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Chapter 9 - Goodfellow Publishers
Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape 9 Edited by David Newsome, Murdoch University, Australia and Ross K. Dowling, Edith Cowan University, Australia Contents Introduction 2 The Hawaiian Islands – a hotspot 2 Hawaii’s economic lifeline: tourism 3 Who is Hawaii’s geotourist? 3 Diversity of volcanic-based geotourism activities in the Hawaiian Islands 5 Case studies 6 http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 Conclusion (G) 11 Published by Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Woodeaton, Oxford, OX3 9TJ http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com Copyright © Goodfellow Publishers Limited 2010 All rights reserved by Goodfellow Publishers Limited. The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. Design and setting by P.K. McBride Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 9 Geotourism in the Hawaiian Islands Lisa M. King, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia Introduction +½Â8½bY8µ½½}bYYbn½}b(8OoO Ob8V½}b8É88µ8Yµ8²b½Ë one of the most isolated places in the world (Juvic and Juvic, 1998), but also one of ½}bFbµ½É¢8É8¯µ8OO8bY8½Â²88½½²8O½µµ½bn²½µÈO8O²uµ – tall mountains deeply eroded by tropical rains and waterfalls into rugged gorges and valleys, a spectacular backdrop for world-class beaches, dramatic volcanic landscapes and forests. The state consists of six main islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai 8Y 8É8 µ8YV 8µ É 8µ ½}b u µ8Y¢ ,É bµµb² É µ8YµV }8 http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 and Kahoolawe, are not open to conventional tourism. Tens of smaller, much older islands, northwest of the main island chain, are protected by-and-large within the Papa}88ÂÂ8b88²b8½8Âb½¢ 8Ë µbO8 ½b²bµ½ ½Â²µ½µ OµYb² ½}b 8É88 µ8Yµ 8µ 8 ½²O8 8²8Yµb¢ Geotourists are especially drawn to the islands to witness their past volcanic history and bÊb²bOb½}bO²²b½b²Â½8O½È½Ën8Âb88É8µ8Yo²µ½}8Y¢ ,}µ O}8½b² µ 8 ½²YÂO½ ½ }É ½}b 8É88 µ8Yµ Éb²b n²bY 8Y ½}b ²½8Obnub½Â²µ½½}b+½8½b¯µbOË¢,}bµÂ²²µuYÈb²µ½Ënub½Â²µ ²b8½bY8O½È½bµ8È88Fb½}b8É88µ8YµµYµOµµbY8uɽ}Èbµ½u8½u É} µ 8É8¯µ ub½Â²µ½¢ ,}²bb O8µb µ½ÂYbµ 8½ ½}b bY n ½}b O}8½b² }u}u}½ Ynnb²b½µµÂbµb²½8u½ub½Â²µ8É8µ8Y¢,}bo²µ½O8µbµ½ÂYËYµOµµbµ }É8É82O8bµ8½8(8²Îbµ½}b²µ½Èµ½²µ88O½ÈbÈO8O landscape while the second reports on how the Park rehabilitated the Sulphur Banks µ½b n² 8 ²u8ÎbY Oubµ½bY ȵ½² 8²b8 ½ 8 88ubY 8½Â²8 ÈO8O 8²b8 where visitors learn about the active volcanic processes being experienced. The last case µ½ÂYËnOµbµ8µ8b½²b²bb²8FµbµµÉ²uɽ}8β88È8½ÂFbV oYu8F88Ob½}8½É²µn²F½}½}bȵ½²8Y½}b²bµÂ²Ob¢,}bO}8½b²OOÂYbµ ½}8½½}b8É88µ8YµÉO½Âb½8½½²8O½8²ubÂFb²µnub½Â²µ½µ½}b foreseeable future. The Hawaiian Islands – a hotspot ÐOO²Yu½8É88bubYV½}bYbuYV8ÂV²8µbY½}bµ8YµÂ½n½}bOb8 ɽ}}µn8Ȳ½boµ}u}3bµ½b²Èb½V¸¸ ¢,Y8ËV½}b½}b²Ën8½b½bO½Oµ (Wegener, 1912, cited in Kious and Tilling, 1996) offers a different scenario. The theory µÂuubµ½µ½}b8²½}¯µO²Âµ½µOµbYn}Âub½bO½O8½bµµÉËÈu8Y²b8²²8uu½}bµbÈbµÈb²ubuO½b¢2O8O8O½È½ËµÂ8ËOO²µ8²ÂY½}bbYubµ n ½}bµb 8µµÈb 8½bµ¢ 3µ ¹¾ YbÈbbY ½}b ®}½µ½¯ ½}b²Ë ½ bÊ8 ½}b formation of volcanic islands thousands of kilometers from the edges of tectonic plates. ,}b}½µ½½}b²Ë²µbµ½}b8É88µ8YµV8Yµ8²ÈO8Oµ8YµVn²8µ Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 9: Geotourism in the Hawaiian Islands 3 a slowly moving tectonic plate intercepts a narrow stream of hot magma rising upward n²½}b8²½}¯µ½b²²3µV¹¾ ¢,}b8u8n²½}µ®}½µ½¯b²Â½µn² ½}bOb8q²VFÂYu8ÈO8½}8½Èb²ubuO½bbb²ubµ8FÈb½}bµÂ²n8Ob of the ocean as an island. As the tectonic plate continues to move, the hotspot occurs beneath a new portion of the plate and repeats the island building process. For example, Kure Atoll, approximately 2100 km northwest from Oahu (Juvic and Juvic, 1998), is ½}bYbµ½8É88µ8Y8FÈbµb8bÈbVÉ}b¯}µb8½V½}bbÉbµ½8É88 ÈO8Vµµ½Fbɽ}bµÂ²n8Obn½}b(8OoO Ob88Y²bµÂbYF˵Ob½µ½µ½Fb directly over the hotspot (Anderson and Schram, 2005). Recent research is calling into question aspects of the popular hotspot paradigm (see Foulger et al., 2005) and facets of the hotspot theory may undergo revision in the future. Hawaii’s economic lifeline: tourism 8É8¯µ bOË µ F8µbY 8²ubË ½Â²µ¢ вÊ8½bË ¸¢¹ ȵ½²µ ½²8ÈbbY½½}b8É88µ8YµÁÏϸɽ}88Èb²8ubbu½}nµ½8Ënµu}½ËÈb² nine days (Dept. of Business, Economic Development and Tourism [DBEDT] 2008a). 2µ½²bÊbY½Â²bµ½½8bYÁ¢gF-+Y8²µÁÏϸ,VÁÏÏg8 ¢ ,²µ 8Y ²bO²b8½ 8²b ½8½bË bY ½ ½}b µ8Yµ¯ OO ÈO8O nb8½Â²bµ¢ 8Yb8YV8b888VO²8½b²V88Â88ËV8Â8b8V½}b8(8 http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 8µ½8Y½}bÈO8bµÉ½}8É82O8bµ8½8(8²j8Â888Ylauea, are all highly popular visitor attractions. These famous sites and landscapes help sell millions of dollars worth of tourist merchandise and memorabilia such as post cards, Fµ8Y2µ·µ²½µb§Âb½µÂO}8µÂ½8Fbµ8Y}uub8²VO½}uV art and real estate. Thus, geotourism is a tremendous contributor both directly and inY²bO½Ë½½}b8É88bOË¢ Who is Hawaii’s geotourist? 3} µ ½}b ub½Â²µ½ 8É8¨ ,}b µb 8µÉb² µ b8²Ë bÈb²Ëb 8µ 8µ½ every island visitor participates in at least one geotourism-related activity during their 8É88}Y8Ë¢+bub½Â²µ²b8½bYȵ½²µ½8½µ½Oµ8²bObO½bYFË8É88 ½Â²µ8ubObµ·½}b²µÂµ½FbObY²nb²²bYn²8YY½8µÂ²Obµ¢+bb,8Fb ¢n²½}bÂFb²nbbÉ}ȵ½µbn8É8¯µµ½OOubuOnb8½Â²bµ¢ b½Â²µÈµ½²O}8²8O½b²µ½OµO8FbYb½obYV8²½VF˲bÈbÉu½}b+½8½bn 8É8b8²½b½nµbµµVOOµ8Y,²µµ½8½µ½Oµ½}²Âu}8ub½Â²µ lens. Table 9.2 shows the percentage of total visitors in various lifestyle/lifestages par½O8½u8²½OÂ8²8É88ub½Â²µ²b8½bY8O½È½bµ8Yȵ½8½µ½8½Âµ¢² example, newlyweds and honeymooners provide a solid market for helicopter and plane ½Â²µ ,V ÁÏÏgF · ½}bµb ½Â²µ µbuV 8²ub 8²½V 8É8¯µ OO 8YµO8bµ¢ ,²FµbÊO²µµVµb8YÈ8½Â²µµ½VÈbÉ8Y½b²²b½8É8¯µn8µ landforms. Self-guided geotourists literally stop everywhere with their travel guidebook ²É½}8Îb½½8YËY8¯µ¹ Roadside Geology of Hawai’i }8Y¢b²µV campers and backpackers may conduct such activities to gain a more intimate connection with the land and its values, to take in less accessible views or spend a longer period of time immersed in the landscape and its contents. Public and commercial parks and gardens are often developed nestled against rugged mountains or with sea views as an additional enticement to pull visitors to the attraction. Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 4 Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape Table 9.1: Visitation to some of Hawaii’s iconic geologic features (2007). Island Total no. of visitors Oahu 4,694,750a Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve Maui Geosite Description of geologic feature Approx. no. of visitors to geosite Flooded volcanic crater with one side open 1,088,660a to the sea forming a curved beach with a protected coral reef and stunning views from the crater rim. Diamond Head Iconic volcanic crater adjacent to Waikiki. State Monument 584,909a Nuuanu Pali State Wayside Park Deeply eroded cliffs with panoramic coastal views immediately off a major tourist route. 905,300b Dormant volcano with colourful cinder cones and dramatic volcanic landscapes. 1,322,817a Eroded caldera of the West Maui volcano covered with lush vegetation. 431,400a 2,463,594a Haleakala National Park Iao Valley State Monument Big Island of Hawaii Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes along 1,622,359a Hawaii 1,467,779a Volcanoes with cinder cones, pit craters, active lava National Park ÜRZVDQGRWKHUYROFDQLFIHDWXUHV http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 Kauai Mauna Kea State Park Mauna Kea, Hawai’i’s tallest volcano at 4025m, partially protected within this park. 64,600b Akaka Falls State Park Two large waterfalls, Akaka and Kahuna, along with several smaller waterfalls are easily viewed by visitors. 189,400b Lava Tree State Monument Impressive lava tree molds standing where a forest once was before taken by lava. 44,400b Deeply eroded sea cliffs resulting from of a FDWDVWURSKLFODQGVOLGHIURPWKHQRUWKÜDQN of the Wai‘ale‘ale volcano. 423,100b 1,200,045a Na Pali Coast State Park Waimea Canyon A gigantic volcanic erosional feature 430,700b State Park FRPSRVHGRIWKRXVDQGVRIODYDÜRZOD\HUV oxidized from black to bright reds. a DBEDT (2008b); b OmniTrak Group Inc, 2007. Table 9.2: Breakdown of the total number of Hawaii’s visitors participating in some geotourism-related activities ( %) (compiled from DBEDT, 2008c). Lifestyle/lifestage segments Activity Wedding/ Honeymoon Family Young Middle age Visitor status Seniors Firsttimers Repeat visitors Helicopter or plane tour 19.5 10.7 10.6 13.8 13.1 14.0 11.4 Tour bus excursion 35.1 22.3 21.9 25.2 37.5 38.9 20.6 Private limousine/van tour 11.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 12.8 11.1 9.5 Self-drives 72.3 79.0 78.5 74.5 68.1 69.0 75.8 hiking/camping/backpacking 25.9 17.2 35.0 20.7 10.6 23.3 17.2 Parks/gardens 58.0 60.0 59.0 56.9 59.7 58.1 57.9 Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 9: Geotourism in the Hawaiian Islands 5 Diversity of volcanic-based geotourism activities in the Hawaiian Islands ,}b8É88µ8Yµnnb²8n²8ubnÈO8OF8µbYn²8½µ8Y8YµO8bµn² the geotourist. Active volcanoes, steam vents, lava tubes, waterfalls, thermal tide pools, ocean blowholes and overlooks with panoramic cliff, sea, mountain or valley views are just a few of the features around the State for geotourists. Actually, spectacular scenery 8YµObOÈb²µ8²b½½FbÂYb²²8½bY¢,}bÁÏϸ8É8®+½8½b(8²µ2µ½² Survey