Physics in Canada

Transcription

Physics in Canada

£ ics in Canada
PIwsiaije au Canad
Vol. 52 No.6
November/December 1996
novembre/decembre 1996
FEATURING:
Season's Greetings from the
Prime Minister, the Secretary of
State for Science & Research
Development, and other
science-related MPs
EDITORIAL: Decay, Bandaids,
and an Uncertain Future - The
Importance of Infrastructure to
Scientific Research in Canada
v
«
In Memoriam - K.C. Mann and
R.W. Pringle
L'importance des phénomènes
atomiques pour la création
d'anomalies d'abondances dans
les étoiles
by F. LeBlanc
Semiconductor Diode Lasers at
the Institute for Microstructural
Sciences
by M. Da vie s
1996 CAP Congress
Abstracts
and, in the PHYSICS
EDUCATION SECTION:
JB
«SF-jijW
4*
f»ircn|«BW
«jjfflê. «jgo|5f
1996 CAP High School Prize
Examination and the
International Physics Olympiad
1995 and 1996 CAP Undergraduate Prize Examinations I
Concours universitaire de l'ACP
1995 et 1996
oanaaian Publications Product Sales
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publications canadiennes numéro de
convention 0 4 8 4 2 0 2
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to
SEASON'S GREETINGS
This year, the Editorial Board of Physics in Canada extended an invitation to all federal
members of parliament who have a university in their riding to submit Season's greetings to
the readers of our publication. A similar invitation was also extended to the Prime Minister
and several of his Cabinet members whose portfolio has some vested interest in science.
The invitation read as follows:
October 11, 1996
Dear :
As Editor of the professional journal, Physics in Canada, I invite you to submit - by 1996
November 15 - a paragraph of New Year's greetings to our readers, which will be
published in our December issue.
Physicists are among the best trained and most flexible scientists in Canada. They like to
feel that they have a contribution to make, not only to future scientific discovery, but to
strengthening the economic future of this country. A single, fiery paragraph at the turn of
the year might prove invaluable in firing up the troops for the remaining years of this
millennium.
Physics in Canada is the official voice of the Canadian Association of Physicists,
representing scientists in industry, university, and government laboratories. Traditionally
at this time of year, chairpersons of departments of physics, and CEOs of industrial
corporations and businesses tend to perform this arduous task. This year, however, w i t h
growing concern about the future of science and technology in Canada, a message from
the members of parliament w h o have universities in their ridings or carry responsibility for
our national science facilities would be most appropriate and of considerable interest to
our community.
May I, on behalf of my journal, wish you the compliments of the season and offer you a
complimentary copy of our most recent issue of Physics in Canada which focusses on the
interesting research being undertaken by only one of our national laboratories (the
Institute of Microstructural Sciences at the National Research Council).
Sincerely,
Jasper McKee
Professor Emeritus of Physics, University of Manitoba
Editor, Physics in Canada
The texts of the letters received are published throughout this issue, starting w i t h the greetings from the
Prime Minister of Canada and the Secretary of State for Science and Research Development, and followed
by the responses from other MPs (in no particular order). Any member w h o is interested in receiving a
copy of any of the original responses can do so by submitting a request to the CAP office.
The Editorial Board thanks all contributors and extends the best of the season to all Physics in Canada
readers. We look forward to serving you in 1997. Once again, w e will be featuring t w o theme issues
next year: the March/April 1997 issue will be on 'Computers and Physics', and the September/October
issue will focus on 'The Physics of Soft Materials'. Letters and opinions on these subjects are welcome.
La rf-.ysique au Canada novembre/décembre 1 9 9 6
287
C'est avec grand plaisir que j'adresse mes cordiales
salutations à l'équipe et aux lecteurs de La Physique
au Canada.
Cette publication vous offre une excellente tribune où
vous pouvez échanger des idées et des informations
très utiles sur les derniers progrès survenus dans
votre domaine d'activité. Le marché d'aujourd'hui
exige des professionnels dévoués, qui ne craignent
pas l'innovation, et qui sont à même de s'adapter aux
techniques, aux produits et aux services dernier cri.
Les lecteurs de ce bulletin auront l'occasion d'évaluer
les pratiques scientifiques existantes et de découvrir
les tendances qui les rendront plus compétitifs à
l'échelle mondiale.
Je félicite tous ceux et celles qui ont travaillé
d'arrache-pied pour assurer la réussite de La Physique
au Canada.
It is w i t h great pleasure that I convey my warmest greetings to the staff of Physics in Canada
and to the readers you serve so well.
This publication provides you w i t h an excellent forum for the exchange of ideas and valuable
information on the latest developments in your field. Today's market demands dedication and
innovation on the part of professionals, as well as the ability to adapt to new technologies,
products and services. Readers of this bulletin are given the opportunity to evaluate current
scientific practices and identify trends that will make them more competitive in the global
marketplace.
I would like to offer my congratulations to all those who have helped to make Physics in
Canada a success.
Jean Chrétien
Prime Minister - Premier Ministre
OTTAWA
1997
It is w i t h great pleasure that I extend my best wishes for the holiday season t o the
readers of Physics in Canada. Canada's physicists play a key role in promoting economic
g r o w t h and job creation and in ensuring that Canada remains the best country in the
world in w h i c h to live. I would like to thank you for your efforts and for your partnership
in initiatives such as the federal government's S&T strategy. Science and Technology for
the New Century. Building a Canadian science culture, improving our quality of life, and
creating jobs are goals that w e all share. I am sure that by working together w e can
continue t o accomplish them.
I wish you and your families all the best for the holiday season and look forward t o
continuing to work w i t h you in the year t o come.
Dr. Jon Gerrard
Secretary of State for Science & Research Development
288
Physics in Canada November/December 1 9 9 6 _
Vol. 52, No. 6
Physics in Canada
La Physique au Canada
November/December 1996
novembre/décembre 1996
INDEX
Pages 287-288 + scattered throughout issue
Season's Greetings from the Prime Minister, the Secretary of State
for Science & Research Development, and other science-related MPs
Pages 290
Editorial - Decay, Bandaids and an Uncertain Future - The
Importance of Infrastructure to Scientific Research in Canada
FEATURE ARTICLES:
Pages 305-307
L'importance des phénomènes atomiques
pour la création d'anomalies d'abondances
dans les étoiles
by F. LeBlanc
Pages 291-292
Opinions
Letters / Lettres
Erratum
Calendar / Calendrier
Pages 308-310
Semiconductor Diode Lasers at the Institute for
Microstructural Sciences
by M. Davies
Pages 293-295
News / Nouvelles
University News / Échos des
Page 320
Canadian University Physics Departments /
Départements de physique dans les universités
canadiennes
universités
Page 296
CAP Office / Bureau de I'ACP
Pages 321-323
1 9 9 6 CAP High School Prize Examination and the
Pages 297-299
Agreement Reached by NSSC/CCPE on Exemption Clause
Pages 300-302
Science Policy / La politique
Pages 324-342
1 9 9 5 CAP University Prize Examination /
Concours universitaire de I'ACP 1995
1 9 9 6 CAP University Prize Examination /
Concours universitaire de I'ACP 1996
scientifique
Pages 303-304
In Memoriam
- Kenneth Clifford Mann
- Robert W. Pringle
Pages 343-344
Books Received / Livres reçus
Book Reviews / Revues des livres
Pages 311-317
1997 CAP Congress / Congrès annuel de I'ACP 1997
- Tentative Program Outline
- Call for Abstracts / Appel de résumés
- Subject Index for Abstracts / Cote du sujet des résumés
- Instructions and Arrangements for Poster Presentation /
Instructions et renseignements concernant la présentation des affiches
Page 318
Institutional Members / Membres
institutionels
1996 Sustaining Members / Membres de soutien
Full Page
Half Page
Quarter Page
Fourth Cover
Second & Third Cover
Single Issue
Jan., March,
July, Sept.,
Nov.
$ 660.00
420.00
246.00
706.00
610.00
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Congress Issue
(May)
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Published - Jan/Feb., March/Apr., May/June, J u l y / A u o „ SeptyOct., Nov/Dec.
Inside Back Cover
1 9 9 6 Corporate Members /
Membres corporatifs
1996
'"Fullerene Forest" in Northern Winter' by Xijia Gu,
Entry in the 1996 CAP Art of Physics Competition.
1996
Printing: M.O.M. Printing
Advertising Rates
Effective January 1997
Pages 345-346/Inside Front Cover - ADS
One-Year
Contract
(6 issues)
$ 460.00
360.00
210.00
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C,,,. one of the Fullerenes, exhibits not only some
unique physical and chemical properties (which made
it the molecule of the year), it can also show some
beautiful crystal patterns. This Fullerene crystal
graph was made by depositing a thin layer of C^, film
(about 150 nanometers) on a quartz window in a
vacuum chamber; a Kr ion laser was used to irradiate
the film until a clear crystal pattern could be seen
under a microscrope. The picture was taken with a
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope with a 100X
objective. False colour is applied to the image. Each
"Fullerene tree" is about 100 micrometers tall.
EDITORIAL
- DECAY, BANDAIDS AND AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE THE IMPORTANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
IN CANADA
The Bulletin of the
Canadian Association of
Physicists
Bulletin de l'Association
canadienne des physiciens
et physiciennes
EDITORIAL BOARD /
COMITÉ DE RÉDACTION
Editor / Rédacteur en chef
Jasper S. McKee
Accelerator Centre
Physics Depertment
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2
(204) 474-9874; Fax: (204) 269-8489
e-mail: [email protected]
Associate Editor / Rédactrice associée
Francine M. Ford
Managing / Administration
Honorary Associate Editor I
Rédacteur associé honoraire
Béla J ode
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5
(613) 562-5800x6755; Fax:(613| 562-5190
Book Review Editor /
Rédacteur A la critique des livres
André Roberge
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Laurentian University
Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C1
(7041 675-1151x2234; Fax: (7051 673-6532
Advertising Manager I Directeur de la publicité
Michael Steïnitz
Dept. of Physics
St. Francis Xavier University
P.O. Box 5000
Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5
(902) 867-3909; Fax: (902) 867-2414
Recording Secretary / Secrétaire d'assemblée
Rod H. Packwood
Metals Technology Laboratories
E-MR, 568 Booth Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0G1
(613) 992-2288; Fax: (6131 992-8735
John G. Cook
Institute for Microstructural Sciences
National Research Council (M-501, Montreal Rd.,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6
(613) 993-9407; Fax: (613) 990-0202
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A government is the only known vessel that leeks from the top.
James Reston
Scientific research in Canada is clearly in the 'sere and yellow leaf stage. Much
scientific equipment at universities is in an ill-maintained or inoperable state.
Funds in support of scientific research have all but vanished and budgets for
supplies and regular maintenance have been reduced to derisory levels. This
fact is widely perceived to be scandalous in the extreme, but the fact that the
problem appears to have no solution is the most worrying feature of all. In
addition, individual operating grants from federal research agencies are not only
inadequate and less widely distributed than was previously the case, but are
now used for purposes for which they were never originally intended. Indirect
support of research by provincial governments has also been decimated to the
extent that telephone calls, facsimile messages, paper for laser printers, and
even computer costs, are now the responsibility of the grantee to meet and deal
with.
Overhead charges, that in years previously would have been the
responsibility of an individual university, are now the responsibility of the
individual through his grant from a federal agency.
This being so, the
acquisisiton of a new piece of research equipment may prove to be as much a
liability as an asset if funds for maintenance are not available, and technical
support is not provided. In many instances, sophisticated pieces of equipment
already in existence in university laboratories are lying idle through lack of
technical support. To add to the complexity of the situation, professors are not
only typing their own papers but are required to teach more university courses
than was ever previously envisaged for an active researcher.
An overall solution to this universally pervasive problem is hard to find, although
a second phase national infrastructure program could assist the situation
significantly. It is to be hoped that a recem: initiative of the Association of
Universities and Colleges in Canada (AUCC), in conjunction w i t h the Canadian
Association of University Teachers (CAUT), wiil be received favourably by a
federal government that professes to appreciate the importance of scientific
discovery and technological advancement to the economic future of this
country. The proposal is that Ottawa earmarks 2 0 % of its anticipated Phase II
infrastructure renewal program for projects that would boost university research
infrastructure. It is anticipated that such funding could amount to $1.2 billion
and that universities could upgrade their facilities to the level of those of
industry and government laboratories. It could improve library facilities and
overall communication capabilities to a viable and useful level. As has been
pointed out in several recent articles, new technologies, from the Internet to
genetic research, bring w i t h them new costs, even when the basic equipment is
already in place. It is therefore important that the federal government protect
the investment it makes in scientific research through the provision of
appropriate infrastructure in support of its investment.
While it is clear that an infrastructure program can only be a bandaid solution to
a chronic problem, it can give both encouragement and a breathing space to
those working towards a long term solution to the infrastructure problem. If
there is any area in public life where federal/provincial cooperation is of value to
the future of the economy of Canada, the area of scientific research is probably
it. The support of scientific infrastructure on a long term basis must be the goal
to which we ail aspire. A new infrastructure program could form the bridge to
such a happy conclusion. If, indeed, basic and applied scientific research are
essential to the viability of Canada as a developed country, then there is no
alternative to finding a permanent solution to the national infrastructure
problem. In this difficult task, all practising physicists have an important role to
play; not a self-serving role, but an evangelistic role in remedying the powerless
position of researchers in Canada. May we be successful.
Jasper McKee
Editor, Physics in Canada
OPINIONS
NSERC "Contact" Bulletin Must Be a
Two Way Traffic
During the recent NSERC site visit it
was a frustrating experience to observe
a low level of communication between
the NSERC administration and the
community. Complaints of this nature
are voiced quite often.
There seems to be an easy route to
help this out, provided the NSERC
administration is indeed willing to take
it. A quarterly "Contact" bulletin which
NSERC
publishes
for
the
user
community is so far a one-way traffic.
It contains NSERC's statistics and other
current information but has no room for
a free feedback from the community.
This is despite that the word "contact"
clearly means a two-way traffic, not
just a downloading of authoritative
circulars.
I propose that NSERC can greatly
improve the communication with public
by introducing a free forum section to
each issue of the Contact bulletin.
Such a forum will provide a room for a
constructive criticism of NSERC policy
and practice and be ready to publish a
variety of views people may have on
the current issues and general funding
policies.
I applaud "Physics in Canada" for
publishing recently some critical letters
on NSERC policies. However, contrary
to the "Contact", this journal targets
only physics community and as rule
does not read researchers in most other
areas.
The inclusion of a free forum section to
the "Contact" will be an acid test of
NSERC's willingness (or lack of it) of
having a genuine 2-way communication
with the user sector. Anything short of
a free regularly published forum will not
make it.
I suggest that several pages in each
issue be allocated for a free forum of
the readers. Of course, in case of a
very heavy traffic, some temporary
space limitations can be imposed (say,
300 words per letter), but no views
should be rejected for publication. If
necessary, the size of the forum
section, as well as the frequency of the
publication of the Contact can be
increased (likely to a bimonthly).
I can foresee excuses that NSERC has
no special budget to increase the size
and/or the frequency of the Contact
bulletin. Well, an easy estimate shows
that a flat annual tax of just $25 for
each
research
grant
can
easily
accommodate for the additional editing,
printing and mailing costs. This token
charge is nothing in comparison with a
rejuvenation effect an open discussion
can bring.
Correspondingly, through the present
letter I challenge NSERC administration
to start an open dialogue with the
Canadian research community which
many believe is long overdue. I am
looking forward to see an invitation to
send letters to an Open Forum in the
next issue of NSERC's Contact Bulletin.
Alexander Berezin
Department of Engineering Physics
McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, L8S 4L7
1996 September 29
LETTERS / LETTRES
COMMENTS FROM 1996 CWSF CAP
PRIZE WINNERS
FROM IAN CARRUTHERS
(Intermediate Category):
Thank you for sending me a copy of
Physics in Canada which includes a
summary of my 1996 Science Fair
project. To be included in the same
issue that recognized many of the best
physicists is very humbling.
I am grateful to have had the
opportunity to participate in the 1996
Canada Wide Science Fair. Meeting
and sharing ideas with students and
professionals from across Canada was
an experience I shall never forget.
This, my third year participating at this
national event, was full of special
memories which I will cherish for a long
time. Being recognized by the Canadian
Association of Physicists as the winner
of your special award for Intermediate
Physical project is a great honour. It
was through the inspiration of a close
friend, who was a physicist, that I have
become interested in physics. Sadly,
he passed away earlier this year before
my
project was completed
and
I dedicated this project to his memory.
I know how pleased he would be at me
being named the recipient of your
award. This one is for you Eric!
Through your continued generous
support of this event, other students
will be allowed to experience the fun
and rewards that applied physics and
learning can be. Keep up the good
work. Thanks.
FROM HEATHER CAMERON
(Senior category):
I would like to thank you and the
Canadian Association of Physicists for
generously sponsoring the CAP Special
Award in the Senior Category at the
35th Annual Canada-Wide Science Fair
last May.
I was honoured to receive the CAP
plaque as a momento of the CanadaWide Science Fair at North Bay,
Ontario.
With the cash award, I will purchase
some electronic parts for my next
year's science project on solar radio
astronomy and Earth's magnetic field.
The rest of the award will be saved for
college where I plan to major in physics.
Your yearly support of the Canada-Wide
Science Fair encourages young people
to pursue science and technology. For
me, it was through participation in local
and national science fairs that I became
interested in physics and decided to
pursue it as a possible career.
Thank you for inspiration and support.
ERRATUM
In the write up on the Canada-Wide
Science Fair on page 176 of the
July/August 1996 Physics in Canada, a
line of text was missed in the report on
Heather
Cameron's
conclusions.
Heather wanted to determine how
electromagnetic radiation and charged
particles from the Sun affect Earth's
ionosphere and magnetosphere. Our
publication of her conclusions should
have read as follows: "It was possible
to determine the height of the D-laver
by nulling the radio signal, to determine
the speed of the energetic solar wind,
to correlate the quiet day signalsauroral signals, and geomagnetic storm
signals of t w o different kinds of
magnetometers with my VLF radio
receiver. I also conclude that the VLF
radio receiver, which responds to upper
atmospheric disturbances, is a more
reliable instrument because it can
detect
even
weak
aurorae
and
geomagnetic storms, whereas the flux
gate magnetometer may only respond
to strong geomagnetic disturbances at
Earth's
surface.
Of
the
two
magnetometers,
the
declination
magnetometer is more responsive but
labour intensive to operate.
