Bastille Day - WordPress.com

Transcription

1
BASTILLE DAY
Bastille Day is the name given in English-speaking
countries to the French National Day, which is
celebrated on 14 July each year. In France, it is formally
called La Fête nationale (French pronunciation: [fɛːt
nasjɔˈnal]; The National Celebration) and commonly Le
quatorze
juillet
(French
pronunciation:
[lə.ka.tɔʁz.ʒɥiˈjɛ]; the fourteenth of July).
The French National Day commemorates the beginning
of the French Revolution with the Storming of the
Bastille on 14 July 1789, as well as the Fête de la
Fédération which celebrated the unity of the French
people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held
throughout France. The oldest and largest regular
military parade in Europe is held on the morning of 14
July, on the Champs-Élysées in Paris in front of the
President of the Republic, French officials and foreign
guests.
Events and traditions of the day
2
Nationally
The Bastille Day Military Parade opens with cadets from
the École polytechnique, Saint-Cyr, École Navale, and
so forth, then other infantry troops, then motorized
troops; aircraft of the Patrouille de France aerobatics
team fly above. In recent times, it has become custom to
invite units from France's allies to the parade. In 2004
during the centenary of the Entente Cordiale, British
troops (the band of the Royal Marines, the Household
Cavalry Mounted Regiment, Grenadier Guards and
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery) led the Bastille
Day parade in Paris for the first time, with the Red
Arrows flying overhead. In 2007 the German 26th
Airborne Brigade led the march followed by British
Royal Marines. In 2013, Malian soldiers opened the
parade, following the Franco-Malian military Operation
Serval. Members of the United Nations' MINUSMA
forces also took part in the parade, including soldiers
from twelve other African countries, notably Chad.
United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon attended
3
the
parade
alongside
French
President
François
Hollande.[6]
Locally
At the municipal level, ceremonies are organized in most
of communes of France with a traditional speech of the
mayor, followed by wreath-laying at war memorial.
French honor guard stands before war memorial and
holds emblems of his municipality.
History
Storming of the Bastille
On 19 May 1789, Louis XVI convened the EstatesGeneral to hear their grievances. The deputies of the
Third Estate, representing the common people (the two
others were the Catholic Church and nobility), decided
to break away and form a National Assembly. On 20
June the deputies of the Third Estate took the Tennis
Court Oath, swearing not to separate until a constitution
had been established. They were gradually joined by
4
delegates of the other estates; Louis XVI started to
recognize their validity on 27 June. The assembly
renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly on 9
July, and began to function as a legislature and to draft a
constitution.
In the wake of the 11 July dismissal of Jacques Necker
(the finance minister, who was sympathetic to the Third
Estate), the people of Paris, fearful that they and their
representatives would be attacked by the royal army, and
seeking to gain ammunition and gunpowder for the
general populace, stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison
in Paris which had often held people jailed on the basis
of lettres de cachet, arbitrary royal indictments that
could not be appealed. Besides holding a large cache of
ammunition and gunpowder, the Bastille had been
known for holding political prisoners whose writings had
displeased the royal government, and was thus a symbol
of the absolutism of the monarchy. As it happened, at the
time of the attack in July 1789 there were only seven
inmates, none of great political significance.
5
When the crowd—eventually reinforced by mutinous
gardes françaises—proved a fair match for the fort's
defenders, Governor de Launay, the commander of the
Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a
mutual massacre. However, possibly because of a
misunderstanding,
fighting
resumed.
Ninety-eight
attackers and just one defender died in the actual
fighting, but in the aftermath, de Launay and seven other
defenders were killed, as was the 'prévôt des marchands'
(roughly, mayor) Jacques de Flesselles.
Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, on 4 August,
feudalism was abolished. On 26 August, the Declaration
of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was proclaimed.
Fête de la Fédération
The Fête de la Fédération on the 14 July 1790 was a
celebration to commemorate the first anniversary of the
Storming of the Bastille and the unity of the French
Nation during the French Revolution. The event took
place on the Champ de Mars, which was at the time far
outside Paris. The place had been transformed on a
6
voluntary basis by the population of Paris itself, in what
was recalled as the Journée des brouettes ("Wheelbarrow
Day").
A mass was celebrated by Talleyrand, bishop of Autun.
The popular General Lafayette, as captain of the
National Guard of Paris and confidant of the king, took
his oath to the constitution, followed by King Louis
XVI. After the end of the official celebration, the day
ended in a huge four-day popular feast and people
celebrated with fireworks, as well as fine wine and
running naked through the streets in order to display
their great freedom.
Origin of the present celebration
On 30 June 1878, a feast had been arranged in Paris by
official decision to honour the French Republic (the
event was commemorated in a painting by Claude
Monet). On 14 July 1879, another feast took place, with
a semi-official aspect; the events of the day included a
reception in the Chamber of Deputies, organised and
presided over by Léon Gambetta, a military review in
7
Longchamp, and a Republican Feast in the Pré Catelan.
All through France, Le Figaro wrote, "people feasted
much to honour the storming of the Bastille".
On 21 May 1880, Benjamin Raspail proposed a law to
have "the Republic choose the 14 July as a yearly
national holiday". The Assembly voted in favour of the
proposal on 21 May and 8 June. The Senate approved on
it 27 and 29 June, favouring 14 July against 4 August
(honouring the end of the feudal system on 4 August
1789). The law was made official on 6 July 1880, and
the Ministry of the Interior recommended to Prefects that
the day should be "celebrated with all the brilliance that
the local resources allow".Indeed, the celebrations of the
new holiday in 1880 were particularly magnificent.
In the debate leading up to the adoption of the holiday,
Henri Martin, chairman of the French Senate, addressed
that chamber on 29 June 1880:
Do not forget that behind this 14 July, where victory of
the new era over the ancien régime was bought by
fighting, do not forget that after the day of 14 July 1789,
8
there was the day of 14 July 1790.... This [latter] day
cannot be blamed for having shed a drop of blood, for
having divided the country. It was the consecration of
the unity of France.... If some of you might have scruples
against the first 14 July, they certainly hold none against
the second. Whatever difference which might part us,
something hovers over them, it is the great images of
national unity, which we all desire, for which we would
all stand, willing to die if necessary.
Bastille Day Military Parade
The Bastille Day Military Parade is the French military
parade that has been held on the morning of 14 July each
year in Paris since 1880. While previously held
elsewhere within or near the capital city, since 1918 it
has been held on the Champs-Élysées, with the
paticipation of the Allies as represented in the Versailles
Peace Conference, and with the exception of the period
of German occupation from 1940 to 1944 (when the
ceremony took place in London under the command of
General de Gaulle), The parade passes down the
9
Champs-Élysées from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place
de la Concorde, where the President of the French
Republic, his government and foreign ambassadors to
France stand. This is a popular event in France,
broadcast on French TV, and is the oldest and largest
regular military parade in Europe. In some years, invited
detachments of foreign troops take part in the parade and
foreign statesmen attend as guests.
Smaller military parades are held in French garrison
towns, including Toulon and Belfort, with local troops.
Bastille Day celebrations in other countries

