Fuels - Air Transport Net
Transcription
Fuels - Air Transport Net
2nd AirTN Forum - Greening and independence from fossil fuel EXPLIC program EXPloration of the LImits of a "drop-in" jet fuel Mickaël SICARD (ONERA, France) 8-9 October 2012, Frankfurt Airport Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Context Jet fuels from petroleum sources Flight security concerns (low temperature at high altitude, high specific energy needed…) Fulfil a strict list of requirements (composition, volatility, combustion…) ⇒ Two main standards : ASTM D1655 and DEF STAN 91-91 Why producing jet fuels from other sources (fossil or not)? Developing threat to air transportation Jet fuel price ≤ 30% operating costs Security of supply An environmental concern shared by the aviation sector Industry emissions reduction targets ICAO's resolution on climate change in October 2010 2 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Context Issues of alternative jet fuels Submitted to the same flight security concerns What is the impact due to the chemical composition differences? Are they "drop-in" fuels? ⇒ Standards not adapted Development of new standards To streamline the approval process ASTM D 4054 To define the standard specifications of jet fuels containing synthezised hydrocarbons ASTM D 7566 2 jet fuel solutions approved: XTL and HEFA XtL and HEFA : only alkanes Fully "drop-in“ but blending rate limited up to 50 % (8 % aromatics) 3 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Context Synthetic kerosene with aromatics (SKA) ⇒ Sasol (FSJF) → generic approval for SKA Fermentation routes: Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) and Sugar to hydrocarbon ⇒ Multiple processes with multiple primary feedstock [1] Unanswered questions Are the limits in the standards always justified? Is it possible to change them? What are the impacts of synthesized molecules and the modification of the molecule distributions? [1]: IATA 2011 Report on Alternative fuels 4 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Explic program: objectives Main objectives To better understand the consequences of the modification of the fuel composition on its properties To determine the acceptable blending limits of alternative jet fuels with “classic“ jet fuels Focus To determine the minimal concentration of the aromatic compounds To better understand the role of the aromatics and the influence of the chemical composition on material compatibility, density, emissions… To study the impact of alternative fuel with a disrupted profile blended with “classic” jet fuels 5 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Explic program: two axes Aromatic compounds To identify, if possible, all the consequences involved by the modification of the amount and the kind of aromatics in a jet fuel To evaluate the reduction or the substitution possibilities of aromatics Fuels Jet A-1 (aro ~ 16 %) 50 % SPK/50% Jet A-1 (aro ~ 8 %) 75 % SPK/25 % Jet A-1 (aro ~ 4 %) 87,5 % SPK/12,5 % Jet A-1 (aro ~ 2 %) SPK (aro ~ 0 %) Aromatic cut SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 2 %) SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 4 %) SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 8 %) SPK + aromatic cut (aro ~ 16 %) 6 Fuels Mono-aromatic cut SPK+ mono-aromatic cut (aro ~ 8 %) SPK+ mono-aromatic cut (aro ~ ? %) Di-aromatic cut SPK+ di-aromatic cut (aro ~ 8 %) SPK+ di-aromatic cut (aro ~ ? %) 1 aromatic SPK+ 1 aromatic (aro ~ 8 %) SPK+ 1 aromatic (aro ~ ? %) Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Explic program: two axes Impact of the modification of the hydrocarbon distribution in a jet fuel To evaluate the influence of the blending of products with a narrow distribution on the jet fuel properties To determine the blending limits Fuels C12 cut 5 % (C12)/95 % Jet A-1 10 % (C12)/90 % Jet A-1 20 % (C12)/80 % Jet A-1 7 Fuels C10 - C15 cuts 5 % (C10-C15)/95 % Jet A-1 10 % (C10-C15)/90 % Jet A-1 20 % (C10-C15)/80 % Jet A-1 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Explic program: structure EXPLIC 8 WP 0 WP 1 WP 2 WP 3 WP 4 Management & logistics Aromatic concentration Kind of aromatic hydrocarbon Addition of 1 compound Addition of 2 compounds SWP 0.1 SWP 1.1 SWP 2.1 SWP 3.1 SWP 4.1 Management Physico-chemical properties Physico-chemical properties Physico-chemical properties Physico-chemical properties SWP 0.2 SWP 1.2 SWP 2.2 SWP 3.2 SWP 4.2 Supply and logistics Material compatibility Material compatibility Material compatibility Material compatibility SWP 0.2 SWP 1.3 SWP 2.3 SWP 3.3 SWP 4.3 Synthesis