HISTORY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION David RIEFF

Academic Year 2014/2015
Paris School of International Affairs
Fall Semester
HISTORY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
David RIEFF
This course will examine the development, transformation, current state of, and future prospects for
the doctrine and practice of Humanitarian Intervention from the “atrocitarians” of 19th century
Britain to the responsibility to protect today. In the course of doing this, it will also analyze the
moral and political case for (and the philosophical roots of that case) and against humanitarian
intervention both as a system and as a practice, and its inherent contradictions. The course will end
with an examination of where the doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention fits in the current system of
global governance (to the extent that system exists), and what its prospects are likely to be in
various scenarios for the transformation of that system over the course of the next several decades.
Session 1: Course Introduction
Session 2: Origins – The Philosophical Justifications and the Initial Historical Phases of
Humanitarian Intervention
John Stuart Mill, A few words on non-intervention (1859), in: The Collected Works of John Stuart
Mill, Volume XXI - Essays on Equality, Law, and Education, ed. John M. Robson, Introduction by
Stefan Collini (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984).
http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=255&search=
%22A+Few+Words+On+Non-intervention%22&chapter=21666&layout=html#a_809352
Definition of Humanitarian intervention, Wikipedia.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention
Alex de Waal, No Such Thing as Humanitarian Intervention – Why We Need to Rethink How to
Realize the “Responsibility to Protect” in Wartime, Harvard International Review, March 21, 2007.
http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/154/26062.html
Tonny Brems Knudsen, The History of Humanitarian Intervention: The Rule or the Exception?,
Paper for the 50th ISA Annual Convention, New York, February 15-18 2009.
http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/7/0/8/0/pages370801/p370801
-1.php
Session 3: Humanitarian Intervention as a Justification for European Imperialism
IN THIS SESSION, WE WILL EXAMINE IN DEPTH THE USE OF THE IDEA OF
HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR, INDEED, AS (FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE COLONIZERS) A DESCRIPTION OF THE EUROPEAN IMPERIAL
ENTERPRISE.
N.B. IN THE CASE OF THE MATERIALS ON FRANCE’S “MISSION CIVILISATRICE”, THE
FRENCH SOURCES ARE FAR PREFERABLE (FOR OBVIOUS REASONS). BUT I HAVE
PROVIDED ENGLISH ONES FOR THOSE IN THE LECTURE WHO DO NOT READ
FRENCH. THAT SAID, THOSE WHO ARE READING THE FRENCH MATERIALS SHOULD
STILL READ THE ALICE CONKLIN EXCERPT (1B) AND THE KELLER (1C).
Mission Civilisatrice (English)
Definition of “Civilizing mission” from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizing_mission
Alice L. Conklin, A mission to civilize: the republican idea of empire in France and West Africa,
1895-1930, Stanford University Press, 1997.
http://books.google.com/books?id=v6T78YHsTq8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Roland Paris, “International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice,’”Review of International
Studies (2002), 28, 637–656. http://www.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Paris_ROLAND-
International_peacebuilding_and_the_Mission_Civilisatrice.pdf
Martin Deming Lewis, “One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The "Assimilation" Theory in French
Colonial Policy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Jan., 1962), pp. 129153 Published by: Cambridge University Press
http://hia.squarespace.com/storage/Lewis%20-%20Assimilation%20Theory.pdf
*For those with access to Jstor
Mission Civilisatrice (French)
Dino Costantini, Chapter II. Les stratégies de légimisation du «nouveau discours colonial» français
- “Une mission tutélaire” in: Le rôle de l'histoire coloniale dans la construction de l'identité
politique française, Ed. La Découverte, 2008.
http://lmsi.net/La-mission-civilisatrice-Cinquieme
Speech of de Jules Ferry, July 28th 1885 and the response of Georges Clémenceau, July 30th 1885 –
debate on the colonial policy in France at Chambre des Députés (III Republic)
http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article177
More of the debate (Débats sur la politique coloniale en France)
http://icp.ge.ch/po/cliotexte/xixe-et-xxe-siecle-colonisation-etimperialisme/colonisation.colonies.4.html
“Tintin au Congo” ou la mission civilisatrice de la colonisation.
