Comparison of SweSum results on Swedish and French text

Språkteknologi
Comparison of SweSum results
in 3 languages
Åke Wallebom
811003-0015
Joachim Gagnaire 810730-A197
[email protected]
[email protected]
➢Introduction
What is SweSum?
SweSum is an abbreviation for ”Swedish Summarizer”. It is developed at
NADA, KTH by H. Dalianis and M. Hassel.
Currently, it works with many languages. For Swedish, English, Danish and
Norwegian, it is considered to be state-of-art and for French, German and
Spanish it is in a prototype state.
SweSum is available at this address: http://swesum.nada.kth.se/
You can use SweSum on a HTML file or on plain text that you enter in a
textbox. You can also give SweSum some keywords from the text if you want
to help it determine what the important concepts in the text are. You select
the source of the original document (newspaper or academic) and the
language used. After that you select the size of the summary to be generated
(percent of the original text, number of words or number of characters). Let’s
summarize!
Our work
Our aim is not to test SweSum as a summarizer, there are already few
reports about that. Our goal is to compare the result of summarizing text in
different languages, those we master: Swedish, French and English.
To do this, we decided to test the summarizer on news articles, which are
easier to find, and seems to work best. It’s also easier to judge if the
summary is good when it is a news article.
To compare fairly these 3 summaries, we need to have the same text in
the 3 languages. So when it's possible we will try to find articles very similar.
Texts are from several press agencies and the last one was found on the
French embassy website.
Comparison
Now it’s time to see if SweSum can do a good job!
As parameters, we only give the language, set the type to “news article”,
and we ask for a size of 30% - other parameters are default.
The sentences in bold letters are those which are included in the summary
by SweSum.
To have a representative view we are going to test SweSum with 3 articles.
➢Article 1
English article
Iranian lawyer Shirin Ebadi has won the Nobel Peace Prize for her
work defending human rights in an award aimed at inspiring democratic
reform across the Muslim world.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee praised Ebadi, one of Iran's first woman
judges before the Islamic revolution forced her to step down, for work focused
on the rights of women and children.
Ebadi won from a record field of 165 candidates including Pope John Paul
and former Czech President Vaclav Havel.
"I'm very glad and proud," she told Norway's NRK public television by
phone from Paris on Friday. "It's very good for me, very good for human
rights in Iran, good for democracy in Iran and especially children's
rights in Iran."
"She sees no contradiction between Islam and fundamental human
rights," head of the five-member Nobel committee Ole Danbold Mjoes
said.
"We hope that the prize will be an inspiration for all those who
struggle for human rights and democracy in her country, in the Muslim
world, and in all countries where the fight for human rights needs
inspiration and support," he said.
The Nobel prize is worth 10 million Swedish crowns (786,000 pounds) and
will be handed out in Oslo on December 10.
Ebadi, only the 11th woman to win since the prize was set up in 1901, said
she would come to Oslo to receive the prize. She said it was a surprise and
she had had no time to consider what to do with the cash.
Ebadi won a separate human rights prize in Norway in 2001, the Rafto
Prize.
STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY
"In my country, Iran, there is still a continued struggle for democracy and
human rights," she wrote this year.
"Iranian people want to reform their political and legal system," she said.
"They are protesting against the few people who have power."
Nobel watchers say that the committee, which includes three women,
probably chose Ebadi as a way of promoting change, rather than rewarding
the ailing pope or to Havel for a lifetime of peace work.
They say the committee has been seeking to promote moderates in the
Muslim world since the September 11 attacks on the United States to avoid
stoking conflicts between religions after U.S.-led wars in Afghanistan and
Iraq.
Many researchers say that the pope's opposition to birth control, premarital sex, homosexuality and female priests seemed intolerant and
outmoded to many in liberal Norway -- especially women.
Iran was one of three nations once branded part of an "axis of evil" by U.S.
President George W. Bush along with pre-war Iraq and North Korea.