Combustion Combustion Combustion Combustion Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Explic program: structure SWP X.1 Physico-chemical properties SWP 1.1 Physico-chemical properties Task X.1.1 Chemistry & Bulk physical and performance properties Task X.1.2 Task X.1.3 Behavior at low temperature Stability Rheometer Oxidation stability Freezing point Coking Flow and rheology test bench Fuel storage stability Detailed chemical analysis Density Net heat of combustion Distillation 9 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Explic program: structure SWP X.2 Compatibility with fuel system materials SWP X.2 Compatibility with fuel system materials Task X.2.1 Task X.2.2 Metallic materials Polymers SWP X.3 Combustion SWP X.3 Combustion 10 Task X.3.1 Task X.3.2 Task X.3.3 Task X.3.4 Vaporization/ Sparying Ignition Stability Emissions Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Onera background on alternative jet fuels CALIN (First national program on alternative fuels: 2009) Candidate screening: low blending ratio of FAE, alcohol, XTL with Jet A-1 DREAM (EC FP7 – R.R.): Technologies for CO2 emissions reduction Include demonstration of alternative fuels in aircraft and engines Focused on drop-in fuels : Jet A-1 / GTL and Jet A-1 / HVO blend (50/50) ONERA's contribution: altitude tests for injectors (Mercato) ⇒ Evidence of cold flow issues with HVO ALFA-BIRD (EC-FP7 – Airbus): long term perspective of alternative fuels Investigation of FT-SPK, HRJ, naphthenic cut, hexanol, furane, FAE ONERA's contribution: Fuel behaviour: long term storage, material compatibility, thermal stability Spray properties EMOSA (Ministry of defense): qualification of alternative fuels on military aircraft Technical support to DGA in connexion with French Air Force Definition of a qualification approach for French military aircraft 11 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Onera background on alternative jet fuels SWAFEA (EC) : Feasibility and Impact study of alternative fuels in aviation Definition of a vision and roadmap for fuel deployment A multidisciplinary study coordinated by ONERA for the European Commission Fuel technical compliance Environmental and societal impacts Fuel economics 20 partners including Airbus, Rolls-Royce, Snecma, Shell, IATA, Air France,… ONERA's contribution: Fuel characterisation (thermal stability, material compatibility…) Combustion test and emissions measurement (Snecma's lean combustion chamber) Atmospheric impact of alternative fuels Resources assessment & sustainability issues General synthesis and overall analysis 12 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Capabilities for aviation fuel studies Aircraft fuel use chain Storage Fuel system Oxidation stability Thermal stability & coking Material compatibility Cold flow properties Injection / Ignition / Combustion Atomization Vaporization Spray test facility Fuel laboratory Flame characterization Combustor performance Pollutant formation Relight Emissions characterization Atmospheric impact Local air quality Combustion test benches Diagnosis Simulation Modelling & simulation 13 Emissions Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Capabilities for aviation fuel studies Fuel laboratory Thermal stability Bomb type reactor Back surge device Cold flow properties Autoclave 14 Flow and rheology test bench Storage behaviour Fuel characterization GC/MS Rheometer HPLC Coking Coking test bench Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Incubator Capabilities for aviation fuel studies Injection / Ignition / Combustion Mercato Ignition (Toulouse) LAERTE (Palaiseau) Spraying Combustion & emissions Monodisperse droplet stream (Toulouse) 15 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA Conclusion A four year program, kick off: early in 2013 An ONERA funded program, 16400 hours 4 departments involved Fundamental and Applied Energetics Department (DEFA - Ile de France) Aerodynamics and Energetics Modeling Department (DMAE - Toulouse) Physics and Instrumentation Department (DMPH - Ile de France) Metallic Materials and Structures Department (DMPH - Ile de France) Beyond the scientific results Reinforce ONERA ‘s positioning Acquisition of a deeper knowledge of the technical problematic of the alternative jet fuels Development of new skills on jet fuel characterizations Evaluation and validation of the modelling capacities Explic: a strategic program! 16 Ce document est la propriété de ONERA. Il ne peut être communiqué à des tiers et/ou reproduit sans l’autorisation préalable écrite de ONERA