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http://blogs.mondomix.com/samarra.php/2009/11/28/tintin-au-congo-ou-la-mission-civilisatr
British imperialism
The poem of Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man's Burden”
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5478
For the background to the poem: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden
Jerome Kohn (Director of Hannah Arendt Center, New School University), “Totalitarianism: The
Inversion of Politics”, text available on the Website of Library of Congress/American memory
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/essayb2.html
Joseph Chamberlain, "The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and the White Man’s Burden."
Sources of the Western Tradition, Second Edition: Volume Two From the Renaissance to the
Present (1991): 213-215.
http://www.pascack.k12.nj.us/cms/lib5/NJ01000238/Centricity/Domain/111/AP SD PS.pdf
Session 4: The Red Cross Movement
WITH ITS TRADITION (SOME WOULD SAY ITS FETISHIZATION) OF STRICT
NEUTRALITY
AND
IMPARTIALITY,
THE
RED
CROSS
MOVEMENT
IS
CONVENTIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANITARIAN ACTION (i.e., ICRC and IHL)
IN THE CARITATIVE SENSE, BUT NOT WITH HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION.
NONETHELESS, THE REALITY IS A BIT MORE COMPLICATED. FOR WHILE IT IS TRUE
THAT THE RED CROSS MOVEMENT IS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF NEUTRALITY AND
IMPARTIALITY, IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR, THE VARIOUS NATIONAL RED CROSS
MOVEMENTS BECOME DE FACTO MEDICAL ARMS OF THE ARMIES OF THEIR
COUNTRIES. IT WAS IN RECOGNITION OF THE WAY IN WHICH THIS BEHAVIOR DID
NOT CONFORM TO THE IDEALS OF THE MOVEMENT AS HENRY DUNANT HAD
IMAGINED THEM AND THE JURIST GUSTAVE MOYNIER HAD TRIED TO REALIZE
THEM, THAT CAUSED THE STRENGTHENING AFTER THE WAR ENDED OF THE ICRC,
ALSO KNOWN AS THE GENEVA COMMITTEE, WHICH TO THE EXTENT IT HAD A
NATIONALITY WAS THAT OF NEUTRAL SWITZERLAND AND THUS WAS THOUGHT
TO BE ABLE TO INCARNATE NEUTRALITY IN A WAY THE NATIONAL SOCIETIES HAD
PROVED THAT THEY COULD OR WOULD NOT.
The Red Cross
André Durand, «Gustave Moynier and the peace societies», International Review of the Red Cross,
No. 314: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jnaw.htm
List of NGOs at the Website of «Obesrvatoire humanitaire»
http://www.observatoire-humanitaire.org/fr/index.php?page=ong.php&tri=all
David P. Forsythe, Review of the book Champions of charity: War and the rise of the Red Cross by
John F. Hutchinson (Westview Press, Boulder, 1996, 448 pp.), International Review of the Red
Cross, No. 315: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jnd4.htm
Relief Aid
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Russian Famine Relief Act (Wikipedia): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act
Bertrand M. Patenaude, «Food as a Weapon», Hoover digest, 2007 no. 1:
http://www.hoover.org/research/food-weapon
Benjamin M. Weissman, Herbert Hoover and famine relief to Soviet Russia, 1921-1923, Hoover
Institution publication, Volume 134, No. 134, Issue 134, Hoover Press, 1974, 247p.
http://books.google.com/books?id=v_Es-_Jh2qUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Radosh, Ronald, The Politics of Food, HOW AMERICA KEPT RUSSIA FROM STARVING,
HUMANITIES, March/April 2011, Volume 32, Number 2
http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/marchapril/feature/the-politics-food
Question to consider: Is relief a continuation of war by other means? Marshall Plan
Albrecht Ritschl, «The Marshall Plan, 1948-1951», EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert
Whaples. February 10, 2008.
