INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND THE GENOCIDE

 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA An ICTR Bibliography (English, French, Scandinavian, German) Drafted by Lennart Aspegren, Judge, UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), 1995‐2000 :::::::::::::::::::: /. . ./ :::::::::::::::::::: ʺRwanda after 1994ʺ Photo: Julia Crawford, Fondation Hirondelle 1
Revised 5.3.2007 <[email protected]> INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA An ICTR Bibliography Lennart Aspegren Contents: ‐ 1 Books, Reports ‐ 2 Articles, Interviews, Journals, Media, Web Sites ‐ 3 Films 1 Books, Reports Abdulai, Napoleon (ed.), Genocide in Rwanda, Africa Research & Information Centre, 1994. Abtahi, Hirad, & Boas, Gideon (eds.), The Dynamics of International Criminal Justice ‐ Essays in Honour of Sir Richard May, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2005. Ackerman, J. E., & O’Sullivan , E., Practice and procedure of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia; with selected material from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Kluwer International Law, The Hague, 2000. Adelman, Howard, & Suhrke, Astri (eds.), The path of a genocide: The Rwanda Crisis, from Uganda to Zaire, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 1999 (including articles by Otunnu, Gachhuruzi, Kakwenzire & Kamukama, Chalk, Jones, Callamard, Adelman, Livingston & Eachus, Laegreid, Suhkre, Castonguay, Prunier, Halvorsen, Gnamo ; with an extensive bibliography). Aegis Review on Genocide, Genocide Prevention, vol. 1, no. 2, Retford, Notts (UK), 2003‐2004 (including articles by Rosenblatt, Huttenbach, Heidenrich, Silverman, Bonwick, Cross, Smith, Stanton, Roth, Maudsley & Colijn). African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, London, 1995. 2
Ahlbrecht, H., Geschichte der völkerrechtlichen Strafgerichtsbarkeit im 20. Jahrhundert, 1999. Albright, Madeleine, Madam Secretary: A memoir, Talk Miramax, New York, 2003. Alston & Steiner (ed.), International human rights in context, Oxford University Press, 2000. Ambos, Kai, Der allgemeine Teil des Völkerstrafrechts: Ansätze einer Dogmatisierung, Berlin, 2002. Amnesty International, United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Trials and tribulations, AI Index IOR 40/03/98, London, 1998. ‐‐ , Rwanda: The troubled course of justice, AI Index AFR 47/10/00, London, 2000. Amnéus, Diana, & Svanberg‐Torpman, Katinka, Peace and security: Current challenges in international law, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 2004. Andreassen, Bård‐Anders, & Skaar, Elin (eds.), Forsoning eller rettferdighet? Om beskyttelse av menneskerettighetene gjennom sannhetskommisjoner og rettstribunaler, Cappelen, Oslo, 1998 (including: Anette Frøyland, Ann‐Charlotte Nilsson & Astri Suhrke, ’Rwanda: Verken rettferdighet eller fred’, pp. 274‐313). Anyidoho, Henry Kwami, Guns over Kigali, Woeli Publishing Services, Accra, 1997. Arendt , Hannah, Eichmann in Israel: Report on the banality of evil, Penguin Modern Classics, 1994. Ascencio, Hervé, Decaux, Emmanuel, & .Pellet, Alain , Droit international pénal, Éditions A. Pedone, 2000. Askin, Kelly Dawn, War crimes against women: Prosecution in international war crimes tribunals, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1997 (455 pages). Assemblée nationale de France, Enquête sur la tragédie rwandaise (1990‐1994), Paris, 1998. Association internationale de droit pénal / International Association of Penal Law, International criminal justice: Historic and contemporary perspectives, Toulouse, 1996. ‐‐ , Recueil (in English: Compendium), Nouvelles Études Pénales, Erès, 1999. Ball, H., Prosecuting war crimes and genocide: The twentieth‐century experience, University Press of Kansas, 1999. Bantekas, I., & Nash, S., International Criminal Law, London, Cavendish Publishing Ltd. Barnett, Michael N., Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 2002. Bass, G. J., Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals, Princeton University Press, 2000. 3
Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.), International criminal law, Vol. I: Crimes, Transnational Publishers, New York, 1985. ‐‐ , International criminal law, Vol. II: Procedural and enforcement mechanisms, Transnational Publishers, New York, 1999. ‐‐ , International criminal law, Vol.III: Enforcement, Transnational Publishers, New York, 1999. ‐‐ , Crimes against humanity in international criminal law, 2nd revised ed., Martinus Nijhoff, Kluwer, 1999. ‐‐ , International criminal law, Ardsley, New York, 1999. ‐‐ , International criminal law mechanisms, 2nd ed., Transnational, New York, 1999. ‐ ‐ , Projet de code pénal international; le droit pénal international, son objet, son contenu, Erés (Criminologie et sciences de lʹhomme). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, & Manikas, Peter, The Law of the ICTY, 1996. Bassiouni, M. Cherif, & Wise, E. M, Aut dedere, aut judicare: The duty to extradite or prosecute in international law, Martinus Nijhoff, Kluwer, 1995. Bazelaire, J.‐P., & Cretin, T., La justice pénale internationale, Criminalité internationale, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF ), Septembre 2000. Beigbeder, Yves, Judging war criminals: The politics of international justice, MacMillan Press, 2000. ‐ ‐, International justice against impunity, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2005 (254 pp.). Belgian Senate, Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry concerning Rwanda / Commission d’enquête parlementaire concernant les événements du Rwanda, Report / Rapport, Brussels / Bruxelles, 6.12.1997. Berry, John A., & Berry, Carol Pott (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda, Howard University Press, Washington DC, 1999. Biggar, Nigel, Burying the past: Making peace and doing justice after civil conflict, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC, 2001. Bloomfield, D., Barnes, T. et al. (eds.), Reconciliation after violent conflict ‐ a handbook, International IDEA, Stockholm, 2003. Bloxham. Donald, Genocide on trial: War cime trials and the formation of Holocaust history and menory, Oxford University Press, 2001. Booh Booh, Jacques‐Roger, Le patron de Dallaire parle (in English: Dallaire’s boss speaks), 2005. Boucher‐Saulnier, F., Dictionnaire pratique du droit humanitaire, Éditions La Découverte, 1998. 4
Boustany, K., & Daniel, D. (eds.), Génocide(s), Collection de droit international, Réseau Vitoria, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1999. Bottigliero, Ilaria, Redress for victims of crimes under international law, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2004. Braeckman, Colette, Rwanda: Histoire dʹun génocide, Fayard, Paris, 1994. ‐‐ , Terreur africaine. Burundi, Rwanda, Zaïre: Les racines de la violence, Fayard, Paris, 1996. Broomhall, Bruce, International Justice and the International Criminal Court: Between Sovereignty and the Rule of Law, Oxford University Press, 2003, 226 pp. Brounéus, Karen, Reconciliation ‐ Theory and Practice for Development Co‐operation, Sida, Stockholm, 2002. Browning, Christopher, The path to genocide: Essays on launching the final solution, Cambridge University Press, 2002. Bring, Ove E., FN‐stadgans folkrätt, Stockholm 1992. ‐‐ , FN‐stadgan och världspolitiken, Norstedts juridik, Stockholm, 2002. ‐‐ , International criminal law in historical perspective: Comments and materials, Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, ’Skriftserien’ no. 66, Stockholm, 2nd ed. , 2002 (157 pages, including a bibliography) . Brownlie, I, Principles of public international law, 5th ed., Clarendon, 1998. ‐‐ , The rule of law in international affairs: International law at the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations, Martinus Nijhoff, 1998. Burgorgue‐Larsen, Laurence (ed.), La répression internationale du génocide rwandais, Universités de Paris‐
Sud et Rouen, Collection du CREDHO, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2003. Calvo‐Goller, Karin N., The Trial Proceedings of the International Criminal Court; ICTY and ICTR Precedents, Martin Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2005, 564 pp. Cameron, Iain, National Security and International Law, 1991. ‐ ‐ , The Protective Principle of International Criminal Jurisdiction, 1994. Caplan, Gerald, see below: Organization of African States, ʹReport of IPEPʹ. Cassese, Antonio, Violence and law in the modern age, Princeton University Press, 1988. ‐ ‐ , International law in a divided world, Oxford University Press, 1989. ‐ ‐ , International Law, Oxford University Press, 2001. ‐ ‐ , International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 2003 (hardback/paperback, 472 pages; including select bibliographies and a table of cases; companion web 5
site <www.oup.com/uk/best.textbooks/law/cassese_internationalcriminallaw>). Second edition expected in 2008. Cassese, Antonio (ed.), The Rome Statute of th International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2002 (2,255 pages). Cassese, Antonio, & Gaeta, P., & Jones, J.R.W.D. (eds.) , The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Clarendon Press, 2000. Castonguay, Jacques, Les Casques Bleus au Rwanda, L’Harmattan, Paris, 1998. Cesarani, David, Eichmann: His life and crimes. Charny, Israel W (ed.), Encyclopedia of genocide, vol. I & II, ABC‐Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver & Oxford, 1999. Chrétien, Jean‐Pierre, Le défi de l’ethnisme: Rwanda et Buruni, 1990 ‐ 1996, Karthala, Paris, 1997. ‐ ‐ , The Great Lakes of Africa: Two thousand years of history, Zone Books, 2003; 503 pages. Cohen, Hermann J., Intervening in Africa: Superpower peacemaking in a troubled continent, Macmillan, 2000. Courtemanche, Gil, A Sunday at the pool in Kigali, Knopf Canada, 2003 (original French version: Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali, Boréal, Montréal, 2000); cf. R. Favreau below. Criminal Law Forum, A critical study of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, vol. 5, nos. 2 & 3 , Rutgers University School of Law, Camden NJ, 1995 (826 pages, including articles by Cotic, Tomuschat, Deschênes, Bassiouni, Burns, Kolodkin, Forsythe, Schutte, Dolenc, Cleiren & Tijssen, Nsereko, Gallant). Cruvellier, Thierry, Le tribunal des vaincus: Un Nuremberg pour le Rwanda ?, Calmann‐ Lévy, Paris, 2006. Dallaire, Roméo (with Brent Beardley), Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda, Random House Canada, Toronto, & Arrow Books, London, 2003 (562 pages); cf. Raymont below (documentary). ‐ ‐, Jʹai serré la main du diable: la faillite de lʹhumanité, Outremont (Québec, Canada), Libre exprtession, 2003. Danelius, Hans, Mänskliga rättigheter, Norstedts juridik, Stockholm , 1993. ‐‐ , Mänskliga rättigheter i europeisk praxis, Norstedts juridik, Stockholm, 2002. Des Forges, Alison , Leave none to tell the story : Genocide in Rwanda²/ ²Aucun témoin ne doit survivre: Le génocide au Rwanda, Human Rights Watch & Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’homme, New York / Karthala, Paris, 1999 (789/931 pages). 6