291
CALENDAR
/
CALENDRIER
1997 APRIL
9-11
12-18
12th International Conference on
Boundary Element Technology,
Knoxville, Tennessee. For more
information contact: Liz Kerr, BETECH
97 Conference Secretariat, Wessex
Institute of Technology, Ashurst
Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton S 0 4 0
7AA UK. Tel: (44) (1703) 293 223;
Fax: (44) (1703) 292 853;
email: [email protected];
W W W : http://www.witcmi.ac.uk/
Fifth Scientific Meeting and Exhibition,
International Society for Magnetic
Resonance In Medicine, Vancouver,
BC, Canada. For more information
contact ISMRM, Central Office, 2 1 1 8
Mil via Street, Suite 201. Berkeley,
California 9 4 7 0 4 USA. Tel: (510)
841-1899; Fax: (510) 841-2340;
email: [email protected]
25-28
1997 JUNE
4-7
30July 4
1997 MAY
11-14
12-16
Spacebound 97, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada. For more information, please
contact: Canadian Space Agency,
6 7 6 7 route de l'Aéroport, SaintHubert. Quebec J3Y 8Y9, Canada.
Fax: (514) 926-4766, WWW:
http://wwwspacebound.bch.umontreal.ca.
17th Particle Accelerator Conference
(PAC'97), Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada. For more
information, please contact: Elly
Driessen. TRIUMF, 4 0 0 4 Wesbrook
Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2A3,
Canada. Tel.: (604) 222-7352; Fax:
(604) 222-1074; E-mail: pac97@
triumf.ca; Web: http://www.triumf.ca/
pac97.html
25th international Cosmic Ray
Conference. Durban, South Africa.
For more information contact:
National Organizing Committee 25th
ICRC, Space Research Unit,
Department of Physics,
Potchefstroom University for Che,
Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
Tel: + 2 7 - 1 4 8 - 2 9 9 2 4 2 3 , Fax: + 27148-2992421, E-mail:
[email protected]
8th Global Warming International
Conference and Expo, New York, New
York. For more information contact
Global Warming International Center,
P.O. Box 4275, Woodridge IL 60517.
Tel: (630) 910-1551; Fax: 910-1561.
24th Annual Meeting of the
Microscopical Society of Canada,
Edmonton, Alberta. For more
information contact R.F. Egerton,
University of Alberta
([email protected]) or
http://www.ualberta.ca/-mmid/
mschome.html
VI Inter American Conference on
Physics Education, Cordoba
(Argentina). For more information
contact: A.P. Maiztegui, Chair,
Academia Nacional da Ciencias. Av V.
Sarsfield 229, 5 0 0 0 Cordoba,
Argentina. Fax:
(5451) 21-6350 or M.L. LigattoSlobodrian by email at
[email protected].
1997 JULY
1-7
Joint Scientific Assemblies:
International Association of
Meteorology and Atmospheric
Sciences / International Association
for the Physical Sciences of the
Oceans, Melbourne, Australia. For
more information, please contact:
IAMAS/IAPSO Secretariat, Convention
Network, 224 Rouse Street, Port
Melbourne Victoria 3 2 0 7 Australia.
Tel: + 6 1 3 9 6 4 6 4 1 2 2 ; Fax: + 6 1 3
9646 7737; e-mail:
[email protected].
1997 DECEMBER
1.3
Encourage members who are not yet
listed in AMERICAN MEN & WOMEN
OF SCIENCE to nominate themselves
or others who ara qualified. Send
name, general scientific discipline
information and full address by
December 13, 1997 to: Ms. Tanya
Hurst, AMERICAN MEN & WOMEN
OF SCIENCE. R.R. Bowker, 121
Chanlon Road. New Providence, NJ
0 7 9 7 4 , US; ax: (908) 7 7 1 - 8 7 3 6
"Please accept my most sincere
wishes for the upcoming year. As
we approach the 21st century, the
work of Canada's scientists has
become increasingly important to
the country's development and
well-being. Thanks to the hard
work and dedication of individuals
such as yourself, I am confident
that Canada will continue to be a
major player in the global scientific
community."
Yours sincerely,
David Anderson, P.C.
M.P. for Victoria
MARK YOUR CALENDARS
-- FUTURE CAP CONFERENCES -CAP 1997 Annual Congress, 1997 June 8-11. University of Calgary.
CAP 1998 Annual Congress, 1998 June 14-17, University of Waterloo.
Any universities interested in hosting a CAP Annual Congress can send a letter of interest to the CAP Office, Suite*Bur 112,
Imm, McDonald Bldg., 1 5 0 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, K I N 6N5. The letter should include an indication of what year you
are interested in, keeping in mind that the Congress travels Central-East-Central-West.
"It is with great pleasure that I offer seasons greetings and wish you the very best in the coming year. As physicists, you
are amongst the most flexible and dynamic scientists in Canada - and indeed the world. May I take this opportunity to
congratulate you on your efforts, that have not only pushed back the frontiers of scientific knowledge, but also
contributed to the growing vibrancy of the Canadian economy. Long may your energies continue to prosper into the
future."
Yours sincerely,
Hon. Sheila Finestone, P.C., M.P. Mount Royal
292
NEWS / NOUVELLES
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE XXII GENERAL
ASSEMBLY OF IUPAP
elected by the General Assembly. A
meeting of the Council and Commission
chairs will be held within the next six
months to elect the additional five VicePresidents from among the Commission
chairs.
The 22nd General Assembly of the
International Union of Pure and Applied
Physics (IUPAP) was held in Uppsala
Sweden from September 18-21, 1996.
The Canadian delegates were:
A.J. Alcock, NRC
H.M. van Driel, University of Toronto
M. Thewalt*, Simon Fraser University
• delegation leader
Other Canadians in attendance were:
D. Rowe
-
a resolution giving each Commission
Chair (or the Commission Secretary)
a vote on all motions at the General
Assembly
K.S. Sharma
-
a resolution for the Union to accept
as Observers regional
Physical
Societies and other international
physics organizations.
Observers
may be invited to Council meetings
and General Assemblies but have no
voting privileges.
-
The resolution on the Administration of
the Union was discussed at length and
several amendments were incorporated
before the following modified resolution
was passed:
"The General Assembly will elect the
President, the President-Designate, the
Secretary-General,
the
Associate
Secretary-General
and eight
VicePresidents.
Together with the Past
President they will form the Council.
Fve of the Vice-Presidents shall be
elected from among the Commission
chairs. A geographical balance and a
balance between the various branches
of physics in the Council should be
sought.
The Council
together
with
the
Commission chairs will meet within one
year (normally within half a year)
following
the General Assembly
to
discuss an action plan to implement the
policy laid down
by the General
Assembly. "
a resolution authorizing the Council
to decide temporary adjustments of
the annual dues of a Member if
special
circumstances
prevail.
Members paying less than one share
have no voting privileges.
-
a resolution establishing a
IUPAP
Commission
Computational Physics
-
a
resolution
permitting
the
Commission on Acoustics to change
its status to that of an Affiliated
Commission of IUPAP
-
a resolution adopting as IUPAP
policy the " IUPAP Recommendations
for the use of Major Physics User
Facilities"
-
a Swedish resolution calling for a
review of the whole structure of the
IUPAP Commissions w i t h the goal of
minimizing overlap in the fields of
the Commissions and maximizing the
links of fields that are close to each
other, and at the same time taking
into account the fact that physics is
changing.
new
on
The elections for positions on the
Executive Council and the Commission
of IUPAP resulted in 14 Canadians
being elected to the positions listed
below:
R.C. Barber
I. Affleck
M. Bloom
This new procedure for electing the
Council members will be implemented
fully at the next General Assembly in
1999. At this year's General Assembly
all of the Council members except for
the Commission representatives were
J.P. Harrison
Other resolutions passed by this year's
General Assembly were:
R.C. Barber - Associate SecretaryGeneral of IUPAP
B.P. Stoicheff - Vice-President
of IUPAP
E.W. Vogt - Vice-Chairman,
Commission on Nuclear Physics
Following the Presidential Address of
Prof. Y. Yamaguchi, the main items of
business conducted
at the General
Assembly were: resolution from the
Executive Council on voting in the
General Assembly and Administration of
the Union, reports of the IUPAP
Commissions, the report
of
the
Secretary-Geneeral, the report of the
Commission on Finance, and the
election of Executive Council and
Commission members.
B.C. Gregory
G. Daigle
G. Drake
- Associate Secretary General
- member, Commission
on Statistical Physics
- Vice-chairman,
Commission
on
Biologicl Physics
- member, Commission
on Acoustics
- C h a i r m a n ,
Commission
on
R.M. Shoucri
E.C. Svensson
E.W. Vogt
J.F. Young
Atomic,
Molecular
and Optical Physics
member, Commission
on Plasma Physics
member. Commission
on Low Temperature
Physics
member, Commission
on
Mathematical
Physics
member, Commission
on Symbols, Units,
Nomenclature, Atomic
Masses and Fundamental
Constants
(SUNAMCO)
member, Commission
on
Computational
Physics
member, Commission
on the Structure &
D y n a m i c s
of
Condensed Matter
C h a i r m a n ,
Commission
on
Nuclear Physics
member, Commission
on Semiconductors
On the final day of the General
Assembly,
the
Presidency
was
transferred to Professor Jan Nilsson of
Sweden and the delegates were given
information on the 23rd General
Assembly the President Designate,
Professor Burton Richter (U.S.A.).
Professor
Richter
informed
the
delegates that the next General
Assembly would be held in Atlanta,
Georgia in conjunction w i t h the 100th
anniversary of the American Physical
Society. The proposed dates for the
IUPAP General Aseembly are March 1720, 1999.
A more detailed report on this year's
General Assembly has been prepared by
the Canadian delegation members and
can be obtained on request from:Dr. A.J. Alcock, Secretary
Cdn National IUPAP Liaison Cttee
Institute for Microstructural Sciences
National Research Council
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6
NOVEMBER IS SCIENCE MONTH ON
THE HILL
CANADA'S
ECONOMIC
FUTURE
depends on internationally competitive
research and development.
WILL CANADA PRESERVE a viable and
vibrant
science,
research
and
development sector? Will reductions in
public expenditures in science and
technology mortgage Canada's future?
293
TO REMAIN COMPETITIVE CANADA
MUST:
invest substantially in research, basic
and applied.
support both publish and private
sector research and development in
natural, medical, and social sciences,
and humanities.
maintain
a
sound
infrastructure
to
competitiveness.
science
maintain
produce Canadian research and highly
skilled workers to ensure our future.
These are essential elements of a sound
and effective national science policy.
THE NATIONAL CONSORTIUM OF
SCIENTIFIC
AND
EDUCATIONAL
SOCIETIES will be on the Hill talking to
politicians, officials and the media
during November. Established in 1976,
the
Consortium
comprises
25
organizations representing over 55,000
scientists
and
researchers
in
universities, government laboratories
and the private sector.
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH MEAN JOBS,
GROWTH AND INNOVATION
THE GREAT CANADIAN SCIENTISTS
W E B SITE
(Extracted from Simon Fraser
University News. 1 9 9 6 October 7)
The site includes biographies
of
Canadian scientists and links to other
sites. It can be reached by pointing a
web browser to http://www.science.ca.
The site has become increasingly
popular since its launch, recording
about 30,000 hits per week and has
been listed by Southam News as one of
its top 10 Canadian sites. It was also
voted one of the top five percent of
web sites by New York's Point Survey.
It is features on Industry Canada's
National Science and Technology Week
web site.
The web site contains a quiz which can
be played by anyone at any time. A
special feature of the quiz is that it does
not require registration.
The quiz
makes
use
of
Netscape
cookie
technology which prompts you to
register, but allows you to keep playing
if you don't want to leave your name
and address. Those who do register
get placed on the high-scores list.
Try the quiz and see if you know the
name of the device Polanyi was using
to detect light emissions in the
experiment that won him the Nobel
prize.
Or check out the "Ask a
Scientist" archives and find out what
happens after you have swallowed a
piece of gum.
294
MAGNETIC RESONANCE RECOGNIZED
AS NEW HEALTH CARE DISCIPLINE
(Extracted from Cdn Assoc. of Medical Radiation
Technologists Press Release. 1996 October 24)
The first candidates for the newlyrecognized discipline of
magnetic
resonance (MR) are expected to qualify
for a nationally recognized credential
from the Canadian Association of
Medical
Radiation
Technologies
(CAMRT) on November 9, 1996. The
association is conducting the first
examination for its new MR specialty
certificate and "CMR" designation in
conjunction with the 9th Annual MRI
Technologist Conference, to be held
from November 8 to 11, 1996, in
Calgary.
CISTI ANNOUNCES SWETSCAN, A
NEW
WEB-BASED
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS SERVICE
(Extracted from 1 9 9 6 Sept.23 CISTI News)
The Canadian Institute for Scientific and
Technical Information (CISTI) is pleased
to announce that SwetScan is now
available on the World Wide Web.
Anyone with Web access can use
SwetScan to search tables of contents
of 14,000 journals from around the
world. They cover all subjects including
science, technology, health, social
sciences, business and the arts.
The SwetScan table of contents
database is updated weekly. This is the
only table of contents service with both
an English and French interface.
Either an individual or an institutional
subscription is available. The document
ordering feature can be customized to
an organization's requirements. There
is an additional charge for each
document ordered. A free month trial
of SwetScan will demonstrate its
dramatic new features.
For a free trial of SwetScan contact
Christine
Midwinter,
SwetScan
Coordinator, CISTI, Tel: 1-800-6681222, Fax: 613-952-8244, e-mail:
[email protected]
CAM'97, 1997 April 18-21
CAM'97 is the third in the recent series
of joint meetings of the Canadian
(CAP), American (APS), and Mexican
(SMF) physical societies. It will be held
in Washington, D.C. from 18-21 April
1997 in conjunction with the joint
meeting of the APS and the AAPT
(American Association of Physics
Teachers).
The CAP liaisons to CAM'97 have been
working together with their APS and
SMF counterparts for the past several
months to plan the invited program for
CAM'97. The main areas to be covered
in this meeting and the corresponding
CAP liaisons are:
Astrophysics
(David Clarke, Saint Mary's)
Nuclear Physics
(René Roy, U. Laval)
Particles and Fields
(Janis McKenna, UBC)
Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
(Louis Dubé/See Chin, U. Laval)
Other CAP Liaisons and areas of joint
programming are:
History of Physics
(Robert Connor, U. Manitoba)
International Physics, Physics and
Society,
Computational
Physics,
Committee on the Status of Women in
Physics
(Ann
McMillan,
Atmospheric
Environment Service)
Industrial and Applied Physics
(David Cheeke, Concordia U.)
Physics Education
(Hans Laue, U. Calgary!
Members of the CAP are encouraged to
participate in CAM'97. The deadline for
receipt of abstracts is 17 January
1997. As for all APS meetings (by
virtue of the reciprocal agreement
negotiated several yeras ago by the
CAP and the APS), CAP members can
submit abstracts and register as if they
were APS members.
For further
information, see the
November and December issues of APS
Meeting News, the APS home page at
http://www.aps.org,
or
contact
Eric Svensson, the coordinator of the
CAP'S involvement in CAM'97 at
[email protected] or by phone at
613-584-8811, ext. 399.2.
MORE NRC JOURNALS - INCLUDING
THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF
PHYSICS - LAUNCHED ON WEB
In 1996, NRC released electronic fulltext versions of t w o of its Research
Journals: Canadian Journal of Fisheries
and Aquatic Science ICJFAS) and
Canadian Journal of Physiology and
Pharmacology.
Starting w i t h the January 1997 issues,
NRC Research Press will launch full-text
electronic versions of Biochemistry and
Cell Biology, Canadian
Geotechnical
Journal,
Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, Canadian Journal of Forest
Research, CANADIAN JOURNAL OF
PHYSICS, and Environmental Reviews.
Access to all eight journals will be free
throughout 1997 at www.nrc.ca/cisti/
journals/rj.html.
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS ADOPTS
PUBLISHER ITEM IDENTIFIER AS
PART OF HYPERLINKED REFERENCE
PROJECT
Institute
of
Physics
Publishing
(http://www.iop.org) has announced
its intent to develop "intercite"
capability for its electronic journals;
this will offer the scientific researcher
one-click, seamless linking from reference to source material, wherever it
resides in the online world.
As part of this strategy, IOP
Publishing has adopted the Publisher
Item Identifier (PII) as a component of
the naming convention for its electronic journal files. The Pll is an open
standard that provides for a 17-digit
unique identifier, making it easier to
reference specific "items", such as
journal articles or book chapters,
regardless of format (e.g. conventional print and digital form can both
be supported).
The Pll has been
adopted by a number of leading
scientific publishers, including Elsevier
Science, the American Institute of
Physics, American Physical Society,
American Chemical Society, and IEEE.
To readers of Physics in
Canada,
Chers lectrices et lecteurs de
La Physique au Canada,
On behalf of the Caucus Committee on
Higher Education, I send greetings to
you all. Special greetings to all of
those among you who have kept in
touch with us during the past three
years or so. We have heard from many
of you individually and the National
Consortium
of S c i e n t i f i c
and
Educational Societies has been an
effective voice for you.
Je vous transmets
les
meilleures
salutations du Groupe parlementaire sur
les études supérieures, spécialement à
tous ceux et celles d'entre vous qui ont
des contacts avec nous depuis trois ans
environ. Nous apprécions les rapports
individuels que nous avons avec un
grand nombre parmi vous, de même que
nos relations avec le Consortium
national des sociétés scientifiques et
pédagogiques, qui vous représente si
bien.
We believe that healthy basic and
applied research are essential for the
so-called new economy.
We also
beliee that they are an integral part of
our system of higher education.
Nous
croyons
que la
recherche
fondamentale et la recherche appliquée,
bien menées, sont essentielles dans ce
qu'il est convenu d'appeler "la nouvelle
économie". Nous estimons également
qu'elles doivent faire partie intégrante
de notre système d'études supérieures.
Best wishes for 1997 and beyond.
Nous vous souhaitons une très bonne
année 1997, et bien d'autres bonnes
années encore.
Peter Adams
M.P. for Peterborough
Chair, Higher Education Caucus
Peter Adams
député de Peterborough
Président du Groupe parlementaire sur
les études supérieures
Intersite is one of the main items of
the IOP 1997 development program.