Belgium
o
Liège celebrates the Bastille Day each
year since the end of the First World War,
as Liège was decorated by the Légion
d'Honneur for its unexpected resistance
during the Battle of Liège.

Czech Republic
o
Since 2008, Prague has hosted a French
market "Le marché du 14 juillet" offering
10
traditional French food and wine as well
as music. The market takes place on
Kampa Island, usually between 11 and 14
July.

Hungary
o
Budapest's
two-day
celebration
is
sponsored by the Institut de France.

India
o
Bastille Day is celebrated with great
festivity in Pondicherry every year. Being
an important French colony, Pondicherry
celebrates this day with great honor and
pride. On the eve of the Bastille Day,
retired soldiers engage themselves in
parade and celebrate the day with Indian
and French National Anthems. On the
day,
uniformed war
soldiers
march
through the street to honor the French
soldiers who were killed in the battles.
One can perceive French and the Indian
11
flag flying alongside that project the
mishmash of cultures and heritages.

New Zealand
o
The Auckland suburb of Remuera hosts
an annual French themed Bastille Day
street festival.

South Africa
o
Franschhoek's week-end festival has been
celebrated
for
the
last
15
years.
(Franschhoek, or 'French Corner,' is
situated in the Western Cape.)

United Kingdom
o
London has a large French contingent,
and celebrates Bastille Day at various
locations
including
Battersea
Park,
Camden Town and Kentish Town.
o
Edinburgh continues recalls the days of
the Auld Alliance between Scotland and
France with its annual Bastille Day
12
celebration, which is often second only
those of Paris.

United States – Over 50 U.S. cities conduct
annual celebrations:
o
Baltimore has a large Bastille Day
celebration each year at Petit Louis in the
Roland Park area of Baltimore City.
o
Boston has a celebration annually, hosted
by the French Cultural Center for over 35
years. Recently, the celebration took
place in The Liberty Hotel, a former city
jail converted into a boutique hotel,
though more often the festivities occur in
Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, near
the Cultural Center's headquarters. The
celebration
typically
includes
francophone musical performers, dancing,
and French cuisine.
o
Chicago has hosted a variety of Bastille
Day celebrations in a number of locations
in the city, including Navy Pier and Oz
13
Park. The recent incarnations have been
sponsored in part by the Chicago branch
of the French-American Chamber of
Commerce and by the French ConsulateGeneral in Chicago.
o
Dallas's
Bastille
Day
celebration,
"Bastille On Bishop", began in 2010 and
is held annually on 14 July in the Bishop
Arts District of the North Oak Cliff
neighborhood, southwest of downtown
just across the Trinity River. Dallas'
French roots are tied to the short lived
socialist Utopian community La Réunion,
formed in 1855 and incorporated into the
City of Dallas in 1860.
o
Houston has a celebration at La Colombe
d'Or Hotel. It is hosted by the Consulate
General of France in Houston, The
French Alliance, the French-American
Chamber of Commerce, and the TexanFrench Alliance for the Arts.
14
o
Milwaukee's four-day
street festival
begins with a "Storming of the Bastille"
with a 43-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower.
o
Minneapolis has a celebration in Uptown
with wine, French food, pastries, a flea
market, circus performers and bands.
Also in the Twin Cities area, the local
chapter of the Alliance Française has
hosted an annual event for years at
varying locations with a competition for
the "Best Baguette of the Twin Cities."
o
Montgomery, Ohio has a celebration with
wine,
beer,
local
restaurants'
fare,
pastries, games and bands.
o
New Orleans has multiple celebrations,
the largest in the historic French Quarter.
o
New York City has numerous Bastille
Day celebrations each July, including
Bastille Day on 60th Street hosted by the
French
Institute
Alliance
Française
between Fifth and Lexington Avenues on
the Upper East Side of Manhattan,
15
Bastille Day on Smith Street in Brooklyn,
and Bastille Day in Tribeca. The Empire
State Building is illuminated in blue,
white and red.
o
Orlando has a boutique Bastille Day street
festival that began in 2009 in the
Audubon Park Garden District
involves
champagne,
wine,
and
music,
petanque, artists, and street performers.
o
Philadelphia's Bastille Day,
held at
Eastern State Penitentiary, involves Marie
Antoinette throwing locally manufactured
Tastykakes at the Parisian militia, as well
as a re-enactment of the storming of the
Bastille.
o
Sacramento, California conducts annual
"waiter races" in the midtown restaurant
and shopping district, with a street
festival.
o
San Francisco has a large celebration in
the city's historic French Quarter in
downtown.
16
o
Seattle's Bastille Day Celebration, held at
the Seattle Center, involves performances,
picnics, wine and shopping.
o
St. Louis has annual festivals in both the
Soulard neighborhood and the former
French village of Carondelet, Missouri
which
include
reenactments
of
the
beheading of Marie Antoinette and Louis
XVI, as well as reconstructed French fur
trading posts.
One-time celebrations