Destexhe, Alain, Rwanda: Essai sur le génocide, Éditions Complexe, 1994. ‐‐ , Rwanda and genocide in the twentieth century, New York University Press, New York, 1995. ‐‐ , Qui a tué nos paras ?, Éditions Luc Piré, Bruxelles, 1996. Destexhe & Foret, De Nuremberg à La Haye et Arusha, Actes du Sénat no. 144, Bruxelles, 1997. Dinstein, Yoram, & Tabory, Mala, War crimes in international law, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1996. Dixon, M., Textbook on International Law, 4th ed., Blackstone, 2000. Dugard, J., & van den Wyangaert , C. (eds.), International Criminal Law and Procedure, Aldershot, Dartmouth, 1996. Dupaquier, Jean‐François, & Zurhoff, Efraim, La justice internationale face au drame rwandais, Karthala, Paris 1996. Eltringham, N.P., Accounting for horror: Port‐genocide debates in Rwanda, Pluto, London, 2004. Espelund. Görrel, & Karlsson, Andreas, Till mänsklighetens försvar: Iakttagelser av krigsbrott, tribunaler och försoning (including an Introduction by Lennart Aspegren), Juridisk reportagebyrå, eddy.se ab, Visby (Sweden), 2006. European Law Studentsʹ Association (ELSA) , Handbook on the International Criminal Court, Brussels, 1997. Familles des paras, Rwanda: Lettre ouverte aux parlementaires, Rapport du Groupe ”Rwanda” du Sénat, Éditions Luc Pire, Bruxelles, 1997. Faust, Jordan J., Bassiouni, M. Cherif, & Scharf, Michael P., International criminal law: Cases and materials, Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2000. Feil, Scott, Preventing genocide: How the early use of f orce might have succeded in Rwanda, Carnegie Commission, New York, 1998. Fernandez‐Sánchez, Pablo Antonio (ed.), The New Challenges of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts ‐ In Honour of Professor Juan Antonio Carrillo‐Salcedo, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2005. Fischer, H. (ed.), International & national prosecutions of crimes under international law: Current developments, Berlin Verlag, 2001. Franck, Hans Göran (revised, completed & edited by Willian A. Schabas; including contributions by Lennart Aspegren), The Barbaric Penalty: Abolishing the Death Penalty, The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library, vol. no. 12, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Kluwer, The Hague, 2003 (Swedish version: Det barbariska straffet, Brottsförebyggande rådet, BRÅ, no. 3, Stockholm, 1997). 7
French, Howard W., A continent for the taking: The tragedy and hope of Africa, Knopf, New York, 2004, 280 pages. Gasser, H.‐P., International humanitarian law: An introduction, 92 pages (separate print from H. Haug, ’Humanity for all’), International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Haupt, 1993. Gerner, Kristian, & Karlsson, Klas‐Göran, Folkmordens historia: Perspektiv på det moderna samhällets skuggsida, Atlantis, Stockholm, 2005, 446 pages (including references to genocide literature). Ginburgs, G., & Kudriavtsev ,V. N., The Nuremberg Trial and international law, Martinus Nijhoff, 1990. Glaser, S., Introduction à lʹétude du droit international pénal, Sirey, 1954. Grimheden, Jonas, & Ring, Rolf (eds.), Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application ‐ Essays in Honour of Göran Melander, The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library no. 26; Brill, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden; 2006, 382 pp.. Gourevitch, Philip, We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York, 1998. Gouteux, Jean‐Paul, Un génocide secret d’État: La France et le Rwanda 1990‐1997, Éditions sociales, Paris, 1998. Guichaoua, André (ed.), Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda (1993‐1994), Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, Karthala, Paris, 1995. Guichaoua, André, Rwanda lʹhistoire secrète, Broché. Hartley, Aidan, The Zanzibar Chest: A memoir of love and war, Harper‐Collins, London, 2003, & Harper Perennial, London, 2004 (on Rwanda, see ’Lazarus’, pp.351‐412). Hatzfeld, Jean, Dans le nu de la vie: Récits des marais rwandais, Éditions du Seuil, Paris, 2000. ‐‐ , Une saison de machettes: Récits, Collection ”Fiction & Cie”, Éditions du Seuil, Paris, 2004, 312 pages. Hayner, Priscilla, Unspeakable truths, Rotledge, 2002. Helmick, R.G., & Petersen, R.L., Forgiveness and reconsiliation: religion, public policy and conflict transformation, Templeton Foundation Press, Philadelphia, 2001. Henzelin, M., & Roth, R., Le droit pénal à lʹépreuve de lʹinternationalisation, LGDJ, Paris, 2002. van den Herik, L.J., The Contribution of the Rwanda Tribunal to the Development of International Law, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2005, 324 pp. Horowitz, Irving L., Taking lives: Genocide and state power , 5th revised ed., Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 2002. 8
Hortatos, C. P., Individual criminal responsibility for human rights atrocities in international criminal law and the creation of a permanent International Criminal Court, Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 1999. Huet, A., & Koering‐Joulin , R. , Droit pénal international, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), Thémis, 2001. Human Rights Watch, Arming Rwanda: The arms trade and human rights abuses in the Rwandan war, vol. 6, issue 1, New York 1994. ‐‐ , Shattered lives: Sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath, New York 1996. ‐‐ , Justice in the Balance: Recommendations for an independent and effective International Criminal Court, New York 1998. ‐ ‐ , Struggling to survive: Barriers to Justice for rape victims in Rwanda, New York, 2004. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The responsibility to protect (in French: La responsabilité de protéger), International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, 2001, accompanied by a CD‐ROM (on Rwanda: pp. vii, 21, 61, 73). International Committee of the Red Cross, The Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 (also in French), ICRC Publications, Geneva. ‐‐ , Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 (also in French), ICRC Publications, Geneva. International Crisis Group (<www.crisesweb.org>), Central Africa: Five years after the genocide in Rwanda ‐‐ Justice in question, Report, parts 1 & 2, Brussels, 7 April 1999. ‐‐ , Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda: Lʹurgence de juger, Report, Brussels, 7 June 2002. ‐‐ , The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The countdown (in French: Tribunal international pénal pour le Rwanda: Le compte à rebours), Report, Brussels, August 2002 . International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Reports of Orders, Decisions and Judgements 1995 ‐ 1997 (in French: TPIR, Recueil des ordonnances, décisions et arrêts 1995 ‐ 1997), published under the auspices of the Centre of International Law, Université libre de Bruxelles, by Bruylant, Brussels, 2000 (834 pages). ‐ ‐ , Basic documents and case law 1995 ‐ 2000 (in French: TPIR, Textes fondamentaux et jurisprudence 1995 ‐ 2000), ICTR, Arusha, 2001 (CD‐ROM). ‐ ‐ , Judgements, Compilation of basic documents, Yearbook, Fact sheets, Achievements, etc. , Arusha,1998 ‐ 2003, available on <www.ictr.org> . ‐ ‐ , ICTR Quarterly Bibliography / Bibliographie trimestrielle du TPIR, ICTR Library, Arusha, 1999 and following years. 9
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Judicial Reports (in French: Recueils judiciaires), volumes I & II, United Nations, New York, 2000. Internationella straffrättsutredningen (The Commission on International Criminal Law), Internationella brott och svensk jurisdiktion (International Crimes and Swedish Jurisdiction), SOU 2002:98, Stockholm 2002. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, The international response to conflict and genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda experience, Report, vols. 1 ‐ 5, Danida, Copenhagen, 1996 (576 pages, including an extensive bibliography). Jones, Bruce D., Peacemaking in Rwanda: The dynamics of failure, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2001. Jones, John R. W. D., The Practise of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, Transnational Publishers, New York, 2nd ed., 2000. Jörgensen, Nina H.B., The Responsibility of States for International Crimes, Oxford University Press, Oxford Monographs in International Law, 2003, 372 pp. Jurovics, Y., Réflexions sur la spécificité du crime contre lʹhumanité, Entretiens dʹAguessau, Éditions Pulim, L.G.D.J., 2002. . Juristes sans frontières, Le Tribunal pénal international de La Haye: Le droit à lʹépreuve de la purification ethnique, Logiques juridiques, LʹHarmattan, Paris, Novembre 2000. Kalliopi, K. (ed.), International Justice, Thessaloniki Publications, 1997. Kalshoven, F. (ed. L. Zegfeld), Constraints on the waging of war, ICRC, Geneva, 2001. Karhilo, Jaana, Case study on peace‐keaping: Rwanda, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Year Book, app. 2C, Oxford University Press, 1995. Karugarama, T. (foreword), Recueil de jurisprudence contentieux du génocide et des massacres au Rwanda, published in co‐operation by Avocats sans Fronières‐Belgique, Agence Intergouvernementale de la Francophonie, Commission Européenne & Coopération Belge au développement, tomes I ‐ III, ASF‐
Belgium, 2002. Kayizzi‐Mugerwa, Steve, Rwanda looking ahead : Reconciliation, reform and regional stability, Sida, Stockholm, 2000. Kerr, Rachel, The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: An Exercise in Law, Politics, and Diplomacy, Oxford University Press, 2004, 248 pp. Khan, Shaharyar, The shallow graves of Rwanda, I.B.Tauris Publishers, London, 2000. Kirilova‐Eriksson, Maja, Skydd av mänskliga rätttigheter, Iustus, Stockholm, 2002. 10