UNIVERSITY NEWS / ÉCHOS DES UNIVERSITÉS
University of Waterloo
As many readers of Phys 1 3 News will know, Phil Eastman, editor of the Phys 13 journal and founder and organizer of the annual
SIN (Sir Isaac Newton) Test, has accepted an early retirement offer from the University of Waterloo. The editorial board of
Phys 13 plans to publish a special issue in the Spring of 1997 to honour Phil and his many contributions to the Physics community at the high school and undergraduate level. They are soliciting submissions from all readers: if you have a story about Phil
(or photograph), relevant to his work with SIN, Phys 13 News, the widely used textbook which he co-authored, his famous liquid
nitrogen demonstrations, his notorious blackboard techniques, his marvellous sense of humour, etc. etc., or if you would just
like to comment on his contributions to Physics over the years, Phys 13 News would love to hear from you. They will include
as many of these stories and comments as possible in the special issue. Please send them, before January 30, 1997, to: Dr.
J.D. Leslie, Publisher/Editor, Phys 13 News, Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1.
CHARPAK / VERED
E X C H A N G E FELLOWSHIP AT THE
W E I Z M A N N INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
BOURSE D E RECHERCHE
CHARPAK / VERED
À L'INSTITUT W E I Z M A N N DES SCIENCES
The fellowship will provide a supplement ($20,000 $25,000 to a researcher's NSERC Research Grant to
engage in collaborative work at the Weizmann
Institute for a period of 6 to 12 months.
Alternatively, support can be provided to host, at a
Canadian university, a visiting Israeli researcher from
the Weizmann Institute.
Cette bourse constituera un supplément (20 0 0 0 $ à 26
0 0 0 $) à une subvention de recherche du CRSNG afin de
permettre au titulaire de poursuivre des travaux de
recherche en collaboration à l'institut Weizmann pour
une période de six à douze mois. Cette bourse peut
également servir à accueiller un chercheur
israélien
provenant de l'institut Weizmann à une université
canadienne.
For further information or application material, please
contact Henri Rothschild, the Canadian Society for
the Weizmann Institute of Science, Tel: (613) 7241284,
Fax:
(613)
724-1 134,
email:
[email protected].
Pour de plus amples renseignements ou pour recevoir la
trousse de présentation d'une demande, veuillez
contacter Henri Rothschild, La société canadienne pour
l'institut Weizmann des sciences, Tél: (613) 7 2 4 - 1 2 8 4 ,
Fax:
( 6 1 3)
724-1 134,
courrier
élec.:
[email protected].
CAP OFFICE / BU RE A U DE L'A CP
NEW ARRIVALS
This past year has been a very exciting one for the office
On 1996 April 2, the CAP'S Administrative Assistant, Annick
Blanc, gave birth to a beautiful baby girl. A world traveller
(Mikaëlle has already been to France w i t h her family, Annick,
Denys, and big brother Christophe), Mikaëlle, now a healthy,
happy 8 month old, proudly uses her four teeth to eat her
favourite foods - cheese and pickles. Annick returned to the
CAP Office on 1996 September 16 following her maternity
leave. Congratulations and welcome backl
296
as t w o new additions arrived in the Spring and Fall.
The 1996 Model Ford was introduced to the world on 1996
October 25.
Within t w o weeks, Alicia Lillian was
indoctrinated into the busy CAP work schedule when she
accompanied her mother, Francine Ford, to an Executive
Committee meeting, a Program Committee meeting, and a
Council meeting (all in the space of three days). With her
22-month old brother, Vernon, proud parents Francine and
Randy believe that the Ford line is now complete.
To the Readers of Physics in Canada
Aux lecteurs de La Physique au Canada
Please accept my best wishes for a happy and healthy
holiday season, and a successful new year.
Veuillez accepter mes meilleurs voeux de bonheur et
de santé pour les fâtes et tous mes voeux de réussite
pour l'an nouveau.
I would like to commend physicists across Canada for
their important contribution to academic research in
Canada and the world. Canadian scientists have
pioneered many world-class innovations and garnered
the respect and recognition of the international
community.
J'aimerais féliciter tous les physiciens canadiens et
souligner leur contribution à la recherche canadienne et
étrangère.
Nos savants ont fait de nombreuses
découvertes de renommée mondiale et gagné le
respect et l'estime de la communauté internationale.
On behalf of myself and my colleagues, I would like to
thank you for the numerous contributions you make
as educators, researchers, and innovators.
I am
confident your commitment to the development and
application of new technologies will continue to be
important to Canada's growth 8nd prosperity into the
future.
En mon nom propre et au nom de mes collègues,
j'aimerais vous remercier pour votre importante
contribution que ce soit en tant qu'enseignants,
chercheurs ou inventeurs. Je suis persuadé que votre
attachement à la mise au point et à l'application de
nouvelles technologies continuera de favoriser
l'expansion et la prospérité de notre pays dans l'avenir.
The Hon. Herb Gray, M.P.
Leader of the Government in the House of Commons
L'Hon. Herb Gray, Député
Leader du gouvernement à la Chambre des communes
CAP IS ON THE WEB IN 1997
L'ACP SUR INTERNET EN 1997
The Canadian Association of Physicists is pleased to
announce that, effective 1997 January 6, the CAP will
be on the World Wide Web. We can be reached at
http://www.cap.ca.
L'Association canadienne des physiciens et des
physiciennes est heureuse de vous annoncer qu'elle
sera présente sur W3 dès le 6 janvier 1997 à l'URL
http://www.cap.ca.
In addition to containing general information about the
CAP, many documents normally distributed through
Physics in Canada or by regular mail will now be
published electronically. These include:
Les pages W3 de l'Association contiendront
l'information de nature générale et permettront
outre la transmission par voie électronique
nombreux documents diffusés normalement dans
physique au Canada ou par courrier postal, dont:
- the CAP Directory of Members (password required)
-
- the CAP Annual Report
-
By placing the Directory of Members on the WWW,
CAP members will have access to a current list of
members and their contact information since the
directory will be updated on a regular basis. In an
attempt to respect the confidentiality of the directory,
members will be required to enter a password to
access the directory (the password will be printed on
the 1997 membership receipts).
Les membres de l'ACP pourront consulter, dans le
répertoire sur W3, une liste courante des membres
avec l'information sur les personnes ressources; le
répertoire sera mis à jour régulièrement.
Pour
respecter le caractère confidentiel de l'information
contenue dans le répertoire, il faudra pour y accéder
avoir un mot de passe (qui sera imprimé sur les reçus
de frais d'adhésion pour 1997).
Members who do not have access to the WWW may
obtain hard copies of these documents by contacting
the CAP Office.
Les membres qui n'ont pas accès à W3 peuvent se
procurer un exemplaire sur papier de ces documents;
il leur suffit de communiquer avec le bureau de l'ACP.
Comments/suggestions regarding the contents of the
Website, as well as potential links, would be most
welcome.
Toute remarque ou suggestion concernant le contenu
des pages W3, ainsi que sur des liens possibles, est la
bienvenue.
de
en
de
La
le répertoire des membres de l'ACP (avec mot de
passe seulement)
le Rapport annuel de l'ACP.
AGREEMENT REACHED BY NSSC/CCPE ON EXEMPTION CLAUSE
by P.S. Vincett, CAP Past-President
Regular readers will be aware of the
many years of effort which CAP has
devoted to ensure that qualified natural
scientists are not prevented or hindered
from practising by the provisions of
Engineering Acts. (See, for example,
Physics
in
Canada
49
323-5
(November, 1993) and 51 76-80
(1995)). A major step forward was
recently achieved via the communique
reproduced below. This was issued by
the Natural Science Societies of Canada
(NSSC), of which CAP is a founding
member, and by the Canadian Council
of Professional Engineers (CCPE).
BACKGROUND
CAP has
concerned
engineering
Engineering
for many years been
about the definitions of
practice used in provincial
Acts.
Increasingly, these definitions are
broadly cast in terms of "the skilled or
professional application of the principles
of mathematics, physics
chemistry,
geology,
...."
The
principles
of
engineering are sometimes referred to,
but in many cases these are, to first
order, the principles of natural science.
Since only professional engineers can
legally practice 'engineering', CAP has
been extremely concerned that such
definitions could be used to exclude
most natural scientists from practising
(or
managing)
natural
science,
particularly
in
situations
where
engineers
may also be qualified to
perform the function in question. Even
if Provincial Engineering Associations
chose not to enforce their exclusivity
against scientists, the whole situation
could be brought to a head by a single
action by an aggrieved individual. Even
the possibility of such a development
could be expected to lead to a major
shift in university enrolments away
from science to applied science or
engineering in response to the shift in
employment possibilities. This would be
disastrous; society needs to ensure that
economic benefit is obtained from all its
most qualified practitioners.
In response to its concern, CAP joined
several years ago w i t h a number of
other natural science societies to form
NSSC. NSSC entered into discussions
w i t h the CCPE. These discussions have
led to the amicable and constructive
negotiation of an exemption clause for
natural
scientists,
which
is
recommended by CCPE and NSSC for
inclusion in Engineering Acts.
The
communique gives details of the
agreement.
Since Engineering Acts are provincial,
not federal, CAP and NSSC are now
attempting to convince all provincial
and territorial Engineering Associations
to use the exemption clause in their
Acts. Two Associations have so far
done so, and w e have been informed
that several other Associations intend
to use it.
JOINT COMMUNIQUE
N a t u r a l S c i e n c e Societies of C a n a d a , C/O C A P , Suite 112, M c D o n a l d Bldg., 150 Louis Pasteur, O l l a w a , Ontario, K J N 6 N 5
C a n a d i a n Council of Professional Engineers, 4 0 1 - 1 1 6 Albert St., Ottawa- KIP 5 G 3
Scientists and Engineers Agree to Exclusion for the Practice of Natural Science
The Canadian Council of Professional Engineers (CCPE) representing the twelve professional
engineering associations in Canada, and the Natural Science Societies of Canada (NSSC) representing
twelve natural science societies in Canada have reached an agreement on an exemption clause to protect
the interests of natural scientists so that engineering Acts throughout Canada do not unintentionally
restrict the practice of natural scientists while at the same time ensuring that engineering is practised by
qualified individuals.
To encourage national standardization and facilitate mobility for professional engineers, the CCPE
developed a national guideline for the Definition of the Practice of Professional Engineering in 1992.
The CCPE Definition states:
The "practice of professional engineering" means any act. of planning, designing,
evaluating, advising, reporting, directing or supervising or managing any of the foregoing
composing,
that requires the application of engineering principles, and
that concerns the safeguarding of life, health, property, economic interests, the public welfare or
the environment.
The Natural Scientist Exemption Clause reads:
Nothing in this Act shall prevent an individual, who either
(i) holds a recognized honours or higher degree in one or more of the physical, chemical, life,
computer or mathematical sciences, or who possesses an equivalent combination of education,
training, and experience, or
(ii) is acting under the direct supervision and control of an individual described in the preceding
paragraph
from practising natural science which, for the purposes of this Act, means any act
management) requiring the application of scientific principles, competently performed
(including
In 1993, discussions between representatives of CCPE (representing 160,000 professional engineers) and
NSSC were convened to address concern over the CCPE national Definition of the Practice of
Professional Engineering raised by NSSC. NSSC is a group of major Canadian scientific societies
having a total membership in excess of 25,000. One of the main reasons for NSSC's formation was
concern by the scientific community over the possibility that the CCPE Definition could be interpreted to
cover aspects of the practice of the natural sciences and could therefore unintentionally restrict that
practice.
298
The concern was brought to the attention of a wide range of interested parties across Canada, and CCPE
and NSSC are now pleased to announce a mutually accepted resolution of this issue, resulting from
ongoing negotiations.
In recognition of the overlap between the legitimate practices of professional engineering and natural
science, and to clarify that the CCPE Definition does not cover the practice of natural science, NSSC and
CCPE now recommend that the above exclusion clause be included in any legislation that uses the CCPE
Definition of the Practice of Professional Engineering.
CCPE is modifying its National Guideline for the Definition of the Practice of Professional Engineering
to recommend the inclusion of this separate, accompanying exclusion clause related to the practice of
natural science, for use in all future amendments to relevant legislation.
We are pleased to bring these discussions to a successful resolution.
Dr. Ann McMillan
on behalf of
Natural Science Societies of Canada
W.H. Ken-, P.Eng.
on behalf of
Canadian Council of Professional Engineers
For more information please contact:
Dr. Paul Vincett
Past-President, Canadian Association of Physicists
Tel: (905) 873-9145
Fax: (905) 873-2943
Laurie C. Macdonald, P.Eng.
Canadian Council of Professional Engineers
Tel: (6.13) 232-2474 ext. 240
Fax: (613) 230-5759
Final-May 31, 1996
299
As Minister of Natural Resources Canada
(NRCan), I want to take this opportunity to
extend my best wishes to the readers of
Physics in Canada and to Canada's science
community in the New Year. The year
ahead promises to be one of change and
challenge for Canadian science - a time for
continued innovation and adaptation to new
technologies in order to make the most of
what we have. Natural resources, while the
basis of our economy since before
Confederation, has evolved to become one
of the most sophisticated users of scientific
technology and clearly relies on the good
work of Canada's scientific community. At
NRCan, our scientists join their colleagues
across Canada in the pursuit of innovative
ways to develop and implement new
research that ensures both a maximum
return for Canada's investment and a
national resource sector that is sustainable
and environmentally responsible.
In
partnership with provincial governments,
universities and the private sector, we will
ensure that science and technology activities
remain central to the shaping of our future.
The Honourable Anne McLellan
Minister of Natural Resources Canada
Ministre, Ressources naturelles Canada
SCIENCE POLICY/
LA POLITIQUE
NATIONAL CONSORTIUM
During the 1995 Fall Lobby, many MPs
commented that this was the first time
they were hearing
any
concern
regarding the important issues being
raised by the National Consortium of
Educational and Scientific Societies. It
was made clear that these issues would
be given more weight if they were also
being raised in the local constituencies.
Thus, one of the primary activities
undertaken by the Consortium during
the past few months was the
coordination of a "summer lobby". The
intent of this lobby was to arrange for a
multi-disciplinary group of scientists to
meet with Federal Liberal MPs in their
respective constituencies. For the first
effort,
the Consortium
Steering
Committee (of which the CAP is a
member) selected five ridings which
hold
universities
within
their
boundaries: Halifax, Kingston, London,
Winnipeg, and Vancouver.
Each
Steering Committee member
was
assigned a location to coordinate. The
CAP was asked to coordinate the
Winnipeg lobby.
300
"As we begin the countdown to the new
millennium it is important to remember the
many things that have changed in one
hundred short years. Nothing has been
more dramatic than the changes wrought
by scientific discovery and the new
technological and information revolutions
science has engendered.
Physics and physicists have been at the
heart of these changes -* from quantum
theory and relativity to the semi-conductor
- from understanding the atmosphere to
cosmology.
Canadian physicists have
made impressive contributions to the
overall international effort.
Indeed there is nothing more truly
international than the scientific endeavour,
lam confident that Canadian scientists will
continue to contribute more than their fair
share to the advancement of knowledge, a
sustainable planet, and the increased
economic and social well being of all the
world's peoples."
Best wishes for 1997,
Lloyd Axworthy
Minister of Foreign Affairs
SCIENTIFIQUE
As the riding selected included the
University of Manitoba, CAP Council
members R.C. Barber and J.S.C. McKee
agreed to act as local coordinators.
A lobby action plan, list of local
participants from other Consortium
organizations, and briefing material
were then sent to the local organizer.
The coordinators then contacted the
local MPs to identify a suitable meeting
date. As the best available date was
not until September 12, when the two
coordinators would be out of the
country, the University of Manitoba
Dean of Science, James Jamieson,
agreed to take over as local organizer.
On September 12, the local lobby group
attended a meeting with the Manitoba
Caucus at which they made five
presentations in various areas and
responded to questions. The meetings
lasted just over one hour. On October
17 there was a follow-up meeting at
the request of David Walker and
Reg Alcock in which the MPs responded
to
the
lobby
group's
original
presentation. It would appear that the
best hope for support for University
R&D rests w i t h the infrastructure
program (with a component targeted at
Universities) and a distant second goes
to a jobs' program for students working
in research laboratories over the
summer (or perhaps at other times as
well).
A copy of the summary briefing note
that was distributed to the Caucus
members appears on the next t w o
pages.
Copies of the detailed briefing notes,
together with a copy of a letter sent by
Dr. Jamieson in response to a question
from Ron Duhamel can be obtained by
contacting the CAP Office.
(Mr. Duhamel wished to know how
Canada fared in the production of
scientists and technologists.
As it
happened the United Nations Human
Development Report for 1996 had just
appeared and so Dr. Jamieson was able
to tell them that Canada does not
compare well w i t h other industrialized
countries.)
Meeting with Manitoba Caucus
Theme: That continued support for fundamental
the future of Canada.
research is important for
Basic (or fundamental) research does not consist simply of inventing some arbitrary rules
and then seeing where they lead; rather, the best research activity involves the pusuit of
"natural" questions and phenomena. It is for this reason that a given concept in one area of
research will often be well developed before it is needed by another, particularly in the
more applied disciplines. The recent report of the National Advisory Board on Science and
Technology entitled Healthy, Wealthy and Wise links the advancement of knowledge to
wealth and job creation and enhancement of the quality of life. This is illustrated in a
simple diagram which is reproduced below. In Canada it is the universities which are
mainly (and often solely) responsible for the accumulation and advancement of knowledge,
critical factors for industrial and social progress.
Figure 1.1 Relationship among Quality of Life, Wealth and
Job Creation, and Advancement of Knowledge
/ \
In this lobby we want to focus on a few areas and expand these to give examples.
1. It is now widely regarded as a given that the Canadian economy can no longer rely for
its health simply on extractive industries; it is essential that it continue to expand into areas
of high technology, producing high -value added products. The universities, through their
research, make essential contributions to the development of ideas for application in, and
the creation of high technology industries, particularly in the areas of biotechnology and
information/communication technologies. Furthermore, through the activity of their
graduate programs they produce the highly qualified individuals that are the potential
employees for such industries. These people are of particular importance during the early
phases of their company's development when creativity, intelligence and adaptability are
very much in demand. In support of the above statements we have attached additional
information :
Why must scientific research go on in Manitoba
This submission highlights the
importance of research in the education of young people and gives three examples of
Manitoba graduates who are making an impact on the Canadian scene.
University Research Infrastructure
University funding for research has suffered
from reduced support from the granting councils, but when this is coupled with reduced
support in provincial operating funds for universities the negative impact on infrastructure
has been magnified. This report addresses this question.
Impact of University Research in
Computer Science on the Manitoba
Sector Developments in computer and information technologies are advancing rapidly.
This report highlights some developments in the computer sector in Manitoba which are
representative of developments across the country. These developments cross the
boundaries between science, medicine, business, agriculture and other areas.