1979: A concert with Jean Michel Jarre on the
Place de la Concorde in Paris attracted one
million people, securing an entry in the Guinness
Book of Records for the largest crowd at an
outdoor concert.

1989: France celebrated the 200th anniversary of
the
French
Revolution,
notably
with
a
monumental show on the Champs-Élysées in
Paris, directed by French designer Jean-Paul
17
Goude. President François Mitterrand acted as
host for invited world leaders.

1990: A concert with Jarre was held at La
Défense in Paris.

1994: The military parade was opened by Euro
corps, a newly created European army unit
including German soldiers. This was the first
time German troops entered in France since
1944, sealing the definitive Franco-German
reconciliation.

1995: A concert with Jarre was held at the Eiffel
Tower in Paris.

1998: Two days after the French football team
became World Cup champions, huge celebrations
took place nationwide.

2004: To commemorate the centenary of the
Entente Cordiale, the British led the military
parade with the Red Arrows flying overhead.

2007: To commemorate the 50th anniversary of
the Treaty of Rome, the military parade was led
by troops from the 26 other EU member states,
all marching at the French time.
18

2014: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of
the
beginning
to
the
First
World
War,
representatives of 80 countries who fought during
this conflict were invited to the ceremony. The
military parade was opened by 80 flags
representing each of these countries.
Bastille Day in France
Quick Facts
Bastille Day is an occasion to honor the French
Republic. It is a public holiday in France.
Local names
Name
Language
La fête nationale French
Bastille Day
English
Nationalfeiertag German
Bastille Day 2014
19
Monday, July 14, 2014
Bastille Day 2015
Tuesday, July 14, 2015
Bastille Day is a day of celebrations of French culture.
Many large-scale public events are held, including a
military parade in Paris, as well as communal meals,
dances, parties and fireworks.
What do people do?
Many people attend large-scale public celebrations.
These often include:

Military and civilian parades.

Musical performances.

Communal meals.

Dances.

Balls.