Kirk McDonald, Gabrielle, & Swaak‐Goldman, O. (eds.), Substantive and procedural aspects of international criminal law: The experience of international and national courts, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999. Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak, International Criminal Law (Student Text Book), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001 (514 pages, including a bibliography). Kleine‐Ahlbrandt, Stéphanie T.E., The protection gap in the international protection of internally displaced persons : The case of Rwanda, Université de Genève , Geneva, 2004,259 pp.. Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay, The international dimension of genocide in Rwanda, New York University Press, New York, and Macmillan, London, 1998. Klip, A., & Sluiter, Göran (eds.), Annotated leading cases of International Criminal Tribunals, vols. 1, 2 & 3, Intersentia, 2001. Koff, Clea, The Bone Woman: A forensic anthropologist¹s search for truth in the mass graves of Rwanda, Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo, Knopf Canada, 2004, 271 pages. Kuperman, A. J., The limits of humanitarian intervention: Genocide in Rwanda, Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2001. La Rosa, A.‐M., Dictionnaire de droit international pénal, PUF, 1998. Lattanzi, F. , & Schabas, William A., Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Sirente, 1999. (The) Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals ‐ A Practitionersʹ Journal, ed.‐in‐chief Eduardo Valencia‐Ospina, vol. 5, Martinus Nijhoff, 2006. Law Society of England & Wales, International Human Rights Committee, Report of the Law Society Delegation to the International Criminal Tribunal för Rwanda, Arusha, Tanzania, 29 May ‐ 2 June 2000, The Law Society, London, 2001. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Prosecuting genocide in Rwanda: The ICTR and nationals trials, Report, New York, July 1997 (<[email protected]>). Lee, R. S. (ed.), The International Criminal Court: Elements of crimes and Rules of procedure and evidence, two antologies on the ICC Statute etc., Transnational Publishers, Ardsley, New York, 2001, 857 pages. Lehmann, Ingrid A., Peacekeeping and public information: Caught in the crossfire, Frank Cass, London, 1999. Lema, Antoine, Africa divided, Lund University Press, Lund (Sweden), 1993. Lescure, K., Justice internationale pour lʹex‐Yougoslavie: Mode dʹemploi, L’Harmattan, Paris, 1994. ‐ ‐, International justice for former Yugoslavia: The working of the International Criminal Tribunal in The Hague, Kluwer Law International, The Hague 1996. 11
Lindqvist, Sven, Exterminate all the brutes, Granta, London 1997 (French version: Exterminez toutes ces brutes !; original Swedish version: Utrota varenda jävel, Bonniers, Stockholm, 1992). ‐‐ , Nu dog du: Bombernas århundrade, Bonniers, Stockholm 1999 (including a bibliography on the 20th century wars bombing). Mas, Monique, Paris‐Kigali 1990 ‐ 1994: Pour un génocide en Afrique, L’Harmattan, Paris, 1999. Lyal, S. Suga, The emerging system of international criminal law: Developments, codification and implementation, Kluwer Law International, The Hague. McCormack & Simpson, The law of the war crimes: National and international approaches, Kluwer, 1997. McNair, Lord, The Law of Treaties, Clarendon, 1961 (reprinted 1988). Magnarella, Paul J., Justice in Africa: Rwanda’s genocide, its courts and the UN criminal tribunal, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2000. Malekian, F., International Criminal Law: The legal and critical analysis of international crimes, vol. II, Uppsala (Sweden), 1991. Mamdani, Mahmood, When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda, Princeton University Press, 2001. Marchal, Luc, Rwanda: la descente aux enfers. Témoignage d’un peacekeeper décembre 1993 ‐ avril 1994, Éditions Labor, Bruxelles, 2001. Marks, Susan, & Clapham, Andrew, International Human Rights Lexicon, Oxford University Press, 2005, 470 pp. Melander, Göran, Konventionssamling i mänskliga rättigheter, Lund (Sweden) 1990. Melander, Göran, & Alfredsson, Gudmundur (eds.), The Raoul Wallenberg Compilation of Human Rights Instruments, Martinus Nijhoff, Kluwer, The Hague, 1997. Melvern, Linda R., The ultimate crime: Who betrayed the UN and why, Allison & Busby, London, 1995. ‐ ‐ , A people betrayed: The role of the West in Rwandaʹs genocide, Zed Books, London & New York, 2000 (Swedish version: Att förråda ett folk: Västmakterna och folkmordet i Rwanda, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2003). ‐ ‐ , Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan genocide, Verso, London & New York, 2004, 358 pp. Updated paperback Verso, London & New York, 2006, 358 pp Meron, Theodor, The Humanization of International Law, The Hague Academy of International Law Monographs no. 3, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2006, 570 pp. Mettreaux, Guénaël, International Crimes and the ʹad hocʹ Tribunals, Oxford University Press, 2004, hardback, 474 pp. (2006, paperback, 442 pp.). Minow, Martha, Between vengeance and forgiveness: Facing history after genocide and mass violence, Beacon Press, Boston, 1998. 12
Misser, François, Vers un nouveau Rwanda ? Entretiens avec Paul Kagamé, Éditions Luc Pire, Bruxelles, 2000. Moeller, Christina, Völkerstrafrecht und Internationaler Strafgerichtshof ‐ kriminologische, straftheoretische und rechtspolitische Aspekte (thesis), LIT Verlag, Münster (Germany), 2003, 682.pages. Morris, Virginia, & Scharf, Michael P, An insiderʹs guide to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Transnational Publishers, New York 1997. ‐‐ , The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, vols. 1 & 2 (743 + 572 pages), Transnational Publishers, New York 1998. Møse, Erik, Menneskerettigheter, Cappelen, Oslo, 2002 (535 pages), including an article on the international criminal tribunals. Mosse, George, A history of European racism, New York, 1997. Mujawayo‐Keiner, Esther, SurVivantes, Éditions de lʹAube, France, 2004. Müller, Joachim, Reforming the United Nations: The Struggle for Legitimacy and Efectiveness, Martinus Nijhoff, 2006, 500 pp. National Service of Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, Gacaca process: A justice leading to unity and reconciliation, Kigali, 2006. Nowak, Manfred, The UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Commentary, N. P. Engel, 1993. ‐ ‐ , Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime, Nijhoff, Leiden, 2003. Nshimiyimana, Vénuste, Prélude du génocde rwandais: Enquête sur les circonstances politiques et militaires du meurtre du Président Habyarimana, Quorum, Paris, 1995. Obote‐Odora, Alex, The judging of war criminals: Individual responsibility under international law, Stockholm University, 1997. Off, Carol, The Lion, the Fox, and the Eagle: A Story of Generals and Justice in Rwanda and Yugoslavia, Random House Canada, Toronto, 2001. Olásolo, Héctor, The Triggering Procedure of the International Criminal Court, Martinus Nijhoff, 2005, 404. Omaar, Raiya, & de Waal, Alex, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and defiance, African Rights, London, 1995. Onana, Charles, Les secrets de la justice internationale : Enquêtes truquées sur le génocide rwandais, Broché, 2006. Oppenheim, J., & van der Wolf, W. (eds.), Global War Crimes Tribunal Collection; Global Law Association, 1997. 13
Organization of African Unity, Rwanda ‐ The preventable genocide, Report of the International Panel of Eminent Personalities to investigate the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and the surrounding events (IPEP, including Lisbet Palme, Sweden, and the Reportʹs senior writer, Gerald Caplan, Canada), OAU (now AU), Addis Ababa, 29 May 2000 (318 pages). Owen, Nicholas (ed.), Human rights, human wrongs, Oxford University Press, 2000. Palme, Christian, Om ondskan i vår tid, Bokförlaget DN, Stockholm, 2003. Paust, J., Bassiouni, M. C., & Williams, S. A., International criminal law: Cases and materials, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, NC, 1996. Penal Reform International, Access to justice in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The role of traditional and informal justice systems, PRI, London, 2002. Pictet, Jean (ed.), The Geneva Conventions of 1949: Commentary, vol. 1‐4, ICRC, Geneva, 1952 ‐ 1960. Pilloud, Claude, Sandoz, Y., Swinarski, C., & Zimmerman, B. (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Kluwer, Geneva, 1987. Pottier, Johan, Re‐imagining Rwanda, 2002. Power, Samantha, A problem from hell: America and the age of genocide, Basic Books, New York , 2002. Prunier, Gérard, The Rwanda crisis 1959‐1994: History of a genocide; Fountain Publishers, Kampala, & Hurst & Co., London, & Columbia University Press, New York ; 1995, 389 pages. Radlmaier, Stefan, Der Nürnberger Lernprozess: Von Kriegsverbrechern und Starreportern, Eichborn Verlag, 2003, 371 pages. Ratner, Stephen R., & Abrams, J. S., Accountability for Human Rights atrocities in international law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, 1997. Ratner, Stephen R., & Bischoff, James (eds.), International war crimes trials: making a difference? : Proceedings of an international conference held at the University of Texas School of Law. November 6‐7, 2003, Austin,Texas, 2004, 160 pages. Reyntjens, Filip, LʹAfrique des Grands Lacs en crise: Rwanda, Burundi 1988‐1994, Karthala, and Paris, 1994. ‐ ‐ , Rwanda: Trois jours qui ont fait basculer l’histoire, L’Harmattan, Paris, 1995. Riemer , N. (ed.), Protection against genocide: Mission impossible?, Westport, Conn., 2000. Robinson, N., The Genocide Convention: A commentary, Institute of Jewish Affairs, New York, 1960. Romano, Cesare, Nollkaemper, André, & Kleffner, Jann (eds.), Internationalized Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo, & Cambodja, Oxford University Press, The International Courts & Tribunals Series, 2004, 550 pp. Roggemann, Herwig, Die internationalen Strafgerichtshöfe (2nd ed.), 1998. 14
Röling, B. V. A., & Cassese, Antonio, The Tokyo Trial and beyond, Polity Press, 1993. de Saint‐Exupéry, Patrick, L’inavouable: La France au Rwanda, Éditions Les Arènes, 2004 (review by Stephen Smith, Le Monde, 18‐19.4.2004, p. 4). Safferling, Christoph, Towards an International Criminal Procedure (including ʹreconciliationʹ of both Continental‐Style and Anglo‐American procedure), Oxford University Press, Oxford Monographs in International Law, 2003, 420 pp. Schabas, William A., Genocide in International law: The Crime of Crimes, Cambridge University Press, 2000. ‐ ‐, An Introduction to the ICC, 2nd ed., CUP, 2004. ‐ ‐, The UN International Criminal Tribunals: the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Cambridge University Press, 2006. Scharf, Michael P., & McNeal, Gregory, Saddam on Trial: Understanding and Debating the Iraqi High Tribunal, Carolina Academic Press, 2006. Scheltema, C., & Van der Wolf, W., The International Tribunal for Rwanda: Facts, cases, documents, Global Law Association, 1999. Semujanga, Josias, Origins of Rwandan genocide, Humanity Books, New York, 2003. Shaw, Martin, War and genocide : organized killing in modern society, Cambridge ; Polity Press, Malden, MA, 2003, 257 pages, including War and genocide in Rwanda (also including bibliographical references and index). Smith, The road to Nuremberg: How the Allied finally agreed to try the Nazi leaders rather than summarily shoot them, Basic Books, New York, 1981. Swedish Government, Lagstiftning med anledning av den av Förenta Nationerna inrättade Tribunalen för Rwanda, m.m. (Bill on Legislation in consequence of the establishment of the Tribunal for Rwanda by the United Nations), Regeringens proposition 1995/96:48, Ministry of Justice, Stockholm 1995. ‐ ‐ , Mänskliga rättigheter i svensk utrikespolitik (Letter to the Riksdag on Human Rights in Swedish Foreign Policy), Regeringens skrivelse 2003/04:20, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm, 2003. .‐ ‐ , Truth, Justice and Reconciliation, Report from the Stockholm International Forum, 23‐24 April 2002, (including addresses on Rwanda by Esther Mujawayo‐Keiner, Gerald Caplan, Jean de Dieu Mucyo, Lasse Berg, Fergus Kerrigan, Lennart Aspegren, Aloisea Inyumba, & Lisbet Palme; pp. 79‐131) ; Prime Minister’s Office, Regeringskansliet, Stockholm, 2002; available at the Living History Forum, SE‐103 33 Stockholm. ‐ ‐ , Preventing Genocide: Threats and Responsibilities, Report from the Stockholm International Forum, 15
