A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide

Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
Academic year 2010 – 2011
A case study of health risk estimate for pesticide-users of
fruits and vegetable farmers in Cameroon
Christopher Ndi AMUOH
Promoters:
Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen
Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe
Tutor:
Ir. Ilse Delcour
Master’s dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Nutrition and Rural Development,
Main subject: Human Nutrition
1
Copyright
“All rights are reserved. The author, the promoters and the tutor permit the use of this
Master’s Dissertation for consulting purposes and copying of parts for personal use. However,
any other use falls under the limitations of copyright regulations, particularly the stringent
obligation to explicitly mention the source when citing parts out of this Master’s dissertation”.
Ghent, June 2011
The Promoters
Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsen
Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
The Tutor
The Author
Ilse Delcour
Christopher Ndi AMUOH
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
i
Dedication
This piece of work is entirely dedicated to the Amuoh and Achu’s family
ii
Acknowledgement
This case study of Cameroon was carried out in five regions of Cameroon under the
project VEGI-TRADE within the Department of Food Safety and Food Quality of the Faculty
of Bioscience Engineering of the Ghent University.
My greatest thanks go to my promoters, Dr. ir. Liesbeth Jaxcsens, Dr. ir. Pieter Spanoghe
for accepting, encouraging, guiding me and for their constructive criticisms on which this
work is done.
I am also very grateful to my tutor Ir. Ilse Delcour for the encouragement and her
constructive criticism to this piece of work.
My thanks also go to the coordinators and staff of the Department of Nutrition and Rural
Development for guiding me through this study programme.
I equally wish to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to the staff and friends of Global
Initiative for Sustainable development Programmes for their assistance in data collection and
throughout my study period.
I wish also to sincerely thank Mrs. Ndikontar Alice of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development Cameroon, for her moral and material assistance.
I will not forget my friends; Fonbah Cletus Chick, Atanga Wilson Nebafor, Tancho John
Siabze and Fru Alfred Ngufor for their assistance in developing and administering the
questions
I am equally thankful to Mr. Njoh Wanduku Tembong of World Vegetable Centre
Cameroon for providing me with documentation and necessary information about vegetable
cultivation in Cameroon
My warmest gratitude goes to my dear family; my mother Mary Amundam, my brothers
and sisters; Amuoh Margeret N., Amuoh Juliana A., Amuoh Anthony S., Amuoh Florence A.,
Amuoh Pius N., Amuoh Fidelis T., Amuoh Martin F., Amuoh Patricia A., Amuoh Doris N.
for their concern, moral support and prayers to the success of my studies.
I am particularly very grateful to my beloved wife Anita Injoh Amuoh, my children;
Amuoh Velma-Wendi Amundam, Amuoh McRollins Ngoh for their patience and prayers
during this period spent in their absence. I will never forget the words of children “Dady, how
is studies? How is life over there? Have you eating? When are you coming?”
iii
Abstract
The present study was carried out under the project Vegi-Trade and was aimed to estimate the
health risk of vegetable farmers to pesticide users in Cameroon. The main objective of the
study was to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small scale independent
vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational cooperation in Cameroon.
The main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the percentage of farmers
using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of pesticides use were also
investigated. The types, source of pesticides used and method of application of the available
pesticides as compared to the recommended standard methods were equally analysed. Finally,
common illnesses in the area which may be related to the use of pesticides were also analysed.
Developing countries, Cameroon inclusive rely on pesticides for agricultural production. Due
to high temperatures coupled with high humidity of tropics, the pest and disease problems
increase. The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to standards for
cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. The use of pesticides in
Cameroon was 100% sudsidized in the the 80s and 90s and this caused farmers to depend on
chemical pesticides for agricultural production. A variety of fruits and vegetables are
cultivated in Cameroon, many of which are of economic and regional importance but data is
only available for few.
In Cameroon, the small scale farmers are most of the time left on their own. They rely on
neighbouring cities and local dealers for pesticides and farm inputs. These farmers lack the
necessary training to update their knowledge. It is easy to find farmers spraying without body
covering, smoking, eating and drinking during spraying or using fake, adulterated and expired
pesticides, using pesticides meant for cocoa or cotton on fruits and vegetables, and sometimes
the equipment they use leak. Although the multinational companies use technological inputs,
the workers are still exposed to pesticides during mixing and also when airplanes are used to
spray the fields during working hours. A recent study conducted in Cameroon points out side
usage of pesticides banned in other countries (chlordecone in the Caribbean). Common
illnesses with small scale farmers include body itches, cough, stomach ulcer (diarrhoea), eye
problems, and respiratory problem. The same problems are recorded in the area where the
multinational companies are located but higher and including frequent deaths which they
attribute to witchcraft.
iv
Abrreviations
ADI:
Acceptable Daily Intake
AFSSA:
Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments
AGRODEC CAM:
Agricultural development Company Cameroon
AU-ICC:
Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union
AVRDC
World Vegetable Centre
CARBAP:
African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and plantains
CCAP:
Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa
CCHD:
Catholic Committee against Hunger and Development
CDA:
Controlled Drop Application
CDC:
Cameroon Development Cooperation
CEMAC:
Economic and Monetary Committee of Central African States
CFR:
Code of Federal Regulation
CIA:
Central Intelligence Agency
DDT:
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
FAO:
Food and Agricultural Organisation
FFV:
Fresh fruits and vegetables
GAP:
Good Agricultural Practices
GDP:
Gross Domestic Product
ICPM:
Integrated Crop and Pests Management
IFSS:
International Food Safety Standards
IMF:
International Monetary Fund
IRAD:
Institute for Agronomic Research
ISO:
International Organisation for Standardisation
IUPAC:
International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
MAC:
Maximum Allowable Concentration
MINADER:
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
MINEF:
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
MRLs:
Maximum Residue Limits
v
NGOs:
Non-Governmental Organisations
PHP:
Penja Haut Plantation
POPs:
Persistent Organic Pollutants
SAILD:
Support Services to Grassroot Initiative of Development
SOWEDA:
South West Development Authority
SPNP:
Société des plantations nouvelles de Penja
SPS:
Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary
SPSS:
Statistical programme for Social Sciences
UK:
United Kingdom
UN:
United Nation
US-EPA's:
United State Environmental Protection Agency
WHO:
World Health Organisation
vi
Table of Contents
Copyright ............................................................................................................................... i
Dedication ............................................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iv
Abrreviations ........................................................................................................................ v
Tables ................................................................................................................................... x
Figures ................................................................................................................................. xi
Chapter1. General Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides ....................................................................................... 3
1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 4
1.4 Objective of the study ............................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1 Overall Objective.............................................................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................ 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................... 6
2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage........................................................ 6
2.1.1 Major crops ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Total vegetable production.............................................................................................. 8
2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests ..................................................................................... 10
2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and Multinational
Cooperation ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Pesticides usage and effects ................................................................................................. 13
2.4.1Pesticide pollution .......................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Exposure to pesticides .......................................................................................................... 15
2.6 Application Techniques ......................................................................................................... 17
2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides ......................................................................................... 18
2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues .................................................................................. 18
vii
2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides ...................................................................................................... 19
2.7.3 Acute toxicity ................................................................................................................. 19
2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides ........................................................................................... 19
2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4) ......................................................................................... 20
2.7.6 Other problems .............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 23
3.1 Development of questionnaire ............................................................................................. 23
3.2 Selection of regions............................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Data Collection ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.4 Administration of the questionnaires ................................................................................... 25
3.5 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations .............................................................. 28
4.1 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 28
4.1.1 Farm size ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.2 Quantity Produced ......................................................................................................... 29
4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon ............................... 31
4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides................................. 35
4.1.5 Pesticide problems......................................................................................................... 37
4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides ................................................................................................. 38
4.1.7 Pesticide residue ............................................................................................................ 39
4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides .................................................................................................. 39
4.1.9 Pest and disease impact................................................................................................. 39
4.1.10 Food Consumption....................................................................................................... 40
4.1.11 Food Preparation ......................................................................................................... 40
4.1.12 Climate change ............................................................................................................ 41
4.2 Observations ......................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon................................................................ 44
4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure ............................................................................ 45
4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system ........................................................... 45
4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government .............................................................. 45
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................... 47
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 47
viii
5.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................. 48
5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases .......................................................... 48
5.2.2 Awareness / Training ..................................................................................................... 48
5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment ........................................................................ 49
5.2.4 Food Safety .................................................................................................................... 50
References .......................................................................................................................... 51
Annexes
Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)
Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture
Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides
ix
Tables
Table 2.2: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon ..................................... 9
Table 3.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major Vegetable
crops ...................................................................................................................... 10
Table 2.4: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases ............................................ 11
Table 2. 5: Toxicity categories for active ingredients. ............................................................. 22
Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region ................................................................... 26
Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent ................. 28
Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon ............................. 32
Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency .......................................................................... 34
4.1.5.1 Small scale farms ......................................................................................................... 37
4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation ........................................................................ 38
Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed .......................................................... 38
x
Figures
Figure 3. 1: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones .................................. 24
Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of Cameroon 29
Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ........................................... 30
Figure 4.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei ....................................... 30
Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon............................................. 31
Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide ........................................................................... 35
Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users .................................................................... 37
xi
Chapter1. General Introduction
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2010) report , Cameroon is an economic
paradox with an incredible amount of natural resources including petroleum, timber,
extremely favourable conditions for agriculture and mineral resources. Due to a lack of
structural economic reforms, widespread corruption and lack of a clear vision and
development strategy for the country, approximately 39.9% of Cameroonians live below the
poverty line with less than 1$ per day. Approximately 41% of Cameroonians have access to
drinking water, 40% of households have access to electricity and only 31.5% have access to a
decent toilet. The country has a GDP per capital – Purchasing Power Parity of $2,300 (CIA,
2010)
Cameroon is situated in Central West Africa from latitude 3° to 13° north of the Equator.
Geographically it is a West African country but politically it belongs to Central Africa (Neba
and Aaron, 1999). The country shares its borders with Chad, Central African Republic,
Congo, Gabon, Equatoria Guinea and Nigeria. It has a range of agro-ecological zones, from
dry desert areas in the north to equatorial rain forest in the south. These zones are namely: the
Soudano-Sahelian zone (Maroua, Garoua), the High Guinea Savannah zone (Wakwa –
Ngaoundéré), the Western High plateau zone (Bambui – Mankon), the Humid Forest
Monomodal zone (Ekona) and the Humid Forest Bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé)
which all account for the cultivation of varied crop types (see figure 3.1). The country has a
surface area of 475,440 km², with a population of 19,521,645(WB, 2009). Cameroon is
subdivided into 10 regions, two of them are English speaking and 8 are French speaking. The
official
languages
are
English
and
French
(http://fita.org/countries/cameroon.html?ma_rubrique=panorama). There are more than 260
local African languages spoken in Cameroon.
Climatically, Cameroon is hot and dry (November to February), rainy in October with
temperatures ranging from 22°C to 29°C in the South. In the North, there are varying
temperatures which sometimes exceed 40°C. The Adamawa plateau experiences a sharp drop
1
in temperatures at night with rainy season from May-Oct while the Grassland inland areas are
much cooler than the Coast with regular rainfall (country ref. December, 2009).
The rainfall varies from area to area from 380-600mm annually in the semi-arid north regions,
1500mm in Adamaoua highland, 2500-4000mm along the coast and reaching 10000mm of
rain along the western slopes of Mount Cameroon, where abundant rain falls almost
throughout the year (Neba A., 2010).
The economy of Cameroon relies principally on agriculture with about 75% of the active
population involved in agricultural production which accounts for approximately 50% of total
exports (Wolfgang G., 1997). The country has a great agricultural potential with the climate
ranging from humid to semi-arid. In 1972, through the Cameroon Green Revolution that was
launched in Buea, the government encouraged mono-cropping with the use of chemical
inputs, subsidizing up to 65% and 100% of the cost of fertilizer and pesticides respectively.
With the government subsidies and credit, many farmers shifted towards export crop
production and agriculture became heavily dependent on external inputs like fertilizers and
pesticides. (Wolfgang G., 1997).
Cameroon is the bread basket for the West and Central African regions in terms of food
production. Significant proportions of the population depend on the production of fruits and
vegetables for their livelihood. Majority of the fruits and vegetables produced in Cameroon
are exported to neighbouring countries of Central and West Africa, Europe and America,
Bananas, cabbages, lettuces for example are exported to Europe fresh. Top vegetables
cultivated include: onion, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots, Irish potatoes, leeks, celery, parsley,
green beans, pepper, water melon, okra, lettuce and cucumbers. Top fruits cultivated in
Cameroon include: bananas, oranges, papaw (papaya), pineapples, plums, mangoes, pears,
sugarcanes. Though the country has fertile soils, the agricultural sector still face some major
constrains like; inappropriate farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment,
lack of safety precautions, absence of effective control measures on Maximum Residue Limits
(MRLs), and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control.
The use of
pesticides for effective pest control is generating a lot of public health and environmental
concern.
2
1.1 Advantages of the use of pesticides
The use of agrochemicals is both beneficial and harmful. Beneficial effects are associated
with increased plant yields, an increase in animal crops and less spoilage during storage.
Agrochemicals combined with genetically improved varieties of crop species have
contributed positively to the successes of the “green revolution” that has helped to increase
food supply to the rapidly increasing world population. As an example, rice is the main staple
food for millions of people worldwide. Negatively, agrochemicals (pesticides) have produced
contamination which involves the widespread presence of pesticide residues in virtually all
wildlife, well water, and food and even in humans. Some people believe that residues of some
of the chemicals used in animal husbandry ends up as a problem, for example traces of
antibiotics and bovine growth hormones in consumer products like meat or milk (Fernando P.
and Carvalho, 2005)
According to Wiki Answers,: pesticides are an economical way of controlling pests. The use
of pesticides requires low labour input and large areas can be effectively treated within the
shortest possible time. In 2004, Dini et al. pointed out that there is four-fold return on every
dollar a farmer spends on pesticides. A suitable pesticide is available for almost all pest
problems with variation in type, activity and persistence.
Using pesticides will reduce diseases and increase food production with a higher supply and
variety of high quality products at reasonable prices (Wiki Answers). Nutritious free food,
that is foods that are free of pesticides or disease causing agents, and flowers that have not
been damaged by pests cannot be obtained without the use of pesticides. Pesticides are often
used to stop the spread of pests in imports and exports, preventing weeds in gardens and
protecting house and furniture from destruction (Wiki Answers).
1.2 Disadvantages of Pesticides
The above website equally indicates the following disadvantages: the use of some pesticides
will lead to reduction of beneficial species such as bees, birds, soil and aquatic organisms,
applying chemicals on fields can affect animals which interact with the targeted pests. The
reduction in these other organisms can result in changes in the biodiversity of an area and
affect natural biological balances.
3
Pesticides can affect other areas during application and can cause severe problems in different
crops, livestock, waterways and the general environment, wildlife and fish are the most
affected. Taking special note of weather conditions can reduce drift.
The use of pesticides may lead to residues in human food. This can either be by direct
application onto the food, or by bio-magnification along the food line. Not all levels are
undesirable but unnecessary and dangerous levels must be avoided through good agricultural
practice.
Persistent use of products in agricultural areas can lead to chemicals reaching the underground
aquifers causing ground water contamination. When the same pesticides are overused, the
targeted pest can develop resistance to the pesticide. Excessive exposure to pesticides without
safe handling procedures and wearing of protective clothing can lead to poisoning. Poisoning
risks depend on dose, toxicity, duration of exposure and sensitivity.
Farmers and farm-workers can get exposed to pesticides through four primary routes namely
ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption, and absorption through the eyes. Individuals in a
farm situation can get exposed to pesticides in various ways (Okello J.J. and Swinton S.M.,
2010). These include entry into freshly sprayed fields, eating while spraying pesticides, skin
contact with liquid, powder or aerosol forms of pesticides, eating contaminated foods, eating
unwashed products. Exposure to toxic pesticides can result in health hazards in the form of
acute or chronic illnesses (Maumbe B.M. and Swinton S.M., 2003).
1.3 Problem Statement
The use of pesticides for effective pest control is regulated in a way that the safety limits are
not reached when applying according to the good agricultural practices (GAP). Environmental
contamination, water contamination, air pollution, aquatic habitat as well as human health are
endangered due to sources of the pesticides, poor equipment, lack of safety measures, and
wrong dosage of pesticides, pesticide misuse, poor extension services and the absence of
strong policies regulation of the pesticide.
4
1.4 Objective of the study
1.4.1 Overall Objective
The overall objective of the study is to investigate the health risk due to pesticide use by small
scale independent vegetable farmers and fruits farmers employed under multinational
cooperation in Cameroon.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
•
To determine the main types of vegetables and fruits produced in Cameroon, the
percentage of farmers using chemical pesticides and the frequency and dosage of
pesticides use;
•
To determine the types, the source of pesticides used and method of application of the
available pesticides compared to the recommended standard methods;
•
To determine the common illnesses in the area which maybe related to the use of
pesticides;
•
To assess the policies in place with regards to pesticides application and make
comparison between the existing policies with the recommended standard policies and
then possibly make some recommendations.
5
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Overview of Vegetable Production and Pesticide Usage
In order to produce for international markets, developing country farmers rely on pesticides
for agricultural production (Maumbe B. M. & Swinton S.M., 2003). High temperatures
coupled with high humidity of tropical climates exacerbate the pest and disease problems
(Okello J.J., 2005). The use of pesticides in the tropics has been highly pronounced due to
standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits and vegetables. Many
developing countries seeking to diversify their production from staples to high value
commodities have made improvements in production and export of fresh produce. Growth has
especially been greatest in the fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) and in the flower subsectors.
In the 1980s and 1990s due to fall in the prices of coffee and cocoa, most African country
farmers embarked on the cultivation and exports of FFV with most of these destined to
Europe (with UK, Holland, Germany, and Italy being the leading importers) (Okello J.J. et al.,
2010). As is the case with the Kenyan Green bean sector, the strong expansion in green bean
exports is largely targeted at European consumers who demand aesthetic quality attributes
such as spotlessness that generally encourage increased use of pesticides (Farina. E and
Reardon T, 2000). The demand for cosmetic quality attributes (color, shape, spotlessness) has
been held responsible for increasing pesticide use in the production of fresh exports from
developing countries. Ohayo- Mitoko, 1997 documents cases of widespread use of pesticides
in Asia and Kenya respectively. Excessive use of pesticides in Kenyan horticultural industry
has also been reported (Mwanthi M. and Kimani V., 1990; Okado M., 2001 and Jaffee S.,
2003). These studies suggest that many Kenyan fresh export vegetable farmers used pesticides
indiscriminately, in some cases, applying pesticides meant for other crops (such as coffee) on
6
fresh vegetables. As a result of the abusive use of pesticides and its effect on human health
and the environment, developing countries governments have revised their pesticide residue
standards. This standard is aimed at introducing a new order in the use of pesticides for the
production of fruits and vegetables destined for developed countries. According to standards
by International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), only pesticides that are safe to farmers and
farm-workers, other non-target species and the consumers should be used in production of
vegetables for exports. However, the safer pesticides are often either more expensive or less
efficacious (Jaffee S., 2003). The same standards points to the fact that farmers and pesticide
users are required, under International Food Safety Standards (IFSS), to handle, apply and
discard leftover pesticides safely in order to reduce the hazards they pose to non-target
animals, themselves and plant species. These requirements are reinforced by farmer training
on safe use, storage and disposal of pesticides and enforced via close monitoring for
compliance. According to African analysts “the expected benefits to European consumers
would impose unacceptable costs on African producers, especially smallholders and hence,
the welfare effects of African producers” (Mungai N., 2004). The compliance with European
IFSS has been a subject of intense debate.