Spectacular fireworks displays.
20
There is a large military parade in Paris in the morning
of July 14. Service men and women from various units,
including cadets from military schools, the French Navy
and the French Foreign Legion, participate in the parade.
The parade ends with the Paris Fire Brigade. Military
aircraft fly over the parade route during the parade. The
French president opens the parade and reviews the troops
and thousands of people line the route. Other people
spend the day quietly and eat a celebratory meal or
picnic with family and close friends.
Public life
Bastille Day is a public holiday in France so post offices,
banks, and many businesses are closed. Restaurants and
cafes outside of tourist areas may also be closed.
However, bakeries and some stores in Paris, as well as at
airports and railway stations and along major highways,
are open.
Public transport service schedules vary depending on
where one lives and intends to travel. Roads in the
centers of villages, towns and cities (particularly in
21
Paris) may be closed for parades and other large public
events.
Background
The Bastille is a medieval fortress and prison in Paris.
Many people in France associated it with the harsh rule
of the Bourbon monarchy in the late 1700s. On July 14,
1789, troops stormed the Bastille. This was a pivotal
event at the beginning of the French Revolution. Fête de
la Fédération was held on July 14, 1790. This was a way
to celebrate the establishment of a constitutional
monarchy in France.
Official celebrations were held in Paris on June 30,
1878, to honor the Republic of France. On July 14, 1879,
more official celebrations were held. These included a
military
review
in
Longchamp
near
Paris
and
celebrations all over the country. A politician named
Benjamin Raspail proposed that July 14 should become a
holiday in France in 1880. The law was enacted on July
6, 1880. Bastille Day was a public holiday for the first
time on July 14, 1880.
22
The military parade in Paris has been held every year
since 1880, except during World War II. The Free
French Forces paraded on this date in London, England
from 1940 until 1944. Jean Michel Jarre held a concert
in Paris that attracted one million people, then the largest
recorded crowd at an outdoor concert, in 1979. Special
celebrations were held for the 200th anniversary of the
French revolution in 1989. The French football team
became world champions on July 12, 1998. This sparked
celebrations throughout France on Bastille Day.
Bastille
Day
celebrations
are
held
in
French
communities and the Institut de France around the
world. Such events in the United States are held in
Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New York City, Philadelphia,
San Francisco and Seattle. There are festivals of French
culture in Franschhoek, South Africa, and Hungary.
23
Symbols
The Eiffel Tower in Paris and the French national flag,
or tricolor, are important symbols of Bastille Day. The
French national flag is one-and-a-half times as wide as it
is tall. It consists of three vertical bands of equal width
colored blue, white and red. The same colors are
displayed in bunting and banners of many shapes on
Bastille Day. People may also wear clothing or face
paint in these colors.
Bastille Day Observances
Select another year-range:
Weekday Date Year Name
Holiday type
Sat
Jul 14 1990 Bastille Day National holiday
Sun
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
24
Holiday type
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Fri
Sat
Sun
Mon
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Sat
Sun
25
Holiday type
Mon
Tue
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
Tue
Bastille Day
The French celebrate their Fourth of July
Americans have The 4th of July; the French have
Bastille Day. On July 14, 1789, an outraged group of
Parisians stormed the Bastille, a fortress and prison in
France where prisoners of influence were held, in hopes
of capturing ammunition.
Shortly thereafter, King Louis XVI and his wife Marie
Antoinette took refuge in Versailles as the violent
peasants pillaged and burned châteaux, and destroyed
26
records of feudal dues—this reaction is known as the
grande peur (great fear).
For the peasant class, the Bastille stood as a symbol of
the hypocrisy and corruption of the aristocratic
government - controlled mostly by nobility and clergy.
This important event marked the entry of the popular
class into the French Revolution.
The French recognize Bastille Day as the end of the
monarchy and beginning of the modern republic. The
lasting significance of the event was in its recognition
that power could be held by ordinary citizens, not in the
king or in God.
Today, Parisians celebrate this national holiday with a
grand military parade up the Champs Elysées, colorful
arts festivals, and raucous parties marking the holiday.
Uncork a bottle of wine, pop in a Jacques Dutronc CD,
and join the celebration!
27
28
BASTILLE DAY IN FRANCE
Celebrated on July, 14, Bastille Day is the French
national day and the most important bank holiday in
France! Setting the storming of the Bastille in 1789 as
an essential part of the French History. The 14th July
has become a major public holiday, traditionally
considered as the symbol of the French Revolution.
The French Bastille Day is definitely a joyous national
day that causes popular celebrations in the streets as well
as
political
events.
The best way to experience the 14 July bank holiday widely known as Le 14 Juillet - is to go to Paris, more
precisely on the Champs Elysees. Expect military
parades, public speeches and fireworks, but also
convivial gatherings in all cafés and restaurants!
Every single town in France actually commemorates the
Bastille Day with excitement and pride as this national
29
day represents the first step to the French Revolution
which eventually led France to Republic. On July, 14,
patriotic feelings break out throughout the country,
French people wear blue, white and red, "tricolore"
clothes or make-up and sing the typical Marseillaise (the
French anthem) after one - or more! - glasses of
Champagne!
Bastille Day in Paris...
Beginning in the morning of the 14th July, on the
Champs Elysées in Paris, Bastille Day is the opportunity
to
admire the French military.
Saint
Cyr and
Polytechnique cadets parade, along with official troops,
whilst the French Air Force, Patrouille de France, carry
out flying in the sky.
Top Tip!
A popular custom on Basttille day in Paris is going for a
friendly picnic in a public park, socialising, enjoying
French food and wine, before watching the fireworks
from the Place de la Concorde for example.
30
In many French villages, people traditionally get
together on July, 13 to enjoy a typical Barbecue and sing
and dance all night long - taking the advantage of the
relaxing public holiday the day after!
The President of the Republic normally attends all the
Parisian festivities and ends the 14th July ceremonies
with a public interview from the Elysée (Predisent's
official residence).
French National Day
The well-known storming of the Bastille has become a
benchmark in terms of Revolt and Liberty all over the
world!
Referring to July 14 1789, when a massive crowd of
Frenchmen rose up and invaded the prison, Bastille Day
is considered the beginning of the French Revolution.
Capturing this prison, a symbol of the Ancient Regime,
indeed marked the end of Louis XVI's absolute and
arbitrary power and led France to the three ideals of
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Bastille Day has been
31
known and celebrated as the creation of the Sovereign
Nation and what would be the "First" Republic of
France (in 1792).
Bastille Day became the National Holiday in 1790,
originally called Fête de la Fédération ("federation
feast"), to celebrate the first anniversary of the storming
of the Bastille and the end of the French Revolution.
32
ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE
The Alliance française (French pronunciation : [aljɑ̃s
fʁɑ̃sɛz], French Alliance), or AF, is an international
organization that aims to promote French language and
culture around the world. Created in Paris on 21 July
1883, its primary concern is teaching French as a second
language and is headquartered in Paris.
History
The Alliance was created in Paris on 21 July 1883 by a
group of eminent men, including the scientist Louis
Pasteur, the diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps, the writers
Jules Verne and Ernest Renan, and the publisher Armand
Colin.
It finances most of its activities from the fees it receives
from its courses and from rental of its installations. The
French government also provides a subsidy covering
approximately five percent of its budget (nearly 665,000
€ in 2003)
33
More than 440,000 students learn French at one of the
centres run by the Alliance, whose network of schools
includes:

a centre in Paris, Alliance française Paris Ile-deFrance

locations throughout France for foreign students
and

1,016 locations in 135 countries.
The organizations outside Paris are local, independently
run franchises. Each has a committee and a president.
The Alliance française brand is owned by the Paris
centre. In many countries, the Alliance française of Paris
is represented by a Délégué général. The French
Government also runs 150 separate French Cultural
Institutes that exist to promote French language and
culture.
Recognition
In 2005, along with the Società Dante Alighieri, the
British Council, the Goethe-Institut, the Instituto
34
Cervantes, and the Instituto Camões, the Alliance
française was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for
outstanding achievements in communications and the
humanities.
By country
The Alliance française Paris Ile-de-France is a Higher
Private Education Institute. It is an association from the
law 1901. Located in the heart of the capital, the
Alliance française Paris Ile-de-France is a genuine
international meeting point where more than 11,000
students from 160 different countries come every year
to learn French. It is also the oldest one since the school
offers courses in Paris since 1894.
The 110 faculty teachers at the Alliance française Paris
Ile-de-France are all certified in teaching French as a
foreign language.
Until 2007, the year of creation of the Alliance française
Foundation, the Alliance française Paris Ile-de-France
was called "the Paris Alliance française".
35
It was divided into three branches: the International
Relations (DRI), the School of Paris, and the Department
of Human and Financial Resources (DRHF). In 2007, the
DRI has become the Alliance française Foundation,
while the School and the DRHF became the Alliance
française Paris Ile-de-France.
Three conventions are now governing the relations
between the Foundation and the Alliance française Paris
Ile-de-France:

a financial agreement: the Alliance française
Paris Ile-de-France supports the Foundation
financially.

an agreement for the premises: the Paris Alliance
française donated its building in Boulevard
Raspail to the Foundation at the time of the
division in 2007

a teaching agreement: the Alliance française
Paris
Ile-de-France
françaises
worldwide
supports
in
the
their
Alliances
projects
to
professionalize their teaching and administrative
36
staff. More than 40 missions per year are made
abroad.
The Alliance française Paris Ile-de-France works with
Alliances françaises from around the world, ministries,
public bodies, and also large companies, supporting
them in their desire to improve their command of the
language in a professional environment.
It is also a training center for French language
teachers. Each year, nearly 2,300 teachers across the
world are trained on site or remotely, initial or
continuing training.
It delivers specific diplomas for French teachers such
as the ‘DAEFLE’ (Diplôme d'Aptitude à l'Enseignement
du Français Langue Étrangère), created with the ‘CNED’
(National Center for Distance Education) or the ‘DPAFP
– FLE’ (Diplôme Professionnel de l’Alliance Française
Paris Ile-de-France en Français Langue Étrangère),
which you obtain in five months after an initial training
on site.
37
It also offers summer teaching courses for French
teachers wishing to
deepen and
improve
their
knowledge. The Alliance française Paris Ile-de-France
has been awarded the FLE Quality Label, achieving top
marks for each of the criteria studied by the auditors:
welcome,
quality
of
teaching,
premises,
school
management.
It is also co-founder of ALTE (Association of Language
Testers in Europe), an association that includes some of
the most prestigious European institutions in the field of
evaluation in foreign language.
Since 2010, it is the provider of the ‘OFII’ (French
Office for Immigration and Integration) for language
training of the signatories of the Contract Integration
living in Paris.
Africa

Botswana 1

Comoros 3

Ethiopia 2 (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa)
38

Ghana 4

Kenya 2

Lesotho 1

Madagascar 29

Mauritius 6

Mozambique 1

Namibia 1

Nigeria 10

Southern Africa 13 (Alliance Française of Port
Elizabeth)

Swaziland 1

Tanzania

Uganda 1

Zimbabwe 1
Americas

Argentina there are 72 partnerships with 16,000
students forming a network is considered one of
the largest and oldest in the world. In Rosario,
Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Campana, Santa Fe,
Mendoza.
39

Bermuda has 1 Alliance Française.

Bolivia has 5 Alliances Françaises in all the main
centers of population: Cochabamba, La Paz,
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Sucre, Tarija.

Brazil There are many Alliances Françaises in
many cities in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo,
Niterói...

Canada has 12 Alliances Françaises from coast to
coast: Victoria, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton,
Winnipeg, Toronto (one in Downtown and one in
North York), Mississauga, Markham Ottawa,
Moncton, Halifax.

Colombia has more than 20 Alliances Françaises
in 16 cities.