26‐28 January 2004 (including general addresses by Kofi Annan, Javier Solana & others), Prime Minister’s Office, Regeringskansliet, Stockholm, 2004, <www.preventinggenocide.com>. ‐ ‐ , Beyond the ’Never Agains’, interviews, comments and photographs after the Stockholm International Forum series 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004 (168 pages), including a CD with full documentations of all four conferences, Prime Minister’s Office, Regeringskansliet, Stockholm, 2005. Swedish Governmental Commission on International Criminal Law [Internationella straffrättsutredningen] , Internationella brott och svensk jurisdiktion [International crimes and Swedish jurisdiction], Report, including a Summary in English, vols. 1 & 2, SOU 2002:98, Ministry of Justice, Stockholm, 2002. Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Preventing Violent Conflict, Study 1999:24 & Publication 2000, art. No. 01.025, Stockholm. Tadjo, Véronique, The shadow of Imana: Travels in the heart of Rwanda, Heinemann, London, 2002. Taylor, Chris C., Sacrifice as terror: The Rwandan genocide of 1994, Berg, New York, 1999. Taylor, T., The anatomy of the Nuremberg trials, Little Brown, 1992. Tebbs, J., Rwanda, war and peace?, Global Law Association, 1992. Ternon, Y., L’État criminel: Les génocides au XXème siècle, Seuil, 1995. Terras, Christian (ed.), L’honneur perdu de l’Église, Éditions Golias, 1999. Tolbert, D., The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Unforeseen successes and foreseeable shortcomings, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol. 26(2), 5‐17, 2002. Totten, Samuel, & Parsons, William S., & Charney, Israel, Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Connecticut, 1997. Trechsel, Stefan, Human Rights in Criminal Proceedings, Oxford University Press, Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law vol. XII no. 3, 2005, 722 pp. Treffterer, Otto, Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden‐Baden, 1999. ‐‐ , Genocide: Its particular intent to destroy in whole or in part the group as such, Leiden Journal of International law, 14/2, 2001, p. 400. United Nations, The United Nations and Rwanda 1993‐1996, UN Publications, New York, 1996. ‐‐ , Report of the Expert Group to conduct a review of the effective operation and functioning of the ICTY and the ICTR, presented 22 November 1999 to the General Assembly (A/54/634), New York, 1999. ‐‐, Report of the Independent Inquiry into the actions of the United Nations during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda (chair: Ingvar Carlsson), presented 15 December 1999 to the Security Council (S/1999/1257), New York , 1999, <www.un.org/News/ossg/rwanda_report.htm>. 16
UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Comprehensive report on lessons learned from UNAMIR, United Nations, 1996. Uvin, Peter, Aiding violence: The development enterprise in Rwanda, Kumarian Press, New York, 2nd ed., 2002. Vassall‐Adams, Guy, Rwanda: An agenda for international action, Oxfam Publications, Oxford, 1994. Vohrah, L. C., et al. (eds.), Manʹs inhumanity to man: Essays in honour of Antonio Cassese, Kluwer Law International , The Hague, 2003. Waugh, Colin, Paul Kagamé and Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front, McFarland, Jefferson, NC, 2004. Weissbrodt, David, The Right to a Fair Trial under the UDHR and the CCPR, Martinus Nijhoff, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2001. Weitz , Eric D., A century of genocide: Utopias of race and nation, Princeton University Press, 2003 (360 pages; excluding Rwanda). Welsh, Jennifer M. (ed.), Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations, Oxford University Press, 2006 (240 pp.). Werle, Gerhard, Principles of International Criminal Law, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2005 (485 pp., including systematized references in large number and a table of cases). de Wet, E., Chapter VII Powers of the UN Security Council, Hart Publishing, Oxford & Portland, 2004. Wheeler, Nicholas J., Saving strangers: Humanitarian intervention in international society, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. Vohrah, Lal Chand, et al. (eds,), Manʹs Inhumanity to Man, 2003. Van den Wyngaert, Christine, Stessens, Guy, & Janssens, Liesbeth (eds.), International criminal law: A collection of international and European instruments, third revised ed., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2004 (1 542 pp.). Zahar, Alexander, & Sluiter, Goran, International Criminal Law. A Critical Restatement (Student Text Book), Oxford University Press, 2006. Zappalà, Salvatore, Human Rights in International Criminal Proceedings, Oxford University Press, 2003, 308 pp. ________ 17
2 Articles, Interviews, Journals, Media, Web Sites Aceves, W., ’Affirming the Law of Nations in U.S. Courts: The Karadzic litigation and the Yugoslav conflict’, Berkeley Journal of International Law, 14 (1), 1996, pp. 137‐172. Africa Legal Aid Quarterly, ’Interview with Navanethem Pillay, President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, April‐June 2001, pp.18. ‐‐, ’Interview with Carla Del Ponte, Prosecutor for the Rwanda and Yugoslavia Tribunals’, April‐June 2001, pp.22. ‐‐, ’Interview with Adama Dieng, Registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, April‐
June 2001, pp. 25. ‐‐, ’The trial of the Butare Four and universal jurisdiction’, April‐June 2001, pp. .29. Agence France‐Presse, ’French Deny Running Guns To Hutu 1994’, International Herald Tribune 13.1.1998, p. 6. Åhlund, Christian, ’America and Abu Ghraib: The better appoach to war crimes trials’, International Herald Tribune 27.8.2004 (Views). ‐‐, ’Major obstacles to building the rule of law in a post‐conflict environment’, New England Law Review, Boston, MA, 2004, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 39. Ahmed, Akbar S., ’Ethnic cleansing: A metaphor for our time?’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18 (1), 1995, pp. 1‐25. Akhavan, Payam, ’Enforcement of the Genocide Convention: A challenge to civilisation’, Harvard Rights Journal, 8, 1995, pp. 229‐258. ‐ ‐, ʹThe International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishmentʹ, in American Journal of International Law, 90, 1996, pp. 501 et seq. ‐‐, ’Justice and reconciliation in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: The contribution of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 7 (2), 1997, pp. 325‐348. Ambos, Kai, & Wirth, Steffen, ʹThe Current Law of Crimes against Humanityʹ, Criminal Law Forum, 2002, pp. 1 et seq. Amman, Diane Marie, ’International Decisions: Prosecutor versus Akayesu (ICTR Judgement of 2 September 1998, Case no. ICTR‐96‐4‐T)’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 93 no. 195, 1999, pp. 195‐199. Andersen, Régine, ’How multilateral development assistance triggered the conflict in Rwanda’, Third World Quarterly 2001, 21:3, pp. 441‐456. 18
Aptel, Cécile, ’À propos du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda’, Revue Internationale de la Croix Rouge, no. 828, ICRC, Geneva 1997. ‐‐, ’The intent to commit genocide in the case law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Criminal Law Forum, Official Journal of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, vol. 13, issue 3, 2002, pp. 273‐291. Aptel, Cécile, & Williamson, Jamie A., ’Prosecutor v. Musema: A commentary on the ”Musema” judgement rendered by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda on 27 January 2000’, Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol. 1, 2001, pp. 131‐148. Arbour, Louise, ’History and future of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda’, American University International Law Review, vol. 13, 1998, p. 1498. ‐‐, ’The prosecution of international crimes: Prospects and pitfalls’, Washington University Journal of Law and Policy, 1, 1999, pp.13‐25. Askin, Kelly Dawn, ’Sexual Violence in decisions and indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwanda tribunals: Current status’, American Journal of International law, vol. 93, no. 1, 1999, pp. 97‐123. ‐‐, ’The Rwanda and Yugoslav Tribunals: Revolutionizing the prosecution of war crime against woken’, Africa Legal Aid Quarterly, April‐June 2001, pp.10. Aspegren, Lennart, Sommar i P1, Swedish Broadcasting Corporation (SR), 30.7.1999 at 13:05 - 14:30 hrs. ,
<www.sr.se>.
‐ ‐, ’Erfarenheter från Rwandatribunalen’ (ʹExperiences from the Rwanda Tribunalʹ), Tidskrift för Sveriges domareförbund, Stockholm, no. 2/2001, pp. 13‐19. ‐ ‐, ’Befälsansvar: Några anteckningar om ”command responsibility” enligt internationell straffrätt’ (ʹSome notes on ʺcommand responsibilityʺ under international criminal lawʹ), Juridisk tidskrift, Stockholm University, Faculty of Law, 2001‐2002, pp. 456‐465 & 694. ‐ ‐, ’Glöm inte Rwanda’, Ordfront magasin, Stockholm, no. 1‐2/2002, p. 12. ‐ ‐, ’Rwanda: The 1994 Genocide and the UN Tribunal’, in Stockholm International Forum: Truth, Justice and Reconciliation [noted supra], 2002, pp. 104‐106. ‐ ‐, ’Folkmord värre än brott mot mänskligheten’, Svenska Dagbladet, Brännpunkt, Stockholm, 24.11.2003, p. 5. ‐ ‐, ʹInledningʹ, in G. Espelund & A. Karlsson, Till mänsklighetens försvar: Iakttagelser av krigsbrott, tribunaler och försoning, Juridisk reportagebyrå, eddy.se ab, Visby, 2006 [noted supra], pp. 9‐13. ‐ ‐, ’Never Again? ‐ Rwanda and the World’, in J. Grimheden & R. Ring (eds.), Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application: Essays in Honour of Göran Melander, The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library no. 26; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2006 [noted supra], pp. 169‐201; at present being translated into French. Aspegren, Lennart, & Williamson, Jamie A., ʹThe Rwanda Tribunal and Genocideʹ, in Mélanges Laïty Kama, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, to be published in 2007. 19
