docMap 68 Syria - Princeton University Press
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Map 68 Syria - Princeton University Press
Map 68 Syria Compiled by J.P. Brown (south) and P.-L. Gatier, 1997 Introduction The map is divided into three geographic regions from west to east: the mountainous Jebel Ansariyeh between the coast and the R. Orontes valley; the so-called Limestone Massif of rocky hills and plateaus, ending to the south in the Jebel Zawiye; and the eastern steppe of basalt and limestone which turns to mountains, especially north of Palmyra. The Jebel Ansariyeh remains little known archaeologically. It was probably more heavily forested in antiquity than today, although to what extent remains unclear (Rey-Coquais 1974, 69). The Limestone Massif, divided between Antiochia (Map 67 C4) and Apamea, is crowded with many ruined villages, mostly built during Late Antiquity (fourth to sixth centuries). Here and in the adjoining parts of the steppe, extensive archaeological exploration started at the end of the nineteenth century (de Vogüe 1865; Butler 1903; 1907; Lassus 1935; Tchalenko 1953; Tate 1992). Except around Palmyra (Schlumberger 1951), less work was done in the more eastern parts of the steppe. New surveys have recently begun in this zone (Geyer 1998). Poidebard (1934) and Mouterde (1945) did pioneering research in aerial archaeology, surveying the eastern steppe. Unfortunately their work was not followed up with adequate ground survey and excavation. Thus many of their conclusions have been questioned, especially their proposed dating of the structures they discovered, and the nature of the complex network of roads they identified. Some sites that they identified as Roman forts, for example, have subsequently been dated to the pre-classical or Islamic periods (Kennedy 1990). On the issue of roads, see Thomsen 1917; Bauzou 1989; 1993. The main changes in natural features are water-related. Several dams have been built recently on the R. Euphrates (Tabqa), Orontes (Restan) and other smaller streams, creating reservoirs or lakes. Equally, modern drainage and irrigation have led to the disappearance of swamp areas (Orontes valley and coastal plains) and a reduction in the size of several lakes (Jabboul in E1, Lake of Homs in C4). See Calvet (1992) and Besançon (1995). The ancient dam of the Lake of Homs is hard to date (Roman, according to Seyrig 1959; or earlier, Calvet 1992; Gatier 1996). The supposed long aqueduct from Salamias to Apamea seems very questionable (Geyer 1998). Numerous water channels and qanats were created for agricultural purposes around Salamias and in the region between Jabboul Lake and the Palmyrene mountains (Geyer 1998); most were either made, or restored, in Late Antiquity. Canals for irrigation or transport, or both, are attested in the Euphrates valley (Lauffray 1983). Recent research has