301
Economic Benefits from Basic Research
This highlights the economic case for
basic research support focusing on the agriculture industry. For example, the research done
in canola over the past fifty years cost $80 million, whereas, the total value of the crop to
the economy over the same period was $22 billion, a benefitxost ratio of 274:1.
2. Of particular importance to Manitoba is the sustainability of our resource sector. Much of
the expertise needed to address problems of sustainability and of the environment in general
resides within the universities. Furthermore, it is often as a result of basic research into
diverse areas within the geological, biological and physical sciences that crucial and often
unexpected information concerning our environment emerges. An expansion of these ideas
can be found in the document entitled "Research related to Sustainable
Resource
Management"
3. The aboriginal peoples, are entering the mainstream of Canadian
society,
and retaining their cultural identity. Programs like the CIER program may become
more popular and important. The CIER program is a certificate program in environmental
science which may eventually lead to a degree and subsequently to graduate school.
Students in the CIER program receive instruction in a way that combines traditional
knowledge with western science. Institutions have little or no experience in dealing with
research activities involving aboriginal knowledge combined with western science. A start
must be made to prepare the universities to expand their research capabilities to cope with
this new development.
4. International
relations are a vital component in the research
business.
International relations encourage the development of those international contacts and
networks which are essential to any serious program of research. Unfortunately, due to
severe budgetary constraints, the granting councils have largely discontinued specific
support in this area and have rolled up the funding into general programs and so support
for international programs are no longer targetted.
"The century n o w closing affords bitter examples of wrongful applications of science due t o human
malevolence, weakness, and ignorance. Yet, paradoxically, as w e prepare for the next stage of our long
journey into the new millennium and beyond, it seems that a renewed commitment to scientific enquiry may
represent our greatest hope for achieving human happiness. Sobered by insights into our flaws and inspired
by our vision of the w o r k w e might build through creative uses of science, humankind looks again t o t h e
discoverers t o seek out the t r u t h that will help us create a better society. A century ago, our predecessors
boasted that they w o u l d use science to subjugate the planet t o human dominance. Let it be the purpose of
our science t o make Earth a safe haven for our children and their descendants as they expfore the mysteries
of t h e universe.*
Respectfully yours,
Ron Duhamel, M.P. St. Boniface
"It gives me great pleasure to extend my sincere greetings and best wishes t o the readers of Physics in
Canada. In the fast-paced and rapidly changing world of science and technology, Canadian physicists
have long played a significant role. As w e approach the millenium, the need for a strong and vibrant
research and development sector is more critical than ever before. I urge you and your colleagues t o enter
this new era boldly, drawing on the talents and expertise w h i c h have brought us so successfully t o this
exciting threshold. All the best in 1997!"
Sincerely,
Mac Harb, M.P. O t t a w a Centre
302
KENNETH CLIFFORD MANN, 1910-1996
Kenneth Clifford Mann died in Vancouver on August 3 1 , 1 9 9 6 , after a lengthy illness. He w a s
one of the vigorous team of young professors assembled at the University of British Columbia
by Gordon Shrum. For almost four decades Ken had an outstanding record of research,
graduate student training, and undergraduate teaching at UBC.
Ken w a s born near S w i f t Current, Saskatchewan, on October 2, 1 9 1 0 and received his early
education in the same province, graduating w i t h a B.Sc. degree from the University of
Saskatchewan in 1931 (followed by a B.Ed, in 1933). What w a s a bright young man to do
emerging into the prairie d u s t b o w l in the early 1930's? Ken taught high school in Melfort,
Saskatchewan for t w o years before enrolling as a physics graduate student at the University
of Toronto. Following his Ph.D. degree ( w i t h a dissertation on superconductivity) in 1938, he
returned w e s t to UBC. He remained there for the remainder of his career except for a diversion
to wartime service.
During the Second World War, Ken w a s on leave ( 1 941-45) from UBC at the National Research
Council Laboratories in O t t a w a - and also in Toronto - where he w o r k e d as a leader of the team
that designed and produced the " 2 6 8 " radar set for the navies of the allied forces. He also
served as an advisor to the British Admiralty. For his wartime contributions Ken Mann w a s
recognized in the King's Birthday Honours List of 1946 as an Officer of the Order of the British
'
â
. N
•
Empire. Returning to UBC, and promoted to the rank of Professor in 1946, Ken embarked on
teaching and on research in the new field of nuclear physics. Working on beta and gamma
spectroscopy he supervised and nurtured 10 Ph.D. students:
Harry Brown (1951),
* * ®
Michael P e a r c e d 952), Innes Mackenzie! 1953), Harvey S c h n e i d e r d 961), Frank Payne(1961),
Ram Chaturvedi ( 1 9 6 2 ) , Tarlok Nagpal (1964), Leung-Kai Ng (1967), Thomas Walton (1972), and J o n Johnson (1973). A number of
them became eminent in academic and research careers.
He excelled as an undergraduate teacher. Generations of engineering and physics students benefitted from his well-crafted lectures.
He received the normal accolades of an outstanding teacher but among the awards presented to him w a s a section of a bathroom wall,
extracted for this purpose by UBC, on w h i c h a student had w r i t t e n the following grafitti in bold letters: "K.C. Mann is a damn good
prof". Very f e w teachers of undergraduates receive such direct accolades.
Ken's long service to UBC included many contributions as an advisor to the university's presidents, including Larry Mackenzie,
Jack Macdonald, and Walter Gage. After Ken retired from UBC in 1976, he w a s called in as a consultant to systemize UBC's policies
and procedures. The first UBC book of Policies and Procedures emerged, and it has evolved every since. Ken will be remembered by
his many students and colleagues, by his friends and his family (which includes his daughter, S.P., w h o has helped to prepare this
tribute) as a person of humour, great elegance and indomitable spirit w h o contributed greatly to physics in Canada.
Shelley Page, University of Manitoba, and Erich Vogt, TRIUMF
ROBERT W. PRINGLE, 1920-1996
Robert W . Pringle, among other things formerly professor of physics at the University of
Manitoba, died on 10 June. His life anticipated and recapitulates the current academic ideal:
scientist and teacher, entrepreneur and industrialist, athlete and citizen.
Bob Pringle w a s born on 2 May 1 9 2 0 in Edinburgh, Scotland where he received all of his formal
education, culminating in 1945 w i t h the Ph.D. under the aegis of Max Born. In 1946 Born and
Pringle filed a patent application for a computing machine; an early example of the
interdisciplinary, entrepreneurial spirit that animated his career. He remained at Edinburgh for
three years as lecturer in physics, collaborating w i t h Norman Feather on problems of nuclear
beta and gamma ray spectroscopy.
When he arrived in Winnipeg in 1948 to take up an appointment as associate professor of
physics he had begun to explore the coupling of scintillating materials to photomultiplier tubes
as a soluation to the sorry state of spectroscopic instrumentation. By 1 9 5 0 , w h e n he w a s
promoted to professor, he had not only vigorously exploited the newly discovered properties
of Nal as a superior gamma ray detector for nuclear spectroscopy but, in collaboration w i t h his
student Kenneth Roulston, had developed a portable "scintillometer" and, w i t h a colleague in
the geology department, George Brownell, had demonstrated its utility in geophysical
explorations - airborne and in oil well holes. W i t h his colleague he formed the company
Nuclear Enterprises to realize the commercial applications of this w o r k . By 1 9 5 3 , w h e n he w a s
appointed head of the physics department, w o r k w a s well advanced on the development of
303
organic liquid and plastic scintillators in collaboration w i t h Lionel Funt of the chemistry
department. This program included radio-carbon dating. The long and ubiquitous line of
NE scintillators had its genesis at this time.
In 1956 he resigned from his position at the University of Manitoba to move the company
to Edinburgh and devote his full attention to its development. The energy and excitement
generated by so much accomplishment in so brief a time would be palpable anywhere;
in the small physics department of the University of Manitoba of the late 4 0 ' s and early
60's it w a s electrifying. Those of us w h o were there at that time will never forget it, nor
the man w h o w a s its source.
The next ten years saw NE establish a prominent position in the field of scientific and
medical nucleonics w i t h a stall of some 3 0 0 and branches in Beenham (UK) and San
Carlos California. 1966 saw the Queen's award for technological innovation. In 1967,
NE acquired Kelvin Electronics in Glasgow and expanded into a large portfolio of scientific
and medical instrumentation. When Pringle stepped down as managing director in 1976
the company employed some 8 0 0 persons of w h o m about 100 were in research and
development. The company product line of some 7 0 0 items included the diosonograph
for medical ultrasonic imaging, the human body total radioactivity monitor and a
significant fraction of the planet's nuclear and high energy physics scintillators and other
devices.
In his retirement he moved his residence to Monaco in the south of France but maintained
an abiding interest in science and technology. He was granted many honors including the
OBE and fellowship in the royal societies of Canada and Edinburgh and of the Institute of
Physics. He served on many civic and industrial boards and committees and continued
a lifelong interest in sports, particularly gold and rugby. To his generous tuteledge I owe
a spectacular slice in the former and a fond, but fading, memory of the arcane language
and savage practices of the latter.
W. Turchinetz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
This
Magazine
is available in
microform
Back
of this
volumes
publication
are available in
microform
(film or fiche).
"As the holiday season approaches, it is an honour to be able to extend to you
season's greetings on behalf of myself and the Progressive Conservative Party of
Canada.
Research and Development funding has provided Canadian physicistB with the
opportunity to remain at the cutting-edge in the area of Science and Technology.
As we approach the beginning of the new millennium, Canada must continue to
provide adequate funding to our Scientific community so that our highly skilled and
motivated men and women can remain at the forefront of Research and
Development advancement.
Rir further
information,
contact
Once egain, on behalf of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, please
accept our best wishes to you and your families for a happy and healthy 1997.
Yours sincerely,
Jean J. Charest, M.P. for Sherbrooke
Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
Micromedia
Limited
Canada's
"To a great extent, Canada's future is in the hands of its scientists, whose
invaluable work can help us set a leeding pace in global developments. Canada's
physicists, representing the wide diversity of their profession, and also of the
Canadian population, are major contributors to our country's overall growth and
progress.
À titre de Secrétaire d'État au Multiculturalisme et à la Situation de la femme, je
félicite les physiciens et physiciennes du Canada pour les efforts qu'ils déploient
en vue d'assurer à tous les Canadiens et Canadiennes un avenir meilleur. Je vous
souhaite à tous et à toutes une bonne at heureuse annéeI Franc succès dans vos
réalisations futures!
The Honourable Hedy Fry, P.C., M.P.
Secretary of State (Multiculturelism) (Status of Women)
Secrétaire d'État IMulticulturalisme) ISituation de la femme)
304
Information
People
20 Victoria Street,
Toronto, Ontario
(416)362-5211
1-800-387-2689
M5C2hl8
L'IMPORTANCE DES PHÉNOMÈNES ATOMIQUES POUR LA CRÉATION
D'ANOMALIES D'ABONDANCES DANS LES ÉTOILES
par
Francis LeBlanc,
Département de physique, Université de Moncton, Moncton, N.B., E1A 3E9
INTRODUCTION
Il y a près d'un siècle déjà que l'on
observa pour la première fois des raies
atomiques très fortes (ou très faibles)
dans le spectre de radiation d'étoiles
correspondant à des surabondances (ou
sous-abondances)
des
éléments
responsables
de
ces
raies
comparativement
aux
abondances
observées dans le soleil. Ces étoiles
sont dites chimiquement particulières
(CP). L'abondance de certains éléments
dans les étoiles CP peut varier de
plusieurs ordres de grandeur par rapport
à leur abondance solaire. Puisque le
libre parcours moyen des photons à
l'intérieur des étoiles est assez court
(i.e. les photons sont constamment
absorbés et émis dans le plasma
stellaire), la radiation qui nous arrive des
étoiles provient seulement des couches
externes. Les anomalies d'abondances
observées
ne
sont
donc
pas
nécessairement indicatives quant aux
abondances dans les parties internes de
ces étoiles.
Plusieurs théories à base de physique
nucléaire furent élaborées afin de tenter
d'expliquer les étoiles CP. Fowler et al.
(1965) ont proposé un modèle dans
lequel les anomalies d'abondances
seraient produites par des réactions de
captures rapides de neutrons.
Ces
neutrons en excès, capturés par les
noyaux, rendent ces derniers instables
et il se produit alors des désintégrations
bêta
n — p + e~ + ve
qui transforment les neutrons en
protons en émettant un électron et un
anti-neutrino électronique. Ce type de
désintégration
engendre
une
augmentation du nombre de protons
dans le noyau et transmute l'élément.
Puisque ces réactions seraient produites
dans les parties centrales des étoiles,
un processus de mélange est alors
nécessaire pour transporter les produits
nucléaires en surface.
Brancazio et Cameron (1967) ont
également suggéré un modèle nucléaire
dans lequel des réactions à la surface
des étoiles seraient responsables des
anomalies d'abondances observées.
Des
réactions
causées
par
des
particules alpha accélérées par un
champ magnétique local de 10® à 10 7
Gauss produiraient
les anomalies.
Adelman (1973) démontra, grâce aux
spectres de plusieurs étoiles CP, que les
théories nucléaires présentées plus haut
ne
pouvaient
pas
expliquer
adéquatement la diversité d'anomalies
d'abondances observées.
Michaud (1970) proposa plutôt que des
processus atomiques sont responsables
des anomalies observées.
Dans ce
modèle la compétition entre la quantité
de mouvement transférée aux atomes
lors
de
photoexcitations
ou
de
photoionisations (ce qui repousse les
atomes vers la surface des étoiles) et la
gravité détermine l'abondance des
divers éléments soutenue à une
profondeur donnée dans l'étoile grâce à
la pression de radiation.
Si nous
écrivons ce transfert de quantité de
mouvement en terme d'une accélération
radiative grad, nous avons que si grKl>g
pour un élément donné (où g est
l'accélération gravitationnelle locale
dans l'étoile), cet élément se diffusera
vers l'extérieur de l'étoile. Dans le cas
contraire [g,vS< g), nous aurons une
diffusion de l'élément vers le centre.
Nous verrons plus loin que la valeur de
g,ri dépend de l'abondance de l'élément
en
question.
Or
l'abondance
approximative
soutenue
à
une
profondeur donnée dans l'étoile sera
déterminée par l'équation grM = g.
Cette théorie de la diffusion radiative
peut expliquer la plupart des anomalies
d'abondances
observées dans les
étoiles.
THÉORIE
Pour déterminer l'accélération radiative
sur l'état d'ionisation /' de l'élément A,
il faut connaître sa capacité d'absorber
des photons (son opacité radiative) de
fréquence V.
Ceci nécessite la
connaissance des données atomiques
telles que les forces oscillateurs des
transitions, les sections efficaces de
photoionisation et les niveaux d'énergie
atomiques. Pour obtenir l'accélération
radiative de l'ion A', p l(K ,W), il faut
intégrer l'équation suivante:
où c est la vitesse de la lumière dans le
vide, XtA') est la fraction de la masse
totale composée par l'ion A',KV[A') est
l'opacité due à l'ion A' à la fréquence v
et Fy est le flux d'énergie radiatif à la
fréquence V. Puisque la température et
la pression augmentent avec la profondeur dans les étoiles, l'accélération
radiative n'y est pas constante. Le flux
radiatif dans une étoile a une forme
globale semblable à la distribution
spectrale d'un corps noir caractérisée
par la température locale sur laquelle se
superposent l'absorption et l'émission
dues aux transitions atomiques.
Pour calculer p rad M') il faut non
seulement
connaître
les données
atomiques de l'ion considéré mais aussi
celles de tous les éléments présents
dans l'étoile car leurs transitions vont
modifier le flux radiatif. Par exemple, si
à une fréquence et à une profondeur
données l'opacité radiative totale due à
la somme des transitions de tous les
éléments présents est faible, le flux
radiatif sera grand car les photons
peuvent voyager facilement dans le
plasma stellaire. Le flux dépend donc
non seulement des conditions physiques
locales mais aussi des abondances des
éléments.
Pour avoir une grande valeur de g, M 14')
il
faut
que
l'emplacement
des
transitions fortes de l'ion soit dans une
région du spectre où le flux est grand,
c'est-à-dire que l'opacité des transitions
des autres éléments soit faible. Les
transitions des différents éléments sont
donc en compétition pour les photons
du champ radiatif de l'étoile.
Il faut aussi ajouter un terme de
correction à l'équation ci-haut pour le
cas du transfert de quantité de
mouvement
causé
par
les
photoionisations. Cette correction est
nécessaire car une partie de la quantité
de mouvement du photon peut être
apportée par l'électron éjecté (voir
Gonzalez, LeBlanc, Artru et Michaud
1995 pour plus de détails).
Après avoir intégré l'équation ci-haut
pour tous les ions de l'élément en
question à plusieurs profondeurs du
modèle de l'étoile qui nous intéresse, il
faut pondérer l'accélération radiative de
chaque ion pour obtenir une valeur
moyenne pour l'élément à chacune de
ces profondeurs (Gonzalez, LeBlanc,
Artru et Michaud 1995). Il faut donc
connaître les populations de chaque ion
et de chaque niveau atomique en
fonction de la profondeur. Le calcul
d'accélérations
radiatives nécessite
donc un temps de calcul considérable.
EXEMPLE: LE SOUFRE
Récemment plusieurs bases de données
atomiques ont été mises à la disposition
de la communauté scientifique.
Par
exemple, un consortium formé de
chercheurs de plusieurs pays et
surnommé le Project Opacité (Seaton et
al. 1992) a calculé les données
atomiques des ions de plusieurs
éléments.
Nous allons dans cette
section utiliser ces données pour
calculer l'accélération radiative sur le
soufre. Des calculs similaires ont été
publiés pour le fer (LeBlanc et Michaud
305
1995), pour le carbone, l'azote et
l'oxygène (Gonzalez, Artru et Michaud
1995), et l'aluminium (Hui-Bon-Hoa,
Alecian et Artru 1996).
Nous avons inclus toutes les transitions
de photoexcitation et de photoionisation de tous les ions des éléments
suivants: H, He, C, N, 0 , Ne, Mg, Si, S,
Ar et Fe pour le calcul du flux radiatif.
Ce dernier
fut
calculé
à
4000
fréquences. A u total, plusieurs millions
de raies atomiques et quelques dizaines
de milliers de sections efficaces de
photoionisation furent incluses dans ces
calculs.