Associated Press, ’Laïty Kama: Judge headed tribunal on Rwandan genocide’, Globe and Mail, Toronto, 8.5.2001, p. R9. Avocats sans frontières‐France, ’Justice pour tous au Rwanda’, Revue Le Barreau de France, no. 3, 1999, p. 6. Ayad, Christophe, ’Rwanda: un procès décisif pur le tribunal’ (on the Bagosora trial), Libération, Paris, 4.4.2002, p. 11. Ayad, Christophe, & Riché, Pascal, ’Génocide au Rwanda: Washington savat’, Libération, Paris, 22.8.2001, p. 6. Badinter, Robert, ’Tribunal international: l’heure de vérité’, Le Nouvel Observateur, no. 1753, 11.6.1998, p. 35. Baines, Erin K., ’Body politics and the Rwandan crisis’, Third World Quarterly, 2003, 24:3, pp. 479‐493. Baltic Yearbook of International Law, mng. ed. Carin Laurin, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2005. Barnett, Michael, ’The politics of indifference at the UN and Genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia’, in T. Cushman & S. Mestrovic (eds.), This time we knew: Western responses to Genocide in Bosnia, New York University Press, New York, 1996. Beresford, Stuart, & Lahiouel, Hafida, ’The Right to be Defended in Person or through Legal Assistance and the International Criminal Court’ Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 13, no. 4 , 2000, pp. 949‐984 . Berg, Lasse, ’Rwanda i stort rättsexperiment’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 7.12.2001, p. B1. ‐‐ , ’Rwanda kan inte glömma’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 8.12.2001, p. B1. ‐‐ , ’Bidrag till mord’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 22.10.2002, p. B 5. ‐‐, ’Folkmord i vår tid: En miljon människor hackades ihjäl under hundra dagar [...]’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 25.1.2004, p. 12. Bjuremalm, Helena, ’Rättvisa kan skipas i Rwanda: Folkmordet 1994 går att förklara och analysera på samma sätt som förintelsen av judarna’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 6.2.1997, p. B3. Bjørn Hansen, Anders, ’Folkemordsforskningen gennem 50 år ‐ en definitorisk tilgang’, Den jyske historiker, no. 90, 2000. Boed, R., ’Individual criminal responsibility for violations of Article 3, common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and of Additional Protocol II thereto, in the case law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Criminal Law Forum, The Official Journal of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, 2002, vol. 13, issue 3. Bothe, Michael, ’International humanitarian law and war crimes tribunals: Recent developments and perspectives’, in International law: Theory and practice. ‐ Essays in honour of Eric Suy, 1998, pp. 581‐595. 20
Boije af Gennäs, Louise, ’Vi får inte rangordna folkmord’, Aftonbladet, Söndag, Stockholm, 15.8.1999 (including a review of a radio programme by Lennart Aspegren). Braid, Mary, ’Rwanda’s dead arise to shame the world’, The Independent, 24.5.1997, p. 21. ‐‐ , ’Silent scream of Rwandaʹs youth’, The Independent, 23.5.1998, p. 17. Bring, Ove E., ’Kritisk granskning av tribunaler mot krigsförbrytare’ (review of Y. Beigbeder), Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, Under strecket, 29.6.2000. ‐ ‐, ʹHugo Grotius and the Roots of Human Rights Lawʹ, in J. Grimheden & R. Ring, Rolf (eds.), Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application ‐ Essays in Honour of Göran Melander, The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library no. 26; Brill, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden; 2006, 382 pp. (cf. supra). Brown, Bertram S., ’Primacy or complementarity: Reconciling the jurisdiction of national courts and international criminal tribunals’, Yale Journal of International Law, 23, 1998, pp. 383. Brumlik, Micha, ʹZu einer Theorie des Völkermordsʹ, Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, 2004, pp. 923 et seq. Burkhalter, Holly, ’The question of genocide: The Clinton administration and Rwanda’, World Policy Journal 11:4, 1994‐95, pp. 44‐55. Cameron, Iain, ʹSwedish International Criminal Law Rules and ʺGross Human Rights Offencesʺ ʹ, Festskrift till Nils Jareborg, 2002. Campion‐Smith, Bruce, ’Rwandan wins right to stay’ (on suspect Léon Mugesera), Toronto Star, 9.9.2003, p. A9. Caplan, Gerald, ’Remembering Rwanda: Yankee go home!’ The Globe and Mail, Toronto, 21.6.2001. Chrétien, Jean‐Pierre, ’Au Rwanda, ”la France” n’est pas coupable’, Le Monde, 14.3.1998, p. 17. Cervenka, Zdenek, ’Tragedin Rwanda‐Burundi, Världspolitikens dagsfrågor, no. 10, Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm 1994 (32 pages). ‐‐ , ’Hutuer och tutsier ‐ ett och samma folk’, Samhällsmagasinet Epok, 1998, no. 2, pp. 10‐13. Cissé, Catherine, ’The international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda: Some elements of comparison’, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 7, 1997, pp. 103. ‐‐, ’The end of a culture of impunity in Rwanda ? Prosecution of genocide and war crimes before Rwandan courts and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 161‐188. 21
Cox International Law Center, Grotian Moment: The Saddam Hussein Trial Blog, <www.law.case.edu/saddamtrial/> Crossette, Barbara, ’U.N. Investigating War Crimes Tribunal Official’, The New York Times, 30.10.1996. ‐‐, ’On Eve of U.N. Rwanda Trials, Reports of Misconduct’, The New York Times, 9.1.1997. Daniel, Jean, ’Après Papon, le Rwanda ?’, Le Nouvel Observateur, 9‐15.4.1998, p. 21. Del Ponte, Carla, ʹInvestigation and Prosecution of Large‐scale Crimes at the International Level: The Experience of the ICTYʹ, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2006, vol. 4, pp. 539‐558‐ Des Forges, Alison, ’Alas, we knew’, Foreign Affairs, 79:3, May/June 2000, pp. 141‐142. Dinstein, Y., ’ International criminal law’, Israel Law Review, 1985, vol. 20, pp. 206‐222. Diplomatie judiciaire: <www.diplomatiejudiciaire.com> Dixon, R., ’Developing international rules of evidence for the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals’, Transnational and Contemporary Probs., 1997, no. 7, p. 81. Dolfe, Ingemar, ’Internationell tribunal för brott mot humanitär rätt i f.d. Jugoslavien’, Svensk juristtidning, 1995, Stockholm, pp. 609‐616. Dubois, O., ’Rwanda’s National Criminal Courts and the International Tribunal’, International Review of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1997, no. 321, p. 717. The Economist, ’Rwanda: Punishing the guilty, maybe’, London, 12.10.1996, p. 57. ‐‐, ’War crimes tribunals: Judging genocide ‐ Arusha and The Hague (Special Report)’, London 16.6.2001, pp. 27‐30. ‐‐, ’Uganda and Rwanda: Tea and talk on the edge of war’, London 10.11.2002, p. 43. Eduards, Helen, ’På resa i Stora snöregionen’, Briefing från Utrikesdepartementet (Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm) 1997:6, pp. 20‐23. Eide, Asbjørn (ed.), ’Prevention of Impunity’, Nordic Journal of International Law, no. 1, 2000. Eliasson, Jan, ’A United Nations to Heal and Link the Nations’, International Herald Tribune, 4.1.1996. Espelund, Görrel, ’Rwanda har svårt att resa sig’, Göteborgs‐Posten , Göteborg, 7.6.1995, p. 31. ETC magazine: see Wesslén below. Fenrick, W. J., ’Prosecuting international crimes, an inside view: International humanitarian law and criminal trials’, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 7, 1997. 22
Ferstman, C. J., ’Domestic trials for genocide and crimes against humanity: The example of Rwanda’, African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4/9, 1997, p. 857. Le Figaro, ’Les mécomptes de la cohabitation’, 15.1.1998, p. 2. Foden, Giles, ’Aftermath of genocide’, Evening Standard, 22.3.1999, p. 47. Friulli, Micaela, ’The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Some preliminary comments’, EJIL no. 11, 2000, pp. 833‐856. Gardell, Carl Johan , ’Kallt förnuft härskade i mörkrets hjärta, Svenska Dagbladet, Under strecket, Stockholm, 2.12.1999. ‐‐, ’Europeisk rasism bakom Afrikas blodbad’, Svenska Dagbladet, Under strecket, Stockholm, 3.11.2003, p. 7. Gerner, Kristian, & Karlsson, Klas‐Göran (ed. Paul A. Levine), Genocide; a background paper Stockholm International Forum 2004, Regeringskansliet, Stockholm. Global Policy Forum: <www.globalpolicy.org> Goksör, Joakim, ’FNs internationella tribunaler’, Internationella studier, Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, 1995, pp. 29‐41. ‐‐, ’Tribunal tar över åtal’, Göteborgs‐Posten, Göteborg, 12.7.1996. ‐‐, ’FN‐tribunalen i Arusha: Rwanda och rättvisan, Amnesty Press 1/97, Stockholm, pp. 23‐27. ‐‐, ’Rwanda: Framgång för folkrätten’, Världshorisont 3/99, ed. Svenska FN‐förbundet (Swedish UN Association), Stockholm, 1999, pp. 24‐27. Goldstone, Richard, ’The United Nations’ war crimes tribunals: An assessment’, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 1997 no. 12, p. 227. Grossman, Claudio, & Neier, Aryeh, ’War crimes tribunals: The record and prospects’, American University International Law Review, vol. 13, 1998, pp. 1579‐1584. Guichaoua, André, ’Political background to the 1994 Rwandan crisis: Expert report prepared at the request of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, ICTR, Arusha 1997. Guichaoua, André, Vidal, C., Ould‐Abdallah, A., & Decaux, E., ’Politiques internationales dans la région des Grands Lacs’, Politique africaine 1997, no. 68. Gutman, Roy, & Rieff, David, ’Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know’, <www.crimesofwar.org>. von Hall, Gunilla, ’Rwanda ‐ en absurd blandning av vardag, blod och hämnd, Svenska Dagbladet, Söndag, Stockholm, 21.5.1995, pp. 24‐25. 23
Hammer, Joshua, ’Place of refuge: The international tribunal wants to try an elderly Rwandan cleric for one of the genocideʹs worst bloodbaths’, Newsweek 1998, 131:6, pp. 52‐53. Harhoff, G. Frederik K., ’Consonance or Rivalry? ‐ Calibrating the efforts to prosecute war crimes in national and international tribunals’, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 1995, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 571‐596. ‐‐, ’The Rwanda Tribunal: A presentation of some legal aspects’, International Review of the Red Cross, November‐December 1997, pp. 321, 665. ‐‐, ’Legal and practical problems in the international prosecution of individuals’, Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 69, 2000, pp. 53‐61. ‐‐, ’The role of the parties before international criminal courts in light of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, International and national prosecution of crimes under international law ‐ Bochumer Schriften zur Friedenssicherung und zum Humanitären Völkerreckt, Band 44, Berlin Verlag, 2001, pp. 644‐