identified scattered traces of Hellenistic-Roman centuriation around (H)Emesa, Laodicea and Epiphaneia, as well as in the northern Jebel Zawiye, but many conclusions remain tentative (Dodinet 1990; 1994; Tate 1992, 235; 1994). Much attention has focused on the monasteries known from lists in Syriac sources of the sixth century A.D. The majority are situated in the Limestone Massif (see among others, Caquot in Tchalenko 1953 III; Mundell Mango 1983). South A unique feature of the map (extending into the northern part of Map 69) is the sole epigraphic documentation of a forest from classical antiquity. At some date under the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), two of his procurators, C. Umbrius and Q. Vettius Rufus, marked out the boundaries of the imperial forest in the Mount Lebanon range (no doubt including many stands of the cedar, Cedrus Libani) with the words IMP. HAD. AUG. DEFINITIO SILVARUM. Today their inscriptions stand in the living rock in the midst of barren, sun-baked shale. In 1969-70 Jean-François Breton, in dangerous political conditions, reviewed and republished them (Breton 1980); but he was MAP 68 SYRIA 1043 unable to visit the northern Lebanon. The lines marked on the map follow the placement of the inscriptions, and offer an approximate lower boundary for the forest as it then existed. Within it stand three of the many Roman temples of Lebanon and Antilebanon, described by Krencker (1938). Along the Phoenician coast are the city of Byblos and the later one of Tripolis (although its Greek name predates Alexander). In the desert far to the east stands the caravan city of Palmyra, which for a brief period in the third century A.D. dared to rival Rome. To the south, it was linked to Damascus along a route marked by Roman forts and milestones, the Strata Diocletiana (Dunand 1931); to the northeast, a route attested by TabPeut continued to Soura. The map also marks a route northwest to Apamea (its course very doubtful, but attested by TabPeut), and another poorly attested one west to (H)Emesa. By its very nature the caravan route to the R. Euphrates is likely to have fluctuated considerably, and cannot be marked, despite the frequent mention of it in many Greco-Aramaic inscriptions from Palmyra. The road from Heliopolis (modern Baalbek, Map 69 D1) north to (H)Emesa must surely have been connected to the coastal route in the valley of the R. Eleutheros (Nahr el-Kebir); but only a solitary milestone at modern Semaqiyat attests to it. The great Crusader fortress Krak des Chevaliers (modern Qal'at al-Husn) appears only as the conjectural site of the road-station ‘Carion.’ Directory All place names are in Syria unless otherwise noted Abbreviations DCPP Honigmann I-II P.Cair.Zen. E. Lipiński (ed.), Dictionnaire de la civilization phénicienne et punique, Turnhout, 1992 E. Honigmann, “Historische Topographie von Nordsyrien im Altertum,” I: ZDPV 46 (1923) 149-93; II: ZDPV 47 (1924) 1-64 C.C. Edgar (ed.), Zenon Papyri, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, 5 vols., Cairo, 1925-1940 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F3 G4 Acadama Adada? L RL Dussaud 1927, 275; Mouterde 1945, 109-26 Dussaud 1927, 274; Kennedy 1990, 143-44 C2 A5 E5 C3 *Adana Adonis fl. al-Basiri Amathe/ Epiphaneia Ammattha Amsareddi Amykes Pedion Amyun Anasartha/ Theodoroupolis Anatha = Aracha Androna/ Andarna Antarados/ Constantia Antikasion/ Thronos M. Antilibanus M. L RL R C?HRL Qdeym Sukhneh; cf. Map 91 Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi southernmost Dana Nahr Ibrahim LEB E2 F3 B2 A5 D2 D2 A4 A2 B5 Apamea = Pella Hama Butler 1920, 138-42; Feissel 1980, 329-30 RE; Honigmann I.15b Poidebard 1934, 47, pl. XXX Ploug 1985, 45-46; NPauly Amathe 2; NPauly Epiphaneia 2 Dussaud 1927, 276; Mouterde 1945, 85-86 Mouterde 1945, 106-109 Polyb. 5.59.10 Taylor 1969, 112 Honigmann I.37, 158; Mouterde 1945, 67-68 RL R?L H R R?L/ L Hammam L/ L RL/ L R/ L CHRL el-Anderin Butler 1920, 47-63; BE 1990.934 Tartous Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 119, 196 Kara Douran Dağ Dussaud 1927, 421 Jebel esh-Sherqi LEB / SYR NPauly Antilibanos LEB Hanaser 1044 MAP 68 SYRIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B2 A5 Apameitis Limne Aphrodite Aphakitis, T. § Aphaka Aracha/ Anatha/ ‘Harae’ Arados Arca/ Herakleia en Phoinike/ Caesarea ad Libanum Areth(o)usa Asharne Athis/ Neocaesarea Aueria/ Euareia HRL RL Behiret et-Taqa temple and spring at Afqa LEB Erek Honigmann I.53; Bernard 1995 Krencker 1938, 56-64 Honigmann I.54a; Brown 1969, 67-69 Honigmann I.57; Starcky 1962, 132-39; Bowersock 1973, 133 Rouad Arqa LEB Rey-Coquais 1974, 49; NPauly 1 DCPP Arqa MacAdam 1993, 343 Honigmann I.69a; CIL 3.183 Honigmann I.65 Mouterde 1945, 29 Harper 1980 G4 A4 B4 C4 B3 F2 D5 B4 B4 A3 C2 F2 G2 B3 A2 D4 F4 A5 A4 A5 A5 Bahluniye Baitokaike Balanea/ Leukas el-Bara Barbalissus Barbarikon Bargylus/ Emblonos M. Barlaamus Betproclis Bir Weshel Botrys Bruttus Byblos Bziza RL/ RL/ L CHRL RL/ H/ R HRL R?L? RL R/ R?L Restan Dibsi Faraj Hauwarin L R RL Hosn Soleiman Baniyas IGLSyr 7.4054; Devreese 1945, 193 CIG 3.4474; Rey-Coquais 1974, 272 index Rey-Coquais 1974, 49, 63, 196 L R?L L HR Balis, Meskene district near Resafa Jebel Ansariye Tchalenko 1953 II, pl. 137-39 Ulbert 1989, 283-86 Honigmann I.96 Rey-Coquais 1974, 61; Bernard 1995, 359 L L R HRL L C?HRL R Jebel el-Akra TKY Furqlus Batrun LEB al-Abde? LEB Jebeil LEB LEB E5 Caesarea ad Libanum = Arca Callinicum = Nicephorium *Cara/ ‘Cehere’/ Chonacara? § Goaria § Koara ‘Carion’ Carne/ Karnos Cas(s)ius M. ‘Cehere’ = *Cara Chalcis ad Belum § Chalkidike § Chalcidena *Chasa Cholle Chonacara? = *Cara Chrysorroas fl. Conna Constantia = Antarados Cunna? G2 D5 Dausara ‘Danova’ RL L Qalaat Jaber Mehin? C5 B2 Deleda