Summary information
Lexicon: English
Words before 473
Words after 135
Summary length: 28%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: right human prize nobel committee democracy muslim country
norway reform
Commentary
The keywords found by SweSum are relevant. The article is about
something related to Nobel, a prize for human rights and democracy in
muslim countries.
The summary is also quite good – It really does sum up the article.
French article
Le prix Nobel de la Paix décerné à l'Iranienne Shirin Ebadi
(Par Alistair Doyle)
Pour la onzième fois seulement en plus d'un siècle d'existence, le
prix Nobel de la Paix a été décerné à Oslo à une femme, l'avocate
iranienne Shirin Ebadi, distinguée pour son action en faveur des droits
de l'Homme et de la démocratie.
Le Comité norvégien Nobel a tenu à saluer le parcours d'Ebadi,
première Iranienne à être devenue juge avant la Révolution islamique de
1979, qui l'a forcée à quitter son poste. En tant que magistrate, elle
s'était attachée à défendre les droits des femmes et des enfants.
Ebadi l'a emporté parmi un nombre record de 165 candidats "nominés",
dont des personnalités telles que le pape Jean Paul II et l'ancien président
tchèque Vaclav Havel.
"Je suis très heureuse et très fière", a-t-elle déclaré à la chaîne de
télévision publique norvégienne NRK, qui l'a contactée au téléphone à Paris.
"C'est très bien pour moi, c'est très bien pour les droits de l'Homme en
Iran, c'est très bien pour la démocratie en Iran et tout particulièrement
pour les droits des enfants en Iran."
"Elle ne voit aucune contradiction entre l'islam et les droits
fondamentaux de l'Homme", a déclaré le président du comité Nobel, Ole
Danbold Mjoes.
"Nous espérons que ce prix inspirera tous ceux qui luttent pour les droits
de l'Homme et la démocratie dans son pays et dans le monde musulman
ainsi que dans tous les pays où le combat pour les droits de l'Homme a
besoin d'inspiration et de soutien", a-t-il ajouté.
Le Nobel de la Paix, attribué l'an dernier à l'ancien président américain
Jimmy Carter, comporte une bourse de dix millions de couronnes suédoises
(1,32 million de dollars) et sera remis à Oslo le 10 décembre.
Ebadi a fait savoir qu'elle se rendrait dans la capitale norvégienne pour
recevoir son prix en personne. Elle s'est déclarée surprise, avouant ne pas
avoir encore réfléchi à la façon dont elle utiliserait cette somme.
Ebadi avait déjà remporté en 2001 en Norvège un prix récompensant son
action dans le domaine des droits de l'Homme, le prix Rafto.
UN ENCOURAGEMENT AUX FORCES PROGRESSISTES D'IRAN
"Dans mon pays, l'Iran, on lutte toujours pour la démocratie et les droits de
l'Homme", écrivait-elle cette année.
"Le peuple iranien veut réformer son système politique et juridique",
a-t-elle ajouté. "Il proteste contre la minorité qui détient le pouvoir."
Les analystes estiment que le comité Nobel, composé de cinq membres
dont trois femmes, a voulu en distinguant Ebadi encourager le changement et
la réforme plutôt que récompenser l'oeuvre d'une vie, comme cela aurait été
le cas avec le pape - dont beaucoup craignent, en raison de l'aggravation de
son état de santé, qu'il touche à la fin de son pontificat - ou Havel.
Ils soulignent, en outre, la volonté clairement affichée par le comité Nobel,
après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 contre les Etats-Unis, de
promouvoir les courants modérés dans le monde musulman pour éviter tout
"choc des civilisations" qui pourrait résulter des interventions militaires
américaines en Afghanistan et en Irak.
De nombreux chercheurs estiment en outre que les prises de position du
souverain pontife sur le contrôle des naissances, les relations sexuelles
prémaritales, l'homosexualité et l'ordination de femmes prêtres pouvaient
paraître démodées et intolérantes à la société norvégienne, surtout sa
composante féminine - majoritaire au sein du comité.
