,h;
n. jt» fgn∆ œ.
scandalize v. rtœ;
v. se`∆ œ.
scandalize name of s.o.
v. bgt∆ xm hyÀxm h
vt» k;
v. se`∆ œ hyÀxm h vt» k.
n. `k`r;
scar
n. `∆ la≠ akÀ;
n. laß .
v. œn∆ œr≠ .
scare
scarecrow n. `∆ me`∆ xmr≠ ;
n. mf`∆ xm.
scarecrow used as curse n. bgÀrÀ.
scaredy-cat n. `∆ me`∆ xm èn.
scarf, headtie, headdress (loan word)
n. x`mfÕÃ r.
scars that are raised
scatter v. fvn∆ r≠ ;
v. kd&mÀ;
v. mxÀœmÀ;
v. r`∆ r;
v. se≠ r;
n. Àlx`k.
v. v`œ;
v. v`œsÀ.
scatter a bit v. rÕ s≠ .
scatter, cause to v. cuÀxrÀ;
v. r`xrÀ.
scatter, e.g., a ridge v. rÕ .
scatter or spray particles v. auÀrÀ.
n. `k≠Ã l;
scent
n. `k≠Ã ls≠ ;
n. hk≠Ã l.
schedule s.t. v. kd∆ lr≠ .
scheme v. e`xsÀ À ih Õ bgnœ.
school n. mcn» œv`∆ &k≠ .
school of fish n. mrdœ re≠ rÀ.
scissors n. `∆ me`k.
v. xn∆ k.
scold
scoot over a bit v. jÀœsÀ.
scorpion n. mr`» œfu≠ fu≠ m≠ ≠ mjt∆ xm.
scorpion (loan word) n. mjt∆ m`l`∆ .
scourge v. mx`∆ ak≠ .
n. fud∆ .
scout
scramble v. r`∆ &.
scrape v. ad∆ r;
v. j`∆ œÕ ;
v. je≠ s≠ ;
v. jnlh.
scratch v. j`∆ as≠ ;
v. j`∆ e.
scratch harder v (imp. intns). j`∆ e`.
scream v. ax`k.
n. la`xm 1.
screw
scrotum n. à`» l.
n. iu`» e≠ mfu`œ.
sea
v. bgÀk;
seal
v. en∆ .
n. `xt» œ;
seam
n. ms`r.
search v. jÀœ.
search for v. jhmh;
v. s`∆ xs≠ .
v. s`∆ xs≠ .
search for by brushing
search for s.t. among things v. e≠ k.
search for with a light v. j`∆ &r≠ .
search in bush v. rv`∆ & Àsv`&.
search repeatedly v. e≠ xk≠ .
searching with a light n. hj`» &r≠ .
season n. `kt» l.
seat of honour n. `bgÀ ` fg`&mÀ,`.
seated, be v. ct∆ &Õ .
second s.t. v. m`œsÀ.
seconding n. hm`œsÀ.
n. hvn h kdxsÀmÀ,h.
secret
secret talk n. ÀbgÀl.
secretly adv. ` mehmhrÀ.
secretly do or say adv. mx`&.
130
rdbshnm
rg`qodmhmf
section n. `kdœ.
section of a farm n. msd» xmr≠ fud∆ xm.
seduce v. snrÀ.
v. xdxm 2.
see
see s.t. for first time or see s.t. strange v. xdxm
seed
rÀ ` meÀ.
n. hrÀ;
n. mfß –.
seed, e.g., pepper, tomato n. mr`∆ l.
seed of a tree n. mcd∆ .
seed of bean n. hrÀ h hjtxm.
seed of fruit n. e≠ mr`œ.
seed, of shea tree n. `∆ la`&.
seed ready for planting n. hrÀ h mfß –.
seedling n. mfß –.
seek downfall of s.o. v. bgdl ùÀ.
v. bgvƒ;
seize
v. r`∆ &.
seize suddenly v. bgte.
seldom adv. i`r 2.
v. bgn&;
select
v. sdsÀ.
select seeds v. sdsÀ mfß –.
select several things v. bgn&sÀ.
self, used reflexively pro reflx. mfdœ.
self-centredness n. `∆ mex`œ.
self-controlled, be v. fg`k À mfdœ.
selfish n. `sdl ` aÀ,`;
n. lÀmÀ.
selfish, be v. lÀ1.
v. adx&kÀ;
sell
v. ed∆ mÕ .
semi-circle n. àd& ` mj`k.
v. srÀxmrÀ;
send
v. stl.
send in v. stœ;
v. yÀrÀ.
adj. kvdl`.
senile
n. hjt;
sense
n. hsne;
n. hsne.
separate v. fvn∆ r≠ .
separate oneself v. mx`r Àvtxm.
September, month of frog n. minœ e≠ rt∆ .
serious adj. rÀ ` œ`œ 2;
adj. sn 2.
serious, be v. sn 1.
servant n. v`xmc`∆ À edkÀmÀ;
n. vtk ≠ ed∆ kÀmÀ.
v. bgt&.
serve
v. rß .
set
set fire v. srÀxmsÀ.
set fire to things, e.g., bushes
set free
v. mxn∆ &s≠ .
v. rn∆ xr≠ .
settle
v. bgh `kd& 'rÀ m`∆ (;
v. fu≠ .
settling n. hfu≠Ã .
num. mrn∆ lan.
seven
several n. mcu≠ .
severe n. adlmÀ.
v. hlh;
sew
v. s`r.
sewing n. hs`r;
n. hshlh.
n. `kÀœrÀ;
shade
n. kÕ l`∆ ,kÕ l`∆ .
shadow n. `kÀœrÀ;
n. kÕ l`∆ ,kÕ l`∆ .
v. fg`∆ r;
shake
v. iÕ jr≠ ;
v. md∆ &.
shake a bit v. i≠ js≠ ;
v. md∆ &k≠ .
shake a leg v. i≠ j Àexdxm.
shake, cause to v. i≠ jr≠ ;
v. md∆ &r≠ .
v. mt∆ r≠ .
shake head in anger v. md∆ & Àvtxm mÀ Àsnœ À
xèÀmÀ.
shake head no v. i≠ jr≠ `st.
shake out or off v. je≠ k.
shake rattles v. bgv`&.
shake repeatedly v. md∆ &s≠ .
shake violently v. bgt∆ &.
shaker, one who shakes things
n. vtk s` vt∆ md&À èn.
shaky, be v. sd∆ œkÀ.
shallow, be v. rß vÕ ;
v. shlrÀ.
n. `st ` cxÀkÀmÀ,`;
n. hvtlh.
shameful n. vtlhmÀ.
n. Àvtxm èn;
shape
v. e`xsÀ.
v. fvn∆ s≠ .
share
sharing cup n. hjt» œÕ ;
n. mrde.
sharp, be v. sne;
v. sneÀ.
sharp pointed, be v. bgnasÀ.
sharpen v. bgnasÀ;
v. bgne;
v. rd 2;
v. s`r;
v. s`∆ xkÀ;
v. snarÀ.
sharpen cutlass v. s`r hen» .
sharpener n. `∆ mrd.
sharpening n. hs`r.
shame
131
rgùd
shave
she
rhcd
v. jnl 2.
pro subj. vt∆ .
shea tree n. e≠ j`» & eÀ `∆ la`&.
sheath n. àt&kÀ.
sheath, large n. ÀjeÀ.
shed tears (idiom) v. bgdr eÀrÀ.
n. ayÀ mi≠ ;
sheep
n. mi≠ .
n. Àjtxm hjn∆ &.
shelf
n. `fgn&kÀ;
shell
n. ù≠Ã s≠ èn;
v. xt∆ l.
shell of kola nut n. min∆ &.
shelling n. hxt» l.
shelter n. `∆ mj≠ œs≠ ;
n. Àsvn 1;
v. bgÀxsÀ;
v. j≠ œs≠ ;
v. kd∆ xs≠ .
shelter for drying grain n. mcn `∆ r`∆ œ h
r`∆ œmÀ.
shepherd n. mbgÕ ayÀrÀ.
n. `∆ mjx`∆ .
shield
shift a bit v. jÀœsÀ.
v. s`xsÀ.
shift slightly
shin bone n. mfu`& ≠ exd∆ xm;
n. mjnœ.
v. a`xm.
shine
shine, cause to v. a`xmrÀ.
shine dimly v. a`xm vh ìt» œ.
shining n. œv`∆ &mÀ.
adj. rn.
shiny
shiny, be v. œv`∆ &.
n. mft∆ & h fg`&mÀ.
ship
ship (loan word) n. lÀst∆ lÀ iu`∆ .
shiver v. bgÀœ;
v. bgÀœsÀ.
n. `kÀl`kÀl.
shock
n. fuÀ `∆ u≠ .
shoe
v. k`∆ œ;
shoot
v. shl 2.
shoot gun v. shl ÀuÀr.
shoot of a plant n. Àbgn&.
shooter n. mshl.
shooting n. hshl 2.
shooting game n. `bg`» œ.
n. laƒ– iu`∆ .
shore
adj. hshl 1;
short
adv. hshl 3;
n. shlrÀmÀ.
short, be v. shlrÀ.
short of prep. atk`.
short period of time n. à`» œ ÀkuÀ.
short piece n. `sÀlkÀ.
short stick n. `∆ lat∆ k.
short stocky person n. `mxt&rÀ ` vt» k.
short stocky thing n. `mxt&rÀ èn.
n. hshlrÀ.
shortness
shoulder n. hfgnl;
n. lad∆ &.
shoulder bone n. ùÀe hfgnl.
n. hjd&;
shout
v. ax`k;
v. jd.
shout or yell repeatedly v. ax`xsÀ.
shout praises v. ad∆ œ2.
shouting n. hax`xsÀ.
v. cxd∆ xm;
show
v. sd&.
show grief with gestures v. lƒsÀ;
v. ld,` Àvtxm;
v. ldsÀ Àvtxm.
show honour v. mfuÀlkÀ.
show respect v. mfuÀlkÀ.
show several things v. cxd» xms≠ .
show signs of madness v. k`∆ xs≠ .
show teeth v. œ`œrÀ.
show unwillingness v. kd∆ l latl.
shower n. mcxd∆ xm2.
showing non-commitment
interj. e≠ rx`» œ.
showy, be v. cx`k.
shriek v. ax`k rÀ cy≠ .
shrimp n. mi`∆ mf`∆ .
shrine n. mfn∆ & mf`∆ œ.
shrink v. shlrÀ.
shrink away from v. mx`rh.
n. e≠ an∆ l;
shrub
n. eÀfgt&`,fgt&;
n. eÀjt&kÀ;
n. e≠ mcxt∆ œ;
n. hjn» xm≠ .
v. jàkÀ Àvtxm.
shrug
shrug shoulders in anger v. md∆ & Àvtxm mÀ
Àsnœ À xèÀmÀ.
shudder v. bgÀœsÀ m≠ Õ e`xmÕ .
shuffle feet v. ft∆ e ÀuÀ ` mrd.
v. kh vh vtk hvn 'rÀ m`∆ (.
shun
shy, be v. vtlh.
shyness n. hvtlh.
sibling n. v`» xm m`∆ vnl.
n. jn&hmÀ.
sick
sick, be v. jn&h.
sick person n. vtk À jn&hmÀ.
sick person, one in pain n. vtk À xèÀmÀ.
sickness n. hjn&h.
n. à`» r;
side
n. hbgÀ,ha≠ ;
n. laƒ– 1.