Derkoush L H?R? Hasya? C5 B4 A4 A2 C2 C2 G3 B3 B5 Honigmann I.174; Dussaud 1927, 280; Devreese 1945, 205; IGLSyr 5.2696 Djobadze 1986, 1-56 NotDig Or. 32.12; Dussaud 1927, 270 Schlumberger 1951, 46-48, 86 DCPP Batroun; NPauly ItBurd 583.3; Dussaud 1927, 78 DCPP; NPauly 1 Krencker 1938, 4-8 RL/ L/ L R R L HR Qara Qal'at el-Husn? Tell Qarnoun Ptol. 5.14.19 Rey-Coquais 1974, 85-88 Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 HRL Jebel el-Akra TKY Djobadze 1986, 3-6 HRL HR 'Is, Qinnesrin Mouterde 1945, 4-9; Fourdrin, 1994 Honigmann I.135 L RL Hass Khoulle Feissel 1980, 336 Honigmann I.143; Dussaud 1927, 253 R R Nahr Baniyas Ras Baalbek LEB Honigmann I.93; Rey-Coquais 1974, 65 ItAnt 199.8; Dussaud 1927, 396-97 RL Khan el-Qattar NotDig Oc. 32.35; Kennedy 1990, 204-205 Dillemann 1962, 109; Lauffray 1983, 55 ItMiller 816; Dussaud 1927, 264-65; Devreese 1945, 203 ItMiller 826; Dussaud 1927, 278 Dussaud 1927, 163-64 ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2709; Dussaud 1927, 264-67; Devreese 1945, 203 MAP 68 SYRIA 1045 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B3 Diokleion M. H?R Jebel Zawiye Bernard 1995, 359 B4 Eleutheros fl. HRL Nahr el-Kebir LEB / SYR F5 R? Tell Ghamqe Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 65 G2 el-Mleke Emblonos M. = Bargylus M. Emesa = (H)Emesa Enydra Epiphaneia = Amathe Euareia = Aueria Euphrates fl. RE; Dussaud 1927, 91; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 89 Poidebard 1934, 179, pl. LXIII A3 F5 A5 C2 Gabala Gennaes Gigarta Goba CHRL R HRL? L Jebele Umm el-Amed Zgharta near Tripoli LEB Bgube Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 66 Mouterde 1931, 107 CIL 3.183, Dussaud 1927, 82 Feissel 1982, 333-34 Hadrianopolis = Palmyra ‘Harae’ = Aracha Harbaara Harbaqa Helela § Alalis L R L R LEB E5 Heliaramia R?L Qasr el-Heir el Gharbi C4 H?RL Homs A2 (H)Emesa § Emisenoi Herakleia? HRL Ras Ibn Hani IGLSyr 5.2650 Kennedy 1990, 70-71 NotDig Or. 33.32; Honigmann I.23; RE Syria, cols. 1665-66, 1703; Kennedy 1990, 155 ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2552-53; Kennedy 1990, 217 Honigmann I.205; Seyrig 1959; PECS 302; Gatier 1996; NPauly Emesa Dussaud 1927, 415-17; Seyrig 1949, 69-70, 399-400; Leriche 1989, 273-75 B5 C3 B2 B5 Herakleia en Phoinike = Arca Hermel Houad Huarte Husn Sfiri R L L R LEB B4 Iammura L Qalaat Yahmour A5 R LEB A5 Imperatoris Hadriani Augusti Definitio Silvarum Itouraioi ItMiller 823; Dussaud 1927, 98; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 62, 88 Breton 1980 HRL LEB Strabo 16.2.18; Schürer 1973 I, 565-67 C2 G5 G3 Jerade Jiffa Juwal L R R?L? A5 C2 C2 C2 HR L L L Qara LEB near Mgara Kaferlatin Kafer Nagd Polyb. 