Le comité souhaiterait ainsi également soutenir le mouvement
démocratique en Iran, un pays placé par le président américain George Bush
sur un "axe du Mal" comprenant également l'Irak de Saddam Hussein et la
Corée du Nord, accusés de chercher à acquérir des armes de destruction
massive.
Summary information
Lexicon: French
Words before 620
Words after 162
Summary length: 26%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: droit comité femme président norvégien iranien américain
déclaré démocratie également
Commentary
The summary generated is quite good, the main idea is preserved except
for the last sentence about ”Iranian people wanting to reform their political
and legal system”. This part is not relevant at all, it’s better to leave it out if
the other explanations about Iran are not kept.
The keywords are rather bad, the main information of the text, that is the
nobel prize, is not in it! Their translation could give: right, comity, women,
president, norvegian, iranian, american, announced, democracy, too.
Note about the French article: we found it on the Reuters’ website and it
was signed by the same person as the english one (Alistair Doyle) but the
comparison showed that the content wasn’t organized in the same way. So
we decided to rearrange the paragraphs’ order to obtain a text very closed to
the english article. Another thing is that even if the structure and the ideas are
similar, the french text is more developed and that’s why there are more
words in it.
Swedish article
Den iranska juristen Ebadi får Nobels fredspris
(Translation of the Alistair Doyle’s article by Åke Wallebom)
Den iranska juristen Shirin Ebadi har fått Nobels fredspris för hennes
arbete med att försvara mänskliga rättigheter i ett pris riktat till att
uppmuntra demokratisk reform i den muslimska världen.
Den Norska Nobelkommittéen hyllade Ebadi, en av Irans första kvinnliga
domare innan den muslimska revolutionen tvingade henne att avgå, för
arbete fokuserat på kvinnor och barns rättigheter.
Ebadi vann i ett rekordstort fält på 165 kandidater inklusive påven
Johannes Paulus II och Tjeckiens forne president Vaclav Havel.
"Jag är mycket glad och stolt," meddelande hon Norges television NRK per
telefon från Paris på Fredagen. "Det är mycket bra för mig, mycket bra för
de mänskliga rättigheterna i Iran, bra för demokratin i Iran, och särskilt
för barnens rättigheter i Iran."
"Hon ser ingen motsättning mellan islam och de grundläggande
mänskliga rättigheterna," sa Ole Danbold Mjoes, ordföranden för
Nobelkommitén.
"Vi hoppas att priset blir en inspiration för alla de som kämpar för
mänskliga rättigheter och demokrati i hennes land, i den muslimska
världen, och i alla länder där kampen för mänskliga rättigheter behöver
inspiration och stöd," sa han.
Nobelpriset är värt 10 miljoner Svenska kronor (786,000 pund) och
kommer att delas ut i Oslo den 10 december.
Ebadi, bara den elfte kvinnan att vinna sedan priset grundades 1901, sa
att hon skulle komma till Oslo för att motta priset. Hon sa att det var en
överraskning och att hon inte hade haft tid att fundera över vad hon skulle
göra med pengarna.
Ebadi vann ett annat pris för mänskliga rättigheter i Norge år 2001,
Raftopriset.1
KAMP FÖR DEMOKRATI
"I mitt land, Iran, finns det fortfarande en fortsatt kamp för demokrati och
mänskliga rättigheter," skrev hon i år.
"Iranier vill reformera sitt politiska och juridiska system," sa hon. "De
protesterar mot de få människor som har makt."
Nobelanalytiker säger att kommittéen, vilken även har tre kvinnor,
antagligen valde Ebadi som ett sätt att uppmuntra förändring, istället för att
belöna den plågade påven eller till Havel för en livstid av fredsarbete.