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-marshall-plan-1948-1951/
Session 5: The legacies of WWI and WWII
THE DOCTRINE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, BY FORCE IF NECESSARY,
OWES MUCH OF ITS MORAL FORCE IN POST-1945 EUROPE TO THE FAILURE TO
PREVENT THE SHOAH - A MORE ACCURATE AND APPROPRIATE HEBREW TERM FOR
THE NAZIS’ NEAR TOTAL EXTERMINATION OF EUROPEAN JEWRY BETWEEN 1941
AND 1945. BERNARD KOUCHNER IN PARTICULAR HAS BEEN BOTH EXPLICIT AND
ELOQUENT ON THE MATTER. IN SOME SENSE - WHETHER IMPLICITLY OR
EXPLICITLY - THE SENSE OF THE WORLD HAVING FAILED TO SAVE EUROPEAN
JEWRY (WHETHER THERE WAS ANYTHING THAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE IS A
SEPARATE QUESTION, BUT ONE THAT BEARS CONSIDERATION) GAVE RISE TO THE
DOCTRINE SUMMED UP IN THE “MOT D’ORDRE” “NEVER AGAIN”. INDEED,
HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION CAN BE SAID TO OPERATE UNDER THE “SIGN” OF
“NEVER AGAIN”.
AND THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT HUMANITARIANISM FAILED IN THE SECOND
WORLD WAR. THAT THIS WAS A PART OF A GENERAL FAILURE OF THE EMBRYONIC
WORLD ORDER INCARNATED IN THE UNITED NATIONS’ PREDECESSOR, THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS, IS CLEAR. BUT THE FAILURE WAS SPECIFICALLY THAT OF
THE ICRC, WHICH IN THE EYES OF MANY DISGRACED ITSELF DURING WORLD WAR
II, IN EFFECT COLLUDING WITH THE NAZIS TO COVER UP THE CONCENTRATION
CAMPS.
The ICRC in WWII
Le CICR, 1939-45: Face à l’Holocauste
http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/history-holocaust-020205.htm
Entre histoire et mémoire, le CICR et les camps de concentration et d’extermination nazis
http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/68xejs.htm
Visite au Commandant du camp d’Auschwitz d'un délégué du CICR (septembre 1944)
http://www.vho.org/F/b/CICR/3.html
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League of Nations and the International Order
Excerpt from The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction by Jussi M. Hanhimäki.
http://blog.oup.com/2011/10/league-of-nations/
Speech by Woodrow Wilson, “The League of Nations”, to Third Plenary Session of Commission on
the League of Nations, February 14th, 1919. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww38.htm
The failure of the League of Nations
Causes Of Failure Of League of Nations
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-f/international-relations/15799-causesfailure-league-nations.html
The “Failure” of the League of Nations and the Beginnings of the UN
http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/1408237660.pdf
E.H Carr and The Failure of the League of Nations. http://www.e-ir.info/?p=4915
Session 6: The Geneva Conventions
Conventions 1949 et Protocoles Additionnels
Convention (I) de Genève pour l’amélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les forces
armées en campagne, 12 août 1949.
Convention (II) de Genève pour l’amélioration du sort des blessés, des malades et des naufragés des
forces armées sur mer, 12 août 1949.
Convention (III) de Genève relative au traitement des prisonniers de guerre, 12 août 1949.
Convention (IV) de Genève relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre, 12
août 1949.
Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à la protection des
victimes des conflits armés internationaux (Protocole I), 8 juin 1977.
Annexe I (Protocole I) : Règlement relatif à l'identification (tel qu’amendé le 30 novembre 1993).
Annexe I (Protocole I) : Règlement relatif à l'identification (version du 8 juin 1977).
Annexe II (Protocole I).
Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à la protection des
victimes des conflits armés non internationaux (Protocole II), 8 juin 1977.
Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à l’adoption d’un signe
distinctif additionnel (Protocole III), 8 décembre 2005.