5.68.8; DCPP Qalamoun, Hosn el BE 1996.474 Feissel 1982, 321 Feissel 1982, 323-24 B2 E3 E3 E4 Kalamos Kaperkoraon Kaperlatinou Kapernagatha Karnos = Carne Kassiotis Khirbet ed-Douse Khirbet el-Beida Khirbet el-Bilaas HR R?L R?L? R district S Antiochia C4 E4 Khirbet et-Tin Khirbet Semrin L R Ptol. 5.15.16 Mouterde 1945, 99 Mouterde 1945, 92-93 IGLSyr 5.2549-51; Schlumberger 1939; Mouterde 1945, 51-53 IGLSyr 5.2611 Schlumberger 1951, 13-22 A4 B4 E5 G4 R See Map 93 Hlehleh LEB Krencker 1938, 161-62 Donceel-Voûte 1988, 138-45 Canivet 1987 Krencker 1938, 20-34 Tchalenko 1990, 193-97 Poidebard 1934, 108 pl. CIII Taha 1991 1046 MAP 68 SYRIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B5 Koile Syria/ H/ Biqa' LEB / SYR Massyas § Marsyas HR P.Cair.Zen. 59093; RE; Balty 1982a, 53-62; contra Sartre 1988 RE 3 RE 5 Laodicea § Laodikene § Mazabda Laodicea ad Libanum C?HRL HR C? HRL Lattaquié Sauvaget 1934; 1936; Will 1994, 21 RE Λαοδικηνή Tell Nebi Mend L HRL/ C?RL B2 § ‘Laudicia’ Scabiosa Larissa/ Sizara Leontopolis = Nicephorium Leukas = Balanea Leukos Limen Libanus M. Libo § Heldo Liftaya Lithoprosopon Pr. = Theou Prosopon Lysias? Polyb. 5.45.7; IGLSyr 5.2678-89; Devreese 1945, 206 ItMiller 824 RE Σίζαρα C2 B4 B4 A3 A4 A2 C4 C3 A2 B5 B5 B4 B4 B3 B3 A5 B5 D5 B3 G2 C2 A1 D3 G3 B2 A4 D5 Minet el-Beida LEB Lebweh LEB Stucky 1983 See Map 69 ItAnt 198.3; Dussaud 1927, 396, 409; Krencker 1938, 177 IGLSyr 5.2629-49; Devreese 1945, 206 H Bourzey Dussaud 1927, 152 *Magarataricha Makra(s) Pedion? L HR Ma'ar Tarikh Buqeia plain Maqam er-Rab Maraccas Marathos Maratomyrton? = *Telmenissos Mariamme Marsya? Marsyas? fl. Mashnaqa Massyas = Koile Syria R L HR LEB Khrab Maraqiye 'Amrit Feissel 1980, 330 Strabo 16.2.17; Dussaud 1927, 91; Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 67 Krencker 1938, 102 Rey-Coquais 1974, 120 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 131-36; Saliby, 1989 HRL RL R R Mariamin Massyaf Wadi Tell Armid LEB Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 109 Rey-Coquais 1974, 112 Rey-Coquais 1974, 112; Balty 1982a, 47 Taylor 1969, 108 R?L LEB Qaryateyn See Map 69 ItMiller 816; IGLSyr 5.2697; RE Νάζαλα R around Massyaf Rey-Coquais 1974, 140; Balty 1982a, 47 RL/ H?RL/ L L Raqqa HierSyn 715.1; Ulbert 1989, 291-92 Deir es-Sharqi TKY Fourdrin 1993 See Map 67 'Agerbat Tayibe Mouterde 1945, 49 Honigmann II.343; Kennedy 1990, 136 SYR / TKY Khan ard Artuşi LEB See Map 67 1 Maccabees 15:37; RE 3 Ghunthur? NotDig Or. 32.18; Dussaud 1927, 268 Nakle Nazala § Nezala Nazerini? Neocaesarea = Athis Nicephorium/ Callinicum/ Leontopolis Nikertai Nymphaion/ Balaneion Tiberinon Occaraba Oriza/ Oruba/ Oresa § Orissa Orontes fl. Orthosia Oruba = Oriza Otthara § Otthura § Ocurura § Atera CHL Shaizar RL L L R?L R/ L/ L L HRL L L L R Ptol. 5.14.19 MAP 68 SYRIA Grid Name Period C3 D3 Oumm Harteine Oumm Harteine R?L R?L F4 Palmyra/ Thadamora/ Hadrianopolis Paltos HRL/ H/ RL HRL Tudmur PECS; Starcky 1985, 33-36; Bounni 1989; Will 1992, 30-46 Arab el-Moulk Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 81; Riis 1988, 318-21 HR H/ HRL