De säger att kommittéen har velat framhålla moderater i den muslimska
världen sedan attackerna den 11 september mot Förenta Staterna för att
undvika ökande konflikter mellan religioner efter amerikanskledda krig i
Afganistan och Irak.
Många forskare säger att påvens motstånd mot preventivmedel, sex innan
äktenskapet, homosexualitet och kvinnliga präster verkade intolerant och
omodernt för många i liberala Norge - särskilt för kvinnor.
1
Denna mening valdes endast då storleken var 32%, vid 30% fick denna mening inte plats.
Iran var en av de tre nationer en gång märkta som del av en "ondskans
axelmakter" av amerikanske presidenten George W. Bush tillsammans med
Irak och Nordkorea.
Summary information
Lexikon: Svenska
Ord före 477
Ord efter 146
Sammanfattningsgrad: 30%
Typ av text: tidningstext
Nyckelord: rättighet mänsklig muslimsk demokrati mycken kvinna kvinnlig
fredspris inspiration sedan
Commentary
In the Swedish summary, the summarizer selects almost the same
keywords as the English article. Right/rättighet, human/mänsklig,
democracy/demokrati and so on. The summary in Swedish is also quite good
and readable.
Article 1 - Comparison of the three summaries
There is not much difference between the three summaries. The
sentences chosen by SweSum are exactly the same, except for the French
version, which selects a quote about the Iranians wanting to reform their
political system. In fact, the English and the Swedish summaries are exactly
the same, but it's normal for a text and its translation. If it would have been
different, it would have been a surprise. On the other hand it shows that these
both versions of the summarizer work well.
But the French summary is more open to criticism even if the selected
sentences are globally good. The keywords are different from the English
keywords and can't give the meaning of the text only by reading them.
Other remarks :
Changing the size parameter between 30-32 percent for the Swedish
summary showed that the next sentence to be chosen was the same that had
been chosen in the English version – it was only because the sentence did
not fit, that it wasn’t included in the summary.
➢Article 2
English article 2
At least six dead in suicide bombing outside Baghdad hotel
Sunday October 12, 08:17 PM
BAGHDAD (AFP)
At least six people were killed in a two-car suicide bombing outside a
central Baghdad hotel used by members of Iraq's US-installed
Governing Council and American contractors.
Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of Iraqi Shiites took part in a pilgrimage
which was virtually banned under Saddam Hussein.
And Kurdish leader and Governing Council member Massoud Barzani
asked the Arab League to oppose moves by Turkey to send troops to
Iraq.
US military spokesman George Krivo said at least six people were
killed and 10 seriously wounded in what he described as an attack by
two cars outside the central Baghdad Hotel, although it was not clear if
both vehicles were laden with explosives.
It was also unclear if the suicide attacker or attackers were among the six
counted as dead.
A US army officer at the scene and a Governing Council member who
was in the hotel at the time both put the death toll at seven. Doctors at
nearby hospitals reported at least 38 people wounded in the blast.
"There were seven casualties, including the suicide bomber," said Colonel
Peter Mansoor of the US army's First Armored Division. A US soldier was
among those wounded, but he was treated on the spot and released.
Governing Council member Muwaffak al-Rubai who was in the hotel
at the time also sustained light injuries as a result of the blast, which
occurred at a police checkpoint outside.
A coalition spokesman denied the Baghdad Hotel was the
headquarters for the Central Intelligence Agency in Iraq's capital.
"It is one of the accommodation facilities which the CPA (Coalition
Provisional Authority) rents for CPA members and other contractors. It is
absolutely not true to say it is a CIA facility," said Charles Heatly.
But a US officer at the scene who asked not to be identified said that
American security personnel, US contractors and Governing Council
members lived in the hotel.
"A car tried to negotiate its way in but had no proper credentials. When it
didn't stop they (Iraqi police) opened fire to prevent it from penetrating," said
Mansoor.