Costa Rica has 3 Alliances Françaises, the first in
Barrio Amón, in the East side of the capital San
José and another two, one in La Sabana (West
side of the capital) and also in Heredia, another
province of Costa Rica.

Dominica has 1 Alliance Française, in the capital
city, Roseau.
40

Dominican Republic has 4 Alliance Françaises,
one in the capital city, Santo Domingo, and
others in Santiago, Mao and Monte Cristi.

Ecuador has 5 Alliances Françaises, located in
the capital city of Quito and in the cities of
Cuenca, Guayaquil, Loja and Portoviejo.

El Salvador has 1 Alliance Française Centre in
the capital city, San Salvador.

Grenada has 1 Alliance Française in Saint
George's

Honduras has 2 Alliance Françaises, one located
in Tegucigalpa and the other in San Pedro Sula.

Mexico has 38 Alliance Française organizations
throughout the country and 12 affiliated centers.

Nicaragua has 3 Alliance Française Centre, in the
capital city, Managua and others in León and
Granada

Panama has 1 Alliance Française organization.

Paraguay has 2 Alliance Française organization
throughout the country.

Peru has 12 Alliance Française organizations, 6
in the capital city, Lima and others in Trujillo,
41
Arequipa, Iquitos, Cusco, Piura, Huancayo and
Iquitos.

Puerto Rico has 1 Alliance Française, located in
the capital city of San Juan.

Trinidad and Tobago has 1 main centre located in
the capital city, Port of Spain, with additional
classes on offer in San Fernando and Tobago.

United States have 111 chapters in 45 states,
including Alliance Française de Washington,
Alliance Française de Chicago, and Alliance
Française de San Francisco.

Venezuela, has 12 Alliance Française, 5 in the
capital city Caracas, and in several others states
of Venezuela.
Asia and Oceania
Alliance Française de Taiwan

Australia has thirty-one Alliance Française
organizations.

Bangladesh
has
two
Alliance
Française
organizations, in Dhaka (Alliance Française de
42
Dhaka, three branches located in Dhanmondi,
Gulshan and Uttara) and in Chittagong

Brunei Darussalam

China
has
fifteen
Alliance
Française
organizations: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou,
Dalian,
Tianjin,
Qingdao,
Wuhan,
Chongqing,
Jinan,
Hangzhou,
Chengdu,
Xian,
and
Nanjing.

Hong Kong
has three
Alliance Française
organizations, one in Wanchai, one in Jordan and
another one in Shatin. Alliance Française de
Hong Kong was created in 1953.

There are 19 Alliances Françaises located in
India
(Ahmedabad,
Bangalore,
Bhopal,
Chandigarh, Chennai (Alliance Française de
Madras), Coimbatore, Goa, Gurgaon, Hyderabad,
Jaipur, Karikal, Kolkata, Mahé, Mumbai, New
Delhi, Pondicherry, Pune, Mysore, Trivandrum)

Indonesia has 4 Alliances Françaises located in
Medan, Balikpapan, Semarang and Denpasar.

Macau
43

Malaysia has 3 centres in the capital Kuala
Lumpur and one in Penang.

Maldives has 1 center in capital city Malé

Mongolia

Nepal

New Zealand has three Alliance Française
organizations.
The
Alliance
Française
d'Auckland has 900 members.

In Pakistan there are four Alliance Françaises
located in Karachi (Alliance Française de
Karachi), Lahore, Faisalabad and Islamabad.

The Philippines has Alliance Française de Cebu
located in Cebu City, and Alliance Française de
Manille located in Makati City.

Singapore has an Alliance Française located in
Newton.

South Korea has seven Alliance Française
organizations: Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Jeonju,
Gwangju, Daegu, and Busan.

Sri Lanka has Alliance Française de Kotte
located in Colombo, and Alliance Française de
Kandy in Kandy.
44

Thailand has its main centre in Bangkok and
branches in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and in the
city of Phuket.
Europe

Albania has four Alliance Française organization
located in Tirana, Korça, Shkodra and Elbasan.

Armenia has one Alliance Française organization
located in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia.

Croatia has one Alliance Française organization
located in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.

Iceland has one Alliance Française organization
located in Reykjavik.

Ireland has six Alliance Française organizations.
Dublin, the capital of Ireland, is home to the third
largest Alliance in Europe. There is also a
location in Cork, Ireland's second city. Alliance
Française de Cork also organises the Cork French
Film Festival.
45
Other locations in Ireland include Galway,
Kilkenny, Limerick and Waterford, which also
has a branch in Wexford.

Malta has one Alliance Francaise organization
located in Floriana.

Moldova has one Alliance Française organization
located in Chişinău, the capital of Moldova.

Romania
has
three
Alliance
Française
organizations located in Braşov, Constanţa,
Piteşti and Ploieşti.

Spain
has
twenty
Alliance
Française
organizations located all over the country,
promoted by the Cultural Services of the French
Embassy in Spain.

Turkey has one Alliance Française organization
located in Adana.