2.1.1 Major crops
A non exhaustive literature review (Tankou C., 1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001) showed
that the main categories of vegetables cultivated in Cameroon comprise of root, bulb, leafy
and fruit vegetables. Root vegetables include carrot, beet root and potato. Onion and garlic are
the major bulb vegetables whereas major leafy vegetables include huckleberry, amaranth,
cabbage, bush okra, lettuce, parsley, celery, leeks. Other major vegetables grown in
Cameroon include pepper (sweet and hot), green beans, tomatoes, garden egg, okra, and sweet
melon, cucurbits, cucumber and water melon.
7
2.1.2 Total vegetable production
Out of the list in table 2.1, 20 vegetables and fruits are of economic and regional importance
as reported by Kouamé C., (2007), for the humid zone of West and Central Africa: These are
illustrated in table 2.4. According to the same source, literature of their total production and
cultivated surface area was available only for five, namely, egusi, okra, onion, hot pepper and
tomato.
8
Table 2.1: Some main cultivated Fruits and Vegetables in Cameroon
Count
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Scientific Name
English
French
Allium cepa
Allium porrum
Allium sativum
Amaranthus hybridus
Apium graveolens
Brassica oleracea
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens
Citrullus vulgaris
Corchorus olitorius
Cucumis mani
Cucumis sativus
Cucumis melo
Curcurbita moschata
Daucus carota
Hibiscus esculentus
Lactuca sativa
Lycopersicon esculenttum
Petroselinum sativum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Solanum melongena
Solanum nigrum
Solanum tuberosum
Musa spp
Carica papaya L
Ananas comosus L.
Persea americana Miller
Citrus sinensis
Mangifera indica
onion
leeks
garlic
amaranthus
celery
cabbage
sweet pepper
hot pepper
water melon
bush okra
egusi, gourd
cucumber
sweet melon
pumpkin
carrot
okra
lettuce
tomato
parsley
green bean
garden egg
huckleberry
irish potato
banana
pawpaw
pineapple
Avocado
orange
mango
oignon
poireaux
ail
amaranthe
celeri
choux
poivron
piment
pastèque
corette portagère
pistache
concombre
melon
citrouille
carotte
gombo
Laitue
tomate
Persil
haricot vert
aubergine
morelle
pomme de terre
banane
papaye
ananas
Avocat
orange
mangue
Source: (Kouamé C., 2007; Fontem D., 1991)
9
Table 2.2: Cultivated Surface Area (Ha) and production (tonnes) of some major
Vegetable crops
Egusi/Concombre
Vegetable
Year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Okra/
Onion/
Hot pepper/
Gombo
Oignon
Piment
Tomatoes
SA (ha)
101412
28230
6420
4968
23597
PROD(t)
124686
33320
68655
6685
380039
SA (ha)
98095
32990
7383
5507
28788
PROD(t)
127429
34120
70303
7287
389160
SA (ha)
121887
38553
8491
6104
35122
PROD(t)
122306
34938
71990
7942
398500
SA (ha)
115214
45054
9764
6765
42849
PROD(t)
124997
35777
73718
8657
408064
SA (ha)
108541
51555
11037
7426
50576
PROD(t)
12774
3663
7548
943
41785
Source: (IRAD, 2007)
The review showed that at each year from 2001 to 2005, tomatoes recorded the highest
production, followed by egusi then onion, okra and lastly by pepper. However, the tendency
was different for the cultivated area, with egusi occupying the widest area for each subsequent
year from 2001, followed by okra, then tomatoes, onions and lastly by pepper.
2.2 Major vegetable diseases and pests
A study conducted on some of the major fruits and vegetales (Fontem D., 1991; Tankou C.,
1996; SAILD, 1998; SAILD, 2001; Nounamo et al., 2005; Djiéto-Lordon and Aléné C.,
2006,) reveals the following diseases and pests shown in table 3.
10
Table 2.3: A review of some major vegetable pests and diseases
No.
1
Vegetable
Tomato
Major diseases
Bacteria wilt, early blight, late blight,
damping off, mosaic virus
Pink root, downy mildew, neck root, soft
rot, yellow dwarf, smut
2
Onion
3
Cabbage
Stemphylium, diverse rots, damping-off
4
Sweet
pepper
5
6
Hot pepper
Bush okra
Mildew, cercospora leaf spot,
phytopthora blight, fusarium wilt,
anthracnose, ripe rot, tobacco mosaic
virus, cucumber mosaic virus, gal
formations
Anthracnose, die-back, mosaic virus
Wilt
7
Egusi,
gourd
8
Okra
9
10
11
12
Green
Wet rot of leaves, damping of seedlings
Garden egg Bacterial wilt
Huckleberry Late blight, yellow vein clearing, viral
disease
leeks
13
banana
Antracnose, Crown rot, Sigatoka disease
14
pawpaw
15
avocados
Antracnose, Phytophthora rot, Stem end
rots
Anthracnose/black spot, Stem end rots,
16
pineapple
Oidium (Erysiphe cichoracearum),
sclerotinia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum),
anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp),
cercospora, virus, mildew
Leaf spot, powdery mildew, dry rot
black rot (soft rot/stem-end rot/water rot),
Fruitlet core rot (brown rot/black rot/eye
rot/black spot)
Major pest
Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm, rootknot nematode
Red spider, onion thrips, pea leaf miner
larvae, cutworms, nematodes, wireworms,
onion maggots
Cutworms, aphids, cabbage moth (Mamestra
(Barathra) brassicae), slugs, caterpillars
Flee beetles, cutworms, aphids, vegetable
weevil, caterpillars, grasshoppers, pepper
maggots, leaf miners
Ants, cératite (Mediterranean fly)
Sweet potato butterfly, root-knot nematode,
cotton leafworm
Nematode, mites, aphids, thrips
Melon aphids, cotton stainer, corn earworm,
root-knot nematode, flea beetle, jassides
Leaf miner, cutworms, nematodes
Flea beetles
Cutworms, ants
Leaf miners, mites, corn earthworm,, rootknot nematode
Colletotrichum musae, Lasiodiplodia
theobromae (Botryodiplodia theobromae),
Ceratocystis paradoxa, Colletotrichum
musae, Fusarium pallidoroseum,
Verticillium theobromae,
Mycosphaerella musicola and
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Glomerella cingulata, Phytophthora
palmivora, Mycosphaerella caricae
Glomerella cingulata ,Lasiodiplodia
(Botriodiplodia) theobromae, Phomopsis
perseae, Dothiorella
Ceratocystis paradoxa, Gibberella fujikuroi,
Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium
funiculosum, Pseudomonas ananas.
Source: Kouame C, 2007
11
2.3 Differences in farming between the small scale vegetable Farmers and
Multinational Cooperation
Small scale farmers cultivate smaller farm sizes e.g. 2-5ha depending on the available
incomes. They rely in family labour for work in the farmers. They equally rely on
neighbouring cities, countries and local dealers (resellers) for pesticides and other farm inputs.
They do not undertake frequent trainings to update their knowledge on new farming
techniques but depend on trials and friends for advice on pesticides.
For a multinational cooperation, there is high investment in capital, employed labour force
and high technological input in terms of pesticide application and farm management. These
companies include Delmonte Banana, Dole, SPNP, PHP, CDC and many others involve with
banana production and export. Others such as Camfarmers group, Dole Food inc, SOWEDA
Farmers, AGRODEC CAM, Pago Group, Export Commifas, Afro investment plc, Salvation
Food company, CDC Belmonte, Delmonte Younga Dedacus, Cameroon Development
Cooperation (CDC) and many others export fresh fruits and vegetables from Cameroon to
other parts of the world more specifically to west and central Africa, Europe and parts of
Asia.
With regards to banana production, Cameroon and Ivory Coast have the same production with
both countries producing about 250 - 300 x 103 tons of bananas yearly and exporting it to the
European Union (EU).
In Ivory Coast, most bananas are produced on 65 small farms
occupying 5500 hectares of land while in Cameroon, banana is produced by multinationals
who are established as important producers and who control the export trade (Arias et al,
2004).
The Catholic Committee for the fight against Hunger and under development (CCHD) and
Oxfam- Agirici, in a recent report, classifies the Penja Haute Plantation (PHP) among the
most “unscrupulous” companies that exist. The accusations are expropriation of land to the
detriment of local farmers through dubious if not illegal means, poor working conditions for
its 600 employees some of who work for as much as 15 hours a day without compensation,
lack of freedom to form unions and wrongful dismissals (Pigeaud F., 2009).
12
The same report equally points out the fact that the inhabitants complain of pollution caused
by fungicides and pesticides (chlordecone) used by the banana companies, some of which
have recently been banned by the EU because they pose a health hazard. As indicated by the
report, the inhabitants complained of water pollution “Our river, our only source of water is
polluted” says the inhabitant of a hamlet located near Njombe. Most of the pesticides are
sprayed by airplanes which are easily inhaled by the inhabitants. From a report confirmed by
health officials, the most common diseases after malaria are respiratory diseases and skin
disorders, two health problems associated with the use of chemical substances. Many
witnesses also refer to the high number of cancers as proof of that.
2.4 Pesticides usage and effects
Pesticides are used to reduce the abundance of pest species and diseases in agriculture.
Unfortunately during application, the exposure of non-target organisms, including humans is
not well controlled. This is especially the case when fields are sprayed, for example when
using application equipment drawn by a tractor or mounted on airplanes. This occurs on the
treated site and also on nearby off-sites as a result of "drift", volitalization, contacts, and
runoffs or washed off by rain of the sprayed agrochemical. The non-target exposures result in
many unnecessary poisonings and deaths of organisms that are not agricultural pests.
Persistent pesticides such as DDT, dieldrin and aldrin cause a widespread environmental
contamination (Spearks et al. 2002).
In the 1960s, DDT was used for preventing many fish-eating birds from reproducing, which
was a serious threat to biodiversity. The agricultural use of DDT is now banned under the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, but it is still used in some developing
nations including Cameroon to prevent malaria and other tropical diseases by spraying on
interior walls to kill or repel mosquitoes. DDT was used in 1960 for household uses in public
health. Build up of resistance to it has been noted in the southern area of Cameroon (Gimou
M. et al, 1997).
Massive doses of DDT were used in anti-vector control in the Sanaga basin. This has resulted
in insects acquiring resistance to the pesticide (DDT) (Publication, 1985). At the present time
only pyrethrum is used for larvae control.
13
According to the same report, in 1989, an anti-mosquito insecticide distributed in Cameroon
was banned as it contained DDT. The report also stated that Dieldrin has been used in
agriculture for cotton in the north of Cameroon up to 1978. This use has given rise to
resistance on the part of the insects, in particular the Anopheles mosquito. This is a difficult
resistance to overcome since it also gives the insect resistance to other pesticides such as
pyrethroids. Effective pyrethroids are currently in use.
A more recent study: ”Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Cameroon Estuary
Mangrove Ecosystem” (MINEF, 1991) in the middle of the Gulf of Guinea, shows a
significant pollution by pesticides classified as persistent organic pollutants. This pollution is
of municipal origin (towns that are heavily populated and industrialized), and from agriculture
(mechanized agriculture) and petroleum refineries, and it affects marine products in that they
end up in rivers, lakes and streams.
As a very broad field, pesticide exposure assessment is very complex and challenging. There
are many but highly variable routes through which exposures occur. Professional training in
the field of hygiene and exposure assessment can improve the scientific capabilities of
researchers and public health officials responsible for evaluating and controlling pesticide
exposures (Franklin & Worgan, 2005).
Reynolds J., 1997, pointed outed out that pesticide use can have unintended effects on the
environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.
Approximately 98% of all insecticides and 95% of herbicides that are sprayed do not reach
the target destination (Nathalie van H, December 2007). They reach non-target specie by
pesticide drift which occurs when pesticides suspended in air as particles are carried by wind
to other areas potentially polluting them, water pollution, bottom sediments, and food.
Pesticides contaminate land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage
tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially and when
it is sprayed into water to kill algae. Some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and
contribute to soil contamination. Example is vinyl chloride that can cause cancer. Some
pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer (Globalshiksha,
2010).
14
2.4.1Pesticide pollution
Pesticide use reduces biodiversity and nitrogen fixation, contributes to decrease in pollinators,
destroys habitats (especially for birds) and threatens endangered species. Pests can develop
resistance to the pesticide (pesticide resistance), necessitating a new pesticide. Alternatively, a
greater dose of the pesticide can be used to counteract the resistance, although this will cause
a worsening of the ambient pollution problem.
Appelgren (FAO, 1994b) reports for Lithuania that while pesticide pollution has diminished
due to economic factors, water pollution by pesticides is often caused by inadequate storage
and distribution of agrochemicals. In the United States, the US-EPA's National Pesticide
Survey found out that the 10.4% of community wells and 4.2% of rural wells contained
detectable levels of one or more pesticides (US-EPA, 1992). In a study of groundwater wells
in agricultural south western Ontario (Canada), 35% of the wells tested positive for pesticides
on at least one occasion (Lampman W., 1995).
Use of pesticides in developing countries is extremely variable, from nil in large in parts of
Africa, to extremely heavy dosage in intensive agricultural areas of Brazil and plantations of
Central America. In their review of the limited research literature on pesticide use and impacts
in Africa, (Calamari and Naeve, 1994) conclude that, "The concentrations found in various
aquatic compartments, with few exceptions are lower than in other parts of the world, in
particular in developed countries which have a longer history of high pesticide consumption
and intense use. Generally, the coastal waters, sediments and biota are less contaminated than
inland water environmental compartments, with the exception of a few hot spots."
2.5 Exposure to pesticides
According to a publication titled “impact of pesticide use on health in developing countries
(IDRC, 1993)”, the World Health Organisation (WHO, 1986), estimated that millions of
people were being poisoned annually with about 20,000 cases resulting in death. Much of the
problem came from the toxicity of the pesticides used by many small-scale farmers, without
adequate knowledge and failing to adequately protect themselves during pesticide
applications. Pesticide application causes serious health problems but blames are usually laid
on pesticides without considering the way the pesticides are applied.
15
According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO, 22 September 2004), in a report
titled “pest control in cut flowers" many problems related to pesticide usage including
environmental, air, water, soil and health.
A survey of pesticide application in Cameroon conducted by Matthews G., 2003, raises
growing concern about various reports of illnesses associated with pesticide users
(linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve).
In 1993, Mamat et al. a expressed concern about the design of a lever-operated sprayer and
listed specific features, which increase the risk of direct physical harm as well as the health
hazards due to exposure to the pesticide sprays. The following factors needed serious
attention: leakages, design of the spray lance, tank weight, and sharp edges on the size of filler
opening due to wornout, sprayer tank, and narrow straps of unsuitable material. During the
preparation of the spray and also by holding the trigger valve on the lance, the hands are
particularly exposed to the spray.
According to Oerke and Dehne, 2004, the average use of pesticides by arable land is
estimated at $ 10/ha. Farmers also fight against diseases affecting crops by using multiple
products indiscriminately to the extent without sufficiently being aware and trained on the
correct choice of pesticides use (Matthews G., 2003). This is the case in Njombe where
growers are particularly obliged to use pesticides to protect their crops. This could eventually
have an impact on health if they remain ignorant of its risk and adequate measures are not
taken to prevent or limit contamination.
Meijden, 1998, conducted a study on pesticide applications in cocoa farms and found out that
“generally, farmers do not wear any protective materials at all, no matter what pesticide is
being applied. Farmers scarcely follow precautionary measures as they are found eating,
smoking or drinking in-between spraying activities. The left over pesticides and empty
containers are not properly disposed as the containers are sometimes washed and used for
domestic purposes”.
According to a World Bank report, 1996 on Cameroon, industrial wastes in general are not
treated before disposal. Concentrations of other Pops (such as Lindane, Aldrin and Dieldrin)
have been identified in coastal aquatic environments. Fore example, 209 mg/kg of Lidane has
16
been detected in some fish species. In addition to environmental pollution, occupational
health safety problems such as cuts, sprains and strains, or amputations, vision problems and
even blindness, illness caused by breathing, touching or ingestion of unsafe substances
Illnesses caused by breathing, touching or ingesting unsafe substance have been recorded with
the use of DDT. In the case of DDT, three farmers are known to have been poisoned to death
by DDT in 1985 (consulted from the internet 2011).
2.6 Application Techniques
A survey conducted in the three northern regions of Cameroon on pesticide use (Matthews
G. Wiles et al, 2003), indicated that the “lever-operated knapsack sprayers are the most
widely used type of equipment, while the CDA rotary atomiser sprayers are mostly used in
the drier areas especially on cotton where water availability is less. Other types of sprayers
used, include the hand carried thermal foggers and motorised knapsack mist-blowers on
vegetables and other crops. Various problems with the equipment caused leakage on operators
who generally did not wear protective clothing”.
The use of fertilizers and pesticides to protect crops against pests and diseases has become
more massive, especially in industrial plantations of dessert bananas since diseases like Black
Sigatoka have become resistant to some pesticides. Mathews, 2003, confirmed that the
increased damage caused by plant diseases has led to a more intensive use (7 sprays per
month to 40 monthly demonstrating) of pesticides by companies producing, cocoa, coffee,
cotton, oil palm, plantains and vegetable crops
It is very essential to calibrate sprayers even when they are in perfect working conditions.
Calibration of sprayers is a major topic proposed and taught in research and training
institutions, but is hardly done practically, resulting in the use of wrong dosaged pesticides.
The spraying of cocoa farms with an overdose of pesticides will result in farmers incurring
huge financial losses due to wastage and phyto-toxicity, which will decrease the yield.
However, the major risk of overdose or under-dose is the increased likelihood for the pests to
develop resistance against pesticides, which can have devastating large-scale effects on cocoa
production (Meijden, 1998).
17
There is a very strong evidence of poor pesticide education and misuse in Nigeria, for
instance a situation where over dosage for the purpose of effecting rapid kill of crop pests is
common among government trained, or agency trained and assisted small-scale farmers
(Ivbijaro, 1998). Similar trends can be seen with farmers in Cameroon. In another report, it is
also noticed that farmers sometimes use the pesticides for purposes different from what the
pesticides were intended for (Ivbijaro, 1977; Youdeowei, 1989; Ivbijaro, 1990, 1998)
example:
i) Lindane formerly used for the control of cocoa mirids is poured into rivers, lakes and
streams to kill fish, which is then sold for human consumption,
ii) In the absence of insect pest occurrence, there is mixing of fungicides and insecticides
together during fungicide application period to reduce workload of spraying each
differently,
iii) Spraying Gamalin 20EC on drying cocoa beans to prevent moulds and maggot
development,
iv) Careless disposal of expired pesticides and use of pesticide containers for domestic
purposes.
2.7 Toxicological aspect of pesticides
2.7.1 Pesticides and pesticide residues
A Pesticide is defined as strictly a substance intended to kill pests: in common usage, any
substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant
pests (fungicide, herbicide, insecticide) (IUPAC, 1993).
Residues are substances which are not deliberately added to a foodstuff but are present in it as
a direct consequence of treatments during production (including primary production), due to
migration from materials and products coming into contact with foods for example residues of
veterinary drugs, pesticides, disinfection agents, migration residues). The term "residues"
signifies the amount of active ingredient or any toxic substance or its derivative thereof
18
contained in food, or existing on its surface during harvesting or consumption ( De Meulenaer
B., 2009 course notes Food chemistry, unpublished)
A pesticide residue is any substance or mixture of substances in food or feed resulting from
the use of a pesticide and including any specified derivatives, such as degradation and
conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of
toxicological significance (IUPAC, 1993).
2.7.2 Toxicity of pesticides
A toxic substance is any substance that is able to cause injury to living organisms as a result
of physicochemical interaction (IUPAC, 1993).
The IUPAC, 1993 defines toxic dose as the amount of a substance that may be expected to
produce a toxic effect.
Toxicity is defined as the capacity to cause injury to a living organism defined with reference
to the quantity of substance administered or absorbed, the way in which the substance is
administered (inhalation, ingestion, topical application, injection) and distributed in time
(single or repeated doses), the type and severity of injury, the time needed to produce the
injury, the nature of the organism(s) affected and other relevant conditions (IUPAC, 1993).