"The driver ignited the bomb and there was an explosion 20 meters (yards)
inside the checkpoint and 100 meters (yards) from the hotel," he said.
At least one Iraqi police officer was among those killed, according to
police.
Paul Bremer, the top US official in Iraq, denounced the bombing, the latest
in what have become daily strikes against US-led coalition forces and Iraqis
working with them.
"The terrorists will not succeed," Bremer said in a statement. "Neither the
coalition nor the people will be intimidated from our path to a democratic
Iraq."
But in Washington, US President George W. Bush came under renewed
fire from lawmakers who demanded a clearer plan for securing Iraq and
winning international support for rebuilding the country. "We need to go to the
United Nations more humbly, more directly, more honestly, solicit help in a
way that brings the United Nations into this effort, or you are going to
continue to see bomb after bomb after bomb," said Senator John Kerry, a
senior Democrat. "We're going to continue to see the mounting opposition to
what is essentially an American occupation," he told ABC television.
Senator Frank Lautenberg, a Democrat from New Jersey, said on CNN
that the car bombing was "a continuation of the violence that we've seen for
now ever since the combat was supposed to be over."
Body parts and a bloodied football could be seen near a burning white car
at the scene of the latest Baghdad explosion, as ambulances rushed off and
US armored vehicles sealed off the area.
The blast came three days after a car bomb killed nine people,
including the suicide bomber, in an attack on a police station in a
teeming Shiite neighborhood of Baghdad.
Elsewhere in the country, a man blew himself up Sunday in the northern oil
city of Kirkuk, wounding a policeman and a civilian in an attempted grenade
attack against a police checkpoint, police said.
Tensions have risen further following a series of recent incidents involving
US forces and members of the Shiite majority.
Stepping up the pressure, militant Shiite cleric Moqtada Sadr announced
he has formed a Muslim-led government, in a clear challenge to the 25member Governing Council.
He said the government includes a ministry of religious affairs and another
responsible for the "promotion of virtue and prevention of vice."
The young cleric, who made the announcement during a sermon at Friday
prayers, gave few details, but one of his spokesmen told AFP on Sunday the
"alternative cabinet" would be led by Muslims but open to all.
Shiite Muslims also asserted their identity Sunday during a massive
pilgrimage.
The faithful flocked to the holy city of Karbala from all over the country,
some walking more than 100 kilometers (60 miles) barefoot, to mark the
birthday of the 9th century Imam Mehdi, whom they believe will one day
return to save the world.
Largescale public demonstrations of the Shiite faith were banned under the
Sunni-dominated regime of Saddam, who was toppled by US-led troops six
months ago.
In the Egyptian capital, Massoud Barzani lobbied for the Cairo-based Arab
League to support moves to keep Turkish troops out of Iraq.
"We have rejected the deployment of troops by Turkey and other countries
in the region, and we have asked for Arab League support for this position,"
Barzani told reporters after talks with Arab League chief Amr Mussa.
Mussa said the Arab League would "support any position of the interim
Governing Council about the deployment of Turkish troops or from other
neighboring countries."
Arab foreign ministers will hold a meeting Wednesday, on the sidelines of
an Islamic summit in Malaysia, to discuss the issue, he said.
Summary information
Lexicon: English
Words before 1039
Words after 303
Summary length: 29%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: governing member hotel council police league baghdad
people suicide least
Commentary
The summary is good and the keywords also. This text can be a base to
see if the other languages can give something interesting.
We can note that SweSum takes preferably sentences in the beginning of
the text and not at the end. This is very smart because the end is often about
related subjects and can be removed.
French article 2
Irak: au moins six morts dans un attentat à Bagdad
Dimanche 12 octobre 2003, 19h59
BAGDAD (AFP)
Au moins six personnes ont été tuées et des dizaines blessées, dont
10 grièvement, dimanche dans un attentat à la voiture piégée devant un
hôtel du centre de Bagdad, alors que trois millions de pèlerins chiites
étaient rassemblés à Kerbala, ville sainte du chiisme.