645. ‐‐, ’ Unauthorized humanitarian interventions: Armed violence in the name of humanity’, Nordic Journal of International Law, 2001, pp. 65 ‐ 119. Haski, Pierre, ’Faux départ pour le tribunal sur le Rwanda’, Libération, 17.1.1997, p. 8. Hessel, Martin, ’Domare i helvetet’, Lundagård, Lund, no. 6, 2003, p. 30. Hjerner, L., Bring, O. & Mahmoudi, S., ʹPinochet‐målet ‐ folkrätten och svensk rättʹ, Svensk Juristtidning 2000 p. 325. Howland, Todd, & Calathes, William, ’The UN’s international criminal tribunal: Is it justice or jingoism?’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 39, 1998, pp. 135. Human Rights Watch, ’Rwanda. Talking peace and waging war. Human rights since the October 1990 invasion’, African Watch 1992, vol. IV, issue no. 3. ‐‐, ’Rwanda. A new catastrophe? Increased International Efforts Required to Punish Genocide and Prevent further Bloodshed’, Africa 1994, vol. 6, no. 12. ‐‐, ’Rwanda. The crisis continues’, Africa 1995, vol. 7, no. 1. Idi, T. Gaparyi, ’Justice and social reconstruction in the aftermath of genocide in Rwanda: An evaluation of the possible role of the gacaca tribunals’, African Human Rights Law Journal 2001, vol. 1, pp. 64. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, ’International Humanitarian Law’, www.icrc.org/web/eng Internatioinal Criminal Law Review, ed.‐in‐chief Michael Freeman, vol. 14, Martinus Nijhoff, 2006. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Arusha, Tanzania: <www. ictr.org> 24
Jacobsson, Marie, ’Vart är folkrätten på väg?’, Internationella studier, no. 3, 2003, pp. 20 ‐ 31, Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm (also cf. Peace and security: Current challenges in international law). Johansson, Emma, ’Kvinnor skändas på order. De sexuella brotten var de värsta’, Östgöta‐
Correspondenten, Lördag, Norrköping, 14.12.2002, p. C3. Jones, A., ʹGender and genocide in Rwandaʹ, Journal of Genocide Research, 4 (1) 2002, pp. 65‐94. Jones, John R.W.D., International Criminal Practice, third edition ((including procedure of ICC, ICTY, ICTR, SCSL), 2003, 1,130 pp. Journal of International Criminal Justice, ed.‐in chief Antonio Cassese (University of Florence), vol. 4, Oxford University Press, 2006. Joyner, C. C., ’Accountability for international crimes and serious violations of fundamental human rights; Arresting impunity; The case for universal jurisdiction in bringing war criminals to accountability’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 59, 1996. Juillard, Jacques, ’Le jour le plus noir’, Le Nouvel Observateur, 24‐30.12.1998. Karagiannakis, Magdalini, ’The Definition of Rape and Its Characterization as an Act of Genocide: A Review of the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the Former Yugoslavia’, Leiden Journal of International Law 1999, Vol.12: 2, pp. 479‐490. Karhilo, Jaana, ’The establishment of the International Tribunal for Rwanda’, Nordic Journal of International Law, 1995, vol. 64, p. 699. King, Faiza Patel, & La Rosa, Marie, ʹThe Jurisprudence of the Yugolavia Tribunalʹ , EJIL 1997:4, 1998:4, 1999:4. Kithure, Kindiki, ’Prosecuting the perpetrators of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda: Its basis in international law and the implications for the protection of human rights in Africa’, African Human Rights Law Journal 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 64. Kunath, Wolfgang, ’Ruanda‐Tribunal der UNO: Den am schlimmsten Belasteten ergeht es besser als den kleinen Mitläufern; ‐ Gerechtigkeit suchen, Ungerechtigkeit Schaffer’, Badische Zeitung, 2.11.1996. Kuperman, Alan J., ’The other lesson of Rwanda: Mediators sometimes do more damage than good’, SAIS Review 1990, 16:1, pp. 221‐240. ‐‐, ’Rwanda in retro respect’, Foreign Affairs, 79:1, January/February 2000, pp. 94‐118. Kushen, R., & Harris, K. J., ’Surrender of fugitives by the United States to the war crimes tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda’, American Journal of International Law, no. 90, 1996, p. 510. Kwakwa, Edward, ’The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Making individuals account for grave or massive human rights violation’, Africa Legal Aid Quarterly 1996, April‐June pp. 6. 25
Kyrø, Øjvind, ’Skarp kritik af FN‐domstol’, Politiken, Copenhagen, 7.3.1999, pp. 1 & 6. Landesman, Peter, ’The Minister of Rape’ (on ICTR accused Pauline Nyiramasuhuko), Toronto Star, 21.9.2002, p. K1. Lattanzi, Flavia, ʹCrimes against Humanity in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwandaʹ, in H. Fischer, C. Kress & S. R. Lüder (eds.), International and National Prosecution of Crimes under International Law: Current Developments, 2001, pp. 491 et seq. (The) Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals: A Practionersʹ Journal, ed.‐in‐chief Eduardo Valencia‐Ospina, vol. 6, Nijhoff, 2006. Leblanc, L. J., ’The intent to destroy groups in the Genocide Convention: The proposed U.S. Understanding’, American Journal of International Law, 78, 1984, p. 369. Lee, R. S., ’The Rwanda Tribunal’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 1996 no. 9, p. 42. Leigh, Monroe, ’The Yugoslav Tribunal: Use of unnamed witnesses against accused’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 90, 1996, pp. 235‐238. Leigh, M., & Shenk, M., ’International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda’,, The International Lawyer, 2 /32, Summer 1998, p. 509. Lemarchand, René, ’Comparing the killing fields: Rwanda, Cambodia and Bosnia’, in Steven B. Jensen (ed.), Genocide : cases, comparisons and contemporary debates, The Danish Centre for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Copenhagen, 2003, p. 146 (too, in Den jyske historiker, no. 90, 2000). Lemkin, Raphael, ’Genocide as a crime under international law’, American Journal of International Law, 1947, pp. 145‐151. Libération 2 2.1998, ”Rwanda: ’Le retrait de l’ONU a permis le génocide’ ‐ Pour les parlementaires belges, les responsabilités de l’Occident sont indéniables” (p. 10). ‐ ‐ , ’Mission Amaryllis, un sauvetage sélectif par l’armée française ; Avril 1994 ‐ Seuls les expatriés furent protegés’ (p. 11). Linton, Suzannah, ’New approaches to international justice in Cambodia and East Timor’, IRRC/RICR, Geneva, 2002, vol. 84, no. 845, pp. 93‐ 119. Lippman, Matthew Ross, ’International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda reports of orders, documents and judgements 1995 ‐ 1997’ (Review), Human Rights Quarterly 2002 , vol. 24 no. 4, pp. 1058‐1066 . Lischer, Sarah Kenyon, ’Collateral damage : Humanitarian assistance as a cause of conflict’, International Security 2003, 28:1, pp. 79‐109. Lund, Michael, ’Reckoning for past wrongs: Truth commissions and war crimes tribunals’, in P. Harris & B. Reilly (eds.), Democracy and deep‐rooted conflict: Options for negotiators, International IDEA, no. 291, Stockholm, 1998. 26
Lunden, Per Kr., ’FNs Rwanda‐tribunal i Arusha dømmer folkemordere: Forbrytelse og straff ‐ eller forsoning? ; Hva gjorde FN med folkemordet?; Når saken ikke slipper taket’, Mango Fredskorpsforum, Oslo, 1999 , no. 1, pp. 18‐25. Lyons, Margaret A., ’Hearing the cry without answering the call: Rape, genocide, and the Rwandan Tribunal’, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 2001, pp. 99‐124 . McGreal, Chris, ’ ”Chaos” at Genocide Tribunal’, The Mail & Guardian, 14 to 20 February 1997. McKinley Jr., James, ’Seeking complicity in a genocide, The New York Times, Sunday, 10.6.2001, p. 4. Magnarella, Paul J., ’Some milestones and achievements at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Kambanda and Akayesu cases’, Florida Journal of International Law, University of Florida, College of Law, XI:3, 1999, pp. 517. Maison, Rafaelle, ’Les ordonnances de la CIJ dans lʹaffaire relative à lʹapplication de la Convention sur la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide’, European Journal of International Law, vol. 5, no. 3, 1994, pp. 381‐400. ‐‐, ’Le crime de génocide dans les premiers jugements du Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda’, Revue Générale de Droit International Public, 103/1, 1999, pp. 129‐145.. Mannergren, Johanna, ’Revolution inom folkrätten: Rwandas krigsförbrytare döms. Tribunalen i Arusha har lyckats få tag på de högst ansvariga’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 9.8.1999, p. A9. May, R., & Wierda, M., ’Trends in international criminal evidence: Nuremberg, Tokyo, The Hague, and Arusha’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 3/37, 1999, p. 725. Melander, Göran, ’Geneva Conventions: Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II’, paper of 25 June 1998 to the ICTR, Arusha. ‐‐ , ’Akayesu (case no. ICTR‐96‐4‐T): Applicability ratione loci; Applicability ratione temporis; Akayesu and criminal responsibility’, paper of July 1998 to the ICTR, Arusha. Melson, Robert, ’Modern genocide in Rwanda: Ideology, revolution, war, and mass murder in an African state’, in R. Gellatelly & B. Kiernan (eds.), The specter of genocide: Mass murder in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 2003. Melvern, Linda, ʹThe UN and Rwandaʹ, London Review of Books, 12 December 1996. ‐ ‐, ʹGenocide Behind the ʺThin Blue Lineʺʹ, Security Dialogue, Vol. 28, No. 3, September 1997. ‐ ‐, ’Behind closed doors : UN Security Council’, World Today, 56:8, 2000, pp. 9‐11. ‐ ‐ , ʹIs anyone interested in Rwanda?ʹ, British Journalism Review, July 2001. ‐ ‐, ʹThe Security Council: behind the scenesʹ, International Affairs, 77, 2001. ‐ ‐, ʹThe Security Council in the Face of Genocideʹ, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2005. 847‐
860 27
Melvern, Linda, & Williams, Paul, ʹBritannia Waived the Rules: The Major Government and the 1994 Genocide in Rwandaʹ, African Affairs. Vol. 103, No. 410, January 2004. Meron, Theodor, ’International criminalization of internal atrocities’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 89, 1995, pp. 554‐577. ‐ ‐ , ’The continuing role of custom in the formation of International Humanitarian Law’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 90 no. 235, 1996, pp. 238‐249. ‐ ‐ , ’War crimes law comes of age’, American Journal of International Law, 3/92, 1998, p. 462. ‐ ‐, ʹIs International Law Moving towards Criminalization ?ʹ, EJIL, 1998:1. Meseke, Stephan, ʹLa contribution de la jurisprudence des tribuneaux pénaux internationaux pour lʹex‐Yugoslavie et le Rwanda à la contribution de lʹincrimination du crime contre lʹhumanitéʹ, in M. Chiavario (ed.), La justice pénale internationale entre passé et avenir,2003, pp. 173 et seq. Mettraaux, Guénaël, ʹCrimes against Humanity in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwandaʹ, Harvard International Law Journal,2002, pp. 237 et seq. Morris, Madeline H., ’The trials of concurrent jurisdiction: The case of Rwanda’, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Spring 1997, no. 7, p. 349. Morris, Virginia, ’Prosecutor v. Kanyabashi’, American Journal of International Law, 1/92, January 1998, p. 66. Møse, Erik , ’Commentary on Article 8 of the UDHR’, in G . Alfredsson & A. Eide (eds.), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A common standard of achievement, Martinus Nijhoff, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999. ‐‐ , ’Internasjonale straffedomstoler’, in Rettsteori og rettsliv: Festskrift til Carsten Smith, Oslo, 2002, pp. 607‐618 (cf. Menneskerettigheter). ‐‐, ʹMain Achievements of the ICTRʹ, in Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 3, 2005, pp. 920‐943. Møse, Erik, & Aptel, Cécile, ’Trial without undue delay before the International Criminal Tribunals’, in the supra noted book: L.C. Vohrah et al. (eds.), Man’s inhumanity to man: Essays in honour of Antonio Cassese, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2003, pp. 539‐566. Mundis, Daryl A., & Gaynor, Fergal, ʹCurrent Developments of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunalsʹ, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2006, vol. 4, pp.623‐658. Murray, Rachel, ’Recent developments. The report of the OAU´s International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the surrounding events’, Journal of African Law, 2001, vol. 45 no. 1, pp. 123‐142. 28