1949 Conventions & Additional Protocols
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Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in
the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August
1949.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of
Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
Annex I (to the Protocol I): Regulations concerning identification (as amended on 30 November
1993)
Annex I (to the Protocol I): Regulations concerning identification (as of 6 June 1977)
Annex II (to the Protocol I)
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of
Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of
an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005
Session 7: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Michael Ignatieff, I. Human Rights as Politics and II. Human Rights as Idolatry, The Tanner
Lectures on Human Values, delivered at Princeton University April 4–7, 2000.
http://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/i/Ignatieff_01.pdf
Session 8: Case Study – The War in Biafra
MODERN HUMANITARIANISM, OUT OF WHICH PRACTICAL IDEAS FOR
HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION WOULD EVOLVE, IS BORN IN NIGERIA,
IN THE BIAFRAN WAR OF SECESSION OF 1967-1970 THIS IS WHERE BERNARD
KOUCHNER, THE ANIMATING SPIRIT BEHIND THE SO-CALLED ‘DROIT
D’INGÉRENCE’ (THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION IS INEXACT AND NEITHER THE RIGHT
OF INTERFERENCE NOR THE RIGHT OF INTERVENTION ENTIRELY CORRESPOND TO
THE FRENCH COINAGE), GOT HIS START AS THE ORGANIZER OF A GROUP OF
FRENCH DOCTORS WORKING ON THE BIAFRAN SIDE. THE FRENCH DOCTORS
WOULD BECOME THE NUCLEUS OF WHAT LATER BECAME MEDECINS SANS
FRONTIERES/DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS.
THE KEY POINT ABOUT THE ENGAGEMENT OF THE FRENCH DOCTORS AND OTHERS
IN BIAFRA IS THAT IT WAS THERE THAT THE ICRC’S IDEAL AND PRACTICE OF
NEUTRALITY WAS CALLED INTO QUESTION. THE FRENCH DOCTORS WERE
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CLEARLY SYMPATHETIC TO THE BIAFRAN CAUSE (IF ANYTHING, THIS IS AN
UNDERSTATEMENT). BUT OF COURSE, ONCE
NEUTRALITY HAS BEEN ABANDONED, THERE COMES TO BE A LINK, AT LEAST IN
SOME EXTREME CASES, BETWEEN HUMANITARIAN ACTION AND AT LEAST THE
POTENTIAL FOR OUTSIDE MILITARY INTERVENTION, AND HUMANITARIAN RELIEF
WORKERS COME TO BE ADVOCATES FOR SUCH INTERVENTION - A ROLE
KOUCHNER PLAYED THROUGHOUT ALL THE PERIODS OF HIS CAREER WHEN HE
WAS NOT IN GOVERNMENT (AND ARGUABLY, THOUGH MORE MUTEDLY, EVEN
WHEN HE WAS).
Short account of the conflict:
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/biafra.htm
Major Abubakar A. Atofarati, The Nigerian Civil War, Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt, US
Marine Command & Staff College(Academic Year 1991/92)
http://www.africamasterweb.com/BiafranWarCauses.html
Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, « Humanitarian Aid and the Biafra War: Lessons not
Learned », Africa Development, Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, 2009, pp. 69–82--scrambled
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/viewFile/57357/45737
Denis Maillard , «1968-2008 : le Biafra ou le sens de l’humanitaire», Humanitaire, 18, Printemps
2008, mis en ligne le 06 octobre 2009, Consulté le 20 novembre 2011.
http://humanitaire.revues.org/index182.html
Conor Foley, Humanitarian errors, The Guardian, September 20th, 2007.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/sep/20/humanitarianerrors
Caroline Moorehead, Crisis of confidence, Financial Times, June 18, 2005.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/6dzk8m.htm
Bernard Kouchner: The man behind MSF, BBC News, Friday, October 15, 1999.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/406362.stm
Rony Brauman on Kouchner:
Kouchner a transformé en une épopée fondatrice cet événement dramatique, réécrivant ainsi
l’Histoire. Tout le problème est là. Lui-même ne résiste jamais à la tentation de se placer en héros.