2.7.3 Acute toxicity
Adverse effects occurring within a short time (usually up to 14 days) after administration of a
single dose (or exposure to a given concentration) of a test substance or after multiple doses
(exposures), usually within 24 h. It can also be defined as the ability of a substance to cause
adverse effects within a short time of exposure (IUPAC, 1993).
2.7.4 Chronic effect of pesticides
This occurs after long-term absorption of repeated small doses of product after months or
even after several years of accumulation of poison. In order to protect consumers against the
risk of poisoning from product residues present in food, toxicology studies have been
designed. Pesticide tolerance is calculated according to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) by
dividing by 100 the doses of each product without effect estimated from the toxicological
19
experiments. In diets, we refer to ADI and at workplaces we refer to maximum allowable
concentration in the atmosphere (MAC) calculated for a maximum of 40 hours (IUPAC,
1997).
2.7.5 Health effects (see table 2.4)
The WHO defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948) consulted in 2011.
In another definition by WHO, 1978b, health is the state of dynamic balance in which an
individual's or a group's capacity to cope with the circumstances of living is at an optimal
level.
According to Wayne Sinclair, 1988, there are strong suspicions about the role of pesticides in
the development of chronic diseases (cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive
disorders). Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects to those exposed to it. There
are a variety of adverse health effects with regards to pesticide exposure which can range
from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to much more severe effects on the nervous system,
mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer.
Exposure to high levels of many pesticides has both acute and long-term neurologic
consequences, but little is known about the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure to moderate
levels of pesticides. (Kamel et al, 1997).
Other negative consequences from pesticide exposure include: birth defects, foetal death, and
neuro-developmental disorder (Alarcon et al, 2005).
Long-term effects of low-dose pesticide exposure create a problem of uncertainty, especially
with children (Alavanja et al, 2005)
Estimates from the World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme indicate
that yearly a total of three million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience
severe poisoning from pesticides and about 18,000 of them die. In a study conducted by
WHO, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide
poisoning yearly (FAO and UN, 2002).
20
Childhood leukaemia defined as a biologically diverse disease, can be contracted by many
different pathways. In 2003–2010 a recent study by Winston C., 2010, showed that there is a
link between heavy pesticide use in rural areas and incidence of childhood leukaemia.
A study conducted WHO, Gunnell D. et al, (2007), reports that approximately 300,000 people
die from self-harm each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. It is considered one of the most
common forms of self-injury in the Global South. Most cases of intentional pesticide
poisoning appear to be impulsive acts undertaken during stressful events and the availability
of pesticides strongly influences the incidence of self poisoning. Pesticide self-poisoning
according to the report, was found to be the method of choice in one third of suicides
worldwide, and the study recommended, among other things, more restrictions on the types of
pesticides that are most harmful to humans.
Adverse effects of pesticides on the health of farm workers has been reported in other tropical
countries (Aguilar et al., 1993; Lum et al., 1993; Mwanthi and Kimani, 1993, Harris, 2000)
emphasizing the role of the Inter-African Phyto-Sanitary Council in disseminating the
knowledge gained in Cameroon to other African countries.
A recent report on the use of pesticides in banana plantations in Cameroon (Fanny PIGEAUD,
May 2009; AFSSA, 2007)) showed that a powerful insecticide (chlordecone), has been used
most especially in Njombe. This insecticide may have possible effects on food crops grown in
the area and sold as far as Yaounde, the capital, the central African regions and to Europe
This very toxic substance, had been banned in the Caribbean because it was not approved for
use by France, but has been sprayed in Njombe recently and this may result in disastrous
consequences to the most consumed mineral water source located in the area.
2.7.6 Other problems
Extension services in Cameroon are limited in terms of poor staffing and mobility and. As
pointed out by Meijden, 1998, extension staff in Nigeria generally lack support, they are
poorly trained in pesticide management, they lack motivation, and there is hardly any followup. The same scenario in Cameroon... .
21
The Cameroon government does not control the regulation of pesticides well. The effective
control of pesticides in the West-African sub-region remains poor and seriously hampered by
several factors including lack of proper legislative authority, shortage of personnel in
pesticide regulatory procedures, lack of infrastructure, transportation, equipment and
materials, very low budgetary allocation of operating funds, lack of formulation control and
pesticide residue analysis facilities and capabilities (Youdeowei, 1989).
As pesticides used now have been through rigorous testing, most health problems come from
misuse, abuse or overuse. The pesticides are poorly available and come from variable sources.
It is easy to find cases of fake, adulterated and banned pesticides (obsolete stocks) still being
sold on the local markets (Auwal-Ahmad et al, 2008).
Table 2. 4: Toxicity categories for active ingredients.
Routes of Exposure
Oral LD50
Inhalation LC50
Dermal LD50
Eye Effects
I
Up to and Including
50 mg/kg
Up to and including
0.2mg/l
Up to and including
200mg/kg
Corrosive corneal
opacity not
reversible within 7
days
Skin Effects
Corrosive
Signal Word
DANGER/ POISON
Toxicity Category
II
50–500mg/kg
III
500–5,00 mg/kg
IV
> 5,000 mg/kg
0.2–2mg/l
2–20 mg/l
> 20 mg/l
200–2,000 mg/kg
2,000–20,000mg/kg
> 20,000 mg/kg
Corneal opacity
reversible within 7
days; irritation
persisting for 7
days
Severe irritation at
72 hours
No corneal opacity;
irritation reversible
within 7 days
No irritation
WARNING
Moderate irritation at Mild or slight
72 hours
irritation at 72
hours
CAUTION
CAUTION
Source: Adapted from 40 CFR Part 156
22
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods
3.1 Development of questionnaire
Two separate but similar questionnaires comprising 8 major questions each and many
variables (annexes 1 and 2) were developed based on literature study and expert dissertation.
One of the questionnaires was designed for the users of pesticides (farmers) and the other for
the authorities (Pesticide control bodies) like the ministry of agriculture, resellers of
pesticides, pesticide manufacturing agencies and NGOs. The questionnaires were in-depth,
structured and semi-structured and were used to ensure consistency and to allow every
informant to expand his or her thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits
and vegetable farmers in four regions in Cameroon. Interview questions were developed and
pilot-tested by using participant observation and 2 focus group discussions among a group of
farmers of different sexes and ages from a rural area in Buea Cameroon.
3.2 Selection of regions
Generally, Cameroon has five ecological zones namely: the (soudano-sahelian zone Maroua Garoua), the high guinea savannah zone (Wakwa – Ngaoundéré), the western high plateau
zone (Bambui – Mankon), the humid forest Unimodal zone (Ekona) and the humid forest
bimodal zone (Nkol bisson – Yaoundé) as shown in figure 3.1. Based on the economic and
regional importance of fruits and vegetables, and the major pests, five regions of Cameroon
namely: the North West, West, South West, Littoral and Centre regions belonging to three
ecological zones (the western high plateau, the humid forest Unimodal zone and the humid
forest bimodal zone) were selected. Each region was visited based on the productivity,
accessibility to the production sites, convenience for easy collection of data and time factor,
availability of the farmer and the willingness of the farmer to provide the needed information.
This assessment was focused on the major areas of fruits and vegetable activities of which
previous studies on some selected fruits and vegetables based on the economic and regional
importance and their major pests and diseases (Kouamé C., 2007), indicated that the regions
of North-West, West, South-West, Littoral, Centre and North were the major areas of
activities.
23
(Source: www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downloads/agroinvestments.ppt)
www.vriendenvankameroen.nl/downlo
Figure 3. 1:: Map of Cameroon showing Regions and ecological zones
3.3 Data Collection
Two focus group discussions among groups of farmers of different sexes and ages were held
to pilot-test
test the questionnaires using farmer’s observations. This was followed by a formal
survey of 145 individual farmers in four of the five selected regions of Cameroon. These four
regions represent two eco-systems
systems (warm humid and cool highland agro-ecosystem),
agro ecosystem), the latter
being where the bulk of Cameroon’s vegetable production is currently carried out. This was
supplemented by interviews, discussions with key stakeholders in the fruit and vegetable
v
sector.
Data was collected on general farming activities
activit
most especially o quantity produced per
hectare, knowledge of pesticide laws, knowledge of risks and harm associated to pesticide
usage, consumption data through the administration of questionnaires.
questionnaires. Informal discussions
and field observations were equally held with farmers to assess the activities, competences
and their potential contribution to the vegetable industry in Cameroon. A total of 250
24
questionnaires were envisaged for five regions but only 152 out of the 250 questionnaires
were effectively realized in 26 villages of the five regions.
This was due to financial
constrain, inaccessibility to some areas and time constrain. Structured and semi-structured
interviews was used to ensure consistency and to allow every informant to expand his or her
thinking, explore and generate ideas on pesticide use by fruits and vegetable farmers in the
five regions.
3.4 Administration of the questionnaires
Staff from the Global Initiative for Sustainable Development Programmes (NGO based in
Buea) were acquainted with the questionnaires and trained on data collection. The
questionnaires were Pilot-tested by using farmer’s observation with two focus group
discussions among a group of farmers 18 to 60 years old of both sexes who are fruit and
vegetable farmers. During the assessment, 145 farmers who use pesticides to combat pests on
fruits and vegetables were interviewed. Discussions were also held with seven institutions on
related pesticide law, policies and health related problems. The institutions included pesticide
sellers and resellers, , hospitals to collect data on frequent cases of illnesses in the different
regions, the African Regional Centre for Research on Banana and Plantains better known by
its French acronym CARBAP for data on type of pesticides used on Banana, the Ministry of
Agriculture for information related to pesticide laws and regulated list of pesticide and also
the World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) which is an international non-profit research and
development institution committed to alleviating poverty and malnutrition in the developing
world through the increased production and consumption of nutritious and health-promoting
vegetables. While administering the questionnaires for the authorities, a list of homologated
pesticides (annex 3) approved for use by the Cameroon government was consulted and a
comparison was made with the pesticides used in the fields by farmers.
In each region, an interviewer visited and administered the questionnaires to users of
pesticides depending on the farmer’s availability and his/her willingness to provide the
needed information. Also depending on the accessibility, some farms were visited to appraise
pesticide application practices taking place at that period in time. The aim was to interview
those who were most likely to present the real situation in the field.
25
Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents per region
Count
sex of respondent * region of the respondent Cross tabulation
region of the respondent
Total
male
33
Centre
West
Littoral
32
22
14
0
female
19
13
7
5
0
44
1
1
0
2
3
7
53
46
29
21
3
152
Northwest
Institution
Total
Southwest
101
The table shows that fewer interviews were conducted in certain areas such as is the case of
the centre region where only authorities (institutions) were contacted for information. In the
Littoral, mostly fruits are cultivated and this is mostly done by multinational companies. In
the West region, due to the distances between farms, the availability of the farmers and
language constraints, only 29 farmers were interviewed. In the North West and South West
regions most of the farmers were available and access to the farms was much easier.
The pesticide users (farmers) were asked to name their preferred crops cultivated, give the
approximate quantity they cultivate. They were equally asked to name the type of pesticide
they use and on which crop. They were also asked to name the type of measuring equipment
they use to measure the quantity of pesticide sprayed, how they mix the pesticides they use.
We equally wanted to know through the questionnaire if the pesticide users work in
collaboration with extension workers and the type of information they receive from the
extension staff, In addition, we also wanted to know if the users of pesticides know of any
pesticide laws, to if they can identify problems encountered as a result of pesticide use. and
the solutions undertaken in case of strange diseases or crop damage on their farms. The
majority of the people interviewed were either those who applied pesticides themselves on
their own farms or were spray operators for a farm association, large farm or plantation.
3.5 Data Analysis
Data collected was put into a database in the statistical programme for social science (SPSS)
software from where frequency tables and cross tables were used to analyse the preference for
26
certain fruits and vegetables and distribution of the questionnaires within the regions
respectively. Comparison of means was equally used to analyse if the presence of the
extension staff on the farm has any effect on the knowledge of the farmer on pesticide laws,
restriction of treatment before harvest and the illegal use of pesticides. Also the Kendall’s
tau_b And the Spearman’s rho bivariate correlation were used to analyse the relationship
between certain variables. The spreadsheet was also used for a better presentation of parts of
the data.
27
Chapter 4: Results, Discussion and Observations
4.1 Results and Discussion
4.1.1 Farm size
The analysis shows that the overall size of farms owned by most respondents is less than 2 ha
for vegetable farmers and for large plantations the average farm size range from 150–250 ha.
The importance of individual crops varied in relation to the different regions of the country
and between individuals. As indicated in table 4.1, carrots, cabbages, leeks, huckleberry,
tomatoes, Irish potatoes, celery persil and green beans are highly cultivated in the northwest
and west regions of the country as compared to bananas, papaws, oranges, pineapples in the
southwest and littoral regions of Cameroon.
Table 4.1: Preference for certain crops with respect to regions of the respondent
Counts
Major crops
Carrot
Cabbages
Leeks
Onion
huckleberry
Tomatoes
Irish Potatoes
Celery
Okra
Persil
Pepper
green beans
Lettuce
garden egg
Banana
Orange
Mango
Pawpaw
water melon
Pears
Plums
Pineapple
Tangerine
Apples
North west
29
36
34
19
30
48
40
43
17
36
15
33
30
11
0
0
18
0
8
4
28
7
0
0
region of the respondent
Southwest
West Littoral
3
14
0
10
19
0
5
11
0
0
3
0
38
8
0
40
24
0
2
12
0
6
20
0
23
12
0
2
29
0
31
17
9
11
23
0
13
4
0
15
0
0
14
1
8
37
0
4
28
2
0
29
0
10
22
15
8
11
12
8
25
15
0
29
10
19
43
0
19
9
0
0
Total
46
65
50
22
76
112
54
69
52
67
72
67
47
26
23
41
48
39
53
35
68
65
62
9
Percentage
31.7
44.8
34.5
15.2
52.4
77.2
37.2
47.6
35.9
46.2
49.7
46.2
32.4
17.9
15.9
28.3
33.1
26.9
36.6
24.1
46.9
44.8
42.8
6.2
28
percentage of respondents
60
50
40
30
North west
20
South west
10
West
Carrots
cabbages
leeks
onion
huckleberry
tomatoes
Irrish potatoes
celery
okra
persil
pepper
green beans
lettuce
garden egg
banana
orange
mango
pawpaw
water melon
pears
plums
pineapple
tangerine
apples
0
Littoral
types of crops
Figure 4.1: Production of some major fruits and vegetables in the five regions of
Cameroon
Figure 4.1, shows that vegetables are highly cultivated in the Northwest, South west and West
regions of Cameroon. The south west and littoral regions cultivates the bulk of fruits
especially banana, pineapples, mangoes, oranges to mention just a few. Fruits such as banana,
pineapples and pawpaw are cultivated by multinational companies who export to Europe.
Other fruits like oranges and mangoes are cultivated on smaller scale by individual
smallholders for both the market and home consumption.
4.1.2 Quantity Produced
With respect to the quantity produced, variationexist between individuals and types of crops
cultivated. Majority of the farmers produced less than 200 buckets of carrots amounting to
approximately 5000kg with very few reaching more than 1000 buckets of carrots produced.
The different crops produced are marketed in different measuring containers. A typical
example is the case of carrots measured in buckets with each bucket weighing up to 50
kilograms. Other examples include tomatoes measured in baskets of different sizes 15kg,
25kg, green beans measured in bundles, Irish potatoes measured in bags of 75kg.
29
Quantity of carrots produced in bags (50kg) per unit area
> 1000
1%
800 - 1000
10%
< 200
600 - 800
18%
200 - 400
400 - 600
< 200
57%
400 - 600
6%
600 - 800
800 - 1000
> 1000
200 - 400
8%
Figure 4.2: Carrots produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei
Quantity of tomatoes produced in baskets (25kg) per unit area
>400
17%
< 100
19%
100-200
3%
< 100
100-200
200-300
300-400
300-400
40%
200-300
21%
>400
Figure 2.3: Tomatoes produced per unit surface area in Santa Mbei
30
amaranth
Water melon
cabbage
Celery garden
okra
celery
Figure 4. 4: Some vegetables and fruits cultivated in Cameroon
4.1.3 Pesticides used by farmers on fruits and vegetables in Cameroon
Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used on fruits and vegetables by farmers in
Cameroon. From the table, it can be noticed that although some of the pesticides are found on
the homologated list of pesticides published by the Cameroon ministry of agriculture and rural
development, some are either outdated (not found in the list), obsolete or have expired but are
31
still being used by the farmers. Pesticides are applied once to twelve times monthly (three
times a week) on their crops depending on the type of crop and the weather conditions. This is
mostly in situations whereby there is heavy rainfall after application.
Table 4.2: Pesticide used by farmers on fruits and vegetales in Cameroon
Pesticide
Product name
Active ingredient
Crop
Fungicide
Ivory 80 WP
Mancozebe 800 g/kg
tomato
Ivory 75 WG
Mancozebe 750g/kg
banana
Metro star 500WP
Thiophanate-methyl 150
tomato
g/kg + Oxychlorure de
cuivre 200 g/kg + Soufre
150 g/kg
Herbicide
Plantinep 80 WP
Manèbe 80%
fruits and garden crop
Penncozep 80
Mancozèbe 80%
Fruits and garden crop
Balear 720 Sc SL
Chlorothalonil 720g/l
banana
Rodomil plus
Metalaxy/-M 6%+
Cocoa but used by most farmers
Oxyde de Cuivre 60%
for garden crops and fruits
Action 80 DF (Duiron)
Diuron 800g/kg
Garden crops
Duiron WP
Diuron 800g/kg
Cotton but used for garden
crops and fruits
Herbistar 360 SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
Surgar cane but used for garden
crops
Glyphader 360 SL
Glyphosate
Diverse crops
Plantop 360
Glyphosate 360g/l
Sugar cane but used for garden
crops
Plantop ultra 75,7% wg
Glyphosate ammonium
Cotton but equally used for
75%
garden crops
Gramozone Royal
Not in list
Round up 360 SL
Obsolate stock not withdrawn
from market
32
Pesticide
Product name
Active ingredient
Insecticide
Cypercal 50 EC
Cypermethrine 50 g/l
Crop
Garden crops, fruits and
vegetables
Cyperdim 260 EC
not found in list but used
extensively
Callidium 400 EC
Dimethoate 400 g/l
Rubber, garden crops and food
crops
Dimex 400 EC
Dimetheonate 400g/l
tomato
Decis 25 Ec
Delthamethrine 25g/l
coffee but used for garden
crops
PACHA 25 EC
Lambdacyhalothrine
tomatoes
15g/l + Acetamipride
10g/l
CiGOGNE 12 EC
Cypermethrine 12g/l
tomatoes
CIGOGNE 12 EC
Cypermethrine 200g/l
Cotton but many farmers use
what is available
Cyper plant 30 Ec
Glycel 360 SL
Tronsil WP
Source: (field survey)
Table 4.2 shows the different pesticides used by vegetable farmers. Comparing it to the
recommended list from Cameroon, many pesticides used by the farmers are not found on the
homologated list of pesticides from in Cameroon or exist but used for different crops as
indicated in bold. When this list is compared to the list from Cordex Alimentarius, one notices
that some pesticides like Mancozebe 800g/kg, Thiophanate-methyl 150g/kg + Oxychlorure de
cuivre 200g/kg + Soufre 150g/kg, Manèbe 80%, Diuron 800g/kg don’t future on the Cordex
list. Also, comparing the list from Cameroon (annex 3) in general to that of Cordex
Alimentarius, there are many pesticides used in Cameroon for both fruits and vegetables
which do not appear on the Cordex list. These include pesticides like: Fosetyl Aluminium
33
80%, Cyproconazol 100g/l, Oxyde de cuivre 40% Cymoxanil 9.6%, Alkydimethyl benzylamonium chloride 494.6g/kg, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbonate 23.7g/kg., Bisodium
actaborate
tetrahydrate
74.2g/kg,
Bacillus
thuringiensis,
Emamectine-benzoate
,
Epoxyconazole 75 g/l,, Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure de Cuivre 12,7%, Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4
D 500g/kg, Quizalofop-Ethyl, Oxadiargyl 400g/l, Triclopyr, Tridemorphe 750g/l.