132
rhcd ne gd`c
rknvkx
side of head n. at&at& `∆ st.
side of hip n. eu≠Ã .
side of the road n. mcx`∆ œrÀ ≠ iÕ .
side pain n. èn ` vnxmc`;
n. èn hbgha≠ .
n. at&at&rÀ.
n. mbgd∆ jd∆ kd∆ &.
v. rÕ ;
v. rÕ r≠ 1.
sift a bit v. rÕ s≠ .
n. `∆ mrÕ ;
sifter
n. mbgd∆ jd∆ kd∆ &.
n. `∆ mrnl;
sigh
v. rnl.
sighing n. hrnl.
sign, small n. e≠ mbgvƒ.
v. cxd∆ xm m≠ mbgvƒ» .
signal
signal with the eyes v. l≠ k.
sides
sieve
sift
signaling with vocal sounds
n. hjd&sÀ.
silent, be v. bghlh lnœ.
n. `vt∆ e.
sill
simpleton n. `∆ lanœ ` vt» k.
n. laÀ;
sin
v. mÕ laÀ.
n. mje≠ Õ s`∆ œmÀ Àvt∆ xm s` xÕ bg≠ xms≠ mivn ≠ vt∆ xm rÀ `∆ uÀe `.
v. xdl 1.
sing
sing a bit v. xdlsÀ.
v. rß .
sink
v. lt&sÀ lÀkt& rhix`,rhix`;
sip
v. mxuÀsÀ.
n. id» ls≠ ;
sister
n. v`» xm m`∆ vnl;
n. v`xm,m`∆ ;
n. v`xm,mÕ .
sister, older n. id» ls≠ h kdl`.
sister, younger n. id» lsÀ h sdk`» .
v. ct∆ &Õ .
sit
sit, cause to v. ct∆ &r≠ .
sit down v. ct∆ &Õ .
sit idle v. ct&.
sit on eggs v. xuÀsÀ `vtl.
sinew
sit with one side of buttocks on seat
v. ct∆ xmr≠ ct∆ &Õ .
num. mste`.
six
skeletal adj. œ`œh.
skeleton n. ùÀe;
n. ÀuÀe.
sketch v. cxn∆ xms≠ .
skim off s.t. from surface of liquid
skin
v. jt 2.
n. fuÀ;
n. fuÀ ≠ vtxm;
n. Àvtxm;
v. rn∆ k;
v. xu≠ .
skin cream n. `xhrh Àvt∆ xm.
skin disease n. hrd.
skin disease from filaria n. mj`∆ &2.
skip over v. bg`∆ & À x`&h.
skipping game n. `∆ miÕ œ.
n. `je≠Ã l ` c`∆ k`.
skirt
n. `fgn&kÀ;
skull
n. `st 1;
n. hfgn& `st.
n. hxuÀ 1.
sky
slacken v. anxrÀ.
slam a door v. kdœ à`» & Àbge≠ mcn.
slander n. `∆ mj`œ rÀ adarÀ hyÀxm h vt» k.
v. mfd∆ &s≠ .
slant
v. kdœ;
slap
v. kdœ `vt;
v. kdœ mÀ `vt,`.
slap s.o.'s cheek v. la`r `vt `fxd∆ &.
v. rÀkÀ.
slash
slaughter v. rÀ4.
slaughtering n. hrÀ.
n. `jn» r;
slave
n. vtk ≠ ed∆ kÀmÀ.
n. latmhrÀ;
sleep
v. atmh.
sleep, cause to n. atxmrÀ.
sleeping house n. mcn h bghmÀ.
sleeping house of Fon n. mbgh.
sleeve n. Àjß À mcyÀrÀ;
n. Àjß À mcyÀrÀ À cv`» .
slice, e.g., meat v. rÀsÀ.
v. kdxm;
slide
v. rdxm.
slide repeatedly v. rdxmkÀ.
slimy, be v. s`∆ œ;
v. s`œ`∆ .
n. è`l;
sling
n. èn rÀ fgn∆ e Àly≠ rÀ sn∆ & Àjß À
xèÀmÀ;
n. `∆ mfgn∆ e.
slingshot n. è`l ` mbgÕ ;
n. è`l ` mfn∆ &;
n. è`l ` shlmÀ,`.
slink away with shame v. mx`&sÀ rÀ kt m≠ hvtlÕÃ .
n. mcyÀrÀ `∆ msd» xm≠ ;
slip
n. rÕ lh;
v. kdxm.
slip of tongue n. `∆ mrne.
slippery, be v. kdxm.
slippery, cause to be v. kdxmrÀ.
slowly adv. ànk,ànk;
adv. m≠ lanxm,m≠ lanxm;
133
rktf
rnesmdrr
adv. rhix`,rhix`;
adv. rÀ hkƒ,rÀ hkƒ.
n. `mxnkh `s`∆ &.
slug
sluggish, be v. fg`kh.
smack the lips v. at& Àbge≠Ã .
adj. ank 2;
small
adj. sdasÀ 2;
adj. sdk`» ;
n. kƒmÀ;
n. sdasÀmÀ.
small amount n. rÀ hkƒ.
small, be v. kƒ;
v. kƒk≠Ã .
small, making n. hkƒrÀ.
small one pro. hsdk`» .
smaller, be v. kƒs≠Ã bgvn» .
smallest, be v. kƒ bgvn» .
smallness n. hkƒ;
n. hkƒsÀ;
n. hsdasÀ.
smallpox n. `∆ ms`∆ œ.
smart, be v. fg`∆ ak≠ .
smartness n. hfg`» ak≠ .
smash v. id∆ k.
smash with feet v. mxnxkÀ.
smash with foot v. mxnxsÀ;
v (imp.). mxnr 2.
v. xhrh;
smear
v. xn&.
smearing n. hxn&.
n. hk≠Ã l;
smell
v. k≠ l.
smell s.t. v. k≠ ls≠ .
smelling adj. k≠ lsÀm≠Ã .
smelling medicine n. èuÀ ` kÀlmÀ,`.
v. mxÀlkÀ;
smile
v (imp.). mxÀl.
n. hmxÀlkÀ `mft∆ .
smirk
v. srh.
smith
smoke n. eÀkd&;
v. cuÀr;
v. xt& `st ≠ u≠ r;
v (imp.). mxuÀ.
smoke a bit v. cuÀxsÀ.
smoke to rise, cause v. cuÀxrÀ.
smooth, be v. kdxm.
smooth to touch, be v. knlÕÃ
fgÀ,fgÀ.
smoothen v. kdrÀ.
v. fgd∆ 2.
smoulder
smoulder, cause to v. fgd∆ r≠ .
n. `s`» &.
snail
snail shell n. mfnk 1.
n. la`l.
snake
snake skin cast off n. ù≠Ã s≠ ` la`l.
snake skin, cast or sloughed off
n. ù≠Ã ` la`l.
snake that lives in water n. la`» l iu`∆ .
v. ktl 2.
snap
n. `s`l;
snare
n. ms`l;
v. ad∆ m`∆ ;
v. kd∆ lÕ ;
v. s`l.
n. hcx≠Ã l;
snarl
v. cx≠ lk≠ .
snarl of dog n. hcx≠Ã lk≠ h aÀ.
snatch v. bgvƒ;
v. r`∆ &.
v. jtœ;
sneak
v. kdxm.
sneak away v. mx`&sÀ rÀ kt∆ ;
v. rnxm.
sneeze n. `∆ mbgdl;
v. bgdl.
v. jte;
sniff
v. jte `ytd.
snobbish, be v. bgd∆ r≠ .
v. `jt» ;
snore
v. en∆ &;
v. jt∆ .
v. mx`œ.
snub
adv. sd∆ xm2;
so
adv. sÕ ;
adv. sÕÃ 1;
conj. a` 2;
conj. j` 2;
conj. sd∆ xm1.
adv. sh 2.
so far
s.o. having nothing n. `∆ mxtl ` vt» k.
s.o. pretending ignorance n. lnjx`.
so that conj. s` 2;
conj. s` j`.
v. bge≠ .
soak
n. `rt» .
soap
v. ` rd» &s≠Ã mÀ hcyÕÃ .
sob
society house n. mcn» mbg≠ xmsÀ;
n. mcn» mfu`&.
sodium bicarbonate from ash
n. lÀfgh.
adj. ank 2;
n. anxmÀmÀ.
soft, be v. ank 1;
v. anxmÀ.
soft medicine n. èuÀ ` ank`.
soft spot of head n. an∆ &an∆ & `st.
soften v. anxrÀ.
softness n. hank;
n. hanxmÀ.
soft
134
rnhk
soil
roq`hmhmf ne inhms
speak sluggishly v. fgƒ– s≠ .
speaker n. lad∆ .
n. `cxt» œ;
spear
n. mrd;
n. mrdrÀ;
v. mt∆ &.
soil, earth, dirt that has been dug up
n. xte.
n. ha≠Ã .
sojourn
sojourn, spend some time somewhere v. a≠ .
soldier ant n. œ`∆ œ`∆ œ.
n. rtfd∆ x&.
soldier (loan word)
n. `∆ msd» xm≠ ù≠ .
sole
sole of foot n. fuÀ `∆ u≠ .
adv. msdœ.
solid
adj. kÕ 2;
some
adj. sÀ khsÀ;
pro. fgÀkh.
somebody n. vtk.
someday n. Àst& eÀkh.
someone n. vtk;
pro indef 3sg. fgÀ 2.
somersault v. ad∆ xm jn∆ xmcn∆ œ.
sometime n. e≠Ã kd∆ &.
sometimes n. ÀkuÀ eÀkh.
n. mi`∆ œ.
song
song, short n. e≠ mi`∆ œ≠ .
adv. j≠ lÀ ku≠Ã xm.
soon
n. eÀmcÕÃ .
soot
n. `∆ cy≠ .
sore
sore, small and deep n. e≠ mer≠ .
sorrow n. hjtlh Àvtxm;
sorrowful, be v. jtlh Àvtxm 'rÀ m`∆ (.
sorry, be v. jtlh 1.
n. `xuÀr.
soul
sound alarm v. kdœ ÀjeÀeh.
n. la`∆ r.
soup
sour, be v. mfu`œkÀ;
v. mfud.
n. à`∆ r hsrÀxm;
south
n. eÀbgdlh.
v. l`∆ &.
sow
n. àÀkh;
space
n. `kd» & ` xtl`.
space between legs n. `s`&.
v. cx`∆ œ.
span
v. kdœ hr`r.
spank
spare space n. `bghk.
sparkle n. hmid» xms≠ ;
v. mid∆ xms≠ .
adv. mx`» xm≠ ,mx`xmÀ;
sparkling
n. œv`∆ &mÀ.
sparrow n. e≠ mje`k`&.
v. s`œh.
speak
speak ill of v. s`œh àÀ jt» l.
speak in proverbs or parables
v. sÀlkÀ rÀ s`œh.
n. hfgnœ;
n. Àex`xm.
spear grass n. `∆ xn» xm.
spear spine n. mi`∆ & Õ fgn∆ œ.
special adj. mÕ mxÀœ 2.
species n. Õ mjÕ .
speech n. hs`œh.
spend day v. xhrh.
spending some time somewhere
n. ha≠Ã .
n. e≠ rx≠ j.
spice
spider n. mr`» œfu≠ fu≠ .
spider, underground n. œ`l 1.
spider web n. mcn» mr`» œ fu≠ fu≠ .
v. iu`rÀ;
spill
v. r`xrÀ;
v. re≠ r.
v. re≠ xs≠ .
spill a bit
spill and allow to flow v. atœrÀ.
spinach n. èrh.
spinal column n. Àfgn» œk≠ À iÀl.
n. `xuÀr.
spirit
spit in bits v. bgeÀsÀ.
spit or spit out v. bgeÀ.
spit repeatedly v. bgeÀkÀ.
spit, spray spittle v. bgeÀ lÀmbgx`.
n. hje`» &s≠ h aÀ,h.
spite
spleen n. `fg`r.
v. a`∆ r;
split
v. bg`∆ xm.
split into pieces v. a`∆ xs≠ .
split into pieces with axe v. r`xm.
split log n. `bgt» e ` e≠Ã j`∆ &.
split wood into pieces v (imp.). a`∆ xsÀ eÀj`» &.
v. adarÀ;
spoil
v. ade.
spoil s.o.'s reputation v. bgt∆ xm hyÀxm h vt» k;
v. se`∆ œ hyÀxm h vt» k.
spoil s.t. v. kxÀœ èn.
spoiled relationship n. hade.
sponge (loan word) n. mjt∆ mbgƒ» .
n. `∆ ms`∆ r.
spoon
n. mfß –.
spore
n. àÀkh;
spot
n. `kd» &.