La voiture piégée a explosé devant le Baghdad Hotel, un
établissement où logent notamment des entrepreneurs américains et
des membres du Conseil de gouvernement transitoire irakien. Un porteparole de la coalition a en revanche catégoriquement démenti la présence
dans l'hôtel d'une antenne de l'agence des renseignements américains (CIA).
Le lieutenant-colonel George Krivo a déclaré lors d'une conférence de
presse qu'au moins six personnes avaient été tuées et 10 grièvement
blessées dans l'attentat mais n'a pas précisé si le kamikaze figurait dans ce
décompte. Plus tôt, un autre militaire américain et un membre du Conseil de
gouvernement transitoire irakien, Mouaffak al-Roubaï, qui se trouvait dans
l'hôtel au moment de l'attentat et qui a été légèrement blessé, avaient fait état
d'un bilan de sept morts dont le kamikaze. Selon des sources médicales
irakiennes, au moins 38 personnes ont été blessées dans l'attentat survenu
peu avant 13H00 locales (10H00 GMT).
"Nous travaillerons avec la police irakienne pour trouver les
responsables et les déférer devant la justice. Avec le peuple irakien
nous continuerons à construire un nouvel Irak, un Irak qui remplace le
terrorisme par l'espoir" a déclaré l'administrateur civil américain en Irak,
Paul Bremer. Le colonel Mansoor a précisé qu'une voiture avait forcé un
check-point devant l'hôtel et que des policiers irakiens et des militaires
américains avaient ouvert le feu. Le chauffeur a alors actionné sa bombe, à
100 mètres de l'entrée de l'hôtel.
Dans la nuit de samedi à dimanche, Kerbala (centre) a vibré aux cris, aux
chants, aux prières de centaines de milliers de pèlerins chiites venus honorer
leurs imams Mehdi, le disparu, et Hussein, le petit-fils du prophète. Selon la
coalition, les fidèles étaient plus de trois millions, selon les autorités
religieuses plus de cinq, à avoir fait le pèlerinage. Des Iraniens étaient
également présents.
Des dirigeants irakiens ne cessent de réaffirmer leur rejet d'un déploiement
de l'armée turque, voulu par Washington. Le chef kurde irakien Massoud
Barzani, dont le Parti démocratique du Kurdistan (PDK) contrôle la
moitié du Kurdistan irakien frontalière avec la Turquie, plaidait au Caire
contre le déploiement de troupes turques en Irak. "Nous refusons le
déploiement de troupes de la Turquie et d'autres pays (voisin) de la région et
nous avons demandé un appui de la Ligue arabe à cette position", a déclaré
M. Barzani à l'issue d'un entretien avec le secrétaire général de la Ligue
arabe Amr Moussa. Pour sa part, le chef du principal mouvement chiite, le
Conseil suprême de la révolution islamique en Irak (CSRII), a affirmé qu'"il n'y
a aucun besoin de faire venir une quelconque force de l'extérieur". Le
président de la Commission européenne Romano Prodi a estimé dimanche
au Caire que la situation se dégradait en Irak. "Elle se dégrade et il est
difficile de trouver une solution si le peuple irakien n'est pas impliqué dans le
processus (politique) et si l'Onu ne joue pas un rôle", a-t-il dit. Interrogé sur
une éventuelle participation de l'UE à la reconstruction de l'Irak, M. Prodi a
répondu : "Nous voulons une participation de l'UE, mais à deux conditions :
un rôle véritable de l'Onu et (...) un accroissement du rôle du peuple irakien"
dans la direction du pays, a-t-il dit.
A Washington, le président de la commission des affaires étrangères du
Sénat, le républicain Richard Lugar et le sénateur démocrate Joseph Biden
ont réclamé dimanche à l'administration Bush un plan plus "clair" concernant
l'après-guerre en Irak.