Farmers do not follow recommended dosage as prescribed on the label. The dosage used by
most farmers is 50-75g/15 litres of water which is different from the recommended dosage
mentioned on the homologated list. There is total variation in dosage used and in application
frequency among the farmers. The dosage and frequency of application varies from once a
month to as many as applications (three times a week) per month depending on weather
conditions and on the severity of infection as shown in table 8.
Table 4.3: Variation in application frequency
Spraying frequency
Respondents
Percent
Once a month
9
6,2
Twice amonth
9
6,2
Three times a month
1
0,7
Four times a month
51
35,2
Eight times a month
58
40,0
Twelve times a month
15
10,3
2
1,4
145
100,0
Missing
Total
Table 4.3, shows that more than 50% of the farmers apply pesticides more than four times on
their crops per month. Over aoolication of pesticides may lead high levels of concentrations
on the plants which may be dangerous to the farmers themselves or to the consumers of the
final product.
34
4.1.4 Knowledge on pesticides and harm caused by certain pesticides
Out of the 145 persons interviewed, 62 of them (42.8%) acknowledged they are aware of
pesticide laws like age limit for handling pesticides, avoid contact with the skin, pesticides
should be kept out of the reach of children, no smoking, eating and drinking during spraying
and protect the environment during spraying while the remaining 83(57.2%) said they have no
idea on pesticide laws. Figure 4.6 shows that the highest percentage is recorded by farmers
who have knowledge on the age limit for handling pesticides, followed by those with
knowledge in environmental protection and slightly more than 13% of the respondents are
that aware smoking, eating and drinking during spraying is dangerous. Knowledge of the
pesticide law involves age limit for handling pesticides/keeping the pesticides out of the reach
of children, protecting themselves which includes; protecting their bodies, avoiding smoking,
eating and drinking during spraying.
40,0
35,4
35,0
knowledge on pesticides
30,0
25,0
20,0
18,3
17,1
15,8
15,0
Percent
13,4
10,0
5,0
,0
should be kept
out of reach of
children
Age limit for
handling
pesticides
Avoid contact
No
Protect the
with the skin smoking, eating environment
and drinking
Figure4. 5: Farmers' knowledge on pesticide
35
During the survey, a higher number of the farmers who were interviewed indicated that the
age limit for pesticide application is 15 years and above while a significant 10.3% still use
children below 15years to spray pesticides on their farms. The use of children to spray
pesticides in Cameroon is a common practice. In addition to exposing them to highly toxic
pesticides; they also work with dangerous equipment, carry or transport heavy loads, work for
very long hours daily etc.
113 out of the 145 farmers wait for a restricted time of treatment before harvest while 32
farmers harvest sometimes immediately after harvest. The duration observed ranged from less
than a week to one month with the majority (34.5%) harvesting within less than a week after
spraying and 28.2% waiting for up to two weeks before they harvest after spraying.
72.4% of the respondents are aware of the harm caused by pesticides while 27.6% are not.
According to the pesticide users skin irritation, respiratory problems and crop damage were
the most frequent problems they face with regards to pesticide usage. Catarrh, dizzleness,
damage to the eyes and damage to the skin were also high while problems such as cough,
stomach ulcer, nosea were amongst the lowest cases of harm that occurred. According to the
testimony of a planter, an employee of one of the company (banana) who is in charge of
mixing pesticides sprayed from airplanes has recently been poisoned. It's after eight years that
the first symptoms were reported. Some users exposed themselves by storing toxic pesticides
in their houses. The Mocap is particularly suspected by all. Some have had to store the
product under their beds or in living rooms, and it has resulted in poisoning. Hospital sources
also confirm common illnesses in the banana production areas like skin irritation, respiratory
problems and damage to the eyes.
36
crop damage
8%
11%
skin irritation
8%
nosea
stomach ulcer
8%
23%
cough
respiratory problems
12%
dizzleness
damage eyes
3%
9%
18%
damage skin
Figure 4.6: Problems common to pesticide users in Cameroon
4.1.5 Pesticide problems
4.1.5.1 Small scale farms
With respect to the problems caused by pesticides, 40% of the interviewed admitted that they
have recorded problems in the use of pesticides. These problems include: body damage,
contaminated environment, air pollution, water pollution, crop damage and soil damage. A
least 4 cases of death were reported. This confirms earlier findings by Reynolds (1997) who
emphasized on the unintended effects on the environment, air, water, soil, plants, animals,
birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans.
Pesticide application on the farm is either supervised by the farmer him/herself or by
extension staff. According to the survey more than 85% of the application is done and
monitored by the farmer him/herself. Only 15% of the farmers admitted that they were visited
atleast once to twice a year by extension staff. During the meeting with extension staff, the
farmer is more enlightened on how to spray, adjusting the spray nozzles and on mixing of
pesticides. The fact that the extension workers are hardly available to advise the farmers,
leads to the farmers relying on pesticide vendors for information on application techniques
and safety precautions. The retailers lack the general knowledge and training to assist the
users with precautionary measures.
37
4.1.5 .2 Banana and multinational cooperation
In the banana production areas, some houses are very close to banana plantations. The people
living there can easily breathe in popular products from airplanes. Besides that, children often
play carelessly in these plantations and ingest newly sprayed pesticides. However, a survey
on the field has noted that the banana companies have eliminated most of their plantations
located near houses. This is in response to the International Organisation for Standardization
(ISO). They are now separated from the houses more than 300 meters. In addition, hedges to
form fences have been planted to block wind from blowing pesticides into homes in order to
protect the inhabitants. However, some villages are still surrounded by banana plantations: the
few known cases are Mbom in Njombe, Mpouli Mbanga, Tiko, Mondoni and some houses in
Idisse. Although the above steps have been taken to redress the situation, the population still
relies on some foodstuffs like snails gotten from the banana plantations...
4.1.6 Measuring of pesticides
To spray, the farmers measure pesticide doses using tomato tins, in table spoons, measuring
cups and beer corks depending on the type of pesticide and the means available. This is shown
clearly in table 9.
Table 4.4: Measuring of pesticide dosage to be sprayed
Measuring method
.
tomato tin
in table spoon full
measuring cup
beer corks
all of the above
Tomato tin and table spoons
Tomato tin and measuring
cups
Total
Missing System
Total
Frequency
Percentage
25
28
23
12
34
11
11
17,4
19,4
16,0
8,3
23,6
7,6
7,6
144
1
145
100,0
38
4.1.7 Pesticide residue
All the farmers interviewed admitted having no data on pesticide residues. In Cameroon, data
on pesticide residues can only be obtained from the pesticide control authorities but due to the
fact that this body lack the appropriate equipment and finances and is not adequately trained
and there is a shortage of personnel in pesticide control, very little is done in that domain. The
laboratory in charge of pesticide control is centralized in Yaounde (the capital city) and does
not have the adequate financial means and equipment for residue. The absence of strong
policies with regard to the pesticide usage is also big problem although efforts are underway
to revamp the sector.
4.1.8 Illegal use of pesticides
Some farmers (20% of the interviewed), claim they know of illegal use of pesticides. This
includes the use of expired, banned, fake and adulterated pesticides. Most of the farmers
obtain their pesticides clandestinely from neighbouring cities or countries and from the local
markets. Very few farmers get their pesticides from registered centres that import under strict
regulations. There are reported cases of theft and smuggling of pesticides from companies that
export dessert bananas. These products are distributed clandestinely to persons who are not
always notified when to and how to handle them and their degree of toxicity, let alone how to
store them. This may constitute a danger primarily to those who use these smuggled products
and to the entire population. Out of the 145 farmers interviewed, 48.3% reported problems
related to pesticide usage ranging from spraying on crops not ready, wrong usage and the use
of expired and banned pesticides while 51.7% had no problems.
4.1.9 Pest and disease impact
While some farmers abandoned their farm for some years after the farm is infested with a new
kind of disease hoping that the farm will fallow and during the process this will naturally
break the lifecycle of the pest, others increase the dosage of pesticide application to tackle the
disease or pest. Some farmers dig a drainage canal to reduce the floods, which act like
39
breeding grounds for some pests. In very few cases some farmers use nematicide to treat the
soil. To some, it is a climatic reason and therefore the solution is not at their reach.
4.1.10 Food Consumption
There is no consumption data available. Most of the crops cultivated are either eaten at home,
in the village or consumed as an important staple diet for the community. Commonly eaten
foods vary with the community. In the North West region for example, the people eat more
Achu, which is pounded coco-yams and source commonly called yellow soup made from
limestone and palm oil. All the fruit and vegetable types grown and imported from other parts
of the country are common foods eaten in this region. The villagers equally eat starchy foods,
roots and tuber crops. The same scenario can be observed in all the other regions of the
country. There is a high consumption of products with high levels of pesticide residues
especially in the banana production areas. The populations of Njombe, Penja, Mbanga and
Tiko which are high banana production areas consume snails known in French as escargots,
which are most often sold in the form of kebabs commonly called Kongo Meat. Some, if not
most, of these snails are collected in banana plantations, though not allowed by the banana
company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron, they are in themselves a
source of food poisoning that can, over time, lead to serious health problems. If a test should
performed on some samples of snails inorder to find out the extend to which consumers are
exposed to pesticide from that meat.
4.1.11 Food Preparation
While some foods are washed before eating, others are just peeled and eaten without washing,
others still are only boiled and eaten without peeling and washing, and some farmers peel,
wash and boil before eating. In some homes, water for washing and preparation of food is
collected in used containers of pesticides. Though these containers have been thoroughly
cleaned according to them, there is always the possibility of left over particles of pesticides.
40
4.1.12 Climate change
35% of the respondents admitted they record a new kind of crop or animal diseases in their
farms while 65% did not record any. Some farmers pointed to climate change as the cause of
new kinds of diseases, others said heavy rains are the cause, others still complained about the
overuse of pesticides, weeds, crop damage, fungi to their crops to be the cause of new kind of
diseases and still some said these diseases are the result of insect damage on crops and
infected soils. To some, a combination of all of the above was the cause. More than 96% of
the farmers use pesticides to fight or control the diseases.
The majority of the farmers (88.3%) are aware of climate change and according to them
climate change is a change in weather, presence of wet and dry weather, drought and too
much heat or a change in the planting season. Only 11.7 % of the farmers said they had no
idea on what climate change is all about.
To fight climate change, they plant more trees, stop the cutting down of trees and avoid
environmental pollution such as water and air pollution. They are equally adapting to the
climate change through seed multiplication, avoiding bush fires and farming across the slopes
to avoid soil and water erosion. Most of the farmers have been involved in tree planting. The
source of planting materials is either from old stems in their farms, from friends, from agric
staff or research centres. It should be noted here that most of the planting materials comes
from old stems. Tree planting is either organised by the farmer him/herself, by Local NGOs,
by foresters or by the local council in collaboration with local NGOs or by the Government.
4.2 Observations
Reliable sources talk of the Plantation du Haute Plateau (PHP), a major banana plantation in
Njombe Cameroon having the political, administrative and judicial leaders in its pocket, the
traditional chief, is paid monthly; the local administrator is also paid. A worried entrepreneur
stressed that “It is very risky to talk about the banana sector, a lot of personalities have an
interest in it” Many sources confirm that the president of the republic is a shareholder though
refuted by the company’s General Manager. In any case PHP’s employees are sent on
assignment to the president’s pineapple plantation inaugurated in 2000 in the presence of
Chief Executive Officer of the fruit company. PHP is a member of the Cameroonian Banana
Association a lobby group led by another MP of the ruling party and brother-in-law of the
41
Minister of Trade and who is no less a person than the Chairman of PHP’s board of directors.
As a minister, he negotiated with the EU the Economic Partnership Agreement signed in
January by Cameroon. Considered as a catastrophe by both NGOs and employers association.
Irrespective of all these problems and the free trade agreement the EU is silent but for how
long will it remain silent in the face of another potential health scandal? As was the case in
the Caribbean where it has polluted the water and soil for centuries and could be the source of
serious health problems. Chlordecone, a powerful insecticide has been used in plantations in
Cameroon with possible effects on food crops grown in the area and sold as far as Yaounde.
Generally, in Cameroon as in many other developing countries, growers, employees and users
of pesticides in the agro-industrial sector in particular, are actually exposed to numerous risks
related to the use of chemicals. Furthermore, many people are not sufficiently aware of the
potential dangers associated with pesticide use. There is always a lack of appropriate pesticide
approval/registration procedures and/or inadequate resources to implement and enforce
existing schemes, a lack of legislation on working conditions and lack of post-registration
monitoring of pesticides. Access to acutely toxic (cheaper) pesticides is easy. Faulty
equipment, poor-quality products and adulteration makes products more hazardous or
ineffective and contributes to overdosing. Many problems faced by developing countries
include:
•
Shortage of manpower and financial resources to advice on and enforce national laws
and approved codes of conduct;
•
Inadequate management and storage of obsolete stocks and used packaging materials,
•
Lack of facilities for proper waste management;
•
Spray equipment in poor condition, including leaks and blocked nozzles; common use
of "informal" application techniques (bucket and brush);
•
Lack of washing facilities to shower after spraying and for regular washing of clothes;
clothes are usually washed in the sources of drinking water;
•
Reuse of containers of pesticides for food and drink storage, no facilities for safe
disposal;
•
Supply problems caused by: repackaging in small containers without labels and
instructions; limited range of products and quality of pesticide products;
42
•
Lack of pesticide resistance monitoring data and resistance strategies to prevent
overdosing;
•
Overlapping mandates and coordination of the necessary technical resources.
As a result of the above mentioned problems, the following contributing factors arise:
•
Poor information flow leading to a lack of knowledge about pests and pesticides
hazards (scientists, analysts, extension workers, decision makers and applicators);
•
Complex label instructions and sometimes misunderstanding of pesticide hazards;
•
Lack of information on record keeping at the small farm holdings on storage;
handling, use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers;
•
Even if protecting covering are available, harsh weather sometimes makes it difficult
for the farmers to put on protecting;
•
No training in application procedures or hazard awareness leading to: mixing with
bare hands; combining different products; applying on crops for which a product is not
intended (cocoa pesticides on vegetables);
•
Houses near fields, and non-target crops and biodiversity affected by spray drift,
Inability to recognize pests, predators and to measure economic losses, thus leading to
a "pesticide treadmill" effect when no alternatives are available.
The victims are mostly permanent employees who store or use regularly in smallholders’
vegetable farms or are assigned to guard or condition chemicals in multinational companies.
After prolonged exposure, which lasts for years, poisoning by cumulative effects eventually
causes a disease whose victims emerge in time. Testimonies from the respondents show that
employees assigned to guard the chemicals in multinational companies are particularly
vulnerable. Those who are responsible in mixing before spraying by aircraft still are. This is
very common with employees of industrial plantations of dessert bananas where diagnoses
show some discomfort after 8 to 10 years of prolonged contact with pesticides. As confirmed
by a farmer, this phenomenon has occurred in IRAD Njombé for more than a decade. “Two
people, who were assigned to the care and handling of pesticides, had been contaminated, one
died. The other, who took care of formalin for many years (and who is now retired), has
become very thin and is in very bad shape”. The same situation is common in companies that
grow and export dessert bananas.
43
The absence of appropriate control techniques of pesticide application leads to some farmers
poisoning themselves during spraying pesticides in their own fields. The farmers have very
limited purchasing power, they prefer to use what they call “the available means“. The
sprayer equipment, commonly called Matabi is generally used by farmers, but protective
equipment such as a scarf, goggles, nostril covers (mask) long sleeves, long trousers and
boots are usually neglected. Thus, during spraying, the farmer is breathing and inhaling the
products he/she pours on his/her own crops. Others smoke, eat and even drink while spraying
chemicals, which is very dangerous for their health.
Inappropriate spraying, absence of
control has led to a suspicion of contamination of water sources and rivers. The inhabitants
fear the water sources and rivers on which the lower classes (most vulnerable) rely has been
contaminated. Analyses of water and soil samples from the locality will provide a satisfactory
solution to the problem.
There are also cases of recurring eye problems, body itches,
breathing problems and diarrhoea in the area since they spray without protective glasses.
Some affected persons realize the damage to their eye late, others realize the effect
immediately after spraying while for others still, their vision has been significantly reduced,
and they cannot read. According to some accounts, 4/5ths of the Njombé growers have eye
problems. An epidemiological investigation is needed. Also cases of stomach ulcer are very
popular in Njombe, Mbanga, Penja and Tiko (plantation areas). There are also frequent deaths
reported in these areas; a cause some attribute to witchcraft and others to pesticide poisoning.
They highly suspect pesticides to be the cause but lack adequate financial means to do
thorough reviews. Such a problem, they say, is reminiscent
4.2.1 Infrastructure for pesticide use in Cameroon
Given the multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary issues of food safety, quality issues can only
be resolved through integrated efforts by agriculture, industry and health authorities.
Environmental, health and sanitary standards required by developed countries can be
perceived to be non-tariff barriers to trade by developing countries. These trade measures can
take various forms, such as technical standards and regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary
(SPS) measures, packaging regulations and labelling requirements.
44
4.2.2 Legal and institutional infrastructure
Monitoring of food quality and safety has become more important both in the domestic and
export market. Although food safety and quality control appears to be relatively new, the
Cameroon government is trying to make some efforts in prioritizing food safety and quality
measures as indicated by the director in charge of pesticide control in the ministry of
agriculture and rural development. This according to her, is in order to:
• prevent the adulteration of foodstuffs,
• safeguard the rights and well-being of the consumers by retaining the standard of quality for
food products during production, processing, import and export though not a lot still needs to
be done,
• provide minimal laboratory services for food quality control, import/export.
Cameroon faces a significant challenge concerning food adulteration and contamination from
primary production, processing, distribution, marketing and preparation. The Food Rules
contain provisions for food additives, contaminants, inspections, licensing and analysis of
food. The standards developed for food products by the EU are followed only on paper, their
implementation and enforcement remains a major concern.
4.2.3 Pesticide management and registration system
The Pesticide Act, 1991 and the Pesticide Rule, 1993 cover measures to regulate the
importation, manufacturing, sale, storage, transport, distribution and use of pesticides.
Mandatorily, any pesticide should be registered before importation and distribution, in
accordance with the registration procedure adopted by the Pesticide Board. According to the
regulations any pesticide, which is imported for scientific or research purposes is prohibited
from sale (Frank D., Jacxsen L., Mieke U., 2009. Course Notes: Food Safety, Quality
Assurance systems and Risk Analysis, Gent University). However these rules and laws are not
being put into practice in Cameroon due to political, technical and financial constraints
4.2.4 Challenges for the Cameroonian Government
There are many challenges associated with the use of pesticides, including those categorized
as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) collectively with the non-POPs pesticides, many of
which also share similar problems. These challenges include: harmful side effects on nontarget organisms (water, air, humans…), resurgence of pest populations (because natural
45
control is disrupted), the development of resistance and the cost However, depending upon the
socio-economic situation, the levels of industrialization, literacy and geographical features,
these challenges would vary between countries.
46
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Approximately 98% of the insecticides and 95% of the herbicides reach destinations different
from the targeted once. There are many but highly variable routes through which pesticide
exposure occur.
The use of pesticides can have unintended effects on the environment, water, air, soil, plants,
animals, birds, amphibians, aquatic life and humans. There is a significant increase in the use
of pesticides in Cameroon after the Green revolution period when the government subsidized
pesticides by 100%.