found scenery (61 percent) as the most important factor for the self-drive visitor ½}b²bÈbn8²µ8½µn8O½Vɽ}µObOÈbɵ¾¸b²Ob½ ²8½bYµbOY ,²8²ÂO¢VÁÏϸ ¢²bÊ8bV½}bµObOÈbɵn38b8 8Ë8²b8®Âµ½ µbb¯n²ub½Â²µ½µ½}bµ8Yn8Â8u²b¢ ¢ http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 Figure 9.1: The spectacular Waimea Canyon, often referred to as ‘the Grand Canyon of the 3DFLÛFpLVRQHRIWKHPRVWIDPRXVVFHQLFYLHZVDQGJHRVLWHVRQ.DXDL3KRWRFUHGLW/HODQG Kim. bO½b²8YoÊbYÉu8b½Â²µµ}8²b½}bbÊ8µÈb8YµO8bµÉ½}½}µbÉ} have more holiday dollars to spend. Bus and van tours provide geotourists the chance to view scenic landscapes and take pictures from overlook spots. Many geotourists choose to combine their special interests, during a holiday. For example, those geotourists hiku8uµ½½}bOYb²ObµÉ½}8b8888½8(8²8²bOFu½}b²½b²bµ½ubuËɽ}½}b²8no½Ën²Â½Y8ËF8O8Ou½²µu²b¢Á ¢ Cavers can undertake tours through a limited number of lava tubes open to the public (King, forthcoming), to add them to their mental tally sheet of collected places (King and Prideaux, forthcoming). Others geotourists may opt for less strenuous options such 8µµËF8²Yu8µ}8YO²Âµu8²ÂY½}bµ8YµV½8u½}bÈ8µ½ÈO8O 8YµO8bµY²u½}bY8Ë8YÈbÉu½}bob²ËOb8b½²Ën8Âb8¯µ8È8µqɵ8½ night. Buy this file: http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 6 Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=231 Figure 9.2: Geotourists hiking in the backcountry of Haleakala National Park on Maui. 3KRWRFUHGLW6KDURQ5LQJVYHQ Case studies With the wide range of geologic features and ongoing geomorphological processes in the 8É88µ8Yµ½}b²b8²b8µ8ÂFb²nub½Â²µ88ubb½µµÂbµ+½8½bÉYb¢ ,}b½}²bbO8µbµ½ÂYbµ²bµb½bYFbÉnOµub½Â²µµµÂbµ8É8µ8Y¢ ,}b o²µ½ ½É O8µb µ½ÂYbµ }u}u}½ ub½Â²µ½ 88ubb½ µµÂbµ µYb 8É8 2O8bµ8½8(8²¢,}bo²µ½O8µbµ½ÂY˲b²½µ½}bb8µÂ²bµ½}b(8²}8µbb½bY½Îb²µµ½Èµ½²µ88O½ÈbÈO8O8YµO8b¢,}bµbOYO8µb study illustrates how the Park redesigned the Sulphur Banks site to reduce impacts on ½}bn²8ub²bµÂ²ObFËȵ½²µ¢,}b8β88È8½ÂFbO8ÈbO8µbµ½ÂYË}u}u}½µ}É a small tour operator carefully balances visitor numbers with a strong conservation ethic in order to conserve one of the most important lava tubes in the world. Case study 1: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 8É8® 2O8bµ 8½8 (8² µ ½}b µ½ §Âb 8² ½}b -¢+¢ 8½8 (8² µËµ½bbY²b8Y²8²ËV¸ ¢,}b(8²µ½²b½O}bµn²µb8bÈb½8bbÈ8½n s¹8YbO8µµbµ½}bµÂ½µ8Y²n½Îbµn½Én½}bɲY¯µµ½8O½Èb ÈO8bµV8Â888Y8Âb8-¢+¢8½8(8²+b²ÈObK(+LVÁÏÏg ¢,}b(8² ²½bO½µ bYbO 8Y bY8ub²bY q²8 8Y n8Â8 OÂYu }8Ë n8Ob µYb²µ (Theridion grallator), ½}b 8É88 uµb (Branta sandvicensis) 8µ É 8µ ½}b bbV and the Mauna Loa silversword plant (Argyroxiphium kauense).,}b(8²¯µÂ½µ½8Yu8½Â²88YFuO8²bµÂ²ObµbY½½µYbµu8½8µ8½b²8½8µ}b²b *bµb²ÈbgÏ8Y8-+ 8½Â²83²Yb²½8ub+½bg¸-¢+¢(+VÁÏÏg ¢ ÉbÈb²V½}b²8²Ë½Â²µ8½½²8O½n²½}bb8²Ë¢p8Â8ȵ½²µ½ 8É82O8bµ8½8(8²,VÁÏÏgF µ8Âb8¯µuuÈO8O8O½È½Ë 8Y½}b8²¯µÈ8²b½ËnY²88½OÈO8O8YµO8bµ¢ Chapter extract To buy the full file, and for copyright information, click here http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/academic-publishing.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&st oryID=231 All rights reserved. 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