United Kingdom has eleven Alliance Française
organizations. The first
Alliance Française
organization in the UK was located in London,
which traces its roots back to 1884. During
WWII, the London location served as the
46
international headquarters of Alliance Française
when the Paris location was closed.
Other locations in the British Isles include
Bristol-Bath,
Cambridge,
Exeter,
Glasgow,
Jersey, Manchester, Milton-Keynes, Newscastleupon-tyne, Oxford and York.
Further reading

Bruézière,
Maurice
(author)
L'Alliance
Française, Histoire d'une Institution 1883-1983,
1983 Librairie Hachette, Paris. ISBN 2-01009341-0.

Ürményházi, Attila J.(author) Un Centenaire de
Rayonnement de la Culture Française (the
abridged version of the AF's history to include
Une Célébration de l'Alliance Française en
Tasmanie), 2004. National Library of Australia,
Canberra (Australian Collection) Np 943.9052
U77.
47
UNE SORTIE INQUIÉTANTE
Gamji entrait dans la petite salle. La dame du resto lui a déjà
aperçu. Elle devrait le voir immédiatement parce qu’il n’y
avait pas beaucoup de monde. Le petit nombre de personnes
qui viennent ici parfois à manger c’est assez pour un petit
village d’une population très peu.
Il demandait un plat de foufou comme il a fait la première fois
qu’il était ici. Elle le lui donnait ─ une quantité qu’il croyait
peu, mais il n’avait pas si faim. Il attendait un match de
football qui allait se commencer dans quelques minutes. Il
avait besoin d’un divertissement et manger c’était le choix le
plus près aux lèvres. Que fait-il ici dans ce village qui semble
aliéné du reste du monde ?
Gamji était un étudiant de la linguistique dans une des
universités les plus grandes au Nigeria. Il est venu ici à ce
village dans l’état de Taraba pour faire de la recherche sur une
des langues indigènes qui se disparait rapidement. C’est son
ami Tamboa, originaire de cette région, qui lui a emmené ici.
Mais aujourd’hui, Tamboa a autre chose à faire. Il a quitté le
village très tôt pour Abuja, la capitale. Etant donc seul, Gamji
est sorti avec le but de rencontrer lui-même les locaux pour
qu’il ait une expérience personnelle avec eux. Heureusement,
48
quelques-uns entre ces villageois parlaient anglais qu’ils
n’hésitaient jamais de mélanger avec la langue locale.
Le visiteur se mettait donc à manger doucement. Il venait de
choisir une pièce de viande quand trois garçons entraient dans
la petite pièce. Ils étaient un peu plus âgés que lui ou c’est le
travail dur jour après jour qui les a rendait l’apparence d’être
ses <<ainés ?>> Ils étaient de jeunes gens de toute façon.
Pendant que les deux prenaient la peine de lui saluer, l’autre
qui avait entré le premier continuait de bavarder. Il disait:
<<Comment,
veux-tu me convaincre qu’on a acheté une
voiture pour 255 millions de naira? Même le gouverneur s’il
avale une telle somme on va l’emprisonner. Et vous parlez de
ministre, qui est-elle cette ministre?>>
Ses deux complices, étant au courant de son éloquence
apparaissent de lui laisser la parole. Mais pas sans injecter un
remarque quasiment sophiste comme, <<Les gens n’ont rien à
faire sauf de se disputer sur des choses dont ils ne savent
rien.>> Et l’autre a ajouté, <<Dans quel journal dit-il qu’il a vu
cette histoire?>>
Leur porte-parole a repris la tête du discours,
49
<<Laissez
lui parler des choses qu’il n’est pas sûr. Qui est si
bête de croire une telle histoire ─ une voiture pour 255
millions de naira? Même nos pères qui ont vu des centaines
d’années, qui ont travaillé toutes leurs vies n’ont pas vu la
somme de cent milles naira, et vous me parlez d’une grosse
somme comme cela commandée par une femme. Je ne vais
pas le croire.>>
À ce point, Gamji, qui avait écouté ce tel taux d’ignorance ne
pouvais plus se contenir. La surprise lui prenait et puis la
colère. Rien ne l’ennuie comme l’ignorance. Il a trouvé que
c’est l’ignorance qui est la racine de tous les maux de son
pays. Donc, il était fâché que de jeunes hommes comme ses
chers compagnons ne sont pas éduqués, ne savent rien au sujet
du gouvernement. Leur porte-parole a supposé que le
gouverneur était plus puissant, plus riche et dans un mot le
supérieur du ministre du cabinet fédéral. Et surtout, il ne
savait pas que beaucoup d’officiers publics ont blanchi de
milliers de dollars appartenant au peuple Nigérian. Ils étaient
surpris qu’une ministre ait dépensé quelques 255 millions de
naira sur des voitures cosmétiques.
Battu par la plus surprise et même la colère, il allait crier aux
clients de la bonne dame du restau en frappant la table devant
50
lui. Mais il finissait par maitriser lui-même. Au contraire, il se
trouvait en disant calmement:
<<C’est
vraie l’histoire que vous doutez. Le ministre dont
vous parlez c’est le ministre de l’aviation. Elle a acheté deux
voitures avec les 255 millions et pas une ─ deux voitures