The survey pointed out that there is a significant proportion of the small scale vegetable
farmers and workers of multinational companies and inhabitants within the neighbourhood of
these companies at risk of health problems resulting from the use of pesticides. Inappropriate
farming techniques, poor availability of pesticides/equipment, lack of safety precautions, poor
staffing and mobility of extension workers, the extension workers generally lack support, they
lack motivation, and there are hardly any follow-up, absence of well equiped laboratory for
control and analysis of MRLs, weak policies on pesticides , lack of coordination between
MINADER, NGO, the absence of effective control measures on maximum residue limits
(MRLs) and absence of government regulatory role on pesticide control has resulted to
farmers using what they call “what is available” to tackle pests in their farms. It is very
common to find situations where farmers use obsolete, expired, fake and banned pesticides to
spray their crops. Majority of the farmers don’t use body covering, eye protection, head
covers or nose masks to protect themselves when spraying pesticides. Some farmers even eat,
smoke or drink during spraying exposing themselves to hazards. Some farmers use pesticides
meant for cocoa, coffee or cotton to spray garden crops and others mix insecticides and
fungicides to spray against insects even in the absence of a fungi infection leading to loss in
money.
47
Snails are commonly consumed in Cameroon and neighbouring countries. Some if not most
of these snails are collected in banana plantations as confirmed by most inhabitants though
not authorized by the banana company. Although snails are rich sources of proteins and iron,
they are in themselves a source of food poisoning that can over time, lead to serious health
problems if collected from areas sprayed by pesticides.
5.2 Recommendation
5.2.1 Rational control methods against plant diseases
Faced with the harm caused by pesticides to humans, some farmers indicated their intension
to obtain knowledge on alternative methods to fight against plant diseases. In this regard,
there is an urgent need to educate them through good agricultural practices through Integrated
Crop and Pest Management (ICPM) practices which will include both cultural, physical or
mechanical, biological and chemical pests control methods. This can easily be obtained by
organising the farmers into small farming groups (farmer field schools) where the farmers are
trained and are able to exchange their knowledge and experiences with each other.
5.2.2 Awareness / Training
The small scale farmers and even the multinational companies do not understand the products
they use. In this light, organizing an awareness campaign and training to help them better
understand the products they use and to avoid possible dangers associated with misapplication
will be of paramount importance to their health and that of others. This is a major challenge
that needs attention through concrete actions. Training in safety standards which are primarily
aimed at promoting practices that encourage farmers and pesticide users to adopt simple
practices that protect them and the environment from hazards caused by pesticide exposure
will be beneficial to users and to the consumers. These include:
i)
wearing of protective clothing, eye protection and nose mask,
ii)
ensuring safety for themselves and other farm workers; pesticides should be handled
carefully,
iii)
thorough cleaning up (bathing) immediately after spraying or when pesticides
accidentally come into contact with the skin,
48
iv)
pesticides must be stored away from children and foodstuffs in fully secured pesticide
storage units with adequate ventilation,
v)
pesticide containers and leftover pesticides, obsolete stocks must be disposed in ways
that do not threaten the health of humans or animals,
vi)
no use of unapproved (usually more toxic) pesticides,
vii)
pesticides should only be applied when needed (taking note of threshold level of
attack) and after judging if it is profitable to spray.
Clearly there is urgent need for more training so that farmers are able to calibrate their
equipment and improve the efficiency of application. The long-term aim is to introduce a
proficiency test scheme for applying pesticides applicators to receive a minimal training and
awareness of the need for safety of the operator and the environment.
5.2.3 Use of pesticide application equipment
The farmers lack the appropriate equipment and training. This implies that training/retraining.
The inappropriate use of pesticides can have an impact on public health. Pesticides have
become the subject of discussion at the international level because of their effects on the
environment and health. In developing countries, the poor are most vulnerable, especially in
agricultural areas. It should therefore be of concern that the use of measures to avoid
contamination that would reduce their life expectancy must be of prime importance.
Collaboration with
agro-industrial plantations, the agricultural research institutes who
sometimes oversee testing activities of organic pesticidse in order to assess their efficacy prior
to use, government services like the ministry of Environment and nature protection, Forestry
and Agriculture, local authorities, firms, local dealers in pesticides, local leaders and experts
in plant protection products will be highly needed. Also strong collaboration is needed from
regional bodies such as the Committee on Pesticides in Central Africa (CCAP); a newly
created body under the auspices of CEMAC responsible to inform countries of the sub region
on pesticides and the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union (AU-ICC) to
raise awareness among people against the harmful effects of heavy use or misuse of
pesticides, especially the most toxic, namely Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
49
5.2.4 Food Safety
Generally in developing countries, food safety problems encountered for fruits and vegetables
are primarily: residues of pesticides, phytosanitary issues, the quantity available, the
reliability of supply, a decent price; quality and packaging problems, social and ethical issues
including labor and political conditions.
Qualitatively, there are unavoidably direct costs to comply with food safety standards. This
mainly involves heavy investments and higher operating costs. A crucial parameter in the
economic decision making for private companies, producing for European markets, is risk
assessment. The lack of information, innovation, and learning are other areas where cost is
involved.
Collective action by the World Bank and other donor agencies is needed to assist companies
in developing countries. These companies are often left on their own. They lack information
on performance indicators, rules and regulations; poorly performing national authorities; lack
of infrastructure for transport of goods; and lack of knowledge on changing demand patterns
of European consumers. An urgent action through the improvement of technology;
implementation of tracking and tracing systems; standardization of registration and
documentation; organizing small-scale farmers in developing countries; training small-scale
producers; making available accredited auditing agencies; local offices specialized in private
standards; creating enabling export environments by national governments in developing
countries, and investment in health and social care of employees in the agricultural sector.
The donor agencies should play a leading role in supporting the public sector in developing
countries by strengthening the public institutions, specifically, the competent authority and
inspection agencies. Assistance to the private sector can be under form of investments and
organizational support. Major support should also be extended to the small-scale enterprises,
which are at risk of being cut off from the supply chain due to their lack of knowledge of the
food safety and quality requirements of the buyers and/or the lack of capacity to comply with
these requirements. Assistance should focus on their inclusion in coordinated supply chains.
50
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58
Annexes
Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)
Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of Agriculture
Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides
1
Annex 1: Sample questions to the farmers (users of pesticides)
Region_____________Divivsion____________Subdivision______________Village______
Name of farmer_______________________________ Sex__________ Age_____________
Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated
a) Name the 10 top important vegetables /fruits that you grow
i)
Leafy vegetables --------------------------------------------------------------------ii)
Fruits ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare for the
different vegetables
No.
Name of Vegetable
Quantity produce Economic importance
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
Xi
Xii
Xiii
Xiv
Xv
Q2 Pesticide residue control programme
a) Do you know of any laws for the use of pesticide?
1 = yes, 2 = No ----------If yes, specify:
1 = Age limit for handling pesticides
2 = avoid contact with skin
2
3 = should be kept out of the reach of children 4 =no smoking eating and drinking
during spraying
5 = protect the environment
6 = body protection
7 = protect the environment, age limit for handling pesticides.
Q3. Pesticide authorization
List 10 important crops for which you use pesticides.
Pesticides Dosage Concentration Application Application Application
No. Crops
(Vegetables/Fruits used
(kg/ha)
time (when) frequency
method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest?
1 = Yes, 2 = No ---------------If yes, for how long. 1= < “a week”, 2=“two weeks”, 3=“three weeks”, 4 = “four
weeks”
Do you know of any harm caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------------If yes, specify. 1 = crop damage, 2 = skin damage, 3 = nosea, 4 = catarrh, 5 =
stomach ulcer, 6 = cough, 7 = respiratory problems, 8 = dizzleness, 9 = damage to eyes,
10 = damage to skin, 11 = 1+2+3, 12 = 1+2+3+4+5+6, 13 = 1+3 ----------------What is the age limit for handling of pesticides?
1 = above 15 years
2 = from 8 years old
What is the frequency of application? 1 = Once a week, 2 = twice a week, 3 = three times
a week, 4 = four times a week, 5 = eight times a week, 6 = twelve times a week
Have you recorded any accident caused by pesticides? 1 = Yes, 2 = No -----------3
If yes, name them:
1
= child death
6 = soil damage
2
= body damage
7 = crop damage
3
= contaminate environment 8 = 1+3
4
= air pollution
9 = 1$+5+6+7
5
= water contamination
10 = all of the above
f) Who monitors the application of pesticides on your farm?
1= Farmers 2 = extension staff
g) Do you have some visits from extension staff?
1 = Yes, 2 = No ----------------If yes how often? 1 = once a year, 2 = twice a year, 3 = thrice a year, 4 = four times yearly
h) What information do you receive if visited by extension staff
1= how to spray, 2 = type of equipment to use, 3 = how to adjust the spray
nozzle, 4 = mixing of pesticides, 5 = protective covering, 6 = all of the above
I In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed?
1= tomato tin, 2 = in table spoon full, 3 = in measuring cup, 4 = beer cork, 5 = all
of the above, 6 = 1+2, 7 = 1+3.
Q4. Pesticide residue data
a) Are there any available data on pesticide residues on crops?
1 = Yes, 2 = No ----------------------If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of
1 = < 0.1 ppm, 2 = > 0.1 ppm -----------------------b) Do you know about illegal pesticides used in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No ------------If yes, which ones? 1 = expired pesticides, 2 = banned pesticides, 3 = fake
pesticides, 4 = adulterated pesticides, 5 = all of the above ------------------Q5. Pesticide problems
a) Is there any pesticide problems reported? 1 = yes, 2 = No
If yes, what? 1 = sprayed on crops not ready, 2 = wrong dosage, 3 = use of expired
and abandoned pesticides, 4 = all of the above, 5 = others. ------------------b) From where do you buy pesticides for your crops? 1 = imported under strict
regulations, 2 = clandestinely from neighbouring cities 3 = clandestinely from
neighbouring countries, 4 = from local manufacturers or resellers, 5 = 2+3, 6 = 2+4
4
c) Any available data on pesticide problems------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Year
Type of pesticide
Problem caused
No of affected
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
d) Have you recorded any new kind of crop/ animal disease in your village? 1 =
Yes
2 = No
e) If yes, what do you think is the cause of the disease? 1 = climate change, 2 =
heavy rains, 3 = over use of pesticides, 4 = insect damage on crops, 5 =
infected soils, 6 = 2+5, 7 = all of the above.
f) How have you been controlling the disease? 1 = abandon farm, 2 = increase
dosage of pesticide, 3 = digging of trench, 4 = climatic reasons, 5 = treat soil
with nematicide after tilling
Q6. Consumption data
i)
Is there any record on what people eat in your village? 1 = Yes, 2 = No
ii)
How important is the food? 1 = eaten at home, 2 = eaten in the village, 3 =
eaten in the community
iii)
Name the commonly eaten foods in your locality. -----------------------------iv)
How are foods prepared before consumption? 1= peeling and eating, 2 =
washing and eating, 3 = boiling and eating, 4 = peeling, washing then
eating, 5 = peeling, boiling then eating without washing, 6 = peeling,
washing and then boiling before eating
Q7. Information on climate change with respect to climate
a) Have you heard about climate change? 1 = Yes, 2 = No
b) What does it mean to you? (Specify) 1 = change in weather, 2 = wet and dry weather, 3 =
drought
and too much rain, 4 = change in planting season.
c) What are you doing to fight climate change? (Specify)1 = planting of trees, 2 = follow
programme,
= pollution stop cutting of trees, 4 = avoid environmental
5
d) How are you adapting to the changing climate? (Specify) 1 = making more seeds, 2 =
planting trees, 3 = avoiding environmental pollution, 4 = avoid bush fires, 5 = farming
across the slopes, 6 = no knowledge.
e) Have you been involved in tree planting? 1 = Yes, 2 = No
f) Who organizes it? (Specify) 1 = local NGO, 2 = forester, 3 = local council and NGO, 4 =
self, 5 = government
g) Where did you get the trees from? 1 = old stems, 2 = research centre, 3 = from agric staff,
4 = none of the above (specify)
Q8. Warming system
a) Have you noticed the appearance of certain diseases under specific weather
conditions (wet and dry weather) on your farm? 1 = Yes, 2 = no
b) If yes what are the most prevailing causes? 1 = insects, 2 = fungi, 3 = weeds, 4
= crop damage, 5 = 1+ 2+3
c) What are you doing to control this? 1 = use pesticide, 2 = others (specify)
THANKS
6
Annexe 2: Sample questionnaire Pesticide Control body/Ministry of
Agriculture
Q1. Types of vegetables cultivated
c) Which are the 10 top important vegetables /fruits grown in this area (Cameroon).
National statistics on the following:
i)
Vegetables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii)
Fruits ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d) Name in order of importance the quantity in tonnage produce per hectare the different
vegetables
No.
Name of Vegetable Quantity produce Economic Value (most
important – least important)
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vi
i
vi
ii
ix
x
Q2 Pesticide residue control programme
b) Is there any pesticide residue control programme,
i) At the local market?
yes
No
If yes, specify --------------------------------------------------------------------Who is responsible for this-----------------------------------------------------ii) At Import? yes
No
If yes, specify ------------------------------------------------------------------------Responsible:--------------------------------------------------------------------------7
iii) At Export? yes
No
If yes, specify-------------------------------------------------------------------------Responsible:--------------------------------------------------------------------------c) What sampling-methodology is used (how are samples taken and how much)?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d) How is the pesticide-residue analysis conducted (method description)?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i) How accurate is this (credit-worthy lab, expertise)--------------------------------------ii) What’s the margin of error?------------------------------------------------------------------iii) What’s the limit of detection (LOD)?------------------------------------------------------iv) On what base is the scope of the analysis decided (how does one decide what
residues are looked for on a specific crop)-----------------------------------------------------Q3. Pesticide authorization
List for 10 important crops which pesticides are authorized to be used on them
No.
Vegetables/
Fruits
Pesticides
authorized
Dosage
(kg/hectare)
Concentration
When are
they applied
Frequency of
application
Application
method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
i) Who is in charge of the authorization of pesticides?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------j) When are the specific crops sown/planted and harvested?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is there a restriction between time of treatment and time of harvest?
Yes
No
If yes, for how long ------------------------------------------------------------------------------k) What is the age limit for handling of pesticides?
i)
above 15 years
ii)
from 8 years old
l) Who monitors the application of pesticides?
i) Farmers
ii) extension staff
m) Do you have some visits from extension staff?
8
Yes
No
If yes how often?
n) During visits from extension staff, what information do you receive?
i)
how to spray yes
No
If yes, specify
ii)
type of equipment to use yes
No
If yes, list types -------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii)
How to adjust the spray nozzle Yes
No
iv)
Spraying techniques. Yes
No
If yes (specify) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------v)
Mixing of chemicals. Yes
No
If yes, specify----------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi)
Protective covering. Yes
No
If yes, which and how are they carried out------------------------------------------------vii)
Others (Specify) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------o) In what do you measure the dosage to be sprayed?
2 tomato tins
3 in table spoon full
4 in measuring cup
5 other (specify) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q4. Pesticide residue data
a) Are there any pesticide residue data on crops available?
Yes
No
If yes, details in mg pesticides/ kg of crop -----------------------------------------Pesticides yearly data for the past 5 years
Year
Type of crop
Pesticide used
Residues on crop (mg of
pesticides/kg of crop)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
b) What upper limit is used to categorize a residue as ‘acceptable’ (MRL…) and
who defines those limits? ----------------------------------------------------------------
9
Q5. Pesticide problems
a) Are there any pesticide problems reported? Yes
No
If yes, which ones? (Adulteration, illegal use, fake, expired or banned
pesticides)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) Do you know about any obsolete stocks?
Yes
No
If yes, in what state are they? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c) Where are the pesticides bought? (imported under strict regulations, clandestinely
from neighboring cities or countries, from local manufacturers, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d) Any available data on pesticide problems?
Year
Type of pesticide
Problem caused
No of affected
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Q6. Consumption data
Information on consumption data in Cameroon (what and how much of it is consumed
+ what part of the plants are consumed + are there any processing steps)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q7. Climate change
Information on climate change with respect to climate-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q8. Warming system
a) Information on warming systems i.e under specific weather conditions certain
pests will drop. Does this occur in Cameroon and how does it relate to the types
of pests on vegetables and crops? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THANKS
10
Annexe 3: List of homologated Pesticides
REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
Paix-Travail-Patrie
------------MINISTERE DE L’AGRICULTURE
ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL
------------SECRETARIAT GENERAL
------------COMMISSION NATIONALE
D’HOMOLOGATION DES PRODUITS
PHYTOSANITAIRES ET DE CERTIFICATION
DES APPAREILS DE TRAITEMENT
--------------SECRETARIAT DE LA COMMISSION
REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
Peace-Work-Fatherland
----------MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
------------GENERAL SECRETARIAT
------------NATIONAL REGISTRATION COMMISSION OF
PHYTOSANITARY PRODUCTS AND
CERTIFICATION OF SPRAYERS
--------------SECRETARIAT OF THE COMMISSION
--------------
LISTE DES PRODUITS HOMOLOGUES
Avicides
N°
Nom Commercial
Nom et teneur en matière
(s) active(s)
1 FENTHION 600UL
2
QUELETOX
Date
Formulation
Fenthion 600 g/l
UL
Fenthion 640 g/l
UL
Spéculation
Oiseaux
granivores
Oiseaux
granivores
Spécialité
Expiration
céréales
2011
céréales
2012
11
Fongicide
Nom Commercial
N°
Nom et teneur en matière
(s) active(s)
Formulation
Spécialité
Spéculation
Date
Expiration
N° Arrêté
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ALIETTE
Fosetyl Aluminium 80%
WG
Fongicide
Ananas
2016
ALMANEB 80 WP
Manèbe 80%
WP
Fongicide
Tomate
2010
ALTO 100 SL
Cyproconazol 100g/l
SL
Fongicide
Hévéa
2014
ANTEOR SUPPER 49
Oxyde de cuivre 40%
Cymoxanil 9.6%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2007
EC
Fongicide
Bois
2014
WG
Fongicide
Bananier
2016
ANTIBLU SELECT
ATHLETE
Alkydimethyl benzylamonium chloride 494.6g/kg
3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl
carbonate 23.7g/kg.
-Bisodium actaborate
tetrahydrate 74.2g/kg
Fosetyl – Alluminium
800g/kg
BALEAR 720 SC
Chlorothalonil 720g/l
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2015
BANKIT 25 SC
Azoxystrobine 250g/l
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2010
BANKO 720 EC
Chlorothalonil 720g/l
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2010
BAOBAB 80 WP
Mancozèbe 800 g/kg
WP
Mildiou
Tomates
2018
BRAVO 720 SC
Chlorothalonil 720 g/l
FO
mildiou
Tomates
BRAVO 720 SC
Chlorothalonil 720g/kg
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2010
CAIMAN 500 OL
Mancozèbe 500g/l
OL
Fongicide
Bananier
2013
CALIETTE 80 WP
Fosetyl-Aluminium 80g/kg
WP
Pouriture du
coeur
Ananas
2011
CALIXINE
Tridemorphe 750g/l
EC
Fongicide
Bananier
2007
CALIXINE 86 OL
Tridemorphe 860g/l
OL
Fongicide
Bananier
2012
CALLIS 400 OL
Methyl-thiophanate 400g/l
OL
Fongicide
Bananier
2008
CALLOMIL SUPER
18. 66 WP
Oxyde de cuivre 6%
Méfénoxam (métalaxyl-m)
6%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2010
Oxyde de cuivre 560g/l
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2007
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
19.
CAOCOBRE
12
CAOCOBRE 50 WG
Oxyde de Cuivre
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2015
CHAMPION 50 WP
Hydroxide de cuivre
500g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2007
Chlorothalonil
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2017
COBRA 75 WG
Oxyde de cuivre 75 %
WG
pourriture
brune des
cabosses
Cacaoyer
2020
COGA 80 WP
Mancozèbe 800 g/kg
WP
Mildiou
Tomates
2018
COMET PLUS
Fenpropimorph 375 g/l +
Pyraclostrobin 100 g/l
FO
Maladie des
raies noires.