Murungi, Betty, ’Prosecuting general crimes at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Africa Legal Aid Quarterly, April‐June 2001, pp. 14. Mutiso, Clive, ’War criminal behavior: Rwanda’s genocidal leaders are being brought to justice by a groundbreaking international tribunal’, Time, 14.9.1998, p. 42. Myrdal, Peter, ’Folkmord fick kyrkligt stöd’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 31.7.1999, p. B12. ‐‐ , ’Folkmordet i Rwanda : Franska bortförklaringar’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 7.1.2000, p. B5. Nahamya, E., & Diarra, R., ’Disclosure of Evidence Before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Criminal Law Forum , The Official Journal of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, 2002, vol. 13, issue 3. Nahapetian, K., ’Selective justice: Prosecuting rape in the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda’, Berkeley Women’s Law Journal, no. 14, 1999, p.125. Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, <www.sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/Dochume.nsf?Open>; e‐mail: <[email protected]>. Neuman, Ricki, ’Radio ska läka Rwandas sår’, Svenska Dagbladet, 28.1.2004, p. 3 (on Radio Benevolencija, Amsterdam). Niang, M. M., ’The Right to Counsel Before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Criminal Law Forum, The Official Journal of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, 2002, vol. 13, issue 3. Neuffer, Elizabeth, ’Mismanagement and red tape impede war crimes tribunal’ , The Boston Globe, 11 December 1996, p. 1 (including list of previous 1996 Globe coverage). Newbury, D., ’Understanding genocide’, African Studies Review, no. 41, 1998, p. 73. Niarchos, C .N., ’Women, war, and rape: Challenges facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, Human Rights Quarterly, no. 17, 1995, pp. 649‐690. Nolen, Stephanie, ’Dallaire book slams U.S. ‐ U.N. on Rwanda’, The Globe and Mail, Toronto, 21.8.2003, pp. A1, A6. Nordic Journal of International Law ‐ Acta scandinavica juris gentium, ed.‐in‐chief Gregor Noll, vol. 75, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2006. Norgren, Finn, ’Efter folkmordet: Rwanda på väg från etnicitetens ondska’, Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, 3.11.2003, p. 4. Norrman, Leif, ’FN‐tribunal med munkavle’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 1.2.1997, p. A 8. ‐‐ , ’FN fördömer egen tribunal’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 14.2.1997, p. A11. ‐‐ , ’Rwanda gör upp med det förflutna’, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 24.4.2002, p. A13. 29
‐‐ , ’Jag våldtogs av sex soldater’ (including photographs by Erich Stering) , Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 3.11.2003, p. 12. Ntanda Nsereko, Daniel D., ’Genocide: A crime against mankind’, in Gaby Kirk McDonald & O. Swaak‐Goldman (eds.), Substantive and procedural aspects of international criminal law: The experience of international and national courts, 1999. ‐ ‐, ʹGenocidal Conflict in Rwanda and the ICTRʹ, Netherlands International Law Review, 2001, pp. 31 et seq. Nuremberg Judgement (transcript), American Journal of International Law, no. 41, 1947, p. 172. Nygren Krug, Helena, ʹGenocide in Rwanda: Lessons Learned and Future Challenges to the UN Human Rights Systemʹ, Nordic Journal of International Law, 1998, pp. 165 et seq. OʹHalloran, Patrick J., ’Humanitarian intervention and the genocide in Rwanda’, Conflict Studies 1995:277, Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, London, 1995. Ohlsson, Leif, ’Ett ondskebegrepp i internationell politik’, Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, Internationella studier 1997:4, pp. 3‐9. Olonisakin, Funmi, ’An International War Crimes Tribunal for Africa: Problems and prospects’, Revue africaine de droit international et comparé, 1997, pp. 822‐835. Ouguergouz , Fatsah, ’La tragédie rwandaise du printemps 1994: Quelques considérations sur les premières réactions de l’Organisation des Nations Unies’, Revue générale de droit international public, Éditions A. Pedone, Paris 1996 Ourdan, Rémy, ’La réconciliation impossible’, Le Monde, 3.4.1998. ‐‐ , ’Un tribunal loin du Rwanda’, Le Monde, 4.4.1998. Overdulve, C. M., ’Fonction de la langue et de la communication au Rwanda’, Neue Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft / Nouvelle Revue de science missionnaire, , no. 53‐1997/4, pp. 271‐283, CH‐6405 Immensee (Switzerland). Ross, Oakland, ’Africa’s ethnic killing fields’, The Toronto Star, 29.1.2001, p. A8. Pagnier, J., ʹGacaca Tribunals: Justice and reconciliation in Rwanda?ʹ, Cultural Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 2004. Paust, J. J., ’Itʹs no defence: Nullem crimen, international crime and the gingerbread man’, Albany Law Review, 60 (3), 1997, pp. 657‐680. Pavy, Didier, ’La pièce qui accuse’, Le Nouvel Observateur, no. 1810, 15‐21.7.1999, pp. 52‐53. Peskin, Victor, ’Conflicts of Justice ‐ An Analysis of the Role of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, International Peacekeeping 2000, Vol. 6, No. 4‐6, pp. 128‐137. 30
Peter, C. M., ’The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Bringing the killers to book’, International Review of the Red Cross, November‐December 1997, pp. 321, 695. Petrovic, D., ’Ethnic cleansing ? ‐ An attempt at methodology’, European Journal of International Law, vol. 5, no. 3, 1994. Pfaff, William, ’An active French role in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda’, The International Herald Tribune, 17.1.1998, p. 24. Pillay, Navanethem, Muna, Bernard, & Rudasingwa, Théogène, ’The Rwanda Tribunal and its relationship to national trials in Rwanda’, American University International Law Review, vol. 13, 1998, pp. 1469. Popoff, Evo, ’Inconsistency and impunity in international human rights law: Can the international Criminal Court solve the problems raised by the Rwanda and Augusto Pinochet cases ?’, The George Washington International Law Review 2001, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 363‐395. Power, Samantha, ’Rwanda: The two faces of Justine’, New York Review of Books, vol. L, no. 1, 16 January 2003, pp. 47‐50. Prinz, Barrett, ’Treaty of Versailles to Rwanda: How the international community deals with war crimes’, Tuland Journal of International Law, vol. 6, 1998. Purvis, Andrew, ’Colonel Apocalypse’ (on suspect Bagosora), Time, 10.6.1996, p. 32. Radio France (France Inter), ʹRendez‐vous avec Xʹ (un programme sur la relation France/Rwanda), 16.12.2006, 13h12 ‐ 14h01, podcast <http://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/em/rendezvousavecx/>. Rajaonarivony, Alain, ’Histoire virtuelle, horreur reelle’, Jeune Afrique, no. 1939, 10‐16.3.1998, p. 70. Rayfuse, R., & Cody, C., ’Genocide in Rwanda: Legal responses of international community and Rwandan government’, Human Rights Defender, no. 6, 1997, p. 11. Reydams, L, ’Universal jurisdiction over atrocities in Rwanda: Theory and practice’, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law & Criminal Justice, 1996, no. 1, p. 18. Reyntjens, Filip, ’Rwanda: Background to a genocide’, Bulletin des séances, Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, 1995, pp. 281‐292. ‐‐ , ’Rwanda: Trois jours qui ont fait basculer lʹHistoire’, LʹHarmattan, Paris, 1995. ‐‐ , ’Rwanda: Genocide and beyond’, Journal of Refugees Studies, 1996, pp. 240‐251. Rice‐Oxley, Mark, ’The other war crimes tribunal: Setbacks beset Rwanda Genocide Tribunal’, National Law Journal, 30 December 1996 ‐ 6 January 1997, p. A12. Roberge, M.‐C., ’Jurisdiction of the ad hoc tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda over crimes against humanity and genocide’, International Review of the Red Cross, no. 37, ICRC, 1997, p. 651. 31
Robinson, N., ’Genocide: A commentary on the Convention’, Yale Law Journal, no. 58, 1949, p. 1142. Roth, Hans Ingvar, ’Folkmord med folkets stöd’, Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, 4 July 2003, p. 7. Rowe, Peter, ’Liability for ”war crimes” during a non‐international armed conflict’, University of Liverpool, UK, pp. 150‐162. ‐‐ , ’Duress as a defence to war crimes after Erdemovic: A laboratory for a permanent court ?’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 210‐228. Rösiö, Bengt, ’Brott, straff och folkrätt’, Vestmanlands läns tidning, 1999. ‐‐ , ’Kan krigsförbrytare dömas?’, Vestmanlands läns tidning, 1999. de Saint‐Exupéry, Patrick, ’Quatre ans après, de nouvelles questions sur la politique africaine de Paris: (1) France‐Rwanda: Un génocide sans importance..., (2) France‐Rwanda: Le syndrome de Fachoda, (3) France‐Rwanda: Des silences d’État, (4) France‐Rwanda: Le temps de l’hypocrisie’, daily Le Figaro, Paris, 12‐15.1.1998. Salomon, Kim, ’Medan västmakterna blundade’, Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, Kultur, 23.10.2003, p. 7. Sarkin, Jeremy, ’The tension between justice and reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, human rights, due process and the role of the ”gacaca” courts in dealing with the genocide’, Journal of African Law, 2001, Vol. 45 No. 2 , pp. 143‐172. ‐ ‐, ʹPromoting Justice, Truth and Reconciliation in Transitional Societies: Evaluating Rwandaʹs Approach in the New Millenium of Using Community Based Gacaca Tribunals to Deal with the Pastʹ , International Law Forum, 2000, pp. 112 et seq. Saooshi, D., ’The powers of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals’, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, no. 2, 1998, p. 141. Sassoli, Marco, & Olson, Laura M., ʹThe judgement of the ICTY Appeals Chamber on the merits in the Tadic caseʹ, International Review of the Red Cross, 2000 no. 839, p. 733. Schabas, William A., ’Justice, democracy and impunity in post genocide Rwanda: Searching for solutions to impossible problems’, Criminal Law Forum, no. 7, 1996, p. 523. ‐‐ , ’Sentencing by international tribunals: For a human rights approach’, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 7 (2), 1997, pp. 461‐518 (cf. conference paper to Justice in cataclysm: Criminal tribunals in the wake of mass violence, Brussels, 20 July 1996). 32