blindées. Elle disait qu’elle semblait menacée par des gens
ou…des brigands ou bien des terroristes, je ne me souviens
pas lesquels.>>
En disant ces mots, il ne les regardait pas, mais quand il levait
les yeux de sa soupière, il a trouvé qu’ils lui ont fixé tous les
trois, même le porte-parole et tout était silencieux. Il lui
semblait comme même les murs le regardaient. Il ne savait
pas ce qui se passait au bas de leurs cœurs. Il imagine qu’ils
demandaient qui il était et peut-être qui lui a invité au
discours.
Ce jeune homme n’allait pas se laisser intimider par leur
jugement de lui. Il continuait:
<<Vous
savez, il y a beaucoup d’argent dans notre pays, mais
pourquoi vous n’en voyez pas c’est qu’il y a peu de gens qui
en ont tous monopolisé. Parce qu’il ont succédé à attenir
quelques positions importantes ils ont pris les fonds publiques
comme l’héritier de leurs familles. >>
51
À ce point, il croyait qu’il a tout dit dans la direction-là. Mais
que dire d’autre? Même ce qu’il venait de dire, il ne croyait
pas que son audience lui a compris. Ils le regardaient comme
quelqu’un qui vient du Mars. Il ne disait plus rien, il retournait
à son plat.
Après ces paroles, il y avait quelques minutes du silence. Mais
finalement, le porte-parole cassait ce silence. Il disait,
<<Moi,
si j’ai une telle somme, je n’achèterai pas des voitures.
Je ferai autre chose utile, peut-être je vais m’inscrire à l’école
pour apprendre à lire les journaux moi-même.>>
Gamji ne sait pas ce qu’il a fait à cette remarque, ou il se
taisait ou il riait. Mais rien d’autre ne s’est passé dans la petite
salle et le jeune homme retournait aux soucis, à la colère, en
deuil pour son pays.
Il partait immédiatement après le repas. Il marchait lentement,
très lentement, la tête baissée. Les pensées de toutes sortes lui
battaient. Il se souvient des visages graves, des visages pleins
de la souffrance qu’il a vue dans ce petit village. Il les
compare aux gros ventres et aux joues flasques des habitants
de Lagos et Abuja en n’oubliant pas les avions à recréation
des pasteurs et des grands hommes d’affaires.
52
En pensant de telles choses, il a marché d’une demie de la
route avant de réaliser qu’il a oublié le match de football qu’il
voulait regarder. C’était trop tard de retourner. Il résolvait de
suivre le match sur l’internet avec son téléphone. À la fin,
l’équipe qu’il supportait perdait le match. Ça ne faisait pas
mieux sa condition. Il est allé au lit un sac de larmes et de la
frustration.
Le lendemain, son ami lui disait, <<Je t’ai trouvé endormi
tôt…qu’est-ce qui s’est passé ? Ton équipe a perdu le match
d’hier c’est sur.>>
<<A…a…ah oui! Je n’étais
pas heureux que nous avons perdu
un match que nous appartenait,>> il répondait content qu’il a
supposé la raison fausse pour sa mélancolie. <<Et j’ai trop bu
avec les locaux…et comment était ton voyage ? Tu as succédé
avec les autorités…>>
Il n’était pas près de lui expliquer que ce n’était pas du tout le
match qui lui a rendu fou mais une certaine expérience qu’il a
vécu au restau du village. Il savait que c’était difficile de lui
convaincre que ce sont les questions de l’inégalité de
l’homme qui le bat à la folie. Ils, ses amis, de toutes sortes, ils
ne pensent jamais à ces questions. Ça lui stupéfiait que les
gens sont satisfait avec le statu quo.
53
Ayegh Lubem
Ayegh Lubem is a 200L student of the department of
European Studies,
University of Ibadan. He loves literature and aspires to
be a writer
of best sellers someday.
Une Chante pour l’Hexagone
Ma tête, elle est pleine de respect
Mon plume d’encre fait la danse d’hommage
Qui a un tam-tam? Où le tambour?
Passe-moi le pour que je batte fort
Les éloges de la mere d’Europe,
Que j’annonce au monde sa grandeur.
Toi, qui a le sang d’égalité
54
Qui trouvait pour l’homme sa liberté.
Toi, qui a tous les gens démocratiques,
Les têtes anciennes et pragmatiques
Le peuple qui bouffent comme des vaches.
Toi, qui a la plus belle ville,
Qui a les filles les plus belles,
Avec des beaux oiseaux
Qui rendent hommage à Rousseau
Tu resteras le centre de la raison
Pour de mille ans à venir, pas une saison.
Traversant ta belle champagne
Je vois élevées de belles montagnes
Et en ville, la main de Gustave Eiffel
55
Modelant la plus haute Tour Eiffel.
Tes visiteurs seront toujours stupéfaits
Pour de décennies à venir par ton fort attrait.
Ayegh Lubem
56

Bastille Day - WordPress.com

Transcription

Documents pareils

OFFICIAL DISCHARGE FOR UNDER 16

AFSLC-Membership form - Alliance Française de Salt Lake City

argogene anglais

Marie-Eve Sténuit - Promotion des Lettres

Via Ferrata on the Bastille fortress - HEP 2011

precisium acquired by alliance group

cinemalliance afrojazz love is in the air theatre exhibition concert

Microsoft Outlook - Memo Style - Alliance Française Silicon Valley

Cultural Calendar Brochure Oct