Summary information
Lexicon: French
Words before 634
Words after 190
Summary length: 29%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: irakien américain blessé dimanche trouver personne
déploiement conseil voiture peuple
Commentary
By reading the summary you have the main idea of the text (equivalent to
the title) but once more SweSum gives no relevant sentences. For example, it
lets the passage about the car that tried to force the checkpoint but not the
sentence saying that the driver ignited the bomb, so the first part is useless!
Like in the first text, keywords don't allow you to guess the meaning of the
text, their translation could give: Iraqi, American, wounded, Sunday, find,
nobody, deployment, council, car, people.
Swedish article 2
Många offer i dubbelbombning av USA-hotell i Bagdad
Söndag 12 oktober 2003, 20.24 (TT-Reuters)
(Bagdad)
Minst sju dödsoffer krävdes när två bilbomber på söndagen
detonerades vid hotell Bagdad, ett hotell som användes av amerikaner i
den irakiska huvudstaden. Kroppsdelar och en blodig fotboll låg
utspridda nära en brinnande vit bil. Ambulanser körde i skytteltrafik och
amerikanska militärfordon stängde av området strax efter explosionen.
Det var två bilar som försökte ta sig in på hotellområdet, och skottlossning
förekom.
"Det sköts när polisen försökte hålla bilarna borta, sade den irakiske
journalisten Saad Mahmud."
Men i alla fall en av bilarna tog sig nära hotellet, och samtidigt som
dess sprängladdning detonerade utlöstes en laddning i en parkerad bil
precis bredvid.
Självmordsbombaren i den framkörda bilen och ytterligare sex personer
dödades, och elva skadades, sade den amerikanske översten Peter
Mansoor.
Hotellet ligger i centrala Bagdad och har varit populärt bland
amerikansk personal och irakiska politiker. Enligt vissa uppgifter på
söndagen har den amerikanska underrättelsetjänsten CIA haft sitt
irakiska högkvarter där.
Den tillfällige planeringsministern Mahdi al-Hafiz fördömde bilbombningen,
och beklagade den dåliga säkerheten i Bagdad som bara "tjänar Iraks
fiender".
"Snabba åtgärder borde vidtas för att få slut på sådana handlingar som går
på tvärs mot irakisk tradition och är främmande för dess folk, sade al-Hafiz
och tillade att det är de USA-ledda ockupationsstyrkorna som "bär
huvudansvaret för säkerheten i Irak"."
Samtidigt meddelade polis i Kirkuk i norra Irak att en man som tyckts vara
på väg att angripa en polispostering sprängdes till döds på söndagen. Den
32-årige mannen var uppenbarligen på väg att slänga en granat mot
polisposteringen men granaten exploderade i hans händer, sade en lokal
polischef. En polisman och en civilperson skadades.
Två stora oljeledningsbränder som utlöstes av en bomb utanför Kirkuk i
fredags har släckts, meddelade talesmän för oljebolaget North Oil. Bränderna
på oljeledningarna som kommer från oljefälten i norr rasade i 20 timmar.
En annan bomb skadade på söndagen tre amerikanska soldater, varav en
allvarligt, i Saddam Husseins hemstad Tikrit, sade en USA-talesman.
Summary information
Lexicon: Swedish
Words before 348
Words after 134
Summary length: 38%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: amerikansk irakisk hotell söndag skada försöka säkerhet
detonera polis meddela
Commentary
We had the choice between a length of 25% or 38%. The latter is more
interesting for our comparison.
The summary is good, but the keywords miss one important word: bomb.
This is probably because the word bomb is present mostly in composed
words: “dubbelbombning”, “bilbomber”, “sjävmordsbombaren”, and
“bilbombningen”. Analysis of composed words would probably make SweSum
even better. Even though this is not done, the summary is quite good and
readable.
Article 2 - Comparison of the three summaries
Once more both English and Swedish summarizing are good but the
French one is not satisfactory. Its keywords are not similar to those from
the other languages.