adj. `s≠Ã bgn∆ l,`s≠Ã bgn∆ l;
adj. Àaxdl,axdl;
adv. mx`» xm≠ ,mx`xmÀ;
n. mx`∆ kÀmÀ.
spotted, be v. mx`k≠ ,mx`kÀ.
sprain a joint v. kt∆ s≠ .
spraining of joint n. hmfuÀr `xt∆ œ.
spotted
135
roq`x
rsdv`qc
v. v`∆ œ.
spray
spray a bit v. v`∆ œs≠ .
spray medicine on a juju with the mouth v.
e`l.
spray water v. lt∆ rÕ .
spread v. cx`∆ œ;
v. k`∆ kÕ ;
v. sh 1;
v. shlh 1;
v. snl.
stand aloof v. mx`r Àvtxm.
stand erect, cause to v. shrÀ.
v. fvn∆ r≠ ;
v. v`œ;
v. y≠ r≠ .
spread articles out, e.g., for sale
v. l`∆ &s≠ .
spread, cause to v. cx`∆ œr≠ .
spread out to dry v. r`∆ œs≠ .
spread progressively v. x`l.
spreading of infection n. hcx`» œr≠ h hjn&h.
spring of water n. hrÀ h kÀl`∆ k≠ l`∆ .
spring off v. r`k.
sprinkle v. v`∆ œ.
sprinkle a bit v. v`∆ œs≠ .
sprinkle water v. lt∆ rÕ .
sprout v. l`∆ k.
n. fud∆ ;
spy
n. mjh.
n. èn m≠ s≠ auÀ sÀ jƒ– hfgdk.
v. œt&`;
v. œt&` ct∆ &h;
v. œt&sÀ.
squatting beam n. `jnœ hje≠ k.
squeeze v. e`k;
v. exd&rÀ;
v. j`l;
v. mt∆ &.
squeeze a little v. j`lsÀ.
squeeze repeatedly v. mxt∆ &Õ .
squeezing n. hmt» &.
squeezing a bit n. hmt» &s≠ .
n. mi`∆ mf`∆ .
squid
squirm v. cxn∆ s≠ ;
v. exd& Àvt∆ xm.
squirm in pain v. œÕ k≠ .
squirrel n. e≠ at∆ xm;
n. eÀbgvn» .
v. rt∆ .
stab
stab repeatedly v. bgt&kÀ.
n. hadxm;
stable
n. mcn» mx`∆ lr≠ .
stagger v. exdk;
v. k`œkÀ;
v. xdœmÀ.
n. eÀbgn&.
stake
stale in taste, be v. exd∆ xs≠ .
n. `jn» &kÀ;
stalk
n. Àvtxm eÀj`∆ &.
stalk of palmnuts n. `st ` jtrÀ.
n. hadxm.
stall
square
squat
stammer v. ld&.
stamp, e.g., foot on ground v. id∆ k À mbgÀxm.
stamp the floor v. l`xm jÕÃ mcn.
v. hlh;
stand
stand in different places or positions
v. shsÀ.
stand on head v. shlh mÀ `st,`.
standing, be v. hlh.
standing on road v. sh jÀ ` ih.
n. eÀmid» xm.
star
v. ct∆ œ jh.
stare
starling n. e≠ mi`» œkÀ;
n. e≠ ms`» œatxm.
n. my≠ sÀ;
v. bgn&`;
v. y≠ s≠ .
start decaying v. jtœ.
starter n. my≠ s≠ .
start
starting point for weaving
startled, be v. jd∆ ak≠ .
n. `∆ med∆ &r≠ .
statue
v. bgh;
stay
n. hcx`k h jdk.
v. ct∆ &Õ .
stay a bit v. bghsÀ;
v. eh lt∆ sÀ .
stay away from v. a`l.
stay quiet or silent v. bgh lnœ.
steadfast, be v (imp.). fg`k jÀ sÕÃ .
v. bgnœ 1.
steal
steal a little of s.t. v. bgnœsÀ.
stealing n. `∆ mrn∆ œ;
n. hbgnœ;
n. hœ`l;
n. hœ`lsÀ.
n. `xuÀr.
steam
steep hillside n. Àse`» œ.
n. mx`l lan∆ kn&;
steer
v. shrÀ.
n. `jn» &kÀ;
stem
n. Àmsvdœ;
n. Àvtxm eÀj`∆ &.
stem, giant and climbing n. ms`∆ œ.
stem, tiny and tall n. eÀmfh.
n. hmsdœ.
stems
v. id∆ k.
step
step on v. id∆ k.
step over v. x`&h.
steward n. vtk Õ bgvn.
136
rshbj
stick
rsqhodc
stopping s.t. from continuing
n. `jnœ;
n. eÀj`» &;
n. hbgÀ.
v. bg≠ xk≠ .
stick for vegetables n. hbgÀ h la`∆ r.
stick, small n. e≠ la`∆ œ.
stick to v. fg`ls≠ ;
v. fg`∆ œs≠ .
stick to that v (imp.). fg`k jÀ sÕÃ .
stick, very small n. eÀbgÀk≠Ã .
sticky, be v. fg`ls≠ .
stiff, be v. sn 1;
storage n. kdlmÀ.
storage hut n. he≠Ã k.
storage pit n. lau≠ j.
n. he≠Ã k;
store
v. kd∆ l.
n. èxde ` sn.
storm
n. e≠ sÀs≠Ã .
story
straight adj. `∆ sÕ ,`sh;
v. sn rÀ mfuÀlrÀ.
adv. at 2;
still
adv. eh.
stillborn n. hadarÀ.
n. Õ mbgx`∆ .
sting
stinginess n. hlÀ.
stingy n. je≠ sÀmÀ.
stingy, be v. fgd∆ &m≠ fg`&;
v. jàsÀ m≠ `vt,`∆ ;
v. je≠ s≠ .
v. exdr;
stir
v. k`l;
v. mt∆ ;
v. mt∆ s≠ ;
v. rd∆ &;
v. st.
stir a bit v. rd∆ &k≠ .
stir up a fight v. mt∆ r≠ .
stir up the fire v. srÀxmsÀ.
stirring together n. hk`l.
v. shlsÀ.
stitch
stitching n. hshlh.
n. bgnœmÀ.
stolen
stomach n. `∆ mst∆ e;
n. Àku`» 2.
stomach ache n. erÀ;
n. Àku`» À xèÀmÀ;
n. Àrtd.
stomach swelling n. Àku`» À jn&mÀ.
n. lad;
stone
n. mfn∆ &.
stone for grinding n. hsh.
stone heaps n. hjt&.
stone, large n. hsh.
stone-headed person (insult) n. mfn∆ & `∆ st.
stones, small n. `sh.
n. `bgÀ;
stool
n. `fg`» k.
v. fn∆ &r≠ ;
stop
v. hlh;
v. sdxmrÀ;
v (imp.). uhrh.
stop from crying v. bgÀlrÀ.
stop s.t. from going on v. bg≠ k.
adv. `∆ sÕ ,`sh;
adv. m`∆ xm2.
straight ahead adv. `∆ sÕ ,`sh.
straight, be v. m`∆ xm2.
straighten v. m`∆ xs≠ .
v. xd∆ kh2.
strain
stranger n. mfuÕ mfuh;
n. vtk ≠ fuÕ mÀ.
strangle v. j`l Àsnœ rÀ ytd;
v. rx≠ œr≠ .
n. `jtd;
strap
n. eÀjt» ;
n. jtk 3;
v (imp.). bgeÀœ.
n. eÀvh;
straw
n. fx`œ;
n. mbg`∆ &.
straw tray n. `bghk.
stream n. eÀjeh;
n. iu`.
stream, small n. eÀiu`» s≠ .
streamlet n. eÀiu`» s≠ .
strength n. `cx`&;
n. hsn;
n. msn;
n. œ`œ 2.
strengthen v. snrÀ.
stretch v. cxd∆ ar≠ ;
v. m`∆ rÕ ;
v. m`∆ xr≠ ;
v. m`∆ xs≠ .
stretch it to me v. et rÀ fuÕ .
stretch out, cause to v. cxn∆ r≠ .
stretch out s.t., e.g., rope v. cxn∆ s≠ .
stretcher n. `∆ lat∆ œ;
n. `∆ mjd∆ .
v. je≠ xm.
strike
strike, e.g., a match v. bg`xm.
v. jnl 2;
strip
v. xt∆ l.
strip off leaves v. rv`∆ &Õ .
n. `cxn» xm;
stripe
n. mje`∆ m`.
striped adj. `mje`∆ m`rÀ,`mje`m`rÀ;
adj. `s≠Ã bgn∆ l,`s≠Ã bgn∆ l.
137
rsqhoohmf
rvdds,rldkkhmf rddc
stripping n. hxt» l.
v. fg`œ `vn.
strive
stroke v. xd∆ xk≠ .
v. fg`xmÀ.
stroll
strong adj. `jàkÀ.
strong, be v. sn 1.
strong cough n. àuÀ ` j≠Ã id∆ l.
strong medicine n. èuÀ ` sn.
struggle v. eÀl;
suggestion n. hj`» œs≠ ;
n. hje`» &s≠ h kh.
suicide n. hytd h mfdœ.
suitable, be v. jedxm.
summon to court (loan word)
v. fg`œ `vn;
v. mt∆ .
v. rn∆ xr≠ .
struggle free
struggle to get unentangled
v. re≠ js≠ .
struggles n. èÀl.
struggling v. iÀœ`∆ .
stubborn, be v. bgÀkh;
v. s`∆ k.
stubbornness
v. rnl`.
n. bgtd;
n. ≠ bgeÀ,hxuÀ.
sunbeam n. à`» œ ` bgt» d.
sunlight n. bgtd.
sunrise n. ÀkuÀ ` ÀbgeÀ,hxuÀ,h mÀm r`kÀ.
sunset n. ÀkuÀ ` ÀbgeÀ,hxuÀ,h mÀm rß .
supervise v. jÕ mÕ cxdxmrÀ hed∆ k 'rÀ m`∆ (.
supervisor n. vtk s` vt m,jhmh cxdxmrÀ
hed∆ k.
supine adv. `r`∆ œ,`r`œ;
support n. `sn» &;
n. msn∆ &;
v. sn∆ &.
support bar n. mc`∆ œ v`∆ xm.
support oneself v. miƒ.
support stick n. `sn» &;
n. Àje≠Ã r.
surpass v. bgvn∆ 1.
surprise n. hbgÀk h fu≠ s≠ .
surround v. i≠ œ rÀ j`kh;
v. jƒ 4;
v. jx`∆ s≠ ;
v. kx`∆ s≠ .
suspect s.t. to happen v. xuÀ lÀkÕÃ l l≠ Õ vn.
suspend v. midrÀ.
suspension bridge n. ms`∆ œ.
swallow n. e≠ xn∆ œ`mbgvn» ;
v. lyÕ .
swallow a bit v. lyÕ s≠ .
swallow repeatedly v. lyÕ s≠ .
swallowing n. hlyÕÃ .
swamp n. `∆ anmÕ ;
n. hbgt» &.
swan
sun
n. hbgÀkh;
n. hs`» k.
student n. v`xmc`∆ À xd&hmÀ.
stumble v. cx`lsÀ.
stumbling over s.t. n. hcx`lsÀ.
stump n. `je≠Ã l;
n. `je≠Ã l ` e≠Ã j`∆ &.
v. je≠ rÀ kdl`.
stunt growth
stunt growth of s.o. v. œd&rÀ.
stutter v. ld&.
submit to another's law v. kd∆ l mfdœ hr`r
hr`& m≠ vt∆ k À vt» kt∆ .
succeed v. xÀ;
v. xÀ mcn.
success n. `xvn,la`œ.
successor n. mx≠Ã mcn.
v. mxnœ;
suck
v. rnl.
suck a bit v. rnlsÀ.
suck a little v. mxnœsÀ.
n. eÀvß .
sucking instrument
suckle v. mxnœsÀ.
suddenly adv. fu≠ s≠ 2.
v. i≠ œ;
suffer
v. ktœ;
v. xdxm mfd&.
suffer helplessly v. eÀl;
v. ktœkÀ.
suffer oneself v. mt∆ & Àvtxm.
suffering n. i≠ œmÀ;
v. iÀœ`∆ .
suffering helplessly n. hktœkÀ.
suffix, plural, for nouns ncl sf. ,rÀ.
suffocate v. sÕ lr≠ .
sugarcane n. `x`œrÀ.
suggest v. j`∆ œs≠ .
sway forwards and backwards
v. md∆ &`∆ rÀ mct∆ m≠ `∆ rÀ,` m≠ Õ a`lh.
v. j`∆ xm.
swear
swear innocence v. mxuÀ fuÀ.
n. `xt&rÀ;
sweat
v. xt&rÀ.
v. xd∆ r;
v. xd∆ xs≠ .
v. enl;
sweet, be
v. sne.
sweeten v. snarÀ.
sweetness n. henl.
sweep
sweet-smelling seed
n. e≠ kt∆ l.