Le tableau 1 donne les
données atomiques pour le soufre.
dans des états d'énergie atomiques
supérieurs et donc une augmentation de
l'opacité radiative. La convection prend
alors la relève du flux radiatif pour le
transport de l'énergie vers l'extérieur.
Dans cette zone les mouvements de
convection de matière dominent la
diffusion radiative. Ces mouvements de
matière
vont
avoir
pour
effet
d'homogénéiser les abondances dans
les couches où log 7"<4.3.
looi)
Fig. 2
j
TABLEAU 1
Données atomiques du
Projet Opacité pour le soufre
3 -
4.5
Ion
Nombre
de raies
Nombre
de niveeux
S I
3235
261
S II
4483
280
S III
5100
354
S IV
3483
234
s v
2030
168
S VI
184
31
S VII
2843
195
S VIII
5842
271
S IX
13912
496
S X
18026
516
S XI
17163
617
S XII
7941
326
S XIII
2599
184
S XIV
153
26
S XV
315
53
S XVI
330
55
La figure 1 montre les variations de
l'accélération radiative du soufre avec la
profondeur en dessous de la zone de
convection causée par l'ionisation de
l'hydrogène dans une étoile. L'étoile
choisie a une température effective
(T.„) de 8 0 0 0 K et une gravité de
surface (g) de log g = 4.2 (où g est en
cm/s 2 ) pour une abondance du soufre
de 0 . 1 , 1 et 10 fois celle trouvée dans
le Soleil. La convection, qui est surtout
importante dans les couches où log
T < 4 . 3 (T est la température locale)
pour l'étoile en question, est causée par
l'augmentation de l'opacité radiative
due à l'ionisation de l'hydrogène. Cette
ionisation est accompagnée par une
augmentation d'atomes d'hydrogène
306
Fig. 1
5
5.5
log T(K>
6
6.5
7
L'accélération du souffre en fonction
de la profondeur dans une étoBe.
L'accélération radiativa totale aur la
•oufra en fonction de la température
locale T pour une abondance de 1 0 ,
1 et 0 . 1 fois l'abondance solaire (en
ordre croissant de g,J) en bas de la
zone de convection dans une étoile
avec T,„ - 8 0 0 0 K et une gravité de
surface de log g = 4 . 2 .
Nous
pouvons
voir
que
plus
l'abondance du soufre est grande,
moins l'accélération radiative est forte
car les photons provenant du flux
radiatif doivent être distribués parmi un
plus grand nombre d'atomes de soufre.
La valeur de gIKj varie avec la
profondeur car l'état d'ionisation le plus
abondant du soufre ainsi que celui des
autres éléments change
avec la
profondeur puisque la température
augmente. Cette ionisation progressive
modifie alors l'opacité totale et donc la
forme du spectre du flux radiatif. Le
maximum du flux par rapport à la
fréquence est évidemment régi par la loi
de déplacement de Wien.
Pour obtenir une approximation de
l'abondance de soufre soutenue par la
radiation à la surface de l'étoile, nous
avons calculé l'abondance pour laquelle
= 9 juste au bas de la zone de
convection. Ceci devrait nous donner
une bonne indication de l'abondance de
l'élément en question â la surface de
l'étoile. La figure 2 montre l'abondance
du soufre calculée comparativement â
celles observées par Sadakane et
Okyudo (1989). On peut constater que
les abondances prédites sont en accord
avec les observations. Les différences
entre les calculs et les observations ne
sont pas surprenantes car certaines
étoiles observées ont une valeur de log
g différente de 4.2 et les abondances
des autres éléments contenues dans
ces étoiles ne sont pas toutes solaires
comme l'on a supposé dans nos calculs.
3500
'
90ÔÔ~ KOO
T-M
"
L'abondance du soufra i la surfaca
das étoiles.
La liane continue relie
I abondance d'équilibre (g^ - g) du
soufre /V(S) (en nombre d'atomes) au
bas de la zone de convection de
modèles stellaires ayant T . . - 8 0 0 0
et 1 0 0 0 0 K et une gravité de surface
de log g 4.2.
Les points
correspondent aux observations de
Sadakane et Okyudo ( 1 9 8 9 ) . La ligne
barrée correspond i
l'abondance
solaire du soufre (Greveese et al.
1992).
Le nombre d'atomes de
soufre est normalisé tel que le
nombre d'atomee d'hydrogène M H )
soit log |/V(H)) - 1 2 . 0 .
DISCUSSION
Quoique la physique nucléaire soit très
importante dans les parties centrales
des étoiles,
ce sont
plutôt
les
phénomènes atomiques qui régissent le
spectre radiatif issu de l'étoile.
Le
transiert de quantité de mouvement
sélectif
aux
atomes
détermine
l'abondance des éléments supportée
dans les couches externes des étoiles.
Bien que les résultats présentés ici
semblent assez bien reproduire les
observations, il n'en est pas ainsi pour
plusieurs éléments.
Il reste encore
plusieurs sources d'erreurs dans les
calculs.
Premièrement les donées
atomiques utilisées n'incluent pas la
structure fine. Le Projet Opacité va
publier sous peu une nouvelle base de
données incluant cette amélioration.
Deuxièmement, le flux utilisé ne fut
calculé qu'à 4 0 0 0 fréquences.
Une
augmentation du nombre de fréquences
pourrait
modifier
légèrement
les
résultats.
Une
autre
source
d'incertitutde est la profondeur de la
zone de convection. Pour l'instant il
existe
seulement
un
modèle
phénoménologique de la convection
(voir par exemple Mihalas 1978). Enfin
la diffusion des autres éléments qui
affecte à la fois le flux et la structure de
l'étoile a élé négligée. Il faudrait donc
inclure la diffusion simultanée de tous
les éléments simultanément durant le
calcul de l'évolution stellaire.
Des
calculs de ce genre sont présentement
en cours (Turcotte et al. 1996).
RÉFÉRENCES
A d e l m a n S.J., 1 9 7 3 , The
Journal, 1 8 3 , 9 5
Astrophysical
104
Brancazio P.J., Cameron A . G . W . , 1 9 6 7 ,
Canadian
Journal
of Physics,
45,
3297
Grevesse N., Noels A . , Sauvai A . J . ,
1 9 9 2 , Proceedings of the First SOHO
Workshop (ESA SP-348), p. 3 0 5
Mihalas, D., 1 9 7 8 , Stellar
Atmospheres
(2 i < m "
édition.
Freeman:
San
Francisco)
Fowler W . A . , Burbidge E.M., Burbidge
G.R.,
Hoyle
F.,
1965,
The
Astrophysical
Journal, 1 4 2 , 4 2 3
Hui-Bon-Hoa A . , Alecian G., A r t r u M.-C.,
1 9 9 6 , Astronomy
&
Astrophysics,
313, 624
Sadakane
K.,
Okyudo
M.,
1989,
Publication
of
the
Astronomical
Society of Japan, 4 1 , 1 0 5 5
Gonzalez J.-F., LeBlanc F., A r t r u M . - C . ,
M i c h a u d G., 1 9 9 5 , Astronomy
&
Astrophysics,
297, 223
LeBlanc
F.,
Michaud
G.,
1995,
Astronomy
& Astrophysics,
303, 1 66
Seaton M . J . , Zeippen, C.J. Tully J . A . ,
Pradhan A . K . , Mendoza C., Hibbert
A . , Berrington K.A., 1 9 9 2 ,
Rev.
Mexicana Astron. Astrof. 2 3 , 19
Gonzalez J.-F., A r t r u M . - C . , M i c h a u d G.,
1 9 9 5 , Astronomy
&
Astrophysics,
302, 788
M i c h a u d G., 1 9 7 0 , The
Journal, 1 6 0 , 6 4 1
Astrophysical
Turcotte S., et al., 1 9 9 6 , en préparation
"I am delighted as Minister of Public Works and Government Services to have been asked to pass on greetings for the N e w
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"Wishing you all the best in 1997, and continued success in your important w o r k . "
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Home of the University of Guelph.
La vie
Physics 101
est ce que vous en faites.
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A b o d y in motion, remains in motion.
L'activité physique
la prolonge.
- Newtons First Low of Motion
Know what Newton Knew.
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c r i o n ^ MD
panncipacnon
307
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE LASERS AT THE INSTITUTE FOR
MICROSTRUCTURAL SCIENCES
by
Michael Davies, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A OR6,
email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Semiconductor diode lasers are an
essential part of the optoelectronics
program
at IMS
which
primarily
focusses
on
Wavelength
Division
Multiplexing (WDM) components. The
critical tasks to develop semiconductor
diode lasers were to establish material
and device fabrication facilities, followed
by device measurement and modelling
capabilities. A variety of devices have
been fabricated some of which have
been transferred to the Solid State
Optoelectronics
Consortium
(SSOC)
industrial
partners.
The
Institute
continues to investigate both business
opportunities and the technology of
semiconductor diode lasers.
and after the system was modified is
shown in figure 1.
c
100
-Q
D
100
(1)
c
^:
O
i:
"O
(I)
2000
M
—Wavelength
Distance (mm)
Fig. 1
Thickns** uniformity of MBE system
before (b) and after (a) modification.
308
S
Ë
The thickness uniformity now available
is ± 2 % across 3 " wafer, w i t h a
compositional uniformity of
±0.1%
across 3 " wafer. In 1992, extremely low
threshold single quantum well, graded
index
separate
confinement
heterostructure (GRINSCH) lasers were
produced (2, see figure 2). The machine
continues to provide excellent quality
laser material at 9 8 0 nm. Using the
same
system,
we
are
presently
investigating InAIGaAs on InP as an
alternative route to achieve 1300nm and
1550nm devices (rather than InGaAsP
on InP).
150
EPITAXIAL MATERIAL
GaAs based epitaxial material is grown
in a t w i n ended Vacuum Generators
V 8 0 H Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
machine which provides alloys of
InAIGaAs w i t h Si and Be as dopants.
Such alloy concentrations and dopants
allow the growth of epitaxial structures
suitable
for
a
wide
variety
of
optoelectronic
devices
eg
980nm
semiconductor lasers suitable for Erbium
doped fiber amplifiers and lasers at the
important
telecommunications
wavelengths of 1 3 0 0 n m and 1550nm.
These wavelengths are chosen to
minimise
dispersion.
Initially,
considerable effort w a s expended on
improving
the
compositional
and
thickness uniformity of the epitaxial
material (1) to ensure the quality of the
material
was
suitable
for
optoelectronics. The difference before
-Threshold current density
E
Ô
E
o
INTRODUCTION
The
Solid
State
Optoelectronics
Consortium (SSOC) w a s formed in June
1989 w i t h a core technology focus on
monolithic
wavelength
division
multiplexing
components.
It
was
envisaged that such components would
be the key for leading edge optical fibre
network
performance. SSOC was
formed as a pre-competitive research
consortium
with
members
from
universities, industry and government
laboratories. The critical mass w a s
achieved by building on the existing
base
of
expertise
at
NRC.
Semiconductor diode lasers are critical
components for WDM. A t the time the
SSOC was formed semiconductor lasers
had never been produced at NRC. The
initial critical tasks were to establish
material and device fabrication facilities,
followed by device measurement and
modelling capabilities.
quality InP (3), double heterostructure
lasers at 1.3 //m (4) and, more recently,
strained M Q W InGaAsP lasers at
1550nm. The performance of the CBE
material is shown in figure 3. We are
continuing
to
investigate
the
reproducibility,
uniformity,
doping
control morphology and overgrowth. We
also buy commercial metallo-organic
chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD)
epitaxial material.
100
o
2T
1000
2000
3000
Cavity Length (pm)
Fig. 2
Performance characteristics of 9 8 0 - n m
InGaAs/GaAs single quantum
well
GRINSCH laser.
InP-based material is provided by a Riber
32P Chemical beam epitaxy (CBE)
system which produces InP, InGaAs and
InGaAsP doped w i t h Sn, Zn, Si and Be.
This machine has produced very high
400
Fig. 3
500
1000
1500
Cavity length (fim)
The threshold current density and
wavelength as a function of cavity
length for CBE lasers.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
The Institute has extensive materials
characterization facilities to investigate
both the epitaxial material and the
finished devices. Facilities include: triple
crystal x-ray, secondary ion mass
spectrometry (SIMS), Auger electron
spectroscopy, ultra violet photoelectron
spectroscopy (UPS), Xray photoelectron
spectroscopy
(XPS),
Low
energy
electron diffraction (LEED), scanning
tunnelling microscopy (STM), atomic
force microscopy
(AFM),
scanning
electron
microscopy
(SEM),
field
emission scanning electron microscopy
(FE-SEM),
transmission
electron
microscopy (TEM), capacitance-voltage
(C-V) depth profiling,
Hall effect
measurements, deep level transition
spectroscopy (DLTS), photoluminesence
(PL) spectroscopy and photoluminesence
excitation (PL-E) spectroscopy. The
ability to fully characterise both material
and devices using these techniques has
been a critical factor in the development
of semiconductor lasers, particularly
strained quantum well devices.
DEVICE PROCESSING
The Institute
has over
3 0 0 m2
cleanroom area dedicated to device
processing. Facilities include: ultra violet
(UV'I
lithography;
electron
beam
lithography; focussed ion beam for litho
area implants; metallization from thermal
and electron beam sources; rapid
thermal annealing for contacts and ion
implants;
reactive
ion
etching;
Chemically Assisted Ion Beam Etching
(CAIBE); plasma enhanced
chemical
vapour deposition (PECVD) of silicon
oxide, nitride, oxynitride and amorphous
Silicon films; stress analysis of dielectric
and metal thin films; device assembly
including
ball, wedge and ribbon
bonding, die bonding, precision thinning
and cleaving. To improve our ability to
produce high quality gratings for lasers
we are assembling a phase-shift mask
grating printing set up which will also be
able to produce holographic gratings.
SEMICONDUCTOR LASER MODELLING
As the design, growth, fabrication and
measurement cycle is a lengthy one,
laser modelling has a very important role
to play
in the development
of
semiconductor laser diodes. We have
developed our own simulation tools for
both optical mode profile and laser
performance parameters. The optical
mode model allows simulation of
multilayer structures (GaAs, InP or
dielectrics) in 1D or 2D. An example of
the optical mode profile for different
ridge widths is shown in figure 4.
X = 1.5 |jm
injection current, cross sectional current
injection distribution, laser turn on time
and the characteristic temperature T 0 .
To ensure the validity of our laser
model,
we have compared
both
measured and predicted gain spectra (5)
and have independently
measured
constants such as refractive index and
deformation potential in InGaAsP alloys
where there was a lack of reliable data
available. The simulation program is now
commercially available via a spin-off
company (6).
SEMICONDUCTOR LASER DIODE
MEASUREMENTS
The Institute has a measurement facility
which permits full characterization of
laser diodes, including gain, as a
function of temperature. Single laser
devices can be tested with small signal
modulation up to 4 0 GHz. All laser diode
material is routinely fabricated into
broad area lasers and then characterized
in terms of: wavelength, threshold
current density ( J J as a function of
cavity length (corrected for current
spreading), external efficiency, internal
losses, cavity length versus current (L-l)
and current -voltage (l-V). The detailed
device performance when correlated
with the physical characterisation data
and the expected performance from the
modelling
permits
a
deeper
understanding of the laser diode design
criteria and how improved actual device
performance may be obtained within the
practical
constraints
of
device
fabrication and epitaxial material quality.
single epitaxial growth (7); segmented
lasers as a method of tuning the lasers
(8); laser structures as ridge waveguide
photodetectors at both 980 nm and
1550 nm (9,10); and laser compatible
waveguide electroabsorption modulators
(11).
Surface emitting
lasers
An alternative to vertical cavity surface
emitting lasers (VC-SEL) which could
produce much higher powers is the
Circular Emitting Distributed Bragg
Reflector (CE-DBR) laser (12). These
lasers have potential as circularly
symmetric, low divergence, high power,
single mode surface emitting sources
and have applications
in parallel
interconnects or spectroscopy.
Laser facet
passivation
One of the problems associated with
high power ridgewaveguide lasers is
catastrophic
optical
damage(COD).
Simply put, at high optical power the
laser facet meltsl Figure 5 shows the
facet of a laser w i t h COD.
SEMICONDUCTOR LASER DIODE
DEVICE RESEARCH
Using the above facilities and expertise
a variety of semiconductor diode lasers
have been made.
Laser Diode Arrays
Fig. 4
Optical
widths
fjm) for
at A =
mode profiles for different ridge
(a = 3 fjm, b = 4 p m , c = 5
an InGaAsP/inP ridge waveguide
1.5 fim. (Compare to figure 9)
2D simulation is performed using the
effective index method and finite
difference solutions of the wave
equation(scalar or vector). For integrated
laser components the beam propagation
method is used which can also provide
the near field pattern. The laser model
(LUMIN) permits full 2D simulation of
quantum well lasers by solving electrical
and optical equations in a self consistent
calculation which incorporates strain
effects. We are able to calculate
wavelength
and
injection
current
dependant gain, cavity length versus
current (L-l) and current -voltage (l-V)
curves, expected laser wavelength, band
profiles as a function of bias and
The main focus of the SSOC was to
provide components for a WDM system.
This defined the requirement of a
transmitter chip consisting of multiwavelength lasers all monolithically
integrated to provide a single spatial
mode waveguide output on the same
chip (7). The chip consists of an array of
distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers
with front (partially transmitting) and
rear (highly reflecting) gratings with
eight channels separated by 2nm .
Signal modulation is achieved by direct
small signal modulation of the laser. To
reduce losses the waveguides and
combiner are electrically pumped or
made transparent by quantum well
disordering. A chip is being designed to
operate at 1550 nm. A variety of other
components for WDM applications
based on laser structures have been
investigated such as: laser modulator
amplifier (LAMDA) structure which is a
device designed to fulfill all three major
functions on a transmitter chip from a
Fig. 6
GaAs-based uncoated SQW GRINSCH
laser facet with catastrophic optical
damage,(COD).
We are developing techniques based on
vacuum cleaving or CAIBE etched facets
followed by in situ and/or ex situ
passivation using chlorine and sulphur.
We have excellent optical thin film
coating facilities to permit
antireflection (AR) or high reflectivity (HR)
facet coating after the passivation step.
Such coatings are important to control
the output power and the laser threshold
current.
Laser diodes for gas sensing
Since many gases have absorption lines
in the near infra red (N-IR), which are
achievable laser wavelengths from either
the GaAs or the InP based alloy
systems, it is possible to perform
accurate and selective sensing of gases
(and solids or liquids, for that matter)
using semiconductor diode lasers (13).