Bananiers.
2020
CURLYPLANT 730
26. WG
Soufre 60,8% + Oxychlorure
de Cuivre 12,7%
WG
Fongicide
Tomates
2015
DITHANE DG NEO
27. TEC
Mancozèbe 800g/kg
WG
Fongicide
Bananier
2014
DITHANE F 448 SC
Mancozèbe 430 g/l
SC
cercosporios
e
Bananiers.
2020
DITHANE M 45
Mancozèbe 80%
WP
Fongicide
Tomates
2011
FOLICURE 250 EW
Tebuconazole 200g/l
EW
Fongicide
Bananier
2007
FONGEX TWP
Thiophanate-metyl 11% +
Oxychlorure de cuivre 20%
+ soufre 12%
WP
Fongicide
Maraichère
2014
FONGICA
Oxyde de cuivre
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2017
FONGISTAR 72% WP
Oxyde de cuivre
WP
Fongicide
Tomates
2017
FORUM R 46 WP
Dimethomorph 6% +
Oxychlorure de cuivre 40%
WP
pourriture
brune des
cabosses
Cacaoyer
2020
FORUM* R
Dimethomorphe 60g/kg+
Oxychlorure de Cuivre
400g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2011
FOSTONIC 80 WP
Fosetyl Aluminium
WP
ongicide
Ananas
2017
Hydroxide du cuivre 77%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2014
Bénalaxy 18% + Cuivre
Métal 60%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2009
20.
21.
CHLOROPLANT 720
22. SC
23.
24.
25.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
FUNGURAN-OH 50
37. WP
38.
GALBEN PLUS
13
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
GOLDEN BLUE
Sulfate de Cuivre
pentahydraté 98,5 %
SG
pourriture
brune
Cacaoyer
2018
HYDROX
Hydroxide de cuivre (eq.
Cuivre métal)
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2017
HYDROX
Hydroxide de cuivre (eq.
Cuivre métal)
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2017
HYDROX
Oxyde de cuivre 770g/kg
WP
Pouriture
brune des
cabosses
Cacaoyer
2007
HYDROX SUPER
Hydroxide de cuivre
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2017
IMPULSE 800 EC
Spiroxamine 800g/kg
EC
Fongicide
Bananier
2014
IVORY 75 WG
Mancozèbe 750g/kg
WG
Fongicide
Bananier
2011
IVORY 80 WP
Mancozèbe 800g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Tomates
2010
K. O. MIL
Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg+
Metalaxyl 120g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2016
KENTAN 40 WG
Hydroxide de cuivre
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2017
KOCIDE 101
Hydroxide de cuivre 56%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
caféier
2006
KOCIDE 2000
Hydroxyde de Cuivre 53.8%
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2011
MAGNATE 75 SG
Imazalil 75%
SG
Traitement
post récolte
Bananier
2014
MANCO 80 WP
Mancozèbe 800g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Tomates
2016
MANCOBEX 80 WP
Mancozébe 800 g/kg
WP
mildiou
Tomate
2019
MANCOSTAR 80 WP
Mancozèbe 800 g/kg
WP
Mildiou
Tomates
2018
MANCOZAN
Mancozèbe 750g/kg
WG
Fongicide
Bananier
2016
MANCOZAN SUPER
Mancozèbe 640 g/kg +
Metalaxy 80 g/kg
WG
mildiou
tomate
2019
MANZATE 75 WG
Mancozèbe 750 g/kg
WG
Cercosporios
es
Bananier
2018
Mancoz7be
WG
Fongicide
Bananier
2017
Metalaxyl 12 %
+Hydroxyde de cuivre 40 %
WP
Pourriture
brune
Cacaoyer
2019
MANZATE R 75 WG
58. (DF)
59.
METACHAMP
14
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
METALM 72 WP
Métalaxyl 120g/kg + Oxyde
du cuivre 600g/kg
WP
Fongicide
METROSTAR 500 WP
Thiophanate-methyl 150 g/kg
+ Oxychlorure de cuivre 200
g/kg + Soufre 150 g/kg
WP
Mildiou
MORFUS 720 SC
Chlorothalonil 720 g/l
SC
la maladie
des raies
noires
Bananiers.
2020
NORDOX 50
Oxyde de cuivre 58%
PM
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2006
NORDOX 75 WG
Oxyde du Cuivre 86%
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2006
Oxyde cuivreux 86,2%
WP
pourriture
brune
Cacaoyer
2018
NORDOX SUPPER 75
Oxyde de cuivre 86%
PM
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2006
O.K.MIL
Oxyde cuivreux 600 g/kg +
Metalaxyl 120 g/kg
FO
pourriture
brune des
cabosses
Cacaoyer
2020
ODEON 82,5 WDG
Chorothalonil
WDG
Fongicide
Bananier
2017
OPAL 7,5 EC
Epoxyconazole 75 g/l
EC
cercosporios
e
Bananiers.
2020
ORPHEE PLUS
Tridémorphe 450g/l
Triadiméfon 100g/l
OL
Fongicide
Bananier
2008
PARASOL
Hydroxide de cuivre 50%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2010
PENNCOZEB 75 DG
Mancozèbe 750g/kg
DG
Fongicide
Bananier
2014
PENNCOZEB 80 WP
Mancozèbe 80%
WP
Fongicide
PENNCOZEB 80 WP
Mancozèbe 800 g/kg
WP
Champiogno
ns parasites
PLANTIETTE 80 WG
Fosetyl-Aluminium 800 g/kg
WG
Pourriture
du coeur
PLANTINEB 80 WP
Manèbe 80%
WP
Fongicide
PLANTINEB 80 WP
Manèbe 80%
WP
mildiou
- Maraîchère
- VivrièrFruitière
Tomates
PLANTIZEB 80 WP
Mancozèbe 80%
WP
Insecticide
Tomates
2014
Oxyde de Cuivre 60%
WG
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2015
NORDOX SUPER 75
65. WP
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
PLANTOCOBRE 50
79. WG
Cacaoyer
2010
Tomates
2018
- Vivrière
- Maraîchère
- Fruitière
Maraîchères
et fruitières
2010
2018
Ananas
2018
2010
2018
15
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
PLANTOMIL 72 WP
Oxyde de vuivre 600g/kg+
Metalaxyl 120g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2016
PUNCH 40 EC
Flusilazol 400g/l
EC
Fongicide
Bananier
2014
PYRUS 400 SC
Pyrimethanil 400g/l
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2016
REVUS 250 SC
Mandipropamid 250 g/l
SC
Pourriture
des cabosses
Cacaoyer
2018
REVUS 250 SC
Mandipropamid 250 g/l
mildiou
Tomate
2019
RIDOMIL GOLD
85. 65WP
Mefenoxam 5% (metalaxyl)
+ Hydroxyde de Cuivre 60%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2009
RIDOMIL GOLD
86. PLUS 66 WP
Metalaxy/-M 6%+ Oxyde de
Cuivre 60%
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2011
SICO 250 EC
Difenoconazole 250 g/l
EC
Cercosporios
es
Bananier
2018
SICO 250EC
Defenoconazole 250g/l
EC
Fongicide
Bannanier
2008
SIGANEX 60 SC
Pyriméthanil 600g/l
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2014
STAROMIL 72 WP
Dimethomorph 12 % +
Oxyde de cuivre 60 %
WP
pourriture
brune des
cabosses
Cacaoyer
2020
SULIMA 75 SP
Imazalil 75%
SP
Fongicide
Bananier
2008
SUPRAMIL GOLD
Mefenoxam (Metalaxyl- M)
+ Oxyde de Cuivre
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2017
TILT 250 EC
Propiconazole 250 g/l
EC
cercosporios
e
Bananiers.
2020
TILT 250 EC
Propiconazole 250g/l
EC
Fongicide
Bananier
2007
TOLONYL
Chlorothalonil 750g/l
WG
Fongicide
Bananier
2015
TRICAL 250 OL
Triadimefon 250 g/l
OL
cercosporios
e
Bananiers.
2020
TRICAL 250 OL
Triadiméfon 250g/l
OL
Fongicide
Bananier
2008
TRIMANEB
Manèbe
WP
Fongicide
Maraichères
2015
TRIMANGOL 80 WP
Manèbe 800 g/kg
WP
Champiogno
ns parasites
Maraîchères
et fruitières
2018
UNILAX 72 WP
Mancozèbe 64% + Metalaxyl
8%
WP
Mildiou
Tomates
2018
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
16
101.
102.
103.
104.
VOLLEY 88 OL
Fenpropimorphe
OL
Fongicide
Bananier
2017
VONDOZEB 33 OF
Mancozèbe 330g/l
OF
Fongicide
Bananier
2010
VONDOZEB 42 SC
Mancozèbe 420 g/l
SC
Cercosporios
es
Bananier
2018
VONDOZEB 42 SC
Mancozèbe 420g/l
SC
Fongicide
Bananier
2010
Herbicides
Nom Commercial
N°
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en
matière (s) active(s)
Formulation
Spécialité
Date
Expiration
Spéculation
1.
ACTION 80 DF
Diuron 800g/kg
WG
Pré-levée culture
et adventices
Cotonnier
2018
2.
ACTRIL DS
Lozynil 100g/kg + 2,4
D 500g/kg
EC
Herbicide
Cane-à-sucre
2013
3.
AGRAX 500
Amétryne 500g/l
SC
4.
AGRAZINE 90 DF
Atrazine 900g/kg
DF
Diverses
cultures
Maïs
2011
5.
AGRAZINE 90 DF
Atrazine 900g/kg
WG
Cotonnier
2018
6.
ALLIGATOR
Pendimethaline 400g/l
EC
Canne à sucre
2015
7.
ALLY 20 DF
Metsulfuron-Methyl
DF
Palmier à
huile
2017
8.
ALMOXONE SUPER
Paraquat 200g/l
SL
Caféier
2011
9.
ALMSMA 720 SL
MSMA 720g/l
SL
Canne à sucre
2011
10.
AMETRA 500 SC
Ametrène 250 g/l+
Atrazine 250g/l
SC
Canne à Sucre
2015
11.
AMISTAR 720 SL
2,4 – D sel d’amine
SL
Toute culture
2020
12.
ARMADA
Glyphosate 90g/l
SL
Diverses
cultures
2006
13.
ATOLL
Isoxaflutole 37,5g/l +
Atrazine 500g/l
SC
Maïs
2015
14.
ATRALM 80 WP
Atrazine 900g/kg
WP
Maïs
2010
15.
ATRALM 90 WDG
Atrazine 900g/l
WDG
Maïs
2012
16.
BASTA 6 SL
17.
BASTA F1
18.
BASTA F1
19.
CALLIHERBE
20.
CALLOXONE SUPER
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Herbicide
Pré-levée culture
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levee
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Glufosinate
ammonium 60g/l
Glufosinate
ammonium 200g/l
Glufosinate
ammonium 200g/l
2,4 –D Sol d’Amide
720g/l
Paraquat 200g/l
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
2010
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
2007
2007
2019
2007
2010
17
21.
CASSE-TOUT
Glyphosate 480 g/l
SL
22.
CAVIAR 48 EC
Tridopyr 480g/l
EC
23.
CERTROL DS
Loxinyl 100g/l + 2,4D 600g/l
EC
24.
CLEANFARM 360 SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
SL
25.
CODAL GOLD 412,5
DC
Prometryne 25 % + SMetolachlore 16,25 %
DC
26.
CORTA 480
Triclopyr 480 g/l
EC
27.
COTRAZINE
Atrazine 80 %
28.
CYCLONE 200 SL
29.
DECAPLANT 720
30.
DINAMIC 700 WDG
31.
DINO 800 SC
Diuron 800g/l
SC
32.
DINO 800 WG
Diuron 800g/kg
WG
33.
DIURALM 800 SC
Diuron 80%
SC
34.
DIURALM 8O WG
Diuron 800g/kg
WG
35.
DIURON 80 WP
Diuron 800g/kg
WP
36.
ERAWEED 20 WG
37.
EXTREME PLUS 750
WP
Metsulfuron-methyle
20 %
Metribuzinze 643+
Chlorimuron 107
38.
FINISH 360 SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
39.
FINISH 68 SG
40.
FOLAR 525 SC
41.
GALAXY 450 EC
42.
GALLANT SUPER
43.
GARLON 4E
Tridopyr 480g/l
44.
GARLON 4E
Triclopyr
45.
GESAPRIM 90 WG
Atrazine 900g/l
WG
46.
GESAPRIM 90 WG
Atrazine 900 g/kg
WG
47.
GLYCEL 41 % SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
(s/f de sel
d’isopropylamine)
SL
Glufosinate
ammonium 200 g/l
2, D (Sel
d’Amine) 720g/l
Amicarbazone
700g/kg
Glyphosate 680 g/kg
(sel d’isopropylamine)
Terbutylazine 345g/l
+ Glyphosate 180g/l
Clamazone 150g/l +
Pendiméthaline 180g/l
Haloxyfob-R (ester de
Methyl) 108g/l
SL
Sl
WDG
WG
WP
SL
SG
SC
EC
EC
EC
EC
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Pré-levée culture
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
prélevée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Pré-levée culture
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Herbicide/ Prélevée
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Toute culture
2020
Palmier à
huile
2015
Canne à Sucre
2014
Toute culture
2020
Cotonnier
2018
Palmier à
huile
2018
cotonnier
2019
Palmier à huile
2019
Palmier à
huile
2015
Canne à sucre
2018
Canne à sucre
2014
Canne à sucre
2014
Canne à sucre
2012
Cotonnier
2014
Cotonnier
2010
Hévéa
2019
Canne à sucre
2015
Palmier à
huile
Palmier à
huile
Diverses
cultures
2018
2018
2007
Riz
2013
Cotonier
2016
Diverses
cultures
Adventices
des cultures
2007
2017
Maïs
2011
Maïs
2011
Toute culture
2019
18
48.
GLYCOT
Glyphosate 480 g/l
SL
49.
GLYPHADER
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
50.
GLYPHADER 360 SL
Glyphosate
SL
51.
GLYPHADER 750
Glyphosate 680g/kg
(eq. Glyphosate acide)
SG
52.
GLYPHALM 500 WSG
Glyphosate 500g/l
WSG
53.
GLYPHALM 72 WG
Glyphosate 720g/l
WG
54.
GLYPHASINE COMBI
55.
GLYPHOGAN
56.
GLYPHOS 360
57.
Glyphosate 180g/l +
Terbuthylazine 345g/l
Glyphosate 360g/l
(Sel
d’isopophylamine)
SL
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
cotonnier
2019
Diverses
cultures
Adventices
des cultures
2007
2017
Cotonnier
2018
Cotonnier
2014
Cotonnier
2015
Caféier
2011
SL
Adventices en
post levée
Caféier
2011
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
Adventices en
post levée
Palmier à
huile
2013
GLYPHOSALM 360 SL
Glyphosate 360g/l
sous forme de sel
d’isoprophylamine
SL
Adventices en
post levée
Palmier à
huile
2011
58.
GRAMAXONE SUPPER
Paraquat 200g/l
SL
59.
GRAMAXONE SUPPER
Paraquat 200g/
SL
60.
HEBEXTRA
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Palmier à
huile
61.
HELOSATE 360 SL AE
62.
HERBALM 720
2,4-D 720g/l
SL
63.
HERBAZUR
Asulam-sodium 400
g/l
SL
64.
HERBIMAIS
Atrazine 750g/l +
Nicosulfuron 40g/l
WG
65.
HERBIMAIS SUPER
Dicamba 24 % +
Nicosulfuron 4 %
HE
66.
HERBISTAR 360 SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
SL
Glyphosate 757 g/kg
WSG
Glyphosate
WSG
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Post-levée des
adventices
Post-levée des
adventices et
cultures
en postlevée
cultures et
adventices
Post-levée des
adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
67.
68.
HERBISTAR PLUS 757
WSG
HERBISTAR PRO 800
WSG
2,4-D sel d’Amine
720g/l
Isopropylamine
360g/l
SL
SL
69.
KALACH 120 SL
Glyphosate 120g/l
SL
70.
KALACH 360 SL
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
71.
KALACH 360 SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
SL
72.
KARLA 20 DF
73.
KRISMAT 75 WG
Metsulfuron-methyle
200 g/kg
Trifloxysulfuron
1,85% + Ametryne
DF
WG
Maïs
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
2007
2007
2010
Canne à sucre
2013
Palmier à
huile
2011
Canne à sucre
2018
Mais
2016
maïs
2020
Canne à sucre
2018
Toute culture
2020
Cotonnier
2017
Diverses
cultures
2006
Canne à sucre
2006
Adventices
des cultures
Palmier à
Huile
2018
2019
Canne à sucre
2013
19
73,15%
Alachlore 300g/l +
Atrazine 180g/l
Mesotrione 3,75% +
S-Méthalochlore
37,5%+ Terbutylazine
12,5%
74.
LASSO GD MICRO
TECH
75.
LUMAX 537,5 SE
76.
MAIA 75 WG
Nicosulfuron 750 g/l
WG
77.
MASTER 720 SL
MSMA 720g/l
SL
78.
NICOMAIS 40 SC
Nicosulfuron
SC
79.
NOMINEE 100 SC
Bispyribac – Sodium
SC
80.
PARAGON 500 EC
Pendiméthaline 500g/l
EC
81.
PENCAL 500 EC
Pendimethaline 500g/l
EC
82.
PENDIMOST
Pendiméthaline
EC
83.
PLANTOP 360
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
84.
PLANTOP ULTRA
75,7% WG
Glyphosate
ammonium 75%
WG
85.
PLANTOXONE SUPER
Paraquat 200g/l
EC
86.
PLANTURON 80% WG
Diuron 800g/kg
WG
87.
PREMISTAR 800 WG
Diuron 800 g/kg
WG
88.
PRIMAGRAM GOLD
660 SC
89.
PRIMEXTRA 500 FW
90.
91.
PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720
SC
PRIMEXTRA GOLD 720
SC
92.
RISTAR TM
93.
S-Metolachlore
290g/kg + Atrazine
370g/l
Atrazine 170g/l +
Metolachlore 330g/l
Atrazine320g/l + SMetolachlore 400g/l
Atrazine320g/l + SMetolachlore 400g/l
CS et SC
SE
SC
FW
SC
SC
Oxadiazon 250g/l
EC
ROUND UP 360 SL
Glyphosate
SL
94.
ROUND UP BIOSEC
Glyphosate 640g/l
GR
95.
ROUNDUP 120
Glyphosate 120g/l
SL
96.
ROUNDUP 360
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
97.
ROUNDUP 360
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
98.
ROUNDUP 450 TURBO
Glyphosate 450g/l
SL
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Post-levée des
adventices et
cultures
Adventice en post
levée
Adventices en
post levée
post-levé culture
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levee
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Pré-levée
adventices et
cultures
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Maïs
2011
Maïs
2015
Maïs
2019
Canne à sucre
2014
Maïs
Riz
2015
Canne à sucre
2014
Cotonnier
2010
Maïs
2010
Canne à sucre
2015
Cotonnier
2015
Palmier à
Huile
2016
Cotonnier
2014
Cotonnier
2018
Mais
2011
Maïs
2009
Mais
2009
Diverses
cultures
2019
Riz
2016
Adventices
des cultures
Palmier à
huile
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Palmier à
huile
2017
2011
2007
2007
2019
2014
20
Glyphosate 450
g/l sous forme
d’équivalent acide
(551 g/l de sel de
potassium)
HE
100. SIKOSTO 120 SL
Glyphosate 120g/l
SL
101. SIKOSTO 360 SL
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
102. SIKOSTO 360 SL
Glyphosate 360 g/l
SL
103. SPRINGBOK 360 SL
Glyphosate 360g/l
SL
104. SPRINGBOK 500 WSG
Glyphosate 500g/kg
WG
105. STOMP 500 EC
Pendimethaline 500g/l
EC
106. STOMP CS
Pendimethaline 455
g/l
CS
107. SUPRAXONE ROYAL
Paraquat 200g/l
SL
108. SUPRAXONE ROYAL
Paraquat 200g/l
SL
109. SUPRAXONE ROYAL
Paraquat
SL
110. TARGA SUPER 50 EC
Quizalofop-Ethyl
Ec
111. TOPSTAR 400 SC
Oxadiargyl 400g/l
SC
112. TOUCH DOWN
Glyphosate-trimesium
480g/l
SL
Glyphosate 500g/l
SL
114. TREVESSIMO
Glyphosate 720g/l
SC
115.