138
rvdkk
sd`q sn ohdbdr
swell
swelling, small n. e≠ mcnœ 2.
v. r`∆ l.
swim
swollen n. ltxsÀmÀ.
sympathize with v. bg`lmÀ Àvtxm.
sympathy n. hbg`lmÀ h Àvt∆ xm;
v. lt∆ k;
v. uÀakÀ.
swell, cause to v. lt∆ xr≠ .
v. lt∆ xs≠ .
swell in several places
swell (loan word) v. mcÀl`.
swelling n. `∆ la≠ akÀ;
n. `stœ;
n. lt∆ k;
n. mcnœ.
swelling of feet or legs n. ÀuÀ ltxsÀmÀ.
n. hjnxmrÀ hrtxm.
synagogue n. mcn» mbg≠ xmsÀ m≠ fgdkÀ It» r≠ .
syphilis n. mftrÀ.
T
n. à`œ.
table
table for eating n. à`œ ` xÀmÀ,`.
table for writing n. à`œ ` mx`&mÀ,`.
table (loan word) n. sd» ak≠ .
n. hrÀ èu≠ .
tablet
n. `∆ mkt∆ ;
taboo
v. et& m≠ `∆ auÀ,`.
tadpole n. `j`œkÀ;
n. `∆ lan∆ k.
tadpole trap n. `∆ mrd∆ &.
tadpole with open lips n. msdxm.
n. ≠ mjt∆ xm.
tail
tail, bushy, e.g., squirrel n. mr`œ.
tail of animal n. ≠ mjt∆ xm À mx`» l.
tail of bird n. ≠ mjt∆ xm À e≠Ã mxt∆ xm.
tail of horse n. ≠ mjt∆ xm À mx`» l;
n. mr`œ.
n. vtk À s`rÀmÀ.
tailor
tailor (loan word) n. sd» k`∆ .
v. jt∆ ;
take
v. kÕ 1.
take a bit v. kÕ s≠ ;
v. lxd∆ xs≠ .
take and bring v. kÕ rÀ fuÕ .
take away v. kÕ rÕ .
take by force v. r`∆ &.
take care of v. sn∆ &m≠ .
take carefully with both hands
v. ax`lsÀ.
take from several people v. erhsÀ.
take from s.o. else v. erh.
take off pith from bamboo v. xd∆ kh2.
take or eat s.t. dry in powdery form
v. lt∆ &.
take out v. eu≠ r≠ .
take revenge v. r≠ r≠ .
take small amount v. œn&sÀ.
take s.o. as common v. kÀ.
take to graze v. rd&rÀ.
taken aback, be v. jd∆ ak≠ .
taking to graze n. hrd&rÀ.
v. s`œh.
talk
-
t
talk too much
v. jed&kÀ;
v. jt∆ l Àbge≠Ã .
talkative n. s`œhmÀ.
talkative, be too v. jt∆ lk≠ .
talkative person n. vtk À s`œhmÀ;
n. vtk ≠ bge≠ .
tall, be v. cxd∆ e.
tallness n. hmf`œsÀ.
tamed v. l` fgÀ xd&h ldxm.
tantalizing s.o. n. hmxt» œr≠ .
v. je`&sÀ;
tap
v. kdœsÀ.
tap, e.g., wine v. bgdr.
tapeworm n. e≠ mjed∆ & `∆ la≠ r.
tapping n. hbgdr.
tarantula n. `mjdl hjeÀ;
n. œ`l 1.
n. `bg`» œ;
target
v. kt.
v. ln∆ l2.
taste
taste too oily v. knlÕÃ jt,jt.
tastefulness n. henl.
tasteless, be v. bg≠Ã xm jt jt.
tasty, be v. enl.
n. huÀxm.
tatoo
tattered, s.t. n. `r`» &;
n. `r`» &s≠ .
tax (loan word) n. s`» jr.
v. cxd∆ xmr≠ ;
teach
v. xd&h.
teach s.o., e.g., bad manners
v. cx`∆ xm À vtk.
teacher n. mcxd∆ xmr≠ .
teacher of bad habits n. mst `∆ rÀ fg≠ xÀ.
teaching n. hcxd» xmr≠ ;
n. xd&hmÀ.
teaching of bad manners n. hcx`» xm.
n. eÀrÀ 1;
tear
v. a`∆ r;
v. r`∆ r.
tear into pieces v. a`∆ xs≠ .
tear to pieces v. r`∆ xs≠ .
139
sd`rd
tease
sgdqd
v. cxÀl;
v. kt∆ &r≠ ;
v. ln∆ l2;
v. ln∆ l vtk;
v. rd∆ &k≠ .
v. ed∆ &s≠ ;
tell
v. k`∆ &Õ ;
v. y≠ 1.
tell fortune v. exdœ eÀmx`&.
tell story v. ln∆ .
n. med∆ &s≠ .
teller
temple n. mcn» E≠ xÕ mÕ .
v. ln∆ l vtk.
tempt
temptation n. hln» l.
num. Õ uÀl.
ten
v. bgÕ ;
tend
v. jhmh;
v. sn∆ &m≠ .
tendon n. mje≠ Õ s`∆ œmÀ Àvt∆ xm s` xÕ bg≠ xms≠ mivn ≠ vt∆ xm rÀ `∆ uÀe `.
tentacle n. mcnœ.
termite n. `rd&rd&;
n. mfn&.
termite dwelling n. lau≠ j.
termites n. `∆ mcuÀ.
n. hcyÀ.
termites that fly
terrible n. adlmÀ.
v. ln∆ l2;
test
v. ln∆ lr≠ .
n. exdœ 1.
testes
testing n. hln» l.
n. an∆ k≠ r≠ ìÕ .
testis
v. bgeÀœsÀ;
tether
v (imp.). bgeÀœ.
v. adxm;
thank
v. et `∆ xn∆ œm≠ ;
v. kt&.
thankfulness n. hadlrÀ.
thanks n. `∆ xn∆ œm≠ ;
n. hadlrÀ.
conj. m`;
that
conj. s` 2;
dem adj. erheÀ 1;
dem adj. erÕ e≠ ;
dem adj. fgd∆ 1;
dem adj. jh 3;
dem adj. jÕ ;
dem adj. lyÀ;
dem adj. ly≠ ;
dem adj. uyÀ 1;
dem adj. uy≠ ;
dem adj. yÀ 2;
dem adj. y≠ 4;
dem intr. m`» 2;
pro rel. erÕ e≠ `;
pro rel. fgd∆ `;
pro rel. jÕ `;
pro rel. ly≠ `;
pro rel. rÕ r≠ `;
pro rel. srÕ s≠ `;
pro rel. uy≠ `;
pro rel. y≠ `.
that one pro dem. `jh;
pro dem. `jÕÃ ;
pro dem. hyÀ 1;
pro dem. hy≠Ã ;
pro dem. ÀerheÀ 1;
pro dem. ÀerÕÃ e≠ ;
pro dem. ÀlyÀ;
pro dem. Àly≠Ã 2;
pro dem. ÀuyÀ 1;
pro dem. Àuy≠Ã 1;
pro dem. ÀyÀ;
pro dem. Ày≠Ã 1.
that way adv. sh 2.
thatch v. xu`.
thatcher n. vtk À xu`mÀ.
thatching grass n. Àvh À mcn;
n. Àvh À xu`mÀ.
the one pro obj. `mjdxm`.
poss adj. `∆ œdm`.
their
pro poss. `jÀ `∆ œdm`;
theirs
pro poss. hxh `∆ œdm`;
pro poss. ÀeÀ `∆ œdmèÀ;
pro poss. ÀfgÀ `∆ œdm`;
pro poss. Àl≠Ã `∆ œdm`;
pro poss. ÀrÀ `∆ œdm`rÀ;
pro poss. ÀsÀ `∆ œdm`sÀ;
pro poss. Àvt `∆ œdm`;
pro poss. Àvt» `∆ œdm`;
pro poss. ÀxÕÃ `∆ œdm`.
them
pro obj. `mjdxm`;
pro obj. `∆ œdm`;
pro obj. hmxdxmh;
pro obj. Àld» xm 2;
pro obj. mrdxmrÀ;
pro obj. msdxmsÀ;
pro obj. œvdxm 2.
adv. ` 2;
then
conj. À 1;
conj. j` 2;
conj. sd∆ xm1;
conj dev. jƒ 2.
then, indicating expected result
there
adv. kƒ» .
adv. èh;
adv. èÕÃ ;
adv. èt;
adv. `sdxm 2;
140
sgdqdenqd
adv. `vt 2;
dem adj. fgd.
therefore conj. sd∆ xm1.
dem adj. fgd∆ xm;
these
dem adj. jd∆ xm`∆ ;
dem adj. ld∆ xm;
dem adj. rd∆ xmr≠ ;
dem adj. sd∆ xms≠ ;
dem adj. vd∆ xm;
dem adj. xd∆ xmÕ .
these ones pro dem. `jdxm`∆ ;
pro dem. hxdxmÕ ;
pro dem. Àfgd» xm;
pro dem. Àld» xm 1;
pro dem. Àrd» xmr≠ ;
pro dem. Àsd» xms≠ ;
pro dem. Àvd» xm.
pro indef 3pl. fgÀ 3;
they
pro subj. `∆ œdm`;
pro subj. jÀ 2;
pro subj. l≠ ;
pro subj. rÀ 6;
pro subj. sÀ 1;
pro subj. vt;
pro subj. xh.
n. `bg≠Ã xm;
thickness
n. èd» e.
n. vtk À bgnœmÀ.
thief
n. àÕÃ .
thigh
n. sdasÀmÀ.
thin
thin, be v. kƒ;
v. mfƒ.
n. èn;
thing
n. `m`l;
n. hvn.
thing said n. hvn.
thing, small or little v. eÀvn» k≠ .
v. je`∆ &;
think
v. je`∆ &s≠ .
think hopefully v. ld∆ &m≠ .
thinking n. hje`» &s≠ .
n. Àsnœ À lt.
thirst
dem adj. ed∆ xme≠ ;
this
dem adj. fg`∆ xm;
dem adj. jd∆ xm`∆ ;
dem adj. ld∆ xm;
dem adj. vd∆ xm;
dem adj. xd∆ xm2;
dem adj. xd∆ xmÕ ;
poss adj. xd∆ xm 1.
this one pro dem. `jdxm`∆ ;
pro dem. hxdxmÕ ;
pro dem. Àed» xme≠ ;
pro dem. Àld» xm 1;
sgqnv rdudq`k sghmfr
pro dem. Àvd» xm;
pro dem. Àxd» xm.
this side pro dem. `fg`» xm.
this way pro dem. `fg`» xm.
n. rt∆ minœminœ.
thorn
thorny plant n. hjdm`∆ jd∆ m`∆ .
thorny root n. `∆ k`∆ l,mrd.
dem adj. fgh 2;
those
dem adj. jh 3;
dem adj. jÕ ;
dem adj. lyÀ;
dem adj. ly≠ ;
dem adj. rhrÀ 3;
dem adj. rÕ r≠ 2;
dem adj. srhsÀ 1;
dem adj. srÕ s≠ ;
dem adj. uyÀ 1;
dem adj. uy≠ ;
dem adj. yÀ 2;
dem adj. y≠ 4;
poss adj. fgÕ .
those ones pro dem. `jh;
pro dem. `jÕÃ ;
pro dem. hyÀ 1;
pro dem. hy≠Ã ;
pro dem. Àfgh 1;
pro dem. ÀfgÕÃ ;
pro dem. ÀlyÀ;
pro dem. Àly≠Ã 2;
pro dem. ÀrhrÀ 1;
pro dem. ÀrÕÃ r≠ ;
pro dem. ÀsrhsÀ 1;
pro dem. ÀsrÕÃ s≠ ;
pro dem. ÀuyÀ 1;
pro dem. Àuy≠Ã 1.
thought n. hje`» &s≠ .
thousand n. mj`l.
thread n. `∆ laxd∆ xm.
threadworm n. Õ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ ` `∆ laxd∆ xm.
threaten v. e`∆ xmr≠ .
num. s`k 2.
three
thresh v. ad∆ xs≠ .
n. `vt∆ e.
threshold
n. hrd» &;
throat
n. Àsnœ.
v. lx`∆ xms≠ .
throb
throne n. `bgÀ ` s≠Ã en∆ xm.
through prep. snxmÀ2.
v. k`∆ œ;
throw
v. re≠ r;
v. shl 2.
throw a spear v. shl hfgnœ.
throw away v. l`∆ &Õ .
throw out v. re≠ r.
throw several things v. shlkÀ.