C? H?R? district E R. Euphrates Qalaat el-Moudiq Strabo 16.2.11 Balty 1981; Bernard 1995 Strabo 16.2.10 Dussaud 1927, 69-70 See Map 69 Burr 48-49 Courbin 1986 A3 Modern Name / Location 1047 Donceel-Voûte 1988, 192-201 Donceel-Voûte 1988, 192-201 A5 A5 A2 A2 Paradeisos = (Tri)Paradeisos Parapotamia Pella/ Apamea § Pharnace § Chersonesos Pelleta? = Tell Soukas Phaidros? fl. Phoenice Phoenicium Mare Posideion H?R Wadi Fedar LEB LEB ACHRL Ras el-Bassit B3 B5 B5 D3 A5 E3 Qadboun Qalaa Qasr el-Banat Qasr Ibn Wardan Qasr Naous Qastal R R R L R R C2 B4 D2 E4 C2 Rabona? Raphaneai Rasm er-Rbeit Rasm es-Shaar Rayan L RL R?L R L Rbei'a Rafniye G2 RL/ L L Resapha C2 Resafa/ Sergioupolis Ruweiha A5 B4 *Saarna Sabbatikon fl. R R Abedat LEB Nahr en-Nab D3 C4 B4 D3 C2 B2 B4 C2 C2 Sabboura Sachama Saisaniye Salamias Sekla Seleukobelos? Semaqiyat Seremyn Sergilla Sergioupolis = Resafa Seriane? Sigata Sigon? Simyra? R?L R L L L RL R L RL Salamiye Bsaqla Jisr es-Shoghour RL L H HRL Isriye Sighata Sahyoun Tell Kazel RL Chin HR R?L R?L Sourriya G2 B3 E3 C2 B2 B4 B4 F2 G2 D2 Sin? Sizara = Larissa Skenitai Soura Stabl Antar Strata Diocletiana Reference LEB LEB LEB Bounni 1997 Rey-Coquais 1972 IGLSyr 6.2908; Krencker 1938, 152-55 Butler 1920, 26-45; BE 1996.475 Krencker 1938, 8-19 Mouterde 1945, 99 Feissel 1980, 336 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 100-111 Mouterde 1945, 80-81 Schlumberger 1951, 44-46 Donceel-Voûte 1988, 261-67; Tchalenko 1990, 199-200 Sauvaget 1939; Ulbert 1989, 288-91 Butler 1920, 142-48; Tchalenko 1990, 183-92 Zaidal Sermin IGRR 3.1060; Dussaud 1927, 70 Jos., BJ 7.99; Brown 1969, 69-70; cf. Rey-Coquais 1974, 87 Mouterde 1945, 44 IGLSyr 5.2560 IGLSyr 7.4050; Devreese 1945, 193 Honigmann II.402 Feissel 1980, 331-32; 1982, 333-34 Balty 1982, 287-89; 1982a, 68-69 IGLSyr 5.2676 Feissel 1982, 325-28 Butler 1920, 113-33 Dussaud 1927, 273; RE; Gogräfe 1993 Feissel 1980, 342 Rey-Coquais 1974, 73 Rey-Coquais 1974, 287 index; Sader 1990; DCPP Kazel, Tell; Badre 1994, 353-56 Rey-Coquais 1974, 50, 105-108 Strabo 16.2.11 Ulbert 1989, 286-88 Butler 1920, 63-64; Mouterde 1945, 174-75 See Roads 1048 MAP 68 SYRIA Grid Name Period F4 C2 Tahun el-Masek Taroutia Emporon R L B4 A3 Tell Sarin Tell Soukas/ Pelleta? *Telmenissos/ Maratomyrton? Tetrapyrgium Thadamora = Palmyra Theleda Theodorias Theodoroupolis = Anasartha Theou Prosopon/ Lithoprosopon Pr. Thronos M. = Antikasion M. Trieres (Tri)Paradeisos Tripolis L A/ RL RL/ L L C2 G2 D3 A2 A5 A5 C5 A5 Modern Name / Location Reference Schlumberger 1951, 48-50, 86-88 Butler 1920, 71-83; Feissel 1991, 299-300 Taroutin et-Tuggar (Kerratin) Qseir es-Seile IGLSyr 7.4053; Devreese 1945, 193 Rey-Coquais 1974, 82-83; PECS; Riis 1988, 321-22 Honigmann II.459; BE 1989.874; Feissel 1991 Poidebard 1934, 83; Ulbert 1989, 288 R L Tell 'Ade district E Laodicea Dussaud 1927, 255 Rey-Coquais 1974, 121 HRL/ L Ras Shaqqa LEB Polyb. 