The Swedish summary and keywords is the best, while not perfect.
Composed words probably need to be analyzed to get even better results.
However, this may affect performance giving a slower summarizer. Speed
may be more important than quality for summarizing large quantities of
text.
➢Article 3
French article 3
Décès de Mme Anna Lindh – Déclaration du porte parole du
ministère des affaires étrangères
Paris, le 11 septembre 2003
(www.ambafrance.se)
C’est avec une profonde émotion et une très grande tristesse que les
autorités françaises viennent d’apprendre le décès de Mme Anna Lindh,
ministre des affaires étrangères du Royaume de Suède à la suite de
l’agression dont elle a été victime.
La France rend hommage à l’engagement européen qui a été celui de
Mme Lindh ainsi qu’à son action déterminée à la tête de la diplomatie
suédoise.
En cette douloureuse circonstance, les autorités françaises adressent leurs
plus sincères condoléances à Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède ainsi qu’au
gouvernement suédois. Elles expriment à la famille de Mme Lindh toute leur
sympathie dans le deuil qui les frappe et transmettent au peuple suédois leur
sentiment de pleine solidarité dans cette épreuve.
Summary information
Lexicon: French
Words before 145
Words after 49
Summary length: 40%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: autorité affaire suède français
Commentary
When we asked a summary with 30%, SweSum gave us only the title of
the article. With a length of 40% it added the first sentence.
Obviously, with a such article in which the title is enough to understand, the
summary is relevant. The keywords don't give particular informations, their
translation could give: authority, affair, sweden, france.
Swedish article 3
Anna Lindhs bortgång – Uttalande från franska
utrikesdepartementets talesman
Paris, 11 september 2003
(www.ambafrance.se)
Det är med stark sinnesrörelse och mycket djup sorg som de franska
myndigheterna blivit underrättade om Sveriges utrikesminister Anna Lindhs
död till följd av attacken mot henne igår eftermiddag.
Frankrike hyllar Anna Lindhs engagemang för Europa och hennes
beslutsamma arbete i ledningen för svensk diplomati.
I denna svåra stund framför de franska myndigheterna sitt djupa
deltagande med Hans Majestät Konungen och med den svenska
regeringen. Frankrike uttrycker sin medkänsla med Anna Lindhs familj i den
sorg som drabbat dem och sin solidaritet med det svenska folket i denna
prövning.
Summary information
Lexicon: Swedish
Words before 108
Words after 30
Summary length: 27%
Type of text: tidningstext
Keywords: fransk svensk myndig
Commentary
In this case, SweSum preserved the title and a sentence in the middle of
the text.
This is not a very good summary. The first sentence is a far better
representation of the whole article. But, the reason that the first sentence is
not chosen, is because it is too long to fit into the 30% limit we set. If you
set the summary size to 50%, the first sentence is selected. This limitation
is because SweSum only selects complete sentences, and doesn’t
reconstruct them in any way.
Article 3 - Comparison of the two summaries
First we can note that it's not useful to summarize a so short text, that's
why the result is not very interesting - the text is too short to draw any deep
conclusion about how good the summarizer is. But these two texts with the
same content (one is the translation of the other) show another time that
SweSum doesn't create the exact same results in French and in Swedish
because it didn't keep the similar sentences.
➢Conclusion
The Swedish and English version of SweSum is quite good at in its current
state. The limitations mostly have to do with the way it tries to construct the
summary only by selecting some key sentences in the text. This makes
creating a very short summary almost impossible. For summarizing longer
texts (e.g. Article 1), the results are better. The Swedish and English versions
seem to give equivalent results every time.
The French version of SweSum is not as good as the others and need
some improvements to be at the same level. The keywords it finds are not
relevant, and it sometimes selects strange sentences.
Note: The function called ‘Pronomenresolution’ was not used since it
produced strange results in the Swedish summary.