141
sgqnvhmf
throwing n. hshl 2.
thrust forward v. rn∆ œ.
thumb n. ktl 1;
sq`chmf
toenail n. mfd∆ `∆ u≠ .
together adv. ` ln&;
n. ktl `∆ vt.
thunder n. huÀ h ax`kÀmÀ,h;
n. huÀ h ax`xsÀmÀ,h.
n. `jte.
tick
v. mxt∆ œk≠ .
tickle
tickle curiosity v. kt∆ &r≠ .
v. jtk 1;
tie
v. jtxsÀ;
v. kÀlsÀ;
v (imp.). bgeÀœ.
tie roughly v. fg`∆ œ2.
tie s.t. in small bundle v. jtxsÀ.
v. jt∆ l.
tie up
tie-tie bridge n. ms`∆ œ.
n. àn.
tiger
adv. jtk 2.
tight
till soil v. anxm;
v. it∆ &.
v. rxd∆ lr≠ .
tilt
tilt, cause to v. mfuÀlrÀ.
timber beetle n. `∆ me≠ l.
n. ÀkuÀ.
time
time period n. Àst&.
time, short n. e≠ mjd∆ asÀ.
time to see trouble n. ÀkuÀ rÀ xdxm mfd&.
n. `fg`xm;
times
n. Õ mf`k;
n. lÀkuÀ.
n. mje≠ r`∆ .
tin
tin, small (container) n. `sn» &.
n. jeÀrÀ.
tinder
tiny branches n. mfd∆ .
tiny fly n. e≠ f≠ œ`lt∆ .
tiny thing n. eÀen» k≠ ;
n. eÀm`» lm≠ .
tip of tongue n. `st hkdlh.
v. rt» jÀ mcnœ `∆ u≠ 'rÀ m`∆ (.
tiptoe
tiredness n. hank.
n. An» an.
title
title given to queen mothers n. m`∆ & `∆ st» l.
prep. ` 1;
to
prep. rÀ 2.
to (asp cont) followed by verb
v. rÀ m`∆ .
to, in comparison to prep. rÀ2.
to (+verb), forms infinitive
toad
tobacco
today
toe
inf intr. rÀ 1.
n. `∆ mbg`∆ l`∆ jd∆ r.
n. mc`∆ a`∆ &.
adv. k`xm 1.
n. a`œ `∆ u≠ ;
n. v`xm ùÀ.
n. `mn∆ xm.
tomato n. `∆ iu`∆ ` je`œ.
tombstone n. mfn∆ & Õ rd∆ .
tomorrow n. khaÀr.
tongue n. hkdlh.
n. `∆ mcn∆ œ Àsnœ.
tonsil
tonsure n. `∆ mbg≠ l.
adv. bgvn» r≠ ,`∆ .
too
too big n. fg`&mÀ.
too difficult n. fg`&mÀ.
too large n. fg`&mÀ.
too much adj. rÀ ` œ`œ 2.
too wide n. fg`&mÀ.
n. Àevn hed∆ k.
tools
n. hrnœ 2.
tooth
toothache n. hrnœ h xèÀmÀ,h.
toothbrush n. `∆ mbgxd& hrn∆ œ.
toothless v. jdkÀ vh `rnœ.
toothless person n. lat `∆ rn∆ œ.
prep. `st 2.
top
n. `st hvn.
topic
torn, s.t. n. `r`» &.
tornado n. èxde ` sn.
tortoise n. e≠ mjvnmsrh;
n. sn∆ k`∆ jh.
toss underhand onto floor
n. `jn» xm.
total
v. jt∆ l.
touch
touch lightly v. xd∆ xk≠ .
touching n. hjt» l;
v. v`œ.
v. jt∆ lk≠ .
v. s`∆ œ;
v. s`œ`∆ ;
v. sn 1.
v. ft∆ e.
tow
tow a little v. ft∆ as≠ .
n. `∆ mjt∆ l;
towel
n. `∆ mxd∆ r Àvt∆ xm.
towel (loan word) n. s`vt∆ k`∆ .
town, name of n. Adkn;
n. E≠ mcnœ 1;
n. Mihmhjnl.
n. `cx`» xm.
trace
trace course of s.t. v. bgdl ùÀ;
v. sn∆ & ÀuÀ.
n. `cx`» xm;
track
n. `cxn» xm;
v. it∆ ls≠ ùÀ.
track an animal v. r`xm ùÀ ` mx`» l.
n. ladx&k≠ ;
trade
v. adx&kÀ;
v. mÕ lad» x&k≠ .
trading n. lad∆ &Õ mjt∆ l.
tough, be
142
sq`chshnm
sqdd 'jhmc ne(
tradition n. `∆ mkt∆ ;
tree (kind of)
n. mbgÕÃ m≠ .
traditional dance by elders
n. bgnœ 2.
traditional doctor n. vtk `∆ eu≠ hk`&.
traditional dress n. mcyÀrÀ hk`&.
traditional gown n. c`∆ k`.
traditional ruling council
n. JeÕÃ &Õ en∆ xm.
traditional sacrifice n. hrd&rÀ.
traditional society of elders
n. bgnœ 2.
n. `cx`» xm;
n. `cxn» xm;
n. èx`œ.
trail, small n. eÀihs≠Ã .
v. st;
train
v. xd&h.
train, e.g., a plant v. mfuÀr.
traitor n. hen» h mfvnkdœ.
trample v. id∆ xk≠ .
trample down v. l`xm.
v. m`œrÀ.
transact, e.g., business
transform into v. xvn.
transmit v. cx`∆ œr≠ .
transparent, be v. a`xm snxmÀ,`.
transplant v. r`∆ & rÀ xdk.
n. `s`l;
trap
n. e≠ fgd;
v. ad∆ m`∆ ;
v. kd∆ lÕ ;
v. s`l.
trap for rats n. e≠ fg≠ ;
n. e≠ mbgxd&`;
n. e≠ mkdœ.
trap for tadpoles n. `∆ mrd∆ &;
n. hk`» &.
v. id∆ k.
travel
traveling n. id∆ kÀmÀ.
traveller, s.o. who walks n. vtk ≠ id∆ kÀmÀ.
n. `j`œ ` kd∆ k`kdk.
tray
tray, made of straw n. eÀrd» xm.
treasure v. kd∆ l.
treasures n. hfg`&.
v. fg`xsÀ.
treat
treat carefully v. anlh.
treat carelessly v. mx`∆ ak≠ .
treat disrespectfully v. bge`&sÀ rÀ e`œ s≠ xdxm;
v. iu`rÀ À vtk;
v. kÀ vtk.
v. bgt&.
treat, e.g., a patient
treat very carefully v. mx`lsÀ.
treating disrespectfully n. hmt» &.
tree (general) n. eÀj`» &.
trail
n. èÀk;
n. `∆ en∆ mfn∆ l;
n. èuÀ,hfg`∆ l;
n. `∆ ft∆ l;
n. `∆ ft∆ l ` je`œ;
n. `fg`œ;
n. ìdœ;
n. ìu`;
n. `j`xmÀ;
n. `k`œ;
n. `k`xm;
n. `kn» m≠ ;
n. `knxm;
n. `kt» &;
n. `∆ lankÕ ;
n. `∆ mbgn» lbgn∆ l;
n. `sd» l;
n. `st ` ayÀ;
n. at∆ m≠ ;
n. e`œ,J≠ id∆ l;
n. e`œ,Jnl;
n. e≠ an∆ l;
n. eÀex`» l;
n. eÀfuÀ;
n. eÀfu≠Ã l;
n. eÀfgd;
n. eÀfgt&`,fgt&;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ `∆ in∆ œ;
n. e≠ j`» & eÀ `∆ la`&;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ ayƒ» ;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ haÕ ;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ hrnl;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ j`∆ j`;
n. e≠ j`» & eÀ je`œ;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ jn∆ eh;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ jt;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ k`l`» r;
n. eÀj`» & eÀ kdlnm;
n. eÀj`r eÀ a`œmÀeÀ;
n. eÀj`r eÀ eÀe`» eÀ;
n. eÀjt&kÀ;
n. eÀkuÀœ;
n. e≠ mcxt∆ œ;
n. e≠ mf`&;
n. eÀmx`&;
n. e≠ ru≠Ã j;
n. eÀrvn;
n. e≠ rx≠ j;
n. eÀvdl;
n. hivn;
n. hk`» œ;
n. Õ la`œÕ ;
n. Õ mfud;
n. hmfud h ÀstlmcyÀ;
n. hrnl;
143
sqdd a`qj
tlaqdkk`
trunk of a tree n. Àvtxm eÀj`∆ &.
trunk of an elephant n. jt 1.
trust or trust in v. r`lrÀ.
trustworthy, be v. fgÀ j`∆ & ` fgÀ r`lrÀ.
n. r`ln&.
truth
v. ln∆ l2;
try
n. hvtr`∆ vt∆ r`∆ ;
n. hxdr;
n. Àcv`l;
n. ÀeÀl;
n. Àex`xm;
n. Àexd;
n. Àjv`» l;
n. Àktl;
n. Àkvn 1;
n. Àrt» ;
n. Àsnœ;
n. Àsv`k;
n. ÀuÀxm;
n. Àvd;
n. Àvn» r;
n. kxÀœ 3;
n. mit∆ œ2;
n. mj≠ œ;
n. mj≠ œ `∆ jt∆ ;
n. rdl;
n. rn∆ snœ.
tree bark n. ù≠Ã ` eÀj`∆ &.
n. Àmj`» &.
trees
tremble v. bgÀœ.
trespass v. yÀ `kd∆ & m≠ vt∆ k À vt» kt∆ .
n. hk`&.
tribe
n. hsne;
trick
v. cxÀl;
v. ex`∆ ;
v. knasÀ.
trick s.o. v. kÀrÀ.
trick s.o. to do s.t. v. kx`∆ s≠ .
trick to catch v. ex`∆ s≠ .
trickish, be v. a≠ xkÀ.
v. x`&.
trim
trim branches v. jß sÀ.
v. shl ùÀ.
trip
trouble n. mfd&;
v. et mfd&.
trousers n. mcyÀrÀ stœmÀrÀ.
trousers (loan word) n. sn∆ k`∆ rÕÃ .
adj. r`ln&.
true
true actions n. hmÕÃ r`ln&.
adv. r`ln&;
truly
adv. r`ln&,r`ln&.
trumpet n. `∆ lan;
n. `∆ metœ;
n. hrnœ 1.
v. ln∆ lr≠ .
tsetse fly n. heÀk.
v. ft∆ e.
tug
tug a little v. ft∆ as≠ .
tunnel n. àt» &.
turkey, wild n. mfuÀ `∆ mrn∆ œsnœ.
v. ad∆ xm;
turn
v. exdr.
turn around v. ad∆ xmk≠ ;
v. exd&sÀ.
turn away from v. exd& Àvt∆ xm.
turn back v. ad∆ xmk≠ .
turn inside out v. ad∆ xm.
turn over v. ad∆ xmr≠ .
turn upside down v. seÀœrÀ.
n. e≠ mjvnmsrh;
turtle
n. sn∆ k`∆ jh.
tusk of elephant n. hrnœ `s`∆ l.
twenty n. l≠ u≠Ã l an∆ .
n. mst.
twig
n. mfd∆ .
twigs
n. ≠ lax`» &r≠ .
twin
twinkle n. hmid» xms≠ ;
v. mid∆ xms≠ .
v. i≠ œ j`kh j`kh.
v. exd&;
v. jàkÀ.
twisted, be v. mfnkÕÃ fgÀ,fgÀ;
v. xd» œ,xd∆ œ fgÀ,fgÀ.
twitch v. s`∆ k.
twitter v. r`&.
twitter of birds n. hcy≠Ã h lÀmxtxm.
twitter, of birds v. cy≠ m≠ .
num. an∆ 2.
two
tying material n. `xuÀr;
n. `∆ xuÀr;
n. hk≠Ã ;
n. mje≠ rÀ.
n. Õ mjÕ .
type
typhoid fever n. `fuÀk ` Àku`∆ ;
n. `fuÀk ` sn.
twirl
twist
U
ugliness n. hmxd» k.
n. `∆ cy≠ .
ulcer
-
u
umbilical cord n. fn» l v`∆ xm;
n. hsnœ h v`xm;
n. ≠Ã msvdœ À v`xm.
umbrella n. à`» &.