Glyphosate 250 g/l +
Diuron 250 g/l
SC
116. TROMISSIL 50 WP
Linuron
WP
117. VELPAR 75 DF
Hexazinone 750g/l
DF
118. VELPAR L 240
Hexazinone 240g/l
DC
119. VOLATRAZINE 500 SC
Atrazine 500g/l
SC
120. VOLAZINONE 750 WG
Hexazinon 750g/kg
WG
121. VOLCACET 900 EC
Acétochlore 900g/l
EC
122. VOLTRIL
2, 4-D
600g/l+Loxynil
100g/l
EC
123. WILDBEES
2.4-D 600g/l
SL
99.
113.
ROUNDUP 450 TURBO
TOUCHDOWN FORTE
HI TECH
TREVISSIMO
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Pré-levée cultures
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Pré-levée culture
et adventices
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Adventices en
post levée
Toute culture
2020
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
2010
2010
Toute culture
2019
Canne à sucre
2014
Canne à sucre
2014
2009
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
2019
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
2007
2007
2017
Cotonnier
2014
Riz
2015
Palmier à
huile
Palmier à
huile
2013
2014
2007
Diverses
cultures
Carotte
2018
2017
Diverses
cultures
Diverses
cultures
2010
2010
Canne à sucre
2014
Canne à sucre
2014
Canne à sucre
2015
Adventices en
post levée
Canne à sucre
2014
Adventices en
post levée
Canne à sucre
2014
21
Insecticides
Nom Commercial
N°
N° Arrêté
Nom et teneur en
matière (s) active(s)
Formulation
Spécialité
Spéculation
Date
Expiration
1.
ACEPLANT 80 EC
Acetamipride 80g/l
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2016
2.
ACTARA 25 WG
Thiamethosam 250g/l
WG
Insecticide
Bananier
2015
3.
ACTELLIC 2% DUST
PP
Insecticide
Denrées
stockées
2007
4.
ACTELLIC 50 EC
EC
Insecticide
Maïs, Haricot
2008
5.
AKITO 25 EC
EC
Insecticide
2014
6.
ALADIN
7.
8.
ALTERNAX
AMSAC 150 SC
9.
ANNIBAL 500 EC
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
ATTAKAN 350 SC
AVAUNT 150 SC
BASSA 500 EC
BASTION 10 G
BASUDINE 600 EW
BATIK
BAYTHROID 025 EC
BAYTHROID 100 EC
BENJI 80 SL
19.
BORADYN 045 ZC
20.
CATCH 10 G
Pirimiphose- méthyl
20g/kg
Pirimiphos Methyl
20g/l
Béta-Cyperméthrine
Phosphure
d’Aluminium 56%
Thiodicarb 800g/l
Indoxacarb
Fenobucarb (BPMC)
500g/l
Imidaclopride 350g/l
Indoxacarbe 150g/l
Feobucarb 500g/l
Carbofuran 100g/kg
Diazinon 600/l
Bacillus thuringiensis
Cyfluthrine 25g/l
Cyfluthrine 100g/l
Acétamipride 80g/l
Thiametoxam +
Lambda Cyhalothrime
WG
SC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Tomate
Denrées
stockeés
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
EC
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
2010
SC
SC
EC
GR
EW
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Bananier
Cotonnier
Cacaoyer
Bananier
Cacaoyer
EC
EC
SL
ZC
Mélange de
SC et CS
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Tomate
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
2014
2013
2007
2010
2008
2010
2010
2009
2016
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
2017
Fumigant
Insecticide
21.
CAÏMAN B 50 WG
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
CALDOPHOS 600 SL
CALLISULFAN 50EC
CALFOS 600 EC
CALFOS 720 EC
CALIFE 500 EC
Cadusaphos 100 g/kg
Emamectine-benzoate
50 g/kg
Methamidophos 600g/l
Endosulfan 500 g/l
Profenofos 600g/l
Profenofos 720g/l
Profenofos 500g/l
27.
CALIFE B 400 EC
Profenofos 400 g/l
EC
28.
CALLIDIM 200 EC
Diméthoate 200g/l
EC
29.
CALLIDIM 400 EC
Dimethoate 400 g/l
EC
Insectes
nuisibles
30.
CALLIDIM 400 EC
Diméthoate 400g/l
EC
Insecticide
31.
CALLIFAN SUPER 40
EC
Acétamipride 20
g/l+Bifenthrine 20 g/l
EC
mirides
2016
2016
2017
WG
EC
EC
EC
EC
Chenilles
carpophages
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Chenilles
carpophages
Insecticide
cotonnier
2019
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
2011
2010
2007
2007
2015
Cotonnier
2018
Tomate
Cultures
maraîchères,
légumières et
fruitières
- Hévéa
-Maraîchère
- Vivrière
2007
cacaoyer
2019
2018
2010
22
CALLISULFAN 330 CS
Endosulfan 330g/l
CS
Cacaoyer
2010
33.
CALLISULFAN 35EC
Endosulfan 350g/l
EC
Insecticide
Caféier
2007
34.
35.
CAOFORCE 600 EC
CAPORAL 750 EC
EC
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
Cotonnier
2014
2014
WG
Mouches des
fruits
Tomates
2018
Cotonnier
2014
DS
Cotonnier
2018
32.
37.
CARBOFALM 35 DS
Diazinon 600g/l
Profénofos 750g/l
Lambda-Cyhalothrine
120 g/kg +
Acetamipride 64 g/kg
Carbosufaln 35%
38.
CARBOFAN 35 DS
Carbosulfan 350 g/kg
39.
CHINMIX 10 EC
40.
41.
42.
36. CAPT FORTE 184 WG
DS
Insecticide
Traitement des
semences
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2012
CIGOGNE 12 EC
CIGOGNE 200 EC
CIGOGNE 360 EC
Beta-Cypermétrine
100g/l
Cyperméthrine 12g/l
Cypermethrine 200g/l
Cypermethrine
EC
SL
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
2012
2007
2017
43.
CIGOGNE 50 EC
Cyperméthrine 50g/l
EC
Insecticide
Tomate
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
Cultures
vivrière et
maraîchères
44.
CONFIDOR 010 UL
Imidachlopride 10 g/l
2011
45.
CONFIDOR 200 SL
Imidaclopride 200g/l
SL
Insecticide
46.
CONFIDOR 350 SC
Imidaclopride 368g/l
SC
Insecticide
47.
CRUISER 350 FS
Thiaethoxane 350g/l
FS
Insecticide
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
CURACRON 500 EC
CYGA 250 EC
CYPALM 200 EC
CYPALM 360 EC
CYPALM 50 EC
CYPERAX 12 EC
CYPERAX 200 EC
CYPERAX 50 EC
Profenofos 500g/l
Cyperméthrine 250g/l
Cyperméthrine 200g/l
Cyperméthrine 360g/l
Cyperméthrine 50g/l
Cyperméthrine 12 g/l
Cyperméthrine 200g/l
Cyperméthrine 50 g/l
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
56.
CYPERCAL 100
Cyperméthrine 100g/l
EC
Insecticide
57.
CYPERCAL 12 EC
Cypermethrine 12 g/l
EC
Insectes
nuisibles
58.
CYPERCAL 50 EC
Cypermethrine 50 g/l
EC
Insectes
nuisibles
59.
CYPERCOT
Cypermethrine 10 %
EC
Chenilles
carpophages
CYPERDIM 220 EC
Cypermethrine 20 g/l +
Dimethoate 200 g/l
EC
Insectes
nuisibles
60.
2019
61.
CYPERDIM 220 EC
Diméthoate 200g/l +
Cypermethrine 20g/l
EC
Insecticide
62.
63.
CYPERPLANT 100 EC
CYPERPLANT 12 EC
Cyperméthrine 100g/l
Cyperméthrine 12g/l
EC
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Bananiers et
plantains
Bananier
Semences
cotonnières
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
Tomate
2012
2015
2016
2019
2016
2012
2019
2011
2010
2010
2010
Cotonnier
fruitier
maraîchère
Cultures
maraîchères,
légumières et
fruitières
Cultures
maraîchères,
légumières et
fruitières
2006
2018
2018
cotonnier
2019
Cultures
maraîchères,
légumières et
fruitières
Hévéa
Maraîchères
Fruitière
Tomate
Tomate
2018
2007
2011
2013
23
Cyperméthrine 200g/l
Cyperméthrine 50g/l
Diméthoate 240g/l +
Cyperméthrine 20g/l
Chlorpyrifos –ethyl
200g/l
EC
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Cotonnier
Tomate
2014
2013
EC
Insecticide
Tomate
2014
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2012
CYTHRINE 25 EC
Cypermethrine 25 g/l
EC
maraîchères
2019
69.
DECIS 12,5 ULV
Delthaméthrine 12,5g/l
ULV
70.
DECIS 25 EC
Delthaméthrine 25g/l
EC
Insectes
ravageurs
Antiacridienne
Insecticide
Insecticide
71.
DECISTAB
Delthamethrine 25g/kg
Tb
Insecticide
72.
DENIM 019 EC
EC
Chenilles
carpophages
73.
DIGRAIN 4
74.
75.
76.
DIMEX 400 EC
DIMEZYL 400EC
DUREXA 3,5 DP
77.
DURSBAN 4 EC
78.
EFORIA 045 ZC
79.
ENDOSULFAN 50% EC
80.
ENGEO 247 SC
81.
EPERVIER 220 EC
82.
EVISECT S
83.
64.
65.
CYPERPLANT 200 EC
CYPERPLANT 50 EC
66.
CYPLANDIM 260 EC
67.
CYREN 480 EC
68.
Emamectine-benzoate
19 g/l
Dichlorvos 125g/l +
Malathion 100g/l
Diméthoate 400g/l
Diméthoate 400 g/l
Chlorpyriphos 3,5%
Chlorpyriphos-ethyl 480
g/l
Thiamethoxam 30 g/l +
Lambda-Cyhalothrine
15 g/l
Enfosulfan 500g/l
Thiamethosam 146g/l
+ Lambdacyhalothrine 106g/l
Chlorpyriphos-ethyl
200 g/l +
Cypermethrine 20 g/l
CE
2006
Caféier
Maraîchères
vivrières et
fruitières
2006
cotonnier
2019
Café et Cacao
2012
2010
EC
Insecticide
Tomate
DP
Insecticide
Scolytes des
baies
Caféier
2014
2010
2010
Caféier
2018
EC
ZC
Mouches des
fruits
Tomates
2018
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2011
SC
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
2014
EC
punaises
nuisibles
caféier
arabica.
2020
Thiocyclam 500g/l
WP
Insecticide
Palmier à
huile
2013
FENICAL 500 UL
Fenitrothion 500g/l
UL
84.
FYFANON 880 EC
Malathion 880 g/l
EC
85.
GAWA 30 SC
Imidaclopride 30g/l
SC
86.
GENERAL 40 WS
Carbosulfan 40%
WS
87.
GOLIATH GEL
Fipronil 0,05%
GEL
88.
GREFORCE 480 EC
Chlorpyrifos 480 g/l
EC
89.
90.
GROSPLANT 480 EC
HOSTATHION 40 EC
Chlorpyriphos 480g/l
Triazophos 400g/l
EC
EC
91.
INDOCALM 150 SC
Indoxacarb 1250 g/l
SC
92.
INSECTOR 350 SC
Imidaclopride 350 g/l
SC
93.
94.
IRON 70 WG
K’OBIOL DP 2
Imidaclopride
Delthamithrine 2g/kg
WG
DP
Acridiens
Ravageur
Insecticide
Chenilles
carpophages
Insecticide
Traitement
Semences
Insecticide
punaises
nuisibles
Insecticide
Insecticide
Chenilles
carpophages
Charançons
noirs
Insecticide
Insecticide
2012
Cotonnier
2018
Cacaoyer
Haricot et
Niébé
Denrées
stockées
caféier
arabica.
Caféier
Cotonnier
2014
cotonnier
2019
Bananiers
2018
Cacaoyer
Maïs en
2017
2011
2012
2010
2020
2011
2010
24
conservation
95.
96.
K-OTAB
K'OTHRINE 25 EC
97.
K’OTHRINE 25 WP
98.
KARATE 5 EC
99.
KARATE MAX 2,5 WG
100.
101.
KART 50 SP
KNOX-OUT
KOMBAT CUTWORM
BAIT
Deltaméthrine 25%
Deltamethrine 25 g/l
Delthaméthrine 25g/l
2009
2007
WP
Insecticide
Locaux de
logement et
stockage des
denrées
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
WG
Insecticide
SP
Insecticide
Cultures
Maraïchères
Cacaoyer
GR
Insecticide
Maïs
2009
EC
Insecticide
Tomate
2019
SL
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2013
EC
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
2015
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2012
Tomates
2018
Cotonnier
2016
2013
2010
103.
K-OPTIMAL
104.
KRISS 100 SL
105.
KUNFU B 50 EC
106.
LAMBDACAL 100 EC
107.
LAMBDALM 5% EC
108.
109.
110.
LASER 480 SC
MALAGRAIN DP 5
MALATHANE 50 EC
Lamda-Cyhalothrine
45g/l
Lambda Cyhalothrine
2,5%
Cartap 500g/l
Diazinon 240g/l
Sodium fluosilicate
100g/Kg
Lambdacyhalothrine
15g/l + Acetamipride
20g/l
Acétamipide 100g/l
Imidaclopride 1% +
Cyperméthrine 4%
Lambda-Cyhalothrine
100g/l
Lamda-Cyhalothrine 50
g/l
Spinosad 480g/l
Malathion 5%
Malathion 500g/l
111.
MARSHAL 35 DS
Carbosulfan 35%
DS
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
MARSHAL 480 EC
MATADOR 80 EC
METEOR
MITAC 20 EC
MONOCALM 400 SL
MOSPILAN 200 EC
118.
NURELLE D 20/200
Carbusylfan 480g/l
Acetamiprid 80g/l
Dimethoate 400 g/l
Amitraz 200g/l
Monocrotophos 400g /l
Acétamiprid 200g/l
Chlopyrifos-ethyl 200
g/l + Cypermethrine 20
g/l
119.
ONCOL 35 DS
Benfuracarb 350g/l
DS
120.
ONEX
Imidaclopride 30 g/l
SL
121.
OPTIMAL
Acétamipride 200g/l
SP
122.
ORTHENE 50 SP
123.
PACHA 25 EC
124.
PARASTAR 40 EC
125.
PARASTAR 40 EC
126.
PERMETHRINE 20 Ec
Acéphate 500g/kg
Lambdacyhalothrine
15g/l + Acetamipride
10g/l
Imidacloprid 20 g/l +
Lambdacyhalothrine 20
g/l
Imidaclopride 20 g/l +
Lambda-Cyhalothrine
20 g/l
Permethrine 200 g/l
102.
EC
SC
EC
Mouches des
fruits
Insecticide
2010
2009
2012
2016
2008
EC
EC
Insecticide
Traitement
Semences
Insecticide
Insecticide
Tomate
Caféiers
Cotonnier
EC
SL
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
D
punaises
Caféiers
Arabica
2019
coton
2011
cacaoyer
2019
2009
2011
2013
2009
2007
2012
2013
Cotonnier
2016
SP
Traitement
Semences
mirides
Traitement des
Semences
Insecticide
Caféier
2007
EC
Insecticide
Tomate
2016
EC
mouches de
fruits, les
pucerons
Maraîchères
2020
EC
Mirides
Cacaoyers
2018
2009
25
127.
PEGASUS 250 SC
Diafenthiuron 25 %
128.
PENNCAP M
Methyl Parathion
240g/l
129.
PENNCAP M
Méthyl-Parathion
240g/l
130.
PERCAL M 2% DP
131.
PERMETALM 200 EC
Perméthrine 4g /l +
Malathion 16g/l
Permethrine 200g/l
132.
PERMETIOL 25 EC
Perméthrine 250g/l
133.
PHOSFINON
Phosphure
d’aluminium 57 %
134.
PHOSTOXIN
Phosphure
d’Aluminium 56%
135.
PILORI 15 EC
136.
PLANTAC 60
137.
138.
SC
Suspension de
microcapsules
DP
EC
EC
Solide
(plaquette,
(comprimés)
PLANTHOATE 400 EC
PLANTIMA 30 SC
Lambda cylaothine
15g/l
Alphacypermé thrine
6%
Diméthoate 400g/l
Imidaclopride
EC
SC
139.
PLANTIMA 700 WG
Imidaclopride 700 g/kg
WG
140.
PLANTOFOS 75 EC
Profenofos 750 g/l
EC
141.
142.
143.
PLEXUS 60 EC
POUDROX
POUDROX
Deltaméthrine 60g/l
Malathion 50g/Kg
Malathion 50g/Kg
EC
PP
PP
144.
PROCLAIM 019 EC
Emamectin benzoate
19,2 g/l
EC
145.
146.
PROFENALM 500 EC
PROFENALM 720 EC
Profénofos 500g/l
Profenofos 720g/l
EC
147.
PROFENOCOT
Profenofos 50 %
EC
148.
PROTEUS 170 O-TEQ
149.
PYCHLOREX 48 EC
150.
PYCHLOREX 48 EC
Thiaclopride 150 g/l +
Deltamethrine 20 g/l
Chlopyrifos-ethyl 480
g/l
Chlorpyrifos 480g/l
151.
REGENT 3 GR
152.
153.
154.
Pucerons et
Mouches des
fruits
Tomates
2018
Insecticides
Cacaoyer
Caféiers
2008
Insecticide
Maraïchère
2011
Grains stockés
2013
Traitement des
denrées
Les Simulies
- Locaux
logement
-Denrées
stockées
Insectes
ravageurs
Insectes
ravageurs
2015
2010
Denrées
stockées
Denrées
stockées et
entreprosées
2019
2019
EC
Tomate
2011
WP
Tomate
2015
Tomate
Cacaoyer
2011
Bananiers
2019
Cotonnier
2018
Cotonnier
Grains stockés
Grains stockés
2014
2009
2019
Maraîchères
2020
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
2014
2015
cotonnier
2019
Insecticide
Charançons
noirs
Chenilles
carpophages
Insecticide
Insecticides
Insecticides
mouches de
fruits, les
pucerons
Insecticide
Chenilles
carpophages
OD
Mirides
Cacaoyer
2018
EC
Scolytes
Caféier
2019
EC
Insecticide
2009
Fipronil 20g/l
GR
Insecticide
REGENT 5 GR
REGENT 5 GR
REGENT 50 SC
Fipronil 20g/kg
Fipronil 20g/kg
Fripronil 50g/l
GR
GR
SC
2007
2019
2012
155.
SCOLYTALM 35 EC
Endosulfan 350g/l
EC
Caféier
2010
156.
157.
SELECRON 720 EC
SEVIN 85 S
Profenofos 72g/l
Carbaryl 850g/Kg
EC
WP
Insecticide
Insecticide
Insecticide
Scolytes des
Baie
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
Caféier
Cultures
maraiches
Bananier
Bananier
Caféier
Tomate
Cacaoyer
2012
2009
2012
26
Cyperméthrine 200g/l
Huille de pétrole
rafinée 830g/l
EC
Insecticide
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2012
UL
Insecticide
Bananier
2007
STARGRAIN 2 DP
Deltaméthrine 0.2 %
DP
Denrées
stockées
2019
161.