We have commenced a program with
American
Sensors,
a
Canadian
company, to exploit this concept and to
determine
the
viability
of
N-IR
pspectroscopic
techniques
using
semiconductor diode lasers for gas
309
sensing in the domestic and workplace
environment.
Laser diode quantum
well
disordering
The gain spectrum of a typical laser
diode is restricted to about 30 nm,
which limits the range of
laser
wavelength available on a single chip.
Within
the
active
region
of
a
semiconductor laser are several quantum
wells. Using quantum well disordering
w e have successfully fabricated arrays
of lasers (14). These arrays of lasers
may find applications in simple low cost
WDM systems or spectroscopy. The
output spectra for an array of disordered
lasers are shown in figure 6. This
technology can also be used as a
method to monolithically
integrate
optoelectronic devices w i t h different
funtionality
without the need for
epitaxial overgrowth.
illuminated by t w o separate beams of
light
at
a set
wavelength,
an
interference pattern forms below the
mask, thus transferring the grating
image (15). This effect is shown in
figure 7.
The development of long wavelength
lasers having low threshold current, low
turn on voltage, low operating currents,
single spatial mode w i t h high power
stability, w i t h good temperature stability
was required by an SSOC member,
EG&G Optoelectronics(16). Using the
design, modelling, characterization and
fabrication
techniques
previously
described w e were able successfully to
transfer the technology generated at
NRC
to
produce
a
range
of
semiconductor laser diode products at
EG&G. These devices at 1300, 1 5 5 0
and 1650 nm are now commercially
available. The 1 3 0 0 nm laser produces
10C) m W CW ex facet w i t h 2 0 0 mA
drive current.
REFERENCES
(1)
Z.R. Wasilewski et al., Jour.
Crystal Growth H I (1991) p.70
(2)
R. Williams et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.
£ 8 (17) (1991) p . 1 8 1 6
(3)
B.S.R. Tatavarti et al., Elec. Lett.
2 9 ( 1 9 9 3 ) p.373
(4)
T. Sudersena Rao et al., Appl.
Phys. Lett.
(8) (1994) p. 1015
(5)
Z.M. Li et al., IEEE Jour. Quantum
Electronics 2Q (2) (1994) p.538
(6)
LASTIP, Crosslight Software Inc,
PO
Box
27102,
Gloucester,
Ontario K1J 9L9
(7)
P.J. Poole et al. Proc. of SPIE, Vol.
2 4 0 2 , p. 115.
(8)
R. Williams et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.
59 (22) (1991) p . 2 7 9 6
(9)
D. Moss et al., IEEE Phot. Tech.
Lett. 4 ( 1 9 9 2 ) p.609
m = 0
Fig. 7
Beam splitting and interference under an
illuminated grating photomask ( 8 , = 6,)
This technique is now used in the
production
of
DFB
lasers
for
telecommunications. Typical results are
shown in figure 8. The mask plates are
now fabricated by conventional electron
beam
lithography
mask
making
techniques.
.g
o
_Jl
1420
1440
1460
LI
1480
1500
10 dB/div
0
-
dBm
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 6
Output for an array of quantum well
disordered lasers.
le) 1497 nm,
= 30.7%, /,„ = 410 mA
lb) 1486 nm.
= 31.5%, /,„ = 410 mA
(c) 1449 nm. / ; , , = 26.8%, /,„ = 400 mA
Id) 1443 nm, n „ = 24.6%, /,„ = 420 mA
-40
-
J\
-80
1.5345
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Whilst SSOC provided a technology
focus,
the
transfer
of
spin-off
technologies into industry was also an
objective. T w o examples of technology
transfer on semiconductor diode lasers
were grating printing using photo-masks
(BNR)
and
long
wavelength
semiconductor diode lasers (EG&G).
One of the problems w i t h the production
of single frequency semiconductor lasers
(distributed feedback (DFB) or DBR) is in
the
fabrication
of
the
grating.
Holographic techniques expose the
grating over the whole slice and also
require separate exposures for separate
wavelengths.
Multiple
wavelength
sources
are important
for
WDM
components. Electron beam or focussed
ion beam lithography
is a time
consuming process and the exposure
field area is limited which can lead to
field stitching problems. The solution
was to fabricate etched gratings on a
silica mask by focussed ion beam
lithography.
When the grating is
310
pm
RES 0.1 n m
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
1.5445
1.5545
2 nm/div
Losing spectrum of the phase shifted
DFB laser in the output power of 6 m W
(both facets AR coated).
(10) S. Charbonneau e t a l . , Appl. Phys.
Lett. 63 (12) (1993)
(11) D. Moss et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.
59 (24) (1991) p . 3 1 3 9
Cross-sectional SEM of long wavelength ridge
waveguide laser. The central ridge is 3/jm wide.
(12)
M. Fallahi et al., Proc.
of SPIE, Vol 2 3 9 8 ,
p. 135
(13)
D.E. Cooper and R.U.
Martinelli, Laser Focus
World,
November
1 9 9 2 , p. 133
(14)
E.Koteles, Physics in
Canada, Vol 52 (2),
p.251
(15)
G. Pakulski etal., Appl.
Phys.
Lett
62
(3)
(1993) p.222
(16)
EG&G Optoelectronics,
22001
Dumberry,
Vaudreuil,
Quebec,
J 7 V 8P7
THE CAP 52ND ANNUAL CONGRESS
52e CONGRÈS ANNUEL DE L'ACP
INFORMATION
CALL FOR ABSTRACTS
APPEL DE RÉSUMÉS
ABSTRACT DEADLINE -- 1 9 9 7 March 15
DATE LIMITE POUR RÉSUMÉS -- le 15 mars 1 9 9 7
311
1 9 9 7 CAP CONGRESS
UNIVERSITY OF C A L G A R Y , 1 9 9 7 J U N E 8 - 1 1
TENTATIVE PROGRAM OUTLINE
SATURDAY.JUNE 7
0800 h
CAP Executive Meeting
1500 h
CAP Council Meeting
1900 h
Townhall Meeting - Update on Review of Physics
SUNDAY. JUNE 8
0 8 3 0 - 1600 h
DCMP Symposium "Frontiers in Scanning Probe Microscopy of Condensed Matter: Physics and Applications"
1330 - 1500 h
Institute of Particle Physics Meeting
1930 h
Opening Speaker - (tentative; arranged by Local Org. Cttee.)
Subject: Hubble Space Telescope
2030 h
Opening Reception
MONDAY. JUNE 9
0830 h
Plenary Session - (tentative; arranged by DAMP)
Subject: Science and Anti-Science
0930 h
DPE:
DAMP:
DAMP/DOP/DPP:
DOP:
DCMP:
DCMP:
DNP:
PPD:
Laboratory/Demonstration/Experiments
Advances in Atomic Theory
Laser-Matter Interactions at High Fields I
Plasmas and Radiation Generation
Telecommunications
Liquid Crystals
Superconductivity
E.m. and strong interactions in nuclear physics
Standard Model and Beyond
1200 h
Division Meetings:
PPD
DCMP
1330 h
DAMP/DOP:
Laser-Matter Interactions at High Fields II
Dynamics of Multiphoton Ionisation
Controlled Fusion
Applications of Photonics
Joint session in nuclear and particle physics
Non-linear Phenomena
Non-Traditional Job Opportunities
DPP:
DOP/DIAP:
DNP/PPD:
DTP:
DCMP/DIAP:
1800 h
1930 h
312
Posters and Beer Session
CJP Editorial Board Meeting
Tentative CAP Congress Program - continued
TUESDAY. JUNE 10
0830 h
Plenary Session: (arranged by DCMP)
R.C. Richardson, 1996 Nobel Prize winner
Subject: Superfluid 3He
0930 h
DAMP:
DAMP:
DPP/DOP:
DOP:
DCMP:
DCMP/DTP:
DNP:
PPD/DTP:
DPE:
Collisions and Polarization Phenomena in Gases and Surfaces
Molecular Complexes
Laser and Plasma Applications
Laser Processing
Liquid Helium
Computational Physics
Nuclear structure and heavy ion physics
Joint particle and theoretical physics session
How Should We Use Class Time?
1200 h
Division Meetings:
DAMP/DOP
DTP
DNP
1330 h
Lumonics and CAP Award Talks (parallel sessions)
1600 h
Annual General Meeting
1930 h
Reception followed by CAP Banquet
WEDNESDAY. JUNE 11
0830 h
Plenary Session: (Tentative - arranged by DASP)
Subject: Astrophysics
0930 h
PPD:
DPP/DASP:
DAMP:
DOP:
DCMP:
DCMP:
DNP:
DIAP:
Collider Physics
Space Plasma Physics
Laser Spectroscopy
Ultrafast Lasers
Biophysics
Magnetism/Neutron Scattering
Radioactive beams and exotic nuclei (including weak interaction)
Sensors and Actuators
1200 h
Division Meetings:
DASP
DIAP
DPE
DPP
1330 h
DOP:
DCMP:
DASP:
DTP:
PPD:
DIAP/CORP:
Lasers and Amplifiers
Semiconductors/Nanostructures
Atmospheric Physics
Theoretical biophysics
Flavour Physics
Industry/University Cooperation
1700 h
CAP Council Meeting
313
Appel de Résumés
Congrès ACP 1997
Call for Abstracts
1997 CAP Congress
Contributed papers m a y be presented in Poster or
Sessions. See poster instructions attached.
Oral
Les c o m m u n i c a t i o n s seront présentées soit dans des séances
de démonstration o u d'exposés.
Voir les instructions
attachées.
RULES ON ABSTRACTS
RÈGLES DE PRÉSENTATION
1. A participant usually is permitted t o present orally only one
contributed paper.
1. Normalement, un participant ne peut présenter oralement
q u ' u n e seule c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
2. The abstract m u s t be one paragraph, single spaced, elite
t y p e ( 1 2 characters/inch), t o f i t into an area 1 2 . 0 c m w i d e
and 1 0 . 5 c m long. Type w i t h a carbon ribbon or a fresh
black c l o t h ribbon. Blank f o r m s have been provided at the
center of this issue or can be f o u n d on the CAP w e b s i t e
( h t t p : / / w w w . c a p . c a ) in W P 5 . 1 or Latex f o r m a t . Further
sheets are available at the CAP office or an identical sheet
in w h i c h t h e center frame is d r a w n w i t h an Eagle Sky Blue
7 4 0 % pencil can be prepared locally, using a g o o d quality
w h i t e paper.
2. Le
résumé
doit
comporter
un
seul
paragraphe
dactylographié avec caractère élite à simple intervalle,
limité è 1 2 . 0 c m de largeur et 1 0 . 5 c m de hauteur. Se
servir d ' u n ruban carbonne o u d ' u n ruban de soie noir neuf
et de bonne qualité. Veuillez utiliser le formulaire au centre
de ce n u m é r o ou celui sur le site W e b de l'ACP
( h t t p : / / w w w . c a p . c a ) en f o r m a t W P 5 . 1 o u Tex. Des copies
supplémentaires sont disponibles au secrétariat de l'ACP
ou encore faire des formulaires identiques sur papier blanc
de bonne qualité en traçant le cadre au crayon bleu Eagle
" S k y Blue" 7 4 0 % .
3 . Indent the first line 8 spaces, t o a l l o w for a program
number t o be inserted later. Start w i t h the title, capitalize
the first letters of i m p o r t a n t w o r d s , and underline. Next,
t y p e the author(s) name(s), all in capitals, holding the name
of the presenter. F o l l o w w i t h the abbreviated name of the
a u t h o r ' s professional affiliation, w i t h initial letters
capitalized, and underline. A f t e r a dash, the t e x t f o l l o w s
immediately.
3 . Sur la première ligne, après 8 espaces laissés libres pour
l'insertion ultérieure d ' u n n u m é r o , o n doit inscrire et
souligner le titre en écrivant la première lettre des m o t s
importants en majuscule. Ensuite, en majuscules, le(s)
nom(s) d'auteur(s). Puis inscrire et souligner le nom abrégé
de l ' i n s t i t u t i o n (seule la première lettre en majuscule). Le
texte doit suivre i m m é d i a t e m e n t sans aller à lu ligne mais
après un tiret.
4. Leave one blank line b e t w e e n the t e x t and the footnotes.
For the title and byline use the superscript s y m b o l s ('), for
the t e x t , the superscript numerals ( 2 ).
4 . Laisser en blanc l'espace d ' u n e ligne entre le texte et les
renvois. Pour la disposition des renvois dans l'entête,
utiliser ('), et dans le t e x t e utiliser ( 2 ).
5. Ensure the name and complete mailing address of the
presenter is indicated at the b o t t o m of the page.
5. Souligner le n o m du présentateur et s'assurer que son
adresse postale complète est indiquée au bas de la page.
Indicate on the abstract the appropriate subject index
according t o the list a c c o m p a n y i n g these instructions.
6. Indiquer sur la feuille d u résumé, la cote appropriée se
rapportant au sujet, telle que donnée dans la liste qui
accompagne ces règles de présentation.
7. Overhead projector* w i l l be provided in every r o o m .
Should special/other equipment be required a special
request m u s t be made in the appropriate section on the
abstract.
7. Des retroprojecteurs seront disponibles le cas échéant, à
m o i n s que le besoin d ' u n autre f o r m a t soit expressément
indiqué sur la feuille d u résumé.
8 . S u b m i t the abstract in triplicate. All instructions m u s t be
on the abstract; do n o t send an accompanying letter.
8 . On doit fournir 3 exemplaires de chaque résumé. Toutes
les instructions doivent être sur la feuille du résumé.
N'envoyer aucune lettre pour accompagner celui-ci.
9. Failure t o c o m p l y w i t h these instructions is likely to result
in the exclusion of y o u r abstract.
9. Les résumés ne se c o n f o r m a n t pas à ces règles
présentation pourront être exclus du p r o g r a m m e .
Abstracts must be in the CAP Office
by the Deadline Date:
March 15. 1997
Date limite pour réception des résumé*
au bureau de l'ACP:
le 15 mars 1997
Send abstracts to:/Envoyer les résumés à:
E. Svensson
Program Chairman/PréskJent du programme
1 9 9 7 CAP Congress/Congràa ACP 1 9 9 7
Suite-bur 112, Imm. McDonald Bldg., 150 Louis Pasteur
Ottawa, Ontario K I N 6 N 5
de
SUBJECT INDEX FOR ABSTRACTS
DCMP
1. Biophysics
2. Disorder and Composites
3. Electronic Structure of Solids
4. Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques
5. Fluids
(a) General (b) Quantum Fluids (c) Classical Fluids
6. Fullerenes
7. Glassy and Amorphous Systems
8. Highly Correlated Electron Systems
9. Layered Systems
10. Magnetism
11. Materials Science
12. Mesoscopic Systems
13. Metal-Insulator Transition
14. Microelectronics/Device Physics
15. Nonlinear Phenomena
16. Optical Properties of Solids
17. Phase Transitions
18. Phonons
19. Quasicrystals
20. Soft Matter
(a) Liquid Crystals (b) Membranes and Lipids
(c) Polymers
21. Semiconductors
(a) Bulk (b) Defects (c) Heterostructures
(d) Superlattices
22. Superconductors
(a) Materials (b) Theory (c) Charge Properties
(d) Lattice Properties (e) Spin Properties
23. Surfaces
24. Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics
25. Thin Films
26. X-ray and Neutron Scattering
27. DCMP Sunday Symposium
PPD
28. Nuclear Astrophysics
29. Lattice Dynamics
30. Particle Physics Experiment
31. Particle Physics Theory
32. Theoretical Physics
33. Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques
34. Institute of Particle Physics Annual General Meeting
DNP
35. Astrophysics
36. Nuclear Fission and Photonuclear Reactions
37. Nuclear Structure
38. Nuclear Reactions and Scattering
DOP
39. Optics and Lasers
DPP
40. Controlled Fusion (ICF and Magnetic)
41. Laser Matter Interactions at High Fields
42. Laser and Plasma Applications
43. Space Plasma Physics
DIAP
44. Industrial Physics and application of physical
techniques
DPE
45. Education and training
DASP
46. Atmospheric and Space Physics (Poster only)
DAMP
47. Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules: Theory
48. Atomic Spectra and Interactions with Photons
49. Molecular Spectra and Interactions with Photons
50 Atomic and Molecular Collision Processes and
Interactions
51. Experimentally-derived Information on Atoms and
Molecules
52. Studies of Special Atoms and Molecules
COTE DU SUJET DES RÉSUMÉS
DCMP
1. Biophysique
2. Désordre et matériaux non-cristallins
3. Structure électronique des solides
4. Instrumentation et techniques expérimentales
5. Fluides
(a) Général (b) Fluides quantiques (c) Fluides classiques
6. Fullerènes
7. Systèmes vitreux et amorphes
8. Systèmes à hautes corrélation d'électrons
9. Systèmes en couches
10. Magnétisme
11. Sciences des matériaux
12. Systèmes mésoscopiques
13. Transition métal-isolant
14. Microélectronique/Physique des dispositifs
15. Phénomèes non-linéaires
16. Propriétés optiques des solides
17. Transitions de base
18. Phonons
19. Quasi-cristaux
20. Matière condensée molle
(a) Cristaux liquides (b) Membranes et lipides
(c) Polymères
21. Semiconducteurs
(a) Matériau massif (b) Défauts (c) Hétérostructures
(d) Superréseaux
22. Supraconducteurs
(a) Matériaux (b) Théorie (c) Propriétés de charge
(d) Propriétés du réseau (e) Propriétés du spin
23. Surfaces
24. Physique théorique de la matière condensée
25. Couches minces
26. Rayons X et diffusion de neutrons
27. Colloque du dimanche de la DCMP
PPD
28. Astrophysique nucléaire
29. Dynamiques des réseaux
30. Physique des particules élémentaires (experimentale)
31. Physique des particules élémentaires (théorie)
32. Physique théorique
33. Instrumentation et techniques expérimentales
34. Assemblé générale annuelle de l'IPP
DNP
35. Astrophysique
36. Fission et réactions photonucléaires
37. Structure nucléaire
38. Réactions et diffusion nucléaires
DOP
39. Optique et lasers
DPP
40. Fusion contrôlée (FCI et magnétique)
41. Interactions laser matières dans des champs forts
42. Applications des lasers et des plasmas
43. Physique des plasmas de l'espace
DIAP
44. Physique industrielle et appliquée
DPE
45. Enseignement
DASP
46. Aéronomie et physique de l'espace (affiche seulement)
DAMP
47. Structure électronique des atomes et molécules: Théorie
48. Spectres atomiques et interactions avec les photons
49. Spectres moléculaires et interactions avec les photons
50. Mécanismes de collision et d'interaction atomiques et
moléculaires
51. Information déduite d'expériences sur les atomes et
molécules
52. Études d'atomes et de molécules exotiques
315
Congrès ACP 97 CAP Congress
Université de Calgary / University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, June 8 - 11 juin 1997
Subject index (see attached)
Cote du sujet (voir p. jointe)
1.