144
tmàkd+ ad
uhdv
unable, be v. vn 2.
unable to stand upright, be
unwind v. x`∆ r.
prep. hjtd» 2;
up
unattractive, be v. ine≠ vÕ .
n. kt∆ lrÀ mÕ .
uncle
unconcerned, be v. je`» &s≠ vÕ .
unconscious, be v. jx` vh hvn h kh.
uncover v. ad∆ r;
upper arm n. hfgnl.
upper family member n. Hjtd» 1.
upper part n. à`∆ r hjt∆ d.
upright adj. `∆ sÕ ,`sh.
upright in character adj. `∆ sÕ ,`sh.
uproar n. hax`xsÀ;
v. mcd&kÀ.
prep. hxuÀ 2.
v. x`∆ rÕ ;
v (imp.). œ`&rÀ.
prep. hr`r 1;
under
prep. hsrÀxm 1.
undercook v. jed∆ ` aÀ;
v. jed∆ m` jÀ e`œ s≠ ah.
underskirt n. mcyÀrÀ `∆ msd» xm≠ ;
n. rÕ lh.
understand v. xuÀ2.
uneasiness, cause v. idarÀ.
unequaled n. sdxm eÀbgÀ.
unexpected gift n. èt» &.
unexpectedly adv. fu≠ s≠ 2.
unhappy, be v. r`œk≠Ã vÕ .
unique adj. mÕ mxÀœ 2.
n. miu`∆ .
unit
unkempt adv. i`» a,i`∆ a;
adv. i`∆ ak≠ .
unparalleled n. sdxm eÀbgÀ.
unripe adj. `jt 2.
v. x`∆ r;
untie
v. x`∆ xs≠ .
adv. fuÕ rÀ x`&h 2.
until
untrustworthy v. fgÀ vh rÀ r`lrÀ.
unusual v. fgÀ vh sÕÃ .
unusual person n. `∆ vn∆ mjvn.
unwilling, be v. jn» œ vÕ .
n. hs`œh hcuÀmÀ,h;
n. ÀjeÀeh.
uproot v. bgn&;
v. lt∆ &.
uprooted, be v. bgn&`.
uprooting n. hbgn&.
upstream prep. `st» iu`∆ .
upward adv. sh 2.
v. srÀxmsÀ.
urge
urinary bladder n. an∆ l≠ miÕ .
urinary illness n. lÀmiÕ .
urinate v. miÕ .
n. lÀmiÕ .
urine
us (exclusive) pro excl. fgd∆ r.
us (inclusive) pro obj. fgdr≠ m`∆ .
v. ed∆ k m≠ .
use
use for first time v. j`œh.
use lever v. lx`∆ xm.
use sparingly v. œn&sÀ.
use very carefully v. mx`lsÀ.
use walking stick v. mx`l 2.
useless adj. `xtœ,`xtœ;
n. adeÀmÀ;
v. fgÀ vh èn.
useless, make s.t. v. kxÀœ èn.
usually adv. ` mh;
adv. ktl 3.
unwillingness to run errands
n. latl.
V
vaccinate v. bg`xm.
vaccination n. `∆ mbg`xm.
vagina n. mct∆ l.
valley n. ènœkÀ;
n. Àex`xm.
valuable thing n. èn Àjvn À svn.
n. Àjvn.
value
vapour n. `s≠Ã l.
variety n. Õ mjÕ .
vegetable n. hax`œ;
n. hrt» œ.
vegetable (loan word) n. mf`kÕ .
vegetables n. èrh;
n. `∆ mk`» xmk`∆ xm;
n. la`∆ r.
-
v
n. eÀfg`œ.
vein
venereal diseases n. sÀjn&h sÀ fgÀjÕ .
veranda n. Àav`k À mcn.
n. `∆ ms≠ lkÀ.
verse
n. ÀuÀe À iÀl.
vertebrae
vertical adj. `∆ sÕ ,`sh.
adv. aÀ 2;
very
vial
victim
victory
view
adv. œ`œ 1;
adv intns. mn» .
n. e≠ mr≠ œ.
n. mx`l `∆ jeÀ.
n. `xvn,la`œ.
n. hj`» &r≠ ;
n. hjh hvn;
n. hxdxm.
145
uhdvonhms
vùd eqnl rhcd sn rhcd
viewpoint n. hxdxm.
village n. msd∆ &.
village, name of n. MjeÀl 1.
village quarter n. msd∆ &.
village, very small n. e≠ msd∆ &s≠Ã .
village, where palace of Fon is
vine
virgin
visit
voice
voices n. fx`rÀ.
volcano n. mjed∆ œ.
v. an∆ 4;
vomit
v. eu≠ r≠ ;
v. fgn&sÀ;
v. y≠ 1.
vomiting n. hfgn&sÀ.
v. bgn&.
vote
n. hj`∆ xms≠ ;
vow
v. j`∆ xms≠ .
vulture n. `∆ mft∆ ktœ;
n. eÀmxtxm e≠ hkÀœ.
n. Hk`&hjnl.
n. eÀj`» & eÀ knmÀeÀ.
n. vtk À vh sÀ j` vt∆ shlh mx≠ œÕ œdxm vtk À ktlmÀ.
n. Õ lt» ;
v. lt∆ ;
v. lt∆ s≠ .
n. fx`.
W
wag tail v. i≠ j Àmjt∆ xm;
v. md∆ & Àmjt∆ xm.
v. cy≠ rÀ ` œ`œ.
wail
n. `jt&sÀ;
waist
n. hr`r 2;
n. mvdxmÀ e≠ jt∆ .
v. bgÕ s≠ ;
wait
v. lt∆ s≠ .
wait a moment v. sÀlsÀ;
v. uÀxsÀ.
wait awhile v. lt∆ s≠ .
wait for v. bgÕ s≠ .
v. xd∆ l.
wake
wake up v. k`∆ kÕ ;
v. xd∆ l`∆ .
v. id∆ k;
walk
v (imp.). id∆ k`.
walk across level land v. s`k`.
walk with difficulty v. œÕ k≠ .
walking n. id∆ kÀmÀ.
walking stick n. la`∆ œ;
n. la`∆ œ h mx`lmÀ.
n. `yÀ ` mcn.
wall
wall framework n. eÀjƒ.
wall shelf n. mfvn∆ 2.
n. hbgÀ;
wand
n. la`∆ œ hr`&;
n. la`∆ œ vt∆ k ≠ mf`∆ œ.
wander n. mi`œ.
wander without permission v. id∆ k rÀ ` mfdœ.
n. `∆ id∆ k rÀ ` mfdœ.
wanderer
wandering n. `∆ mi`œ.
wandering aimlessly v. bg≠Ã xm id» k jÀ idkÀ.
wandering away n. `∆ mc`∆ œ.
wandering life n. hmi`œ.
waning of moon n. minœ rÀ lƒ» .
v. jÀœ;
want
v. jn∆ œ.
-
w
war
n. hfgnœ;
v. shl hfgnœ.
war cutlass n. hen» h mfvnkdœ.
ward off evil spirits v. xt&h.
warlike display n. `∆ mrdœ.
adj. kt» ls≠ ;
warm
n. xnkhmÀ;
v. xnxsÀ;
v. xt&;
v. xt&h.
warm up v. kt∆ lr≠ ;
v. xt&.
v. bgÕ r≠ ;
warn
v. bgÀrÀ idl;
v. je`∆ xms≠ .
warning v. me`∆ rÕ ,e`∆ rÕ .
v. mfnxrÀ.
warp
n. eÀjt» r;
wart
n. eÀstœm≠Ã Àvt∆ xm.
wart hog n. mjeÀmx`∆ l.
wary, be v. sn∆ &m≠ .
v. rt∆ .
wash
n. hj`m`j`xm.
wasp
v. jd∆ &m≠ ;
watch
v. jh 1.
watch briefly v. jhsÀ.
watch tower n. à`œ ` mbgÕ .
watcher n. mjh.
n. lt 1.
water
water bird n. eÀmxtxm eÀ iu`∆ .
water buck n. an∆ iu`∆ ;
n. mfvn,Õ bgt&.
water buffalo n. etœ.
water insect n. an∆ iu`∆ .
water source n. iu`.
waterfall n. hed.
v. md∆ &.
wave
wave from side to side v. i≠ j.
146
vùd fnncaxd
vghbg
wave goodbye v. srÀxmrÀ.
wave repeatedly v. md∆ &s≠ .
wax (loan word) n. Àv`r.
waxing of moon n. minœ h eÀ.
n. cyÀ;
way
wedding gift n. Àlx`&sÀ À vÕÃ ktl.
wedge v. lx`∆ xm.
v. rtkÀ.
weed
weeding n. hrtkÀ.
weeds n. èt» &;
n. cyÀ;
n. ih;
n. ih.
way of dressing
n. `jtk;
n. `kè.
way of life n. ih `∆ bgÕÃ .
waylay v. kd∆ lÕ .
waylay s.o. v. s`l vtk.
we (exclusive) pro excl. fgd∆ r.
we (inclusive) pro subj. fgdr≠ m`∆ .
we, you and I; us, you and me
pro. fgdr≠ u`∆ .
adj. ank 2;
n. xnkhmÀ.
weak, be v. ank 1;
v. xnkh.
weak heart n. `sdl ` ank`.
weaken v. anxrÀ.
weakened body n. lank ≠ vtxm.
weakened corpuscles n. lank ≠ ed∆ l.
weakling n. `∆ mxnkÕ èn.
weakness n. hank.
wealth n. hfg`& h Àjvn.
wealthy adj. fg`& Àjvn.
v. sdxmrÀ v`xm rÀ hfgdxm.
wean
weapon n. èn hfgn∆ œ.
v. l`∆ & Àvt∆ xm.
wear
wear, e.g., a cap v. rt∆ .
wear, e.g., clothes v. l`∆ &.
wear loincloth v. s`l;
v. s`l hr`r.
wear out v. idr;
v. je≠ r.
weasel n. e≠ mrn∆ œm≠ .
weather n. àd 1.
weave v. an 2;
v. shl 2.
weave or spin, e.g., rope v. exdxm.
weave roughly v. fg`∆ œ2.
weak
weave the starting point of bowl
v. cx`k À jdk.
n. mshl;
n. vtk ≠ anmÀ.
weaver bird n. `fgd» r.
weaver of bags n. lan» an∆ r≠ .
weaving n. han;
n. hshl 2;
n. hshlh.
weaving of bag n. han h an∆ .
web of the thumb n. me`r `∆ vt.
weaver
n. ≠ met» &.
n. Àvd.
v. cy≠ .
n. `∆ lat∆ l.