STEWARD 150 EC
Indoxacarb 150 g/l
EC
Cotonnier
2018
162.
163.
164.
SULTAN 500 EC
TAMARON 600 SL
Endosulfan 500g/l
Methamidophos 600g/l
EC
SL
Insectes
ravageurs
Chenilles
carpophages
Insecticide
Insecticide
Cotonnier
Cotonnier
2015
2011
165.
TEKNAR HP – D
Bacillus thuringionsis
2.6%
SC
166.
TENOR 500 EC
Profenofos 500g/l
EC
167.
THIODAN 25 ULV
Endosulfan 250g/l
ULV
168.
THIODAN 35 EC
Endosulfan 350g/l
EC
Insecticide
169.
THIODAN 50 EC
Endosulfan 500g/l
EC
170.
THIODANULTRACAPS
Endosulfan 330g/l
CS
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
Mirides
171.
THIOFANEX 500 EC
Endosulfan 500g/l
172.
THIONEX 35 EC
Endosulfan 350g/l
EC
Insecticide
173.
THIONEX 50 EC
Endosulfan 500g/l
EC
174.
THIOPLANT 50 WP
Endosulfan 500g/kg
175.
TITAN 25 EC
176.
158.
SHERPA 200 EC
159.
SPRAYBAN N° 3
160.
Contre les
simulies
Insecticide
Insecticide
Contre les
glossines
Insecticides
2010
Cotonnier
2014
2007
Caféier ,
cacaoyer
cotonnier
Cotonnier
2007
2010
Cacaoyer
2015
2010
2006
Insecticide
Cotonnier
Caféier
Cacaoyer
Cotonnier
WP
Fongicide
Cacaoyer
2014
Acetamipride 250g/l
EC
Insecticide
2011
TRIALM 400 EC
Triazophos 400g/l
EC
Insecticide
Tomate
Cotonnier
177.
TRIAZOFORCE 400 EC
Triazophos 400 g/l
EC
Chenilles
carpophages
Cotonnier
2018
178.
TRITOPLANT 35 EC
Endosulfan 350g/l
EC
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
2016
179.
TYSON 150 EC
Lambda Cyhalothrine
150g/l
EC
Insecticide
Cotonnier
2013
180.
UNDEN 75 WP
Propoxur 750g/kg
WP
Insecticide
Cacaoyer
2007
G
mouches de
fruits, pucerons
Maraîchères
2019
181.
VYDATE 10 G
Oxamyl 10 %
182.
ZIMOST 60 EC
183.
PYRIFORCE
Diazinon 60%
Chlorpyriphos-éthyl
600g/l
2009
2015
2010
2010
27
Insecticides – Fongicides
N°
1.
2.
3.
Nom Commercial
N° Arrêté
ALMTHIO 20/25
APRON STAR 42 DS
CAIMAN ROUGE
Matière Active
Lindane + Thriame
20ù +
Difénoconazole 2% +
Métalaxyl-M 20%
Endosulfan 250g/kg
+ Thirame 2250g/kg
Chlorpyrifos Ethyl
300g/l + TCMTB
100g/l
Chlorpyriphos 300g/l
+ TCMTB 100g/l
Thirame 250g/kg +
Chlorpyriphos -Ethyl
250g/kg
Thriame 250g/l +
Lindane
Formulation
Spéculation
Spécialité
Date
Expiratio
n
DS
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Traitement de
Semences
2011
DS
Insecticide/F
ongicide
Traitement de
Semences
2010
DS
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Traitement de
Semences
2014
EC
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Grumes
2012
EC
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2012
WS
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Semence
Cotonnier
2010
DS
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Semences
2010
WS
Insecticide
Semence
Cotonnier
2012
traitement
préventif des
poteaux
électriques
2020
4.
CALLOXYL C
5.
CALLOXYL C
6.
CALTHIO C50 WS
7.
CALTHIO DS
8.
CALTHIO E
Endosulfan +
Thirame
9.
CELCURE AC 450
Copper carbonate
acid 15,5 % + Boric
acid 4,9 % + DDA
carbonate 5,3 %
INFO
champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
10.
COUNTER 10G
Terbufos 100g/kg
GR
Insecticide/F
ongicide
Bananier
2007
diluer dans
l’eau
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2014
Bois débités
2018
11.
CRYPTOGIL ASI
12.
CRYPTOGIL ASI ++
13.
CRYPTOGIL ASI ++
PREMIUM
Carbendazime 8g/kg
+ propiconazole
30g/kg +
IPIBC 30g/kg+
Cyperméthrine
3g/kg+
Bifenthrine1,5g/kg
IPBC 12 g/l +
Propiconazole 12 g/l +
Bifenthrine 3 g/l
IPBC 12 g/l +
Propiconazole 12 g/l +
Xamox 5 g/l
14.
CRYPTOGIL ASI ++
PREMIUM
IPBC 12 g/l +
Propiconazole 12 g/l
+ Xamox 50 g/l
15.
CRYPTOGIL DC6 ++
PREMIUM
Xamox 0,8 g/l +
D.C.O.I.T 1,5 g/l
16.
CRYPTOGIL DG 6
Bifenthrine 1,54g/l +
Octilinone (DCOIT)
EC
EC
INFO
EC
diluer dans le
gas oil
Champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
Champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
Champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois débités
2018
protection
préventive des
grumes
fraîchement
abattues
2020
Grumes
2018
Grumes
2014
28
17.
18.
IMIDALM 450 WS
INSECTOR T
3,46g/l
Imidaclopride 250
g/kg +Thiram 200
g/kg
Imidaclopride 350
g/kg +Thiram 100g/kg
WS
Traitement
de Semences
WG
Traitement
de Semences
KOATGRUME
Iodocarbamate
(IPBC) 2% +
Cyperméthrine 4,00%
20.
KOATSCIAGE B2
IPBC 1,2 % +
Bifenthrine 0,3 % +
D.C.O.I.T. 0,75 % +
Benzalkonium 0,7 %
EC
21.
MAXYL GIO +
Bifenthrine 0,76g/l +
Octhilinone 3,40g/l
diluer dans
gas-oil
22.
MAXYL GIO +LABEL
Xamox 5 g/l
+DCOIT 1,5 g/l
diluer dans
gas-oil
23.
MAXYL TSE +
24.
MAXYL TSE +
25.
MAXYL TSE +LABEL
26.
MOMTAZ 45 TS
27.
PROCOT 40 WS
28.
PROTEGRUME IF
29.
RESISTOL 6213
30.
SARPAGRUM
31.
SARPAGRUM AF 200
B
32.
SARPAGRUM AF 200
T
33.
SARPALO AF 200 B
19.
Bifenthrine 3 g/l +
Propiconazde 12g/l +
IPBC 12 g/l
Cyperméthrine 3g/l +
Bifenthrine 1,5g/l +
Propiconazde 30g/l +
Carbendazine 8g/l +
Iodocarbamate 30g/l
Xamox 5 g/l +
Propiconazde 12g/l +
IPBC 12 g/l
Imidaclopride +
Thiram
Carbosulfan
250g/kg+
Carbendazime
100g/kg+ Métalaxyl
50g/kg
Bifenthrine 10g/l
Octylisothiozolone
Tebuconazole 0.44%,
Propiconazole 0.44%
3-iodo – 2 – propynyl
carbamate, 0.06%
Cypermèthrine 1%
Cyperméthrine 1,5%
+ Iodocarbamate
(IPBC) 3%
IPBC 12,9 g/l +
Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l +
Propiconazole 12,9 g/l
IPBC 12,9 g/l +
Thiacloprid 1,5 g/l +
Propiconazole 12,9 g/l
IPBC 6,5 g/l +
Bifenthrine 1,5 g/l +
Concentre
liguide
Insectici
de/
Fongicide
Champi
gnons et
insectes
xylophages
Cotonnier
2019
Cotonnier
2019
Grumes
2014
Grumes et
Bois débités
2018
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Grumes
2014
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Grumes
2019
diluer dans
l’eau
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2019
diluer dans
l’eau
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2014
diluer dans
l’eau
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2019
WS
Semence
Cotonnier
2017
WS
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Cotonnier
2013
EC
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Grumes
2015
EC
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Protection des
Grumes
2014
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2013
Concentré
liguide
EC
EC
EC
Champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
Champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
Champignon
s et insectes
Grumes
Grumes
Grumes
2018
2019
2018
29
34.
35.
36.
Propiconazole 6,5 g/l
+ Tébuconazole 6,3
g/l
IPBC 12,4 g/l +
DCOIT 9,3 g/l +
SARPALO AF 200 T
Propiconazole 6,2 g/l
+ Thiacloprid 1,5g/l
Cyperméthrine 1,6%
+ Tebuconazole
0,63% +
Propiconazole 0,65%
SARPECO TB
+
Iodocarbamate
(IPBC) 0,65%
TCMTB 18g/l +
ChlorpyriphoséEthyl
XYLOR IFT
552g/l
Insecticides – Nématicides
xylophages
EC
Micré mulsion
concentré
CE
Champignon
s et insectes
xylophages
Grumes
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2013
Insecticide/
Fongicide
Bois
2014
Nom Commercial
N°
Matière Active
Formulation
Spécialité
Spéculation
N° Arrêté
1.
BASTION 10 G
Carbofuran 100
g/kg
G
2.
BASTION SUPER
Oxamyl 50 g/kg
G
3.
COSMOPOL 10G
Terbufos 100g/kg
GR
4.
COUNTER 15 FC
Terbufos 150g/kg
FC
5.
EXTREME PLUS 750
WP
Carbosulfan
750g/kg
DS
6.
FOOTBALL
Cadusafos 10%
GR
7.
FURAPLANT 10G
Carbofuran 100g/kg
GR
8.
GENERAL
Carbosulfan 35%
DS
9.
MOCAP 10G
Ethoprophos
100g/kg
GR
10.
RUGBY 10 G
Cadusafos 10 %
G
11.
RUGBY 10 G
Cadusafos 100g/kg
GR
2019
charançons et
nématodes
Insectes /
Nematodes
charançons et
nématodes
charançons et
nématodes
Traitements
semences
charançons et
nématodes
Insectes /
Nematodes
Traitement
semences
charançons et
nématodes
charançons et
nématodes
charançons et
nématodes
Date
Expiration
Bananiers.
2020
Cultures
maraîchères
Bananier
2019
2011
Bananier
Cotonnier
2015
Bananier
2015
Tomate
2014
cotonnier
2015
Bananier
2007
Bananiers.
2020
Bananier
2008
30
Molluscicides
Nom Commercial
N°
Matière Active
Formulation
Date
Expiration
Spéculation
Spécialité
limaces et
escargots
Bananier
2013
limaces et
escargots
Bananier
2018
N° Arrêté
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CALDEHYDE 5G
Métaldehyde 5%
GR
DEADLINE BULLETS
Metaldehyde 40 g/kg
LIMAC 5 G
Métaldehyde 5%
GB
limaces et
escargots
Bananier
2015
LIMASTOP 5% GB
Metaldehyde 50 g/kg
GB
limaces et
escargots
Bananier
2020
MOLLUCARB
Thiodicarb 40 g/kg
GB
limaces et
escargots
Bananier
2019
Spéculation
Date
Expiration
GB/Pellets
Nematicides
N°
Nom Commercial
Matière Active
Formulation
Spécialité
N° Arrêté
1.
AMACUR 10 G
2.
3.
4.
CATCH 10 G
FOOTBALL SUPER
MOCAP 15G BIODAG
5.
NEMACUR 10 GR
6.
NEMACUR 15 GR
7.
OXAPLANT 240 SL
8.
PACOM
9.
SESAME 5G
10.
TELONE 11 EC
11.
TEMIK 10G
Fenamiphos
100g/kg
Cadusaphos
Fosthiazate 10 %
Ethoprophos
Phénamiphos
100g/kg
Fenamiphos 150
g/kg
Oxamyl 240g/l
Ethoprophos
20g/kg
Carbofuran 5%
1, 3 –
Dichloropropène
110g/l
Aldicarbe 100g/kg
GR
Nematicide
Bananier
2016
GR
NEM
GR
Nématicide
nématodes
Nematicide
Bananier
Bananiers.
Bananier
2017
2020
2014
GR
Nématicide
Bananier
2007
NEM
Nématodes
Bananiers.
2019
SL
Intématicide
Bananier
2015
GR
Nematicide
Bananier
2016
GR
Nematicide
Bananier
2011
EC
Nematicide
Bananier
2014
GR
Nématicide
Bananier
2007
31
Produits d’hygiHygiène publique
N
o
1.
Nom Commercial
Matière Active
Formulation
Spécialité
Date
Expirati
on
Spéculation
N° Arrêté
ACTELLIC 50 EC
Pyrimiphos-methyl
500 g/l
EC
Insectes vecteurs
Hygiène
publique
paludisme
Imprégnation
des
moustiquaires
Insectes
rempant
2018
BAYGON BLUE FIK
Cylfuthrine 0,025%+
Transfluthrine 0,04%
Bombe
aerosol
insectes volants
3.
BAYGON GREEN
CIK
Propoxur 0,75% +
Cyfluthrine 0,025%
Bombe
aerosol
Insecticide
4.
BISTAR 10 WP
Bifenthrine 10%
WP
Moustiques
Insecticide
Hygiene public
2011
5.
CAF X GEL
GEL
Blattes
Hygiene public
2018
6.
FENDONA 6 SC
Hygiene public
2020
7.
FICAM VC
2.
8.
ICON 10 CS
Imidaclopride 21,5
g/kg
Alpha-cypermethrine
60 g/l
Bendiocarbe 80%
IN HY
moustiques et
insectes volants
moustiques
LamsdaCyhalathrine 100g/l
CS
Insectes
2015
2015
Hygiene public
Imprégnation
des
moustiquaires
2015
9.
ICON 10 WP
Lambda-Cyhalothrine
100 g/kg
WP
Moustiques
Hygiene public
2018
10.
ICON® MAXX
Lambda-cyhalothrine
100g/l
CS
Moustiques
(femelle
d’anohèles)
Hygiene public
2018
11.
ICONTET 25 CS
CS
Moustiquaire
Hygiene public
2014
12.
K-OTHRINE 250 WG
moustiques
Hygiene public
2019
13.
MOON TIGER
Spirales
Moustiques
Hygiene public
2018
14.
Spirales
Moustiques
Hygiene public
2018
Simulie
ygiènePublic
2009
16.
PANTHERE NOIRE
PERMETHRINE 20
EC
RAD
Hygiene public
2019
17.
RAID CAFARDS
moustiques
moustiques
Hygiene public
2014
18.
RAID LIQUIDE
Hygiene public
2014
19.
RAID PLAQUETTES
Allethrine 0,3%
Hygiene public
2014
20.
RAID SPIRALE
Allethrin 0,3%
moustiques
Hygiene public
2014
21.
RAID TOUS
INSECTES
moustiques
Hygiene public
2014
22.
SAFARI BRAND
Moustiques
Hygiene public
2018
15.
Lambda 0
Cyhalothrine
Deltamethrine 250
g/kg
D-trans-Allethrine
0,26 %
D-allethrine 0,30%
Perméthrine 200g/l
EC
D-allethrine 0,30 %
Tetraméthrine 0,25%
Cyperméthrine 0,14%
Allethrin 5-10% Ditert-butyl-P-crésol 15%
Tetraméthrine 0,15%
Allesthrine 0,25%
Deltaméthrine0,015%
D-allethrine 0,35%
moustiques
moustiques
Spirales
32
23.
SPIRAL
ANTIMOUSTIQUE
TOTAL
24.
TIMOR AEROSOL
25.
TIMOR MORTEIN
26.
TOTAL
INSECTICIDE
D-Allethrine
D- Phenothrine 0,1%
+ Imiprothrine 0,04%
D-phenothrin 0,03 %
+ Imiprothrin 0,02 %
+ D-trans-allethrin
0,10 %
D-tetaméthrine 1,2%
+ Paralléthrine
0,035% +
Delthhaméthrine
0,06% Cyphénothrine
0,050%
Spiral
fumigène
Moustique
Hygiene public
2017
Bombe
aérosol
Insectes volants et
rempants
Hygiene public
2015
IN HY
moustiques et
autres insectes
volants
Hygiene public
2020
Bombe
aérosol
Contre insectes
domestiques
Hygiene public
2016
Regulateur de croissance
N°
1.
Nom
Commercial
N° Arrêté
ALME PHON 50 LS
DR
Matière Active
Formulation
Ethéphon 50g/l
PA
2.
ALMEPHON 104 LS
Ethéphon 104g/l
PA
3.
CALLEL 480 SL
Ethéphon 480g/l
SL
Ethéphon 50 g/kg
PA
4.
CALLEL 5% PA
5.
HEVETEX 104
Ethéphon 104g/kg
PA
6.
HEVETEX 5% PA
Ethéphon 5%
PA
7.
MAT
Ethéphon 480g/l
SL
8.
RYZUP 40 SG
Acide gibberellique
40%
Spécialité
Régulateur de
croissance
Régulateur de
croissance
Régulateur de
croissance
Stimulation du
latex
Régulateur de
croissance
Régulateur de
croissance
Régulateur de
croissance
Retarde le
mûrissement
Spéculation
Date
Expiration
Hévéa
2014
Hévéa
2011
Ananas
2011
Hévéa
2018
Hévéa
2015
Hévéa
2015
Ananas
2016
Banane
2019
Rodenticides
N°
Nom Commercial
Matière Active
Formulation
Spécialité
Date
Expiration
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
2018
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
2014
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
2018
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
2015
Spéculation
N° Arrêté
1.
2.
BROMA 2,5 BCR
Bromadiolone 0,25%
3.
BROMAPESCE
Bromadiolone 0,005%
4.
FANGA B+
Brodifacoum 0,001%
5.
KLERAT
Brodifacoum 2,5g/l
Concentré
liquide
Cubes et
graulés
Pâte huileuse
Blocs
parafinés
33
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MUSAL
STORM
STORM *
VERTOX 0,25%
CONCENTRATE
VERTOX
PELLETS
Bromadiolone 2,5g/l
Flocoumaféne 0,005 %
Flocoumafène 0,05g/kg
CB
Rodenticide
Rodenticide
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
Rats et Souris
Plantations
2007
2019
2007
Brodifacoum 0,25%
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
2019
Brodifacoum 0,005%
Rodenticide
Rats et Souris
2019
BB
HERBICIDES
N°
Nom
Commercial
Nom et teneur en
matière (s) active(s)
Spéculation
Formulation
N° Arrêté
Spécialité
1
GRAMOXONE
INTEON
Paraquat 200 g/l
SL
Désherbant
total non
selectif
2
GRAMOXONE
SUPER
Paraquat 200 g/l
SL
Désherbant
total non
selectif
Représentant
Local
Date
Expiration
Syngenta
Services B.P.
2276 douala
s/c ADER
B.P.2368
Douala
s/c JACO B.P.
224 Yaoundé
Syngenta
Services B.P.
2276 douala
s/c ADER
B.P.2368
Douala
s/c JACO B.P.
224 Yaoundé
2018
2018
LISTE DES PRODUITS AYANT BENEFICIE D’UNE AUTORISATION SPECIALE DE MISE SUR LE
MARCHE (ASM)
1 - FONGICIDE
N°
Nom
Commercial
Nom et teneur en
matière (s) active(s)
Spéculation
Formulation
N° Arrêté
Spécialité
Cacaoyer
1
O. K. MIL
Oxyde cuivreux 600g/kg
+ Metalaxyl 120g/kg
WP
Fongicide
Représentant
Local
Date
Expiration
ADER
Cameroun
BP. 2368
Douala
2011
34