5.68.8; Honigmann II.462b HRL HR CHRL el Heri LEB Jusiye? Tarabulus / Tripoli LEB Polyb. 5.68.8; RE 2 Dussaud 1927, 112 DCPP Tell Menis F5 Veriaraca § Beriarac R?L Khan el-Hallabat NotDig 32.34; CIL 3.14177.4; Kennedy 1990, 203-204 B5 B5 A5 Yaat Yammune Yanuh R R R LEB LEB LEB Krencker 1938, 156-57 Krencker 1938, 38-39 Krencker 1938, 35-37 G2 E2 Zacchaeus?, Mon. Zebed L L Tell Bi'a B2 Zophea L Sfuhun Krebernik 1991 Mouterde 1945, 162-68; Tchalenko 1990, 231 Feissel 1982, 336 Aqueduct Grid Location Period Reference E5 W Harbaqa R Poidebard 1934, 55, 171, 187, pl. XXXI Bridges Grid Location Period Reference A3 B2 B2 B3 G2 Paltos Derkoush Seleukobelos? Asharne Soura R? R? R? R?L? L? Riis 1988, 318-21 Mouterde 1945, 27-28 Mouterde 1945, 27-28 Mouterde 1945, 29 Ulbert 1989, 286 Grid Location Period Reference G2 S Nicephorium Canal Lauffray 1983 MAP 68 SYRIA 1049 Centuriation Grid Location Period Reference A2 C2 C4 around Laodicea N Kapernagatha NE (H)Emesa H?R? R R Dodinet 1994; Tate 1994 Tate 1992; 1994 PECS 302 Grid Location Period Reference C4 E5 SW (H)Emesa SW Harbaqa H? R Calvet 1992, 27-39; Gatier 1996, 434 Poidebard 1934, 55, 171, 187, pl. XXXI Grid Location Period Reference B2 E4 W Seleukobelos? at Khirbet el-Bilaas H?RL R? RE Syria, cols. 1655-56; Balty 1982a, 73 Schlumberger 1939, 41-73; Balty 1982a, 50-51 Dams Passes Roads Grid Name / Itinerary Period Reference E5 Strata Diocletiana RL Dussaud 1927, 266; Dunand 1931; Bauzou 1989; 1993 (H)Emesa → Palmyra RL along Diokleion M. Anasartha → Seriane? Apamea → Amathe → (H)Emesa → Laodicea ad Libanum → Libo Apamea → Occaraba → Palmyra R?L? R?L H?RL Apamea → Raphaneai → Orthosia RL Aueria → ‘Danova’ → Map 69 Chalcis ad Belum → Androna → Seriane? Chalcis ad Belum → Epiphaneia → (H)Emesa Chalcis ad Belum → Nikertai → Apamea Chalcis ad Belum→ Anasartha → Barbalissus Map 67 → Barbalissus → Soura → E Map 67 → Derkoush → Seleukobelos? → Apamea Map 67 → Derkoush → Seleukobelos? → Laodicea RL RL H?RL H?RL RL RL H?RL H?RL Map 67 → Laodicea (2 routes) →Orthosia → Byblos → Map 69 H?RL Thomsen 1917, 25-26 (nos. 37-38); Mouterde 1945, 60 Besançon 1995 Mouterde 1945 IGLS 5.2672-75, 6.2900; RE Syria, cols. 1662-63, 1676-77 ItMiller 826-27; Schlumberger 1939, 67; Mouterde 1945, 41-60; RE Syria, cols. 1672-73 ItMiller 822-23; Dussaud 1927, 93; Mouterde 1945, 29-31; RE Syria, cols. 1673-74; Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 ItAnt 196-97; Bauzou 1985, 139 Mouterde 1945, 1-63; RE Syria, col. 1677 RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Mouterde 1945, 136; Gatier 1995 RE Syria, cols. 1663-66 Mouterde, 1945, 26-29 RE Syria, cols. 1653-56; Rey-Coquais 1974, 70-77 RE Syria, cols. 1654-55; 1669-70; Rey-Coquais 1974, 70-80 RL 1050 Grid MAP 68 SYRIA Name / Itinerary Period Reference Map 69 → Byblos → Arca Map 69 → *Cara→Palmyra Palmyra → E Palmyra → Jiffa → SE RL RL