v. cy≠ xs≠ ;
v. ed∆ & hcx≠Ã k.
weight n. hcx≠Ã k.
welcome v. fuÕ ` it» œ.
adj. svn;
well
adv. ` it» œ.
well, be v. sn 1.
well-known, be v. fgÀ jx` mn» fg≠ i≠ l.
n. `vàkÀ.
welt
n. à`∆ r fgd∆ ` Àbgtd,hxuÀ mÀm rß
west
`sdxm.
adv. ltrÀ,ltrÀ;
wet
n. r`xmÀ;
v. bge≠ ;
v. r`xmrÀ.
wet, be v. r`xm.
wet season n. ad∆ œ1.
wetness n. ltrÀ.
n. mx`» l iu`∆ .
whale
interrog. sh 4;
what
interrog pro. fg`;
interrog pro. j`∆ 1.
wheat (loan word) n. `r`œ ` vÕÃ s.
n. hj`k;
wheel
n. mj`k.
wheezing n. hytd» r≠ h hsnœmÀ,h.
adv. rd 3;
when
adv simult. rd rÀ;
conj. `k`;
conj. ÀkuÀ s`;
conj. l` 4;
conj. s` 2;
interrog. ÀkuÀ fg`;
pro rel. fgd∆ `.
whenever conj. lÀkuÀ fg`.
where interrog. a` 3;
interrog pro. vn 1;
pro rel. fgd∆ `.
whether conj. jd∆ r`;
conj. m`.
whether (...or) conj. s` 2.
which conj. l` 4;
conj. s` 2;
interrog pro. hj`∆ ;
interrog pro. j`∆ 1;
pro rel. erÕ e≠ `;
week
weep
weevil
weigh
147
vghkd
vhsg rsqdmfsg
n. fg`&mÀ.
wide
wide, be v. ad;
pro rel. fgd∆ `;
pro rel. jÕ `;
pro rel. ly≠ `;
pro rel. rÕ r≠ `;
pro rel. srÕ s≠ `;
pro rel. uy≠ `;
pro rel. y≠ `.
adv. rd 3;
while
adv simult. rd rÀ;
conj. l` 4.
whimper v. cy≠ ` mkd∆ xsÀ;
v. rtdkÀ.
v. fg`&.
widen v. fg`&rÀ.
wider, become a bit v. fg`&sÀ.
widow n. vÕÃ mjeÀ.
widower n. kt» l mjeÀ.
n. vh 1.
wife
adj. s≠ j` fgÀ xd&h;
wild
n. Àse`&.
whimper, cry in low tones
v. cx≠ lk≠ .
whimper with fear v. cy≠ m≠ Õ e`xm Õ .
whine of dog n. hcy≠Ã h aÀ.
n. Õ men∆ l;
whip
n. mfu`∆ kÕ ;
v. kdœ;
v. mx`∆ ak≠ ;
v. vèh.
whir, of insects v. cy≠ m≠ .
whisker n. mr`&;
n. mxtœ ≠ bge≠ .
whisper v. bg≠ ls≠ .
whistle n. `∆ mbgd∆ r;
n. mytd,ƒ;
v. snœ;
v. snœ `mbgd∆ r;
v. ytd,ƒ.
adv. eÀeÀ,eÀeÀ.
white
white, be v. eÀe.
white lily n. `k`œ ` e≠Ã xÕ mÕ ;
n. `k`œ `» yxƒ–.
white man n. vtk À a`œmÀ.
white race n. ha`» œ;
n. l≠ j`k`∆ .
whiteness n. heÀe.
whitewash v. eÀarÀ2;
v. xn&.
whitewashing n. hxn&.
whitlow n. e≠ mj≠Ã ktl.
whittle v. je≠ k≠ ;
v. jnlsÀ.
conj. s` 2;
who
interrog pro. mc`∆ ;
pro rel. fgÕ `;
pro rel. uy≠ `.
whole adj. e≠Ã ak≠ ;
adj. i≠ l.
whooping cough n. `jdrh ` yvƒmÀ,`.
interrog. an∆ l fg`∆ .
why
n. Õ mrn∆ œhœhœh.
whydah bird
wicked n. `sdl ` aÀ,`.
wicked, be v. ine≠ vÕ .
wild berry n. `∆ anmcd.
wild bush cow n. etœ.
wild garden egg n. eÀmx`&.
wild honey n. e≠ cxn∆ œ.
n. `sde;
will
n. hkd» l;
n. m`∆ 1.
v. an∆ ak≠ .
wilt
v. xÀ.
win
n. èxde.
wind
wind up v. kxÀl.
wind up the body v. kÀl Àvtxm.
window n. àt» & èxde.
window (loan word) n. vtmct∆ .
window shutter n. à`» &.
n. lÀkt» &.
wine
n. hvn» .
wing
wink eyes once v. l≠ kÕ `rÀ.
wink repeatedly v. l≠ xs≠ `rÀ.
winnow v. exdasÀ.
v. xd∆ r.
wipe
wipe a bit v. xd∆ xs≠ .
wipe off v. a`∆ &;
v. a`∆ &s≠ .
wipe out v. kÕ rÕ .
wisdom n. hsne.
n. sneÀmÀ.
wise
wise, be v. sne.
wise, cause to be v. snarÀ.
wise man n. mft∆ l2.
v. jÀœ.
wish
wish farewell adv. mx`∆ &`∆ ,mx`∆ &`∆ .
n. ù≠Ã œ;
witch
n. vtk ≠ st∆ &.
n. ù≠Ã œ;
n. heÀxmsÀ.
adv. ` ln&;
with
conj coord. œdxm;
prep. `sdxm 1;
prep. m≠ 2;
prep. rÀ `.
with force adv. rÀ ` œ`œ 1.
with it prep. `sdxm 1.
with negative=never adv. ktl 3.
with strength adv. rÀ ` œ`œ 1.
witchcraft
148
vhsgcq`v
wxknognmd+ rl`kk
withdraw v. uÀkh.
without prep. atk`;
prep. j≠ s`;
prep. s≠ 2;
prep. s≠ j`.
n. mbgvn∆ mr`&.
witness
wives of same husband
wizard n. ù≠Ã œ;
n. `∆ miÕ œ;
n. hktœkÀ.
n. ≠ ku`» À ktlmÀ;
worry
v. j`xm À layÀ.
worry, cause v. idarÀ.
worry s.o. v. bgd∆ ar≠ ;
v. bgt&kÀ;
v. mi`œrÀ.
worrying n. hj`xm h layÀ.
worship n. hmfuÀlkÀ;
v. mfuÀlkÀ.
worth, be v. jt 2.
worth what, be v. jt fg`∆ .
worthless man n. àu≠Ã j.
wound n. `kdlsÀ;
n. hexdœ;
v. kdlrÀ;
v. rÀ 4.
wound by accident v. kdl.
n. eÀarÀ 1.
n. vtk ≠ st∆ &.
wizardry n. heÀxmsÀ.
wobble v. sd∆ œkÀ;
v. xd∆ œ xd∆ œ rÀ id∆ k.
woman n. vt∆ k À vh.
womb n. `kd» & ` v`xm;
n. Àku`» 2.
wonder n. hj`xm;
v. j`xm 2.
wonderful n. j`xmÀ.
n. `jt 1;
wood
wound several places with a knife
n. eÀj`» &;
n. hbgÀ.
v. rÀkÀ.
wood for bridges n. eÀfgd.
wood splitter n. mr`» xm ≠Ã mj`» &.
woodpecker n. e≠ mjt∆ ljt∆ lje`&.
n. `∆ laxd∆ xm.
wool
n. hvn.
word
n. èx`» &;
work
wound skin with fingernails or thorns
v. j`∆ eÕ ;
v. œ`∆ eÕ .
woven handle n. ÀuÀ1.
v. jtk 1;
wrap
v. kÀl;
v. kÀlsÀ;
v. knl.
wrap up v. jtk 1;
v. kxÀl.
wrapping n. hknl.
wrestle v. rt∆ À lad∆ &;
v. stœ lad∆ &.
wretched man n. àu≠Ã j.
v. exd&.
wring
wrinkle v. s`∆ œ.
wrinkle, cause to v. s`∆ œr≠ .
n. `xt» œ `vt.
wrist
v. mx`∆ &.
write
write a bit v. mx`∆ &s≠ .
writhe in pain v. lad∆ œk≠ .
wrong adj. mft∆ œ2.
wrong, be v. fu≠ .
wrongly adv. `rß» ;
adv. mft∆ œ3.
n. hed» k;
n. mbgt&;
v. ed∆ k;
v. ex`∆ &.
work for v. bgt&.
work with v. ed∆ k m≠ .
worker n. vtk ≠ ed∆ kÀmÀ.
working n. ed∆ kÀmÀ.
n. layÀ;
world
n. mrd.
n. Õ fgn∆ œ`fgnœ;
worm
n. Àlxdxm.
v. s`l ldxm.
worn
worn, be v. l`& ldxm.
worn out cutlass n. `j`r ` hen∆ .
worn out hoe n. `j`r ` Àe≠Ã .
worrier n. mj`» xm layÀ.
worries n. èÀl;
n. `∆ mih;
X
-
x
xylophone n. mi`œ.
xylophone for juju dance n. mi`œ l≠ jt∆ l.
xylophone, small n. e≠ mi`œs≠Ã .
149
,
yhsgdq
Y
yam
poss adj. exèÀ;
poss adj. fgx`;
poss adj. jx` 2;
poss adj. lx`» ;
poss adj. rx`rÀ;
poss adj. sx`sÀ;
poss adj. u`;
poss adj. u`∆ 2;
poss adj. v`∆ 2;
poss adj. yƒ;
poss adj. yx`» .
yours (pl.) pro poss. `jh,`;
pro poss. hyÀ 2;
pro poss. ÀerheÀ 2;
pro poss. Àfgh 2;
pro poss. Àly≠Ã 3;
pro poss. ÀrhrÀ 2;
pro poss. ÀsrhsÀ 2;
pro poss. ÀuyÀ 2;
pro poss. Àuy≠Ã 2;
pro poss. Ày≠Ã 2.
yours (sg.) pro poss. `jx`;
pro poss. hyƒ;
pro poss. ÀexèÀ;
pro poss. Àfgx`;
pro poss. Àlx`» ;
pro poss. Àrx`rÀ;
pro poss. Àsx`sÀ;
pro poss. Àu`;
pro poss. Àu`» ;
pro poss. Àyx`» .
youths n. mfu`∆ & ≠ vt∆ k.
v. x`∆ rÕ .
n. mrÕ mrvn.
yaws
n. ad∆ œ1.
year
yearn for v. jÀœ.
n. lau≠ œ je`œ.
yeast
yeast, from guinea corn n. lau≠ œ.
v. cy≠ rÀ ` œ`œ.
yell
yellowish, be v. lÀfgh,lÀfgh.
adv. `∆ 2.
yes
yesterday n. hxnmh.
adv. s≠ 1.
yet
n. `∆ lat∆ œ.
yoke
you (pl.) pro obj. y≠ 3;
pro subj. xh.
you (sg.) pro obj. u`∆ 1;
pro subj. v`∆ 1.
young girl n. mfn∆ xm.
young man n. Àjtœ;
n. v`xmc`∆ jt∆ œ.
young woman n. v`xmc`∆ mfn∆ xm.
your (pl.) poss adj. erheÀ2;
poss adj. fgh 1;
poss adj. jh,`;
poss adj. ly≠Ã ;
poss adj. rhrÀ 2;
poss adj. srhsÀ 2;
poss adj. uyÀ 2;
poss adj. yÀ 1.
Z
zinc
zither
y
your (sg.)
n. `xt&;
n. hst&.
yam, red water yam n. `ktœ.
yam, yellow n. hkhl.
n. `∆ mx`∆ rÕ ;
yawn
zeal
zebra
-
-
z
n. hje`» &s≠ `cx`& rÀ m`∆ jn» œ hvn.
n. mx`» l je`œ h sdk` m≠ m mbgvƒ rÀ
eÀe`» rÀ rÀ hcuÀ.
n. `j`r.
n. hktœ h s≠Ã rd∆ &.