OR
OU
Appropriate Session Headings
Session appropriée:
1.
I L
2.
2.
I prefer an oral session.
Je préfère la forme d'exposé.
EXEMPLE
S A M P L E
Intense Field Molecular Ionization - A Classical
Approach. D.M. Villeneuve, M. Yu Ivanov", and
P.B. Corkum, National Research Council.
Atomic
ionization in intense laser fields is well understood. For
diatomic molecules at small internuclear separations, the
inclusion of the molecular polarizability provides an
accurate description of the ionization process 6 . It is
s h o w n quantum mechanically t h a t , at internuclear
separations of about 4 Â , the ionization rate is
dramatically enhanced by orders of magnitude. A purely
classical model of the electron motion in the selfconsistent field also predicts such an enhancement. The
classical model is easily extended t o large molecular
systems, where no quantum mechanical treatment is
tractable, and provides more physical insight into the
ionization process.
a
Université de Sherbrooke.
b
D.M. Villeneuve et al, Can. J. Physics 6, 3 2 3 3 ( 1 9 8 8 ) .
S A M P L E
Name, address, telephone, fax, and e-mail
of submitter / Nom, adresse, numéros de
téléphone et télécopieur du proposant:
David Villeneuve
National Research Council
1500 Montreal Road
OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6
Tels
(613) 993-9975
Faxs
(613) 952-9710
E-mails [email protected]
EXEMPLE
Special requirements /
Équipement spécial:
I will need a VCR and a large-screen
television monitor
Name of Presenter (if different from submitter)
Nom du présenteur (si différent du proposant):
Signatures
316
Physics in Canada November/December 1 9 9 6
Paul Corkum
If sent by hard copy: The original and two copies of the abstracts should
be sent, by March 15, 1997 to:
E.C. Svensson, Program Chairman
1997 CAP Congress
Suite 112, McDonald Building, 150 Louis Pasteur Avenue
OTTAWA ON KIN 6N5
Templates in LaTex, Wordperfect and MSWord will be available at
http://www.cap.ca effective 1997 January 6. Completed LaTex files can be
sent by e-mail to "[email protected]".
Pour les résumés dactylographiés, l'original du résumé, plus deux copies,
doivent être envoyés avant le 15 mars 1997 à:
E.C. Svensson, Président du programme
Congrès ACP 1997
Association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes
Bureau 112, Immeuble McDonald, 150 rue Louis Pasteur
OTTAWA ON KIN 6N5
Un format du résumé en TEX, Wordperfect et MSWord sera disponible à
http://www.cap.ca.
Les résumés en format Tex peuvent être envoyés par
courrier électronique à "[email protected]".
OR
OU
Appropriate Session Heading:
1.
1.
2.
2.
I prefer to present my paper in a poster • or an oral • session.
Je préfère présenter ma communication sous forme d'affiche 0 ou d'exposé •.
•
•
Please enter me in the Lumonics competition: extended abstract attached • to follow •
Veuillez m'inscrire à la compétition Lumonics: résumé détaillé ci-joint 0 à suivre •
téléphone et télécopieur du proposant:
Tel:
Fax:
E-mail:
Nom du présenteur (si différent du proposant) :
Signature:
Équipement spécial :
OR
OU
Appropriate Session Heading:
1.
1.
2.
2.
I prefer to present my paper in a poster • or an oral • session.
Je préfère présenter ma communication sous forme d'affiche • ou d'exposé •.
•
•
Please enter me in the Lumonics competition: extended abstract attached • to follow •
Veuillez m'inscrire à la compétition Lumonics: résumé détaillé ci-joint • à suivre •
téléphone et télécopieur du proposant :
Tel: _
Fax:
E-mail:
Nom du présenteur (si différent du proposant) :
Signature:
Équipement spécial:
If sent by hard copy: The original and two copies of the abstracts should
be sent, by March 15, 1997 to:
E.C. Svensson, Program Chairman
1997 CAP Congress
Suite 112, McDonald Building, 150 Louis Pasteur Avenue
OTTAWA ON KIN 6N5
Templates in LaTex, Wordperfect and MSWord will be available at
http://www.cap.ca effective 1997 January 6. Completed LaTex files can be
sent by e-mail to "[email protected]".
Pour les résumés dactylographiés, 1'original du résumé, plus deux copies,
doivent être envoyés avant le 15 mars 1997 à:
E.C. Svensson, Président du programme
Congrès ACP 1997
Bureau 112, Immeuble McDonald, 150 rue Louis Pasteur
OTTAWA ON KIN 6N5
Un format du résumé en TEX, Wordperfect et MSWord sera disponible à
http://www.cap.ca.
Les résumés en format Tex peuvent être envoyés par
courrier électronique à "[email protected],ca".
Instructions and Arrangements for Poster Presentation
Posters will be organized into sections by subject area and will be located in areas adjacent to the meeting
rooms. All posters will be displayed throughout the entire congress, with all authors attendant on Monday
evening from 1800 h to 2100 h. Authors are urged to have their material mounted as early as possible Sunday
evening. All material must be removed from the boards by 5:00 p.m. on Wednesday.
The title of the paper, the author(s)' names, and their affiliation(s) should be displayed clearly in lettering at least
2 cm high. Poster material should be readable from a distance of 1.5 m. Brief texts and concise diagrams are
recommended. Lengthy texts in standard typescript should be avoided. Details are best left for the individual
discussions that the poster material will initiate.
Further details will be sent to authors with the acknowledgement of the acceptance of their abstract.
Instructions et renseignements concernant la présentation des affiches
Réparties en sections par sujet, les affiches seront installées à côté des salles de réunion. Elles resteront en
place toute la durée du congrès, mais tous les auteurs seront présents le lundi soir de 18 à 21 h. Les auteurs
sont invités à installer leur affiche le plus tôt possible le dimanche soir. Les panneaux devront être entièrement
libérés à 17 h le mercredi.
Le titre de la présentation, le nom des auteurs et leur affiliation doivent apparaître clairement en lettres d'au
moins 2 cm. L'affiche doit être lisible à 1,5 m. On recommende des textes courts et des diagrammes concis.
Évitez les longs textes dactylographiés en caractères ordinaires. Il vaut mieux fournir des détails lors des
discussions individuelles suscitées par le panneau.
Des renseignements supplémentaires vous parviendront avec l'accusé de réception de votre résumé.
"Our national stake in fundamental research
"At the threshold of the 21st century, we
are living through a transformation that will
rearrange the politics and economics of the
coming era. The globalization of markets,
rapid technological change and shift from a
resource-based to knowledge-based society
are increasingly defining the environment in
which many Canadians live.
Whether
Canadians can expect to maintain our
number one position in the world for quality
of life will depend in large measure on our
ability to develop a more innovative,
knowledge-based economy.
Physicists are among the best trained and
most flexible scientists in Canada. They do
have a contribution to make not only to
future scientific discovery, but to
strengthening the economic future of this
country. At this time, permit me to wish
everyone at the Canadian Association of
Physicists all the best in their endeavours in
the new year.
Best regards,
Sincerely,
David Kilgour, M.P. Edmonton Southeast
(Deputy Speaker)
As M.P. for Vancouver-Quadra, which includes in
its boundaries the University of British Columbia,
it was my task, after my election in 1993, to carry
the case to the Federal Government for the
TFtlUMF project, which is based at that University
and which draws on its Faculty and also on
distinguished scientific researchers from around
the World.
In deciding, after more than a year of
representations from my office, to grant the
TRIUMF project a total of $167.5 million, spread
over five years, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and
Science Minister John Manley
recognised,
concretely, that fundamental long-range research
in physics is indeed of vital importance in our
national development w i t h major potential
applications also in industry and commerce and in
creating the high-level jobs that go w i t h all that.
The federal Government is determined to maintain
a role of national leadership and support for our
science programmes, in the Universities and
elsewhere.
Ted McWhinney, Q.C., M.P.
Professor Emeritus
Membre de l'Institute de Droit International
Parliamentary Secretary (Fisheries and Oceans)
317
Institutional Members II Membres institutionels
(Physics Departments // Départements de physique)
Acadia University
Bishop's University
Brandon University
Brock University
Camosun College
Carleton University
CEGEP Beauce-Appalaches
CEGEP de Chicoutimi
CEGEP Francois-Xavier-Garneau
Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf
Collège Montmorency
Concordia University
Dalhousie University
École Polytechnique
Lakehead University
McGill University
McMaster University
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Mount Allison University
Okanagan University College
Queen's University
Royal Military College, Kingston
Saint Mary's University
St. Francis Xavier University
Simon Fraser University
Trent University
University of British Columbia
University of Calgary
University of Guelph
Université Laval
University of Lethbridge
Université de Moncton
Université de Montréal
University of New Brunswick
University of Northern B.C.
University of Prince Edward Island
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
Université du Québec à Montréal
University of Regina
University of Saskatchewan (and Eng. Phys.)
Université de Sherbrooke
University of Toronto
University of Victoria
University of Western Ontario
University of Windsor
University of Winnipeg
York University
1996 Sustaining Members II Membres de Soutien 1996
A. John Alcock
H.R. Andrews
J. Brian Atkinson
C. Bruce Bigham
Bertram N. Brockhouse
Laurent G. Caron
Allan I. Carswell
Robert L. Clarke
Walter G. Davies
Gerald Dolling
Gordon W.F. Drake
Earl J. Fjarlie
Brian C. Gregory
Geoffrey C. Hanna
Elmer H. Hara
318
Akira Hirose
Roger Howard
David D. Isaak
Thomas E. Jackman
Allan E. Jacobs
J. Larkin Kerwin
James D. King
Ron M. Lees
Roger A. Lessard
A. David May
Jasper S.C. McKee
Ann C. McMillan
Jean-Louis Meunier
Elizabeth J. Nicol
Allan A. Offenberger
Physics in Canada November/December 1996_
Roger Philips
Satti Paddi Reddy
Beverly E. Robertson
Lyle P. Robertson
John M. Robson
Donald W.L. Sprung
Alec T. Stewart
Boris P. Stoicheff
Eric C. Svensson
John G.V. Taylor
Henry M. Van Driel
Paul S. Vincett
Erich Vogt
Physics in Canada /
La Physique au Canada
V o l . 52, N o . 6
1996 November/December
novembre/décembre 1996
Physics Education
L'enseignement de la physique
CAP UNIVERSITY PRIZE EXAM
The Editorial Board published the 1994 CAP University Prize Exams in the July/August issue of Physics in
Canada, to maintain the high profile of this exam. The 1993 exam was published in the 1993 November issue
of Physics in Canada. The 1995 and 1996 exams follow.
It is the hope of the Editorial Board that Faculty members from participating institutions will use the problems in
these exams in their lecture courses, either as examples solved in class, or as assigned problems. This will
promote the CAP prize Exam in several ways: it will remind the students of the existence of this exam, familiarize
them with the type of questions set, and hopefully convince them that the exam is within their reach, and
consequently make them eager to participate.
CONCOURS UNIVERSITAIRE DE L'ACP
Le comité de rédaction a publié dans le numéro juillet/août de la Physique au Canada le Concours universitaire
de l'ACP 1994 pour maintenir la haute visibilité de cet examen. L'examen de 1993 a été publié dans le numéro
de novembre 1993. Les examens de 1995 et 1996 suivent.
C'est notre souhait que le corps professoral des institutions participantes utilise les problèmes de ces examens dans
leurs cours, soit comme exemples résolus en classe, ou dans les devoirs à remettre. Cela favoriserait le succès
du Concours universitaire de l'ACP de plusieurs façons: en rappelant aux étudiants l'existence de ce concours,
en les familiarisant avec le genre de problèmes posés, et en les rassurant, nous espérons, que l'examen est à leur
portée, et que par conséquent, ib seront désireux de l'écrire.
Featuring:
Canadian University Physics Departments / Départements
de physique
dans les universités
canadiennes
1 9 9 6 CAP High School Prize Examination and the International Physics Olympiad /
Concours secondaire
de l'ACP
1996 et L'Olympiade
internationale
de
physique
- A Call for Support / Une demande de soutien
- Contribution Form / Formulaire
de
contribution
1995 and 1 9 9 6 CAP University Prize Examination / Concours
Universitaire
de l'ACP
1995 et
1996
1996 December
CANADIAN UNIVERSITY PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS/DÉPARTEMENTS DE PHYSIQUE DANS LES UNIVERSITÉS CANADIENNES
E-MAIL
COUR.EL.
POSTAL CODE
CODE POSTAL
INSTITUTION
HEAD/CHAIR
DIRECTEUR
TELEPHONE NO.
NO. TELEPHONE
FAX NO.
NO. TELEC.
Acadia University
C.S. MacLatchy
(902) 585-1401
542-1454 CMACLATC@ACE. ACADIAU.CA
BOP 1X0
Bishop's University
T. Nagpal
(819)822-9600
822-9661
J 1 M 1Z7
Brandon University
A.F. Gulliver
(204) 727-7441
728-7346
Brock University
F.S. Razavi
(905) 688-5550x3343 682-9020 CHAIR@NEWTON. PHYSICS.BROCKU.CA
L2S 3A1
Carleton University
J. Armitage
(613)788-4326
788-4061 ARMITAGE@HINCKS. PHYSICS. CARLETON.CA
K1S 5B6
H3G 1M8
GULLIVER®BRANDONU.CA
R7A 6A9
Concordia University
D. Cheeke
(514) 848-3292
848-2828
CHEEKE®ALCOR.CONCORDIA.CA
Daihousie University
D.B.I. Kiang
(902) 494-2315
494-5191
[email protected]
B3H 3J5
École Polytechnique
A. Yelon
(514)340-4768
340-3218
[email protected]
H3C 3A7
Lakehead University
M.H. Hawton
(807) 343-8633
346-7775
[email protected]
P7B 5E1
R. Ul Haq
( 7 0 5 ) 6 7 5 - 1 1 5 1 x 2 2 2 1 675-4868
[email protected]
P3E 2C6
McGiil University
S. Das Gupta
(514) 398-6483
[email protected]
H3A 2T8
McMaster University -Physics
D.W. Sprung
( 9 0 5 ) 5 2 5 - 9 1 4 0 x 2 4 2 6 3 546-1252
[email protected]
L8S 4M1
P. Mascher
(905) 525-9140x24963 527-8409
MASCHER®MCMASTER.CA
L8S 4L7
Memorial University of Newfoundland
S.P. Reddy
(709) 737-8738
Mount Allison University
P.K. Varma
(506) 364-2582
364-2583
[email protected]
EOA 3C0
545-6463
[email protected]
K7L 3N6
-Engineering Physics
398-8434
737-8739 S [email protected]
A1B3X7
Queen's University
J.R. Leslie
(613)545-2706
Royal Military College, Kingston
T.J. Racey
(613) 541-6000x6417 541-6040
[email protected]
K7K 5L0
Saint Francis Xavier University
D.L. Hunter
(902)867-2104
876-2124
[email protected]
B2G ICO
Saint Mary's University
D.G. Turner
(902)420-5635
420-5141
[email protected]
Simon Fraser University
R.F. Frindt
(604) 291-3161
291-3592 R [email protected]
V5A 1S6
Trent University
P.C. Dawson
(705) 748-1628
748-1625
[email protected]
K9J 7B8
J.C. Samson
(4031492-3616
492-0714
[email protected]
T6G 2J1
University of British Columbia-Physics
B.G. Turrell
(604) 822-3150
822-5324
[email protected]
V6T 1Z1
E.G. Auld
(604) 822-6746
822-5324
[email protected]
V6T 1Z1
University of Calgary
J.S. Murphree
(403) 220-6349
289-3331
[email protected]
T2N 1N4
University of Guelph
K.R. Jeffrey
( 5 1 9 ) 8 2 4 - 4 1 2 0 x 3 9 0 9 836-9967
[email protected]
N I G 2W1
Université Laval
P.L. Amiot
(418)656-2152
656-2040
[email protected]
G1K 7P4
University of Lethbridge
M.K. Ali
(403) 329-2356
329-2057
[email protected]
T1K 3M4
G. Williams
(204)474-9817
269-8489
[email protected]
R3T 2N2
Université de Moncton
T.G. Richard
(506) 858-4339
858-4541
[email protected]
El A 3E9
Université de Montréal
J.R. Derome
(514) 343-6669
343-2071
[email protected]
H3C 3J7
University of New Brunswick-Fredericton
A. Sharp
(506) 453-7924
453-4581
[email protected]
E3B 5A3
C.H. Leung
(506) 648-5631
646-5528
[email protected]
E2L 4L5
University of Northern British Columbia
A.H. Hussein
(604) 960-6622
960-5545
[email protected]
V2N 4Z9
R.J. Hodgson
(613) 562-5800x6750 562-5190
[email protected]
K1N 6N5
University of Prince Edward Island
D. Dahn
(902) 566-0599
Université du Québec è Chicoutimi
M. Suquet
( 4 1 8 ) 5 4 5 - 5 0 1 1 x 5 0 8 1 545-5012
[email protected]
G7H 2B1
Université du Québec à Montréal
E. Boridy
(514) 987-4196
987-6621
[email protected]
H3C 3P8
Université du Québec à Rimouski
B. Marinier
(418) 724-1770
723-7234
Université du Québec è Trois-Riviéres
G.M. Lefebvre
(819)376-5107
376-5012
[email protected]
G9A 5H7
S4S OA 2
-Engineering Physics
-St. John
566-0420 [email protected]
B3H 3C3
C I A 4P3
G5L 3A1
University of Regina
G. Papini
(306) 585-4204
585-4894
[email protected]
University of Saskatchewan
H.S. Caplan
(306) 966-6404
966-6400
[email protected]
S7N 0 W 0
Université de Sherbrooke
M. Poirier
(819)821-7048
821-8046
[email protected]
J1K 2R1
[email protected]
M5S 1A7
D. York
(416) 978-5205
978-2625
Z.G. Vranesic
(416) 978-2903/4256
978-0828
University of Victoria
C. Pritchet
(250) 721-7698
721-7715
[email protected]
V8W 3P6
J. Lepock
( 5 1 9 ) 8 8 5 - 1 2 1 1 x 2 2 1 4 746-8115
[email protected]
N2L 3G1
University of Western Ontario
D.R. Moorcroft
(519)679-6441
[email protected]
N6A 3K7
University of Windsor
W.E. Baylis
(519) 253-4232x5041 973-7075
[email protected]
N9B 3P4
University of Winnipeg
E. Tomchuk
(204) 786-9442
[email protected]
R3B 2E9
Wilfrid Laurier University
J.W.Y. Lit
(519) 884-1970x2273 746-0677 JLIT@MACH1 WI.U.CA
N2L 3C5
York University
A.D. Stauffer
(416) 736-5249
M3J 1P3
University of Toronto-Physics
-Engineering Science
320
661-2033
783-7981
736-5516
[email protected]
1996 CAP HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION AND THE
INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD
The 1996 CAP High School Prize Exam
was written on April 19.