R?L RL Palmyra → Soura Seriane? → Resafa Seriane? → Salamias [→ (H)Emesa] RL RL RL Soura → Nicephorium → Map 67 Soura → Resafa → Oriza → Palmyra RL RL Goodchild 1949 ItMiller 815-16; Dussaud 1927, 264 Mouterde 1931; Gawlikowski 1983 Poidebard 1934, 108 (pl. CIII); Gawlikowski 1983 ItMiller 815; AE 1933.205 Mouterde 1945, 138-40 Mouterde 1945, 140-43; RE Syria, cols. 1677-78 Gawlikowski 1988; Ulbert 1989 RE Syria, cols. 1666-68, 1679-80; Bauzou, 1989; 1993 Unlocated Toponyms Name Period Probable Location Reference Aegyption Teichos Agrippias Anastasia Apollonia Arra HR L L HR? R N Bekaa distinct from Europos? Qalaat Jaber? chora of Apamea Mas'eran? Maaret en-Numan? Strabo 16.2.19; Ghadban 1981, 166-67 Honigmann 1925, 75, 83 GCyp 905H Strabo 16.2.10 RE Syria, cols. 1676-77 Bachaias Basiliscum mutatio Bethmisona L L L S R. Nahr el-Kebir ? in Jebel Zawiye? RE Syria, col. 1655 Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 Mundell Mango 1986, 228-30 Capareas Cattelas Centum Putea R RL R Charadrus/ Chaladropolis Charybdis RL R chasm of R. Orontes, near Derkoush or Shaizar? Bernard 1995, 360 Demetrias Derrima Diospolis? L R HRL S Raphaneai Burdj es-Sleib? Rey-Coquais 1974, 88, 113-14 Honigmann I.159 Dussaud 1927, 415-17; Seyrig 1949, 69-70, 399-400; Leriche 1989, 273-75 Gabeni R people of Ghab valley? Dussaud 1927, 195-96 Hylatae R people of R. Huleh, W Epiphaneia? Dussaud 1927, 196; Jones 1971, 263 Iougaton L chora of Apamea Dussaud 1927, 203 Kapranana Kasianoi L HR? chora of Apamea chora of Apamea Feissel 1982, 332-33 Strabo 16.2.10 Lykos fl. HR N R. Nahr el-Kebir? Rey-Coquais 1974, 74 Mammisea Mediana/ Meziana Megara R L tetrarchy chora of Apamea Balty 1982a, 48 Feissel 1980, 330 HR? chora of Apamea Strabo 16.2.10 Niaccaba Nogea R L between Antiochia and Apamea chora of Apamea RE Syria, col. 1662 Honigmann II.332; Feissel 1982, 324 Kafer Ra'a? Tell Mure? Khirbet Ramadan? Hweisis? Bir Jihar? Kara Douran? RE Syria, cols. 1676-77; Mouterde 1945, 45 Dussaud 1927, 153; RE Syria, col. 1655 Mouterde 1945, 48-57 Dussaud 1927, 421-22 MAP 68 SYRIA 1051 Name Period Probable Location Reference Oraga L chora of Apamea Feissel 1982, 328-32 Pasieria Phela Phisorou R L L between Laodicea and Posideion in Jebel Zawiye? chora of Antiochia Seyrig 1949, 70 Mundell Mango 1986, 231-36 Feissel 1980, 332-33 Rambaioi HR Saltatha Sascha Sinna ‘Skenarchia’ Spelounka Spiclin mutatio RL L HR L R L Sadad? in territory of Epiphaneia Mount Lebanon district near Resafa? Thapsacus CHRL Thorax *Tigranucometae Tripolis Phoinikon L R C not between R. Sadjour and R. Khabour Syria Secunda Zenodotion RL Strabo 16.2.10 Tabbet el-Hammam? NotDig Or. 32.20; Dussaud 1927, 269 Feissel 1980, 332 Strabo 16.2.18; Dussaud 1927, 88-89 HierSyn 713.8 Ptol. 5.14.13; Honigmann II.432 Rey-Coquais 1974, 89 Gawlikowski 1996 near Ras Shamra? 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