150
Table of Possessives1
Noun
Class
0
Example
1
v`xm
‘child’
vnxm
2
Àkvdœ
1st Sg.
2nd Sg.
'≠ (2 vnl
‘my child’
'≠ ( fgdl
'≠ ( u`∆
‘your child’
'≠ ( fgx`
'≠ ( vnl
3rd Sg.
1st Pl. Excl.
1st Pl. Incl.2
2nd Pl.
3rd Pl.
'≠ ( œvdxm
‘his child’
'À( œvdxm
'≠ ( vdr
‘our child’
'≠ ( fgdr'À(
'≠ ( fgdr≠ m`∆
‘our child’
'À( fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( uyÀ
‘your child’
'≠ ( fgh
'≠ ( `∆ œdm`
‘their child’
'À( `∆ œdm`
'≠ ( u`
'À( œvdxm
'≠ ( vdr'À(
'À( fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( uyÀ
'À( `∆ œdm`
Õ xdlh
Õ yƒ
h œvdxm
Õ xdrh
h fgdr≠ m`∆
Õ yÀ
h `∆ œdm`
Õ xdlh
Õ yƒ
h œvdxm
Õ xdrh
h fgdr≠ m`∆
Õ yÀ
h `∆ œdm`
`∆ jdl`
`∆ jx`
` œvdxm
`∆ jdr`
` fgdr≠ m`∆
`∆ jh,`
` `∆ œdm`
`∆ jdl`
`∆ jx`
` œvdxm
`∆ jdr`
` fgdr≠ m`∆
`∆ jh,`
` `∆ œdm`
≠ vnl
≠ u`
À œvdxm
≠ vdr'À(
À fgdr≠ m`∆
≠ uyÀ
À `∆ œdm`
'≠ ( xdl
'≠ ( yx`»
'≠ ( œvdxm
'≠ ( xdr
'≠ ( fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( yÀ
'≠ ( `∆ œdm`
'≠ ( rdlrÀ
'≠ ( rx`rÀ
rÀ œvdxm
'≠ ( rdxrÀ
rÀ fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( rÀrÀ
rÀ `∆ œdm`
'≠ ( sdlsÀ
'≠ ( sx`sÀ
sÀ œvdxm
'≠ ( sdxsÀ
sÀ fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( srÀsÀ
sÀ `∆ œdm`
'≠ ( edleÀ
'≠ ( exèÀ
eÀ œvdxm
'≠ ( edxeÀ
eÀ fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( erÀeÀ
eÀ `∆ œdm`
'≠ ( ld» l
'≠ ( lx`»
l≠ œvdxm
'≠ ( ld» r
l≠ fgdr≠ m`∆
'≠ ( ly≠Ã
l≠ `∆ œdm`
‘children’
‘bamboo’
3
hkdœ
‘bamboos’
4
5
hr`œ ‘corn (sg.)’
hah ‘kola nut’
`r`œ
‘corn (pl.)’
6
`∆ s`∆ l
‘elephant’
7
≠ sv`∆ l
‘elephants’
8
aÀ
‘dog’
0/
aÀrÀ
‘dogs’
02
sÀah
‘kola nuts’
08
eÀs`l
‘fruit (sg.)’
5`
1
lÀs`l
‘fruit (pl.)’
In the possessive noun phrase, the possessive is linked to the noun it modifies by an associative marker, e.g., `r`œ
`∆ jdl` ‘my corn.’ 2 In order to obtain the 1st Dual (1st Sg. + 2nd Sg.), substitute fgdr≠ u`∆ for fgdr≠ m`∆ - 3 The
associative marker vowel (À( is sometimes not pronounced, but its tone remains, e.g., v`xm ≠ vnl ‘my child’
becomes v`» xm vn∆ l.
yhsgdq
yhsgdq
Table of Possessive Pronouns1
Noun
Class
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0/
02
08
5`
Example
1st Sg.
2nd Sg.
3rd Sg.
1st Pl. Excl.
1st Pl. Incl.2
2nd Pl.
3rd Pl.
v`xm
Àvn» l
Àu`»
Àvt» œvdxm Àvd» r
Àvt» fgdr≠ m`∆
Àuy≠Ã
Àvt» `∆ œdm`
‘child’
‘mine’
‘yours’
‘his’
‘ours’
‘ours’
‘yours’
‘theirs’
vnxm
Àfgdl
Àfgx`
ÀfgÀ œvdxm ÀfgdrÀ
ÀfgÀ fgdr≠ m`∆
Àfgh
ÀfgÀ `∆ œdm`
‘children’
Àkvdœ
Àvnl
Àu`
Àvt œvdxm ÀvdrÀ
Àvt fgdr≠ m`∆
ÀuyÀ
Àvt `∆ œdm`
‘bamboo’
hkdœ
hxdlh
hyƒ
hxh œvdxmh
hxdrh
hxh fgdr≠ m`∆
hyÀ
hxh `∆ œdm`
‘bamboos’
hr`œ ‘corn (sg.)’ hxdlh
hyƒ
hxh œvdxmh
hxdrh
hxh fgdr≠ m`∆
hyÀ
hxh `∆ œdm`
hah ‘kola nut’
`r`œ
`jdl`
`jx`
`jÀ œvdxm` `jdr`
`jÀ fgdr≠ m`∆
`jh,`
`jÀ `∆ œdm`
‘corn (pl.)’
`∆ s`∆ l
`jdl`
`jx`
`jÀ œvdxm` `jdr`
`jÀ fgdr≠ m`∆
`jh,`
`jÀ `∆ œdm`
‘elephant’
≠ sv`∆ l
Àvnl
Àu`
Àvt œvdxm ÀvdrÀ
Àvt fgdr≠ m`∆
ÀuyÀ
Àvt `∆ œdm`
‘elephants’
aÀ
Àxd» l
Àyx`»
ÀxÕÃ œvdxm
Àxd» r
ÀxÕÃ fgdr≠ m`∆
Ày≠Ã
ÀxÕÃ `∆ œdm`
‘dog’
aÀrÀ
ÀrdlrÀ
Àrx`rÀ
ÀrÀ œvdxmrÀ ÀrdxrÀ
ÀrÀ fgdr≠ m`∆ rÀ ÀrÀrÀ
ÀrÀ `∆ œdm`rÀ
‘dogs’
sÀah
ÀsdlsÀ
Àsx`sÀ
ÀsÀ œvdxmsÀ ÀsdxsÀ
ÀsÀ fgdr≠ m`∆ sÀ
ÀsrÀsÀ
ÀsÀ `∆ œdm`sÀ
‘kola nuts’
eÀs`l
ÀedleÀ
ÀexèÀ
ÀeÀ œvdxmeÀ ÀedxeÀ
ÀeÀ fgdr≠ m`∆ eÀ ÀerÀeÀ
ÀeÀ `∆ œdmèÀ
‘fruit (sg.)’
lÀs`l
Àld» l
Àlx`»
Àl≠Ã œvdxm
Àld» r
Àl≠Ã fgdr≠ m`∆
Àly≠Ã
Àl≠Ã `∆ œdm`
‘fruit (pl.)’
1
Possessive pronouns are used in place of possessive noun phrases, e.g., `jdl` ‘mine’ (referring to corn) replaces
`r`œ `∆ jdl` ‘my corn.’ 2 In order to obtain the 1st Pl. Dual (1st Sg. + 2nd Sg.), substitute fgdr≠ u`∆ for fgdr≠ m`∆ -
152
yhsgdq
yhsgdq
Table of Subject and Object1 Pronouns plus Relative Pronouns2
Noun
Class
0
Example
1st Person
Subject
Object
l`∆
l`∆ . lÀ2
2nd Person
Subject
Object
v`∆
u`∆
3rd Person
Subject
Object
vt∆
œvdxm
v`xm
‘child’
1
vnxm
fgdr≠ m`∆
fgdr≠ m`∆
xh
y≠ `∆ œdm`
`∆ œdm`
‘children’
2
Àkvdœ
vt
≠ œvdxm
‘bamboo’
3
hkdœ
xh
Õ mxdxmh
‘bamboos’
4
xh
Õ mxdxmh
hah ‘kola nut’
5
`r`œ
jÀ
`∆ mjdxm'`(
‘corn (pl.)’
6
`∆ s`∆ l
jÀ
`∆ mjdxm'`(
‘elephant’
7
≠ sv`∆ l
vt
≠ œvdxm
‘elephants’
8
aÀ
xÕ mxdxm
‘dog’
0/
aÀrÀ
rÀ
mrdxmrÀ
‘dogs’
02
sÀah
sÀ
msdxmsÀ
‘kola nuts’
08
eÀs`l
eÀ
medxmeÀ
‘fruit (sg.)’
5`
lÀs`l
l≠ ≠ ld» xm
‘fruit (pl.)’
1
Direct and indirect objects, objects of prepositions. 2 With a location or time, the relative pronoun fgd∆ ` hr trdc,
e.g., `kd& fgd∆ ` ‘place where.’ 3 L`∆ is contracted with the temporal aspect marker mÀm in the present tense and is
written as “LÀ m,-”
153
Qdk`shud
Oqnmntmr
uy≠ `
‘who’
fgÕ `
‘who’
uy≠ `
‘which’
y≠ `
y≠ `
jÕ `
jÕ `
uy≠ `
y≠ `
rÕ r≠ `
srÕ s≠ `
erÕ e≠ `
ly≠ `
yhsgdq
yhsgdq
Table of Demonstratives
Noun
Class
0
Example
2
v`xm
‘child’
vnxm
‘children’
Àkvdœ
3
hkdœ
1
`cidbshud
vd∆ xm
‘this child’
fgd∆ xm
‘these children’
vd∆ xm
oqnmntm
Àvd» xm
‘this one’
Àfgd» xm
‘these ones’
Àvd» xm
`cidbshud
uyÀ
‘that child’
fgh . yÀ
‘those children’
uyÀ
oqnmntm
ÀuyÀ
‘that one’
Àfgh
‘those ones’
ÀuyÀ
not present but known to both
the speaker and the hearer.
Or, present and near the hearer,
but a bit removed from speaker
`cidbshud
oqnmntm
uy≠ Àuy≠Ã
‘that child’
‘that one’
fgÕ ÀfgÕÃ
‘those children’ ‘those ones’
uy≠ Àuy≠Ã
xd∆ xmÕ hxdxmÕ yÀ
hyÀ
y≠ hy≠Ã
xd∆ xmÕ hxdxmÕ yÀ
hyÀ
y≠ hy≠Ã
jd∆ xm`∆
`jdxm`∆
jh
`jh
jÕ `jÕÃ
jd∆ xm`∆
`jdxm`∆
jh
`jh
jÕ `jÕÃ
vd∆ xm
Àvd» xm
uyÀ
ÀuyÀ
uy≠ Àuy≠Ã
xd∆ xm
Àxd» xm
yÀ
ÀyÀ
y≠ Ày≠Ã
rd∆ xmr≠ Àrd» xmr≠ rhrÀ
ÀrhrÀ
rÕ r≠ ÀrÕÃ r≠ sd∆ xms≠ Àsd» xms≠ srhsÀ
ÀsrhsÀ
srÕ s≠ ÀsrÕÃ s≠ ed∆ xme≠ Àed» xme≠ erheÀ
ÀerheÀ
erÕ e≠ ÀerÕÃ e≠ ld∆ xm
Àld» xm
lyÀ . lh
ÀlyÀ . Àlh
ly≠ . lÕ Àly≠Ã . ÀlÕÃ
near to the speaker, though not
necessarily to the hearer,
yet visible to both
a bit removed from both the
speaker and the hearer,
yet visible to both
‘bamboo’
‘bamboos’
4
5
hah ‘kola nut’
`r`œ
‘corn (pl.)’
6
`∆ s`∆ l
‘elephant’
7
≠ sv`∆ l
‘elephants’
8
aÀ
‘dog’
0/
aÀrÀ
‘dogs’
02
sÀah
‘kola nuts’
08
eÀs`l
‘fruit (sg.)’
5`
lÀs`l
‘fruit (pl.)’
154

Provisional KOM œ ENGLISH LEXICON

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