Se voir en chevalier blanc, en guerrier pacifique est son image préférée. Cette mégalomanie semble
lui interdire tout examen critique qui ramènerait son rôle à quelque chose de plus humain,
d’imparfait et de tâtonnant.
Session 9: Case Study – Indian Intervention in East Pakistan (1971)
THIS CLASS WILL ADDRESS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY OF HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION, USING, AS WELL, A FEW CASE, INCLUDING THE RARELY
CONSIDERED ONE OF THE INDIAN INTERVENTION IN EAST PAKISTAN IN THE
CONFLICT THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH.
Thomas G. Weiss, “The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a
Unipolar Era”, Security Dialogue vol. 35, no. 2, June 2004, p. 135-153.
http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/pmt/exhibits/1898/weiss.pdf
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Lyal Sunga, “Is Humanitarian Intervention Legal?”, International Relations (Website), October 13,
2008; http://www.e-ir.info/?p=573
Craig Baxter, “Bangladesh/East Pakistan”. In: Dinah L. Shelton (ed.), Genocide and Crimes
Against Humanity, Vol. 1, Gale Cengage, 2005 p.115-119:
https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20Of%20Genocide
%20And%20Crimes%20Against%20Humanity%20-%20Vol%201%20%5BA-H%5D.pdf
Katherine Iliopoulos, “Bangladesh: A Free and Fair War Crimes Tribunal?”, Crimes of War
(Website):
http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/bangladesh-a-free-and-fair-war-crimestribunal
Marc Weisburd, “Humanitarian intervention”, American diplomacy (Website):
http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2001_0709/hum_intervention/hum_04_weisburd.html
Session 10: Le Droit d’ingérence
UNTIL THE ADVENT OF R2P (2005), THE SO-CALLED “DROIT D’INGÉRENCE” (IN
ENGLISH, THE TERM IS VARIOUSLY TRANSLATED AS ‘RIGHT OF INTERFERENCE’
AND ‘RIGHT OF INTERVENTION,’ NEITHER OF WHICH QUITE CATCHES ALL OF THE
FRENCH MEANING) WAS THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL UNDERPINNING OF
HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION. IN THIS CLASS, WE WILL LOOK AT IT IN
SOME DETAIL.
Yves Sandoz, “Droit ou devoir d'ingérence, droit à l'assistance : de quoi parle-t-on?”, Revue
internationale de la Croix-Rouge, 795, 1992.
http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5fzgl5.htm
Chris Abbot, “Rights and Responsibilities: The Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention”, Global
Dialogue, Volume 7, Number 1–2, Winter/Spring 2005:
http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=326
Caroline Fleuriot, “Droit d’ingérence, où en est-on?”, Le Monde diplomatique, septembre 2008:
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2008/09/FLEURIOT/16264
Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer, “La mythologie française du droit d’ingérence,” LIBERATION, 11
mai 2010
http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2010/05/11/la-mythologie-francaise-du-droit-dingerence_625335
Bernard Kouchner, “Libya: the morality of intervention”, The Guardian, March 24th 2011.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/24/libya-morality-intervention-united-europe
Wallerstein, Immanuel, “Whose Right to Intervene?”, Tikkun 21(4): 23, July/August 2006.