‐‐ , ’War crimes, crimes against humanity and the death penalty’, Albany Law Review, 60 (3), 1997, pp. 733‐770. ‐‐ , ’International Decisions: Barayagwisa v. Prosecutor’ (ICTR Appeals Chamber, 3 November 1999 & 31 March 2000), American Journal of International Law, vol. 94, no. 3, 2000, pp. 563‐571. ‐ ‐, ʹHate Speeech in Rwanda: The Road to Genocideʹ, McGill Law Journal, 2000, pp. 141 et seq. ‐‐ , ’The Jelesic case and the mens rea of the crime of genocide’, Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 14, no. .2, 2001. Scharf, Michael P., ’Justice in practice ‐ Responding to Rwanda: Accountability mechanisms in the aftermath of genocide’, Journal of International Affairs 1999, Vol. 52 No. 2 , pp. 621‐638 . ‐‐, ’Responding to Rwanda: Accountability mechanisms in the aftermath of genocide’, Journal of International Affairs 1999, 52:2, pp. 621‐638. Scheffer, David, ’The United States and the International Criminal Court’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 93, 1999, pp. 12‐22. Schlosser, François, ’Génocides: pour que la peur change de camp’, Le Nouvel Observateur, no. 1753, 11.6.1998, pp. 36‐37. Shraga, Daphna, & Zacklin, Ralph, ’Symposium towards an International Criminal Court: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, EJIL no. 7, 1996, pp. 501‐518. Simon, T. W., ’Defining Genocide’, Wisconsin International Law Journal, no. 15, 1996, p. 250. Simons, Marlise, ’De tog liv i stället för att rädda dem’, Tempus magazine (Sweden), no. 9, 27 February 2003, p. 17 (translation from a New York Times article on the Ntakirutimana cases, ICTR Judgement of 21 February 2003). Sjöberg, Anita (text), & Pettersson, Per‐Anders (photographs), ’Domens dag i Rwanda’, Tidningen Vi, Stockholm, no. 19, 11 September 2003, pp. 38‐45. Sluiter, Göran, ’To Co‐operate or not to Co‐operate? ‐ The Case of the Failed Transfer of Ntakirutimana to the Rwanda Tribunal’, Leiden Journal of International Law 1998, Vol.11 No. 2, pp. 371‐
384. ‐‐, ’The Surrender of Ntakirutimana Revisited’, Leiden Journal of International Law 2000, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 459‐466. Smis, Stefaan, & Van der Borght, Kim, ’Belgium: Act concerning the punishment of grave breaches of international humanitarian law’, Centre of International Law, Université libre de Bruxelles, International Legal Materials, Brussels, vol. 38, 1999, pp. 918‐925. Sob, Pierre, ’The dynamics of International Criminal Tribunals: Perspectives on achieving effective Human Rights protection’, Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 67, no. 2, 1998, pp. 139‐163 (including a bibliography). 33
‐‐, ’The Dynamics of International Criminal Tribunals’, Nordic Journal of International Law 1998, Vol. 67 No. 2, pp. 139‐163. Solarz, Stephen J., ’Humanitarian intervention: When is force justified?’ Washington Quarterly 1997, 20:4, pp. 3‐14. Steinick, Karl, ’Folkmordets hantverkare berättar’, Svenska Dagbladet, Under strecket, Stockholm, 27.1.2004, p. 7 (review of J. Hatzfeld, Une saison de machettes, Seuil 2003, cf. supra). Stenberg, Ewa, ʹHan har sett det ingen orkar se: Roméo Dallaire ...ʹ, Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, 12.2.2006, p. 24‐25. Stern, B., ’La compétence universelle en France: Le cas des crimes commis en ex‐Yougoslavie et au Rwanda’, German Year Book International, 1997, no. 40, p. 280. von Sternberg, Mark R., ’A comparison of the Yugoslav and Rwandan war crimes tribunals: Universal jurisdiction and the ”elementary dictates of humanity²” ’, Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 1966, no. 22, p. 111. Sundberg‐Weitman, Brita, ʹLaglorderna in re Pinochet: Frågan om immunitetʹ, Svensk Juristtidning, 1999 p. 819. Sunga, Lyal S., ’The first indictments of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Human Rights Law Journal, no. 18, 1997, p. 329. Svenska Dagbladet (TT‐AFP) ’Rwandas folkmördare i rätten: Fyra exministrar tros ha en miljon människoliv på sina samveten’, Stockholm, 7.11.2003, p. 22. Sverker, Jonatan, ’Sanningen om folkmordet’, Nya Dagen, Stockholm, 31.8.2001, p. 8. Säll, Ola, ’Byråd ska döma massmördare’, Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, 23.5.2001, p. 15. Tavernier P., ’The experience of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda’, International Review of the Red Cross, November‐December 1997, no. 321, ICRC, p. 605. Thorin, Valérie, ’Rwanda : Lʹethnicisme, voilà lʹennemi !’, Jeune Afrique l’ Intelligent 2001, 41:2107, pp. 26‐28. Thornton, Brenda Sue, ’The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: A report from the field’, Journal of International Affairs 1999, 52:2, pp. 639‐646. Tournaye, Cécile, ʹGenocidal Intent before the ICTYʹ, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2003, pp. 447 et seq. Truedson, L., ’Ex‐Jugoslavien och Rwanda : Nu ska krigsförbrytarna dömas’, Samhällsmagasinet Epok , 1996, no. 2, pp. 29‐31. Turner, Mark , ’Infighting darkens beacon of Justine’, The Financial Times, London, 24/25 July 1999. 34
‐‐ , ’Giggling judges undermine case for international Justine’, The Financial Times, London, 14 February 2002, p. 12. United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, <www.ictr.org> United States Department of State , ’Report on Human Rights situation: Rwanda’, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 2‐14. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ’A Good Man in Hell: General Roméo Dallaire and the Rwanda Genocide’, DVD, interview recorded on 12 June 2002, Washington, DC, 13 + 88 minutes. Uvin, Peter, ’Difficult choices in the new post‐conflict agenda: The international community in Rwanda after the genocide’, Third World Quarterly 2001, 22:2, pp. 177‐189. Verdirame, Guglielmo, ’The Genocide Convention in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals’, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2000, 49 (3), pp. 578 et seq. Vi, Tidningen, see Sjöberg supra. van der Vyver, J. D., ’Prosecution and punishment of the crime of genocide’, Fordham International Law Journal, 1999, no. 23, p. 286. wa Mutua, Makau, ’The Rwanda Tribunal: A critical assessment’, Africa Legal Aid Quarterly, April‐June 2001, pp. 6. de Waal, A., ’The genocide in Rwanda and the international response’, Current History 1995, 94:591, pp. 156‐161. War Crimes Prosecution Watch (adviser: Michael P. Scharf), <warcrimeswatch@pilpg@org>; <[email protected]> Ward, Olivia, ʺKagame: Sinner or Tutsi Saviour ?ʺ, Toronto Star,Toronto, 30.4.2006, p. A12. Webster, Paul, ’France denies arming Hutus for genocide’, Guardian Weekly, London, 18.1.1998, p. 3. Wedgwood, Ruth, ʹThe International Criminal Court: An American Viewʹ, EJIL, 1999 no. 1, p. 93. Wesslén, Gunnar (text), & Andersson, Pierre (photos), ’Folkmord: Världen såg på när en miljon mördades i Rwanda’, ETC magazine, Stockholm, no. 6, 2002, pp. 21‐50. Wiinblad, Emilie, ’Dommen over et folkedrab’, Politiken, Kronik, Copenhagen, 10.1.2000. Williamson, Jamie A., ’Command Responsibility in the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, in Criminal Law Forum, Official Journal of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Kluwer, The Hague, vol. 13, issue 3, 2002, pp. 365‐384. 35
‐ ‐ , ’La ”procédure” devant les juridictions pénales internationales : La place de la common law’, in Laurence Burgorgue‐Larsen, ’La répression internationale du génocide Rwandai’, Collection du CREDHO, Bruylant, Brussels, 2003, pp. 221 ff. ‐ ‐, ʹThe Jurisprudence of the Internaional Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda on War Crimesʹ, in New England Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 12, no. 1, Fall 2005, pp. 51‐67. ‐ ‐, ʹAn overview of the international criminal jurisdictions operating in Africaʹ, in International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 88, no. 861, March 2006, pp.111‐131. Wladimiroff, Michail, ’The Assignment of Defence Counsel before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, in Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 12, no. 4, 1999, pp. 957‐968. Zahar, Alexander, ’Command Responsibility of Civilian Superiors for Genocide’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Hague International Tribunals, vol. 14, no. 3, 2001, pp. 591‐616. Zehr, Howard, ʹRestorative Justiceʹ, in L. Reychler & T. Paffenholz (eds.), Peacebuilding: A Field Guide, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 2001. Zhu Wenqi, ʹThe Doctrine of Command Responsibility as Applied to Civilian Leaders: The ICTR and the Kayishema Caseʹ, in Sienhoe Yee & Wang Tieya (eds.), International Law in the Post‐Cold War World: Essays in Memory of Li Haopei, 2001, pp. 373 et seq. 3 Films Acquaro, Kimberlee, & Sherman, Stacy, God sleeps in Rwanda, a short documentary, Oscar Academy Award nominee 2006. Assur, Jens, Den sista hunden i Rwanda, a 30 minutes TV film, with Jonas Karlsson & Reine Brynolfsson, firstly broadcast by Swedish Television (SVT 2 ) on 31.5.2006. Baker, Greg, Ghosts of Rwanda, a 154 minutes documentary, reporting on the role of UN, USA, ICRC during the 1994 genocide, produced in 2006 by Frontline, available on DVD, <www.pbs.org>. Caton‐Jones, Michael, Shooting Dogs, a film with John Hurt, premiere: Kigali 2006 [about an ethically torn Catholic priest caught in the middle of the genocide]. Christoffersen, Michael (director), Genocide: The Judgement, a TV documentary on Lennart Aspegrenʹs work as one of the Judges at the Akayesu trial before the ICTR, Arusha; first broadcast in 1998; English Television version (BBC, 43 minutes), Swedish Television version Domare i folkmord (SVT 1 & 2, 45 minutes), Danish Television version Dommer i folkemord (DR, 45 minutes); available on VHR. ‐ ‐, Milosevic on Trial, a TV documentary series on the trial before the ICTY, The Hague; Swedish Television version broadcast in 2007 under the title Milosevic inför rätta (SVT 2, 120 minutes, in two parts). Favreau, Robert, A Sunday in Kigali / Un dimanche à Kigali, un film avec Luc Picard et Fatou NʹDiaye, produit au Rwanda par Equinoxe Productions (Danielle Champoux), Montréal, 2005; basé sur le roman de Gil Courtemanche, Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali (supra). 36
George, Terry, Hotel Rwanda, a fictionalized film with Don Cheadle, Sophie Okonedo and Nick Nolte (playing a UN general loosely based on Roméo Dallaire), produced by LGF & United Artists, 2004. Peck, Raoul, Sometimes in April,, a drama with Debra Winger, partly filmed in Rwanda, HBO Television, 2006. Raymont, Peter (director), Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire, a 90 minutes documentary, produced by White Pine Pictures & the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Toronto, Canada, 2004; available on DVD; cf. Dallaire supra. Some shorter films: A killer’s homecoming (2004, 50 min.), Hand of God, Hand of the Devil (1996, 50 min.), In Rwanda we say... The family that does ...nor speak (2004, 54 min.), Keepers of memory (2004, 50 min.), Kisangani diary (1999, 50 min.), Rwanda: In search for hope (1999, 53 min.), The last just man (2001, 50 min.). :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37