http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/Wallerstein-WhoseRighttoIntervene
“The UN and humanitarian intervention. To protect sovereignty, or to protect lives?”, The
Economist, May 15th 2008. http://www.economist.com/node/11376531
Session 11: Objections to the “droit d'ingérence” and Humanitarian Military Intervention
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HAVING GONE OVER THE CASE FOR THE “DROIT D’INGÉRENCE” AND
HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN MONDAY’S LECTURE, THIS
THURSDAY’S CLASS WILL LOOK AT OBJECTIONS TO IT. THEREFORE, PLEASE GO
OVER ONCE AGAIN, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION, THE READINGS FOR THE
MONDAY CLASS ON THE HISTORICAL ‘TRAJECTORY’ OF HUMANITARIAN
INTERVENTION. I AM ALSO ADDING ONE READING ON A RELATED PROJECT,
DEMOCRACY PROMOTION, AND ONE MORE THAT CLAIMS THE MOVEMENT
TOWARD HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION HAS BEEN A GREAT SUCCESS - BOTH BY
FORMER US GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS - THAT CAPTURE WELL THE CURRENT
TRIUMPHALIST MOOD IN OFFICIAL AND ELITE CIRCLES IN NORTH AMERICA AND
WESTERN EUROPE AT THE PRESENT TIME. ALL OF THESE IN ONE FORM OR
ANOTHER DERIVE FROM FORMER PRIME MINISTER TONY BLAIR’S SPEECH TO
CHICAGO COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS IN 1999. I HAVE ALSO ADDED A
NUMBER OF CRITIQUES.
Tony Blair speech: “Doctrine of the International community” at the Economic Club, Chicago,
April 24th, 1999:
http://keeptonyblairforpm.wordpress.com/blair-speech-transcripts-from-1997-2007/
Rosa Brooks, “Democracy Promotion: Done Right, A Progressive Cause”, Democracy Journal ,
Winter 2012 Issue.
http://www.democracyjournal.org/23/democracy-promotion-done-right-a-progressive-cause.php
Tom Perriello, “Humanitarian Intervention: Recognizing When, and Why, It Can Succeed”,
Democracy Journal http://democracyjournal.org/, Winter 2012 Issue.
http://www.democracyjournal.org/23/humanitarian-intervention-recognizing-when-and-why-it-cansucceed.php
David Chandler, «Libya: The End of Intervention», e-International Relations Website, November
17th, 2011: http://www.e-ir.info/?p=15325
David Chandler, « Hollow Hegemony: Theorising the Shift from Interest-Based to Value-Based
International Policy-Making », Journal of International Studies, 2007, Vol.35 No.3, pp. 703-723.
http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Millennium%20%20Hollow%20Hegemony%20published.pdf
Daniele Archibugi, David Chandler, « A Dialogue on international interventions: when are they a
right or an obligation? », Citation: Ethics & Global Politics, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2009), p. 1-15.
http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/ArchibugiChandler09.pdf
David Chandler, Back to the future? The limits of neo-Wilsonian ideals of exporting democracy,
Review of International Studies (2006), 32, 475–494.
http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/RIS%20-%20Back%20to%20the%20Future.pdf
Session 12: Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
THIS CONCLUDING CLASS WILL CONTINUE THE DISCUSSION ON THE CRITIQUE OF
HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, BUT WITH A FOCUS ON R2P AND WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LIBYA AND TO THE RHETORIC SURROUNDING CURRENT EVENTS IN
SYRIA.
Gareth Evans, “THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: CONSOLIDATING THE NORM,” The
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UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect: Policy, Process, and Practice: Policy Papers,
March 01, 2011- Favorita Paper, Issue no. 1/2010
http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/favoritapaper/favoritaevans.pdf
History and Timeline of R2P on the Website of R2P Coalition www.r2pcoalition.org:
http://r2pcoalition.org/content/view/22/48/
Paragraphs 138-139 of the World Summit Outcome Document:
http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=398
Jacob Heilbrunn, “Samantha and her Subjects,” The National Interest, April 19, 2011
http://nationalinterest.org/article/samantha-her-subjects-5161
Gareth Evans, Hypocrisy and War, Project Syndicate Website, April 27th, 2011:
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/evans5/English
Gareth Evans on R2P: Is Syria next?, Toby’s Random Musings Blog, October 15th, 2011:
http://slightly-random-musings.blogspot.com/2011/10/gareth-evans-on-r2p-is-syria-next.html
Michael Emerson, From Libya to Syria - the responsibility to protect, interventionism and regime
change, Times.am – Armenian news, December 1st, 2011: http://times.am/?l=en&p=2161
Summary of the book by Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect - Ending Mass Atrocity
Crimes Once and for All, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
http://www.gevans.org/r2pbook.html
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