Provincial
prizes were awarded. A list of provincial
winners as well as the number of
schools and students from each
province writing the exam are reported
in the CAP's 1996 Annual Report (soon
to be available on the CAP's website at
htt p :\\w w w . ca p. ca ).
The top three national winners are:
Jeff Fingler, Kildonan-East C.I, MB
Harvey Auerback, Vanier College, QC
Marco Gualtieri, Phillips Acad., QC
These students won $1,000, $500 and
$250 respectively.
All three were
invited to the National Physics Olympiad
Finals held in Montreal last May.
Auerback and Gualtieri were both
selected for the Canadian Physics
Olympiad Team competing last summer
in Oslo, Norway (see following report).
The exam is sponsored by the CAP, Inco
Limited, and the Canadian Chemistry
and Physics Olympiad.
THE 1996 IPhO
The 1996 Canadian Physics Olympiad
Team travelled to Oslo, Norway to
represent Canada. They were:
Harvey Auerback, Vanier College, QC
Jonathan Backer, Central Peace SS, AB
Alexandru Ghitza, Collège Jean de
Brebeuf, QC
Marco Gualtieri, Phillips Academy, QC
Vincent Pelletier, Collège Edouard
Montpetit, QC
The Canadian Team was selected at the
1996 National Olympiad Finals held at
McGill University in Montreal. The top
15 physics students from across Canada
spent the week in Montreal
in
competition for a position on the team.
During the week, the students attended
lectures and laboratory training sessions
and were evaluated on both their
theoretical and experimental skills.
The Canadian Team arrived in Oslo on
Saturday, June 29th, after a long and
tiring flight from Canada. They spent
the next day recuperating and exploring
the pleasant city.
The Opening
Ceremony for the 1996 International
Physics Olympiad was held in the Oslo
City Hall where the Nobel Peace Prizes
are awarded.
In the competition, Harvey Auerback
and Marco Gualtieri won bronze medals
and Vincent Pelletier received an award
of merit. Marco finished only one point
shy of a silver medal. As is usually the
case, the tem did particularly well on
the experimental part of the examinations. While Canadian Teams tend to be
weak on theoretical knowledge, they
have some of the most creative
experimental talents in the world.
Marco's finest moment, however, came
at the final dinner "talent show" in the
marvellous Maritime Museum.
In
addition to his talents as a physicist,
Marco is the North American Under-20
Whistling Champion. With music faxed
from home (a piece by Gluck), he got
together with a pianist from the Slovak
team and performed a duet that brought
the house down.
THE 1997 IPhO
The International Chemistry and Physics
Olympiads, scheduled for the summer of
1997, WILL BE HELD IN CANADA. This
is the first time that Canada has acted
as the host nation for these events and
never before have both been held in the
same country in the same year. It is an
exciting year for the Olympiad and
students
representing
Canada
in
international competition next summer
will have the pride of doing so on home
ground.
The
1997
International
Physics
Olympiad will be held in Sudbury,
Ontario from July 13-21 with Laurentian
University and Science North acting as
hosts.
The
1997
International
Chemistry Olympiad will be held in
Montreal, Quebec from July 13-23.
McGill and Bishop's Universities are
co-hosts.
Inco Limited and Merck
Frost
Canada
are the
principal
sponsors of the 1997 International
Olympiads.
PAST AND FUTURE
The International
Chemistry
and
Physics Olympiads began in 1967-68
w i t h only three nations from Eastern
Europe participating. The Olympiads
have been held every year since and
now attract nearly 60 countries from 5
continents.
The goal of these
competitions was, and continues to
be, the encourage-ment of excellence
in science eduation throughout the
world; the competitions are the most
prestigious of their kind for students at
the high school or CEGEP level.
All participating countries, Canada
included, devote an enormous amount
of
time,
energy,
and
money
encouraging and preparing their most
talented students so that they will do
well in these competitions. The calibre
of the competition is high and encompasses both theoretical knowledge and
laboratory expertise. Canada participated in the Chemistry and Physics
Olympiads for the first time in 1986
and 1985 respectively. Since this time
the chemistry students have won 2
gold, 5 silver and 16 bronze medals
while the physics competitors have
won 1 gold, 2 silver, and 13 bronze
medals.
INTERNET
Information on all aspects of the
Physics
Olympiad,
the
1997
International Olympiads, as well as
preparatory problems can be found at
http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/WWW/
Olympiad/.
"Although I am a professional historian by training, and a journalist
and politician by vocation, it was not until I went to work with
Fraser Mustard at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
that I was exposed to science in a focused fashion. The result
was a mid-life epiphany, one which I wish had occurred much
earlier. I have developed a layman's love of science, and I am
pleased to offer you best wishes for the new year as a nonpractising admirer of physics and physicists.
Yours truly,
John Godfrey, M.P. Don Valley West
321
A CALL FOR SUPPORT
UNE DEMANDE DE SOUTIEN
Dear Colleague
Cher collègue.
In July 1997, Canada will, for the first time, host the
International Physics Olympiad, a competition for the top highschool physics students in the world. Five students and t w o
team leaders from about sixty countries will gather at
Laurentian University and Science North, in Sudbury, Ontario,
to tackle rigorous theoretical and experimental problems and
build friendships through educational, social, and recreational
activities.
En juillet 1997, le Canada sera, pour la première fois, l'hôte de
l'Olympiade internationale de physique, un concours pour les
meilleur(e)s élèves de niveau pré-universitaire à travers le
monde. Cinq étudiant(e)s et deux chefs d'équipe de quelque
soixante pays vont se rencontrer à l'Université Laurentienne
et à Sciences-Nord, à Sudbury, Ontario, pour attaquer des
problèmes théoriques et expérimentaux de calibre très élevé
et pour bâtir des amitiés par l'entremise d'activités à
caractères éducatif, social et récréatif.
No doubt that most of these young people will excel among
our future world leaders in science. We wish to provide these
bright young minds w i t h an everlasting positive image of
Canada, its scientists, and people. This is a once-in-ageneration event which is not likely to occur in Canada again
in the next fifty years and w e are expending strenuous efforts
to finance it. We are seeking financial support from federal
and provincial agencies, private sector organizations,
educational and professional organizations, and from
individuals.
The total estimated cost of the event is
$400,000, and INCO Limited has agreed to be the principal
sponsor w i t h a donation of $160,000.
Il ne fait pas de doute que la plupart de ces jeunes excelleront
parmi nos futur(e)s leaders scientifiques mondiaux. Nous
désirons fournir à ces brillants jeunes esprits une image
positive ineffaçable du Canada, de ses scientifiques, et de ses
habitants. Un tel événement ne se reproduira sans doute pas
chez nous pour une génération au moins, soit environ
cinquante ans. Par conséquent, nous tentons présentement
de financer un événement si important. Pour ce faire, nous
faisons appel à des agences des gouvernements du Canada et
de l'Ontario, au secteur privé, à des organismes éducatifs et
professionnels ainsi qu'à des personnes comme vous. Le coût
estimatif total de l'événement sera de 4 0 0 000$ et l'Inco
Limitée a accepté de s'en faire le commanditaire principal en
contribuant une somme de 160 000$.
So we turn to you, colleagues and members of the Canadian
physics community, to solicit a financial contribution in
support of what is clearly a very good cause. Please consider
making a tax deductible contribution in whatever amount you
deem reasonable. Every contribution is valuable and our
reward will be a heightened visibility of Canadians in the
world of science.
Nous nous tournons donc vers vous, cher collègue ou chère
collègue, ainsi que vers tous les membres de la communauté
de la physique au Canada, pour solliciter votre support
financier pour ce qui est sans nul doute une très bonne cause.
Nous vous prions de contempler la possibilité de faire une
contribution déductible d'impôts pour la somme que vous
jugerez raisonnable. Chaque contribution compte et notre
récompense sera une plus grande visibilité des canadiens dans
le monde des sciences.
Yours sincerely,
Je demeure sincèrement vôtre,
N. Gauthier,
CCPO Board Member for CAP
N. Gauthier
Membre du Bureau de direction de l'OCCP
In Canada, the responsibility for organizing the 28th
International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) lies w i t h the Canadian
Chemistry and Physics Olympiad (CCPO). The CCPO is a nonprofit organization governed by a Board of Directors who are
all volunteers.
La responsabilité
d'organiser
la
28ème
Olympiade
internationale de physique (OlPh) incombe à l'Olympiade
canadienne de chimie et de physique (OCCP). L'OCCP est un
organisme à but non-lucratif qui est régi par un Bureau de
direction composé entièrement de volontaires.
The Committee for the 28th IPhO is composed as follows:
Le Comité organisateur de la 28ème OlPh est structuré
comme suit:
John Wylie, Directeur (Toronto French School);
Alan Nursell, Président du Comité Local (Univ. Laurentwnne);
Napoléon Gauthier, Dir. des communications (CMRC);
Chris Waltham/Andrzej Kotlicki, Comité scientifique <uc-B).
John Wylie, Director (Toronto French School);
Alan Nursall, Chairman of Local Cttee (Science North);
Napoléon Gauthier, Dir. of Communications (RMC);
Chris Waltham & Andrzej Kotlicki, Scientific Cttee (UBC).
Donations should be forwarded to:
Tout don devrait fitre envoyé à:
Dr. J. Wylie, Director
306 Lawrence Avenue East
TORONTO ON M4N 1T7
M. John Wylie, directeur
Olympiade internationale de physique
306 ave Lawrence, est
TORONTO ON M4N 1T7
Tel: (416) 484-6533
Fax: (416) 4 8 1 - 6 5 2 9
E-mail: [email protected]
Téléphone:
Télécopieur:
Courrier élec:
Further information about the 28th IPhO may be found in the
WWWsite: http://www.laurentian.ca/www/physics/olympiad
(416)484-6533
(416)481-6529
[email protected]
Pour plus de renseignements au sujet de la 28ème OlPh,
veuillez contacter le site World Wide Web suivant:
http://www.laurentian.ca/www/physics/olympiad
XXVIII OLYMPIADE INTERNATIONALE
XXVIII
DE PHYSIQUE
INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD
CONTRIBUTION FORM / FORMULAIRE DE CONTRIBUTION
YES, I wish to support the XXVIIIth International Physics Olympiad
to be held in Sudbury, Ontario, from July 13th to 21st 1997.
OUI, je désire supporter la XXVIIIème Olympiade internationale de
physique, qui aura lieu à Sudbury, Ontario, du 13 au 21 juillet
1997.
$25
•
25$
$50
•
50$
$100
•
100$
Autre
Other
Vous recevrez une reçu officiel pour fins d'impôt et votre soutien
sera reconnu publiquement.
You will receive an official receipt for income tax purposes and
your support will be acknowledged publicly.
•
•
Cheque enclosed / chèque ci-joint
Payable to:
The Canadian Chemistry and Physics Olympiad
À l'ordre de:
L'Olympiade canadienne de chimie et de physique
Payment by credit card / paiement par carte de crédit
•
American Express
•
Visa
•
Mastercard
Account number / numéro de carte
Expiry date / date d'expiration
/
Mo
Signature
Nom/Name
Organization/Affiliation
Address/Adresse
City/Ville
Postal Code / code postal
Prov
Yr/An
1995 CAP University Prize Examination
Wednesday, February 1, 1995
2:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Instructions
1.
The use of calculators is allowed.
2.
Do as many questions as you can, in whole or in part. It is
not expected that you will complete all ten questions!
3.
Answer each question beginning on a new sheet of paper.
Please write the question number and your name at the top of
each page.
4.
All questions are of equal value, but not of equal difficulty.
1.
Calculate the mean density of the sun given only the following
data: the gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10"11 Nm2/kg2/ the
length of the earth's year, T E = 3.16 x 107s, and the fact
that the sun's diameter subtends an angle of 0.55° at the
earth (i.e. the angular "width" of the sun as seen from the
earth is 0.55°).
(a)
(b)
A simple pendulum, consisting
X
of a bob of mass m attached
<
to a light (massless) rod of
^
length I, swings in a plane,
without friction, from a bead
of mass M. The bead is free
to move without friction on a
horizontal wire, as in the
diagram. Derive an expression
for the Lagrangian L of this
system in terms of the generalized
coordinates X and 9 shown in the diagram.
Write down the Lagrange equations for
simplify as much as possible.
(For
coordinate q, the Lagrange equation is
_d_/dL\
dt\d$l
dL
dq
M
F"
1
X
a
fc
tfI
and 9, and
generalized
= 0
'
where Ç is the time derivative of q.)
(c)
From the Lagrange equations, show that if the pendulum's
motion started with both M and m at rest (but with 9
nonzero and |0|<9O°),
(M+m) X + ml 9 cos
6=0
where X and 9 are the time derivatives of X and 9.
may this result be interpreted?
324
How
4
3.
A dielectric having a dielectric constant K extends from -a to
+a in the x direction and can be considered to have infinite
extent in the y and z directions. There are conducting plates
on the surfaces at x = ±a. Charge has been implanted in the
dielectric and the density of this "free" charge is given by
p(x) = p0 cosh(/?x)
where p0 and 0 are positive constants.
An external circuit
forces the potential difference between the plate at x = a and
the plate at x = -a to be V.
4.
(a)
Obtain an expression for the electric field
dielectric in terms of p0, p, K, a and V.
in
the
(b)
What is the surface charge density of the "free" charge
on the conducting plates in this situation? Express your
answer in terms of p0, p, K, a and V.
A wire follows the circumference
of a circle of radius a except
for an arc of angular length 2<f>
across which it follows the chord.
This loop is suspended from a
point opposite the centre of the
chord, as shown, so that its plane
is perpendicular to a long straight
wire that passes through its centre.
When the currents are i and i', show
that the torgue on the loop is
(n0ii'a/n) (sin<t>~4>cos<f>) . The following
indefinite integrals may be helpful:
tan20dfl = cos0 (tanfl-0)
f
J
5.
*
dx = x - c tan"1 (x/c) .
x2+c2
A body of finite mass is originally at a temperature Tj which
is higher than that of a heat reservoir at temperature T2.
Suppose a heat engine operates in a cycle between the body and
the reservoir until it lowers the temperature of the body from
Ta to T2, in the process extracting heat Q from the body. The
engine does work W and rejects heat Q-W to the reservoir at
T2. By considering the entropy changes of the body and of the
reservoir, show that the maximum amount of work obtainable
from the engine is
W
max
where
SJ-S2
=
Q ~ T2
(Sj-Sj)
is the entropy decrease of the body.
La Physique au Canada novembre/décembre 1 9 9 6
325
3
A simple model for solid nitrogen (below 77K) is to treat it
as a collection of N independent noninteracting diatomic
molecules in thermal equilibrium at temperature T.
To
calculate the contribution of the rotational motion to the
thermodynamic properties of the solid, consider the molecules
to be rigid rotors whose centres of mass are stationary at the
sites of a crystal lattice. The rotational energy levels of
a diatomic molecule have the form,
j = 0,1,2,...
€(j) = j(j+l)«o
and the jth level consists of 2j+l degenerate states.
(a)
Write down the partition function Zrot for the system of
N molecules.
(b)
Evaluate the partition function approximately by assuming
that j is a continuous variable and converting the sum to
an integral.
(c)
Calculate the contribution of the rotational
the heat capacity at constant volume, C v .
useful to recall that the internal energy
obtained from the partition function Z by the
U = kBBT2
motion to
It may be
U can be
relation,
d(
>{nZ) .
dT
cloudL
A mirage is formed by the bending of light from the sky over
the hot surface of the earth, as in the diagram. The index of
refraction of the air increases linearly from r^, at y=0 to nj
at y=h.
Assume that an observer is situated at O in the
diagram. For the light ray shown in the diagram,
326
(a)
Determine the height y below which no image of the cloud
will be seen by an observer situated on the y-axis.
(b)
For what angle 61 will the cloud be seen as straight
ahead by an observer on the ground (y=0)?
4
8.
A quantum system can exist in two states, | a0> and | aj>, which
are normalised eigenstates of an operator Â (an observable)
with eigenvalues 0 and 1 respectively.
Â | a0> = 0,
Â | aa> = |aj>.
A Hamiltonian H for the system is defined by
H | a0> = ah | a0> + ph | a ^ ,
H | aj> = ph | a0> + ah | a:>,
where a, p are real constants.
(a)
Find the eigenvalues
eigenstates.
of
H,
and
the
corresponding
(b)
The system is in the state | a0> at time t=0.
state of the system at a later time t.
(c)
A measurement of the observable A is made at time
t=xh/2p.
What are the probabilities of obtaining the
values 0 and 1 in this measurement?
Find the
9.
The supernova 1987A is located about 170,000 light years away
from the earth. The interactions of a burst of 10 neutrinos
from the supernova were observed in an underground tank of
water within an interval of 2 sees.
The neutrino energies
varied in the range between 5 to 2 0 MeV (1 MeV = 106 eV) .
Estimate the upper limit of the neutrino mass from these data.
(Assume that the rest mass m^ of a neutrino is so small that
pc>>m u c 2 ) . Express your answer for mvc2 in eV.
10.
Explain briefly the physical principles involved
operation of any FOUR of the following devices:
in
(i)
thermistor
(ii)
photomultiplier
(iii)
diode rectifier
(iv)
Hall effect probe for measuring magnetic fields
(v)
transducer for generating ultrasonic waves.
the
327
Examen universitaire de l'ACP 1995
Mercredi le l ler février 1995
14:00 - 17:00
Instructions:
1. Il est permis d'utiliser une calculatrice.
2. Essayez de répondre au plus grand nombre de questions, en tout ou en partie. Vous
n'aurez probablement pas le temps de résoudre les dix problèmes.
3. Commencez chaque question en haut d'une nouvelle page. Ecrivez le numéro de la
question solutionnée ainsi que votre nom au début de chaque page.
4. Le même nombre de points sera accordés à chaque question même si leur taux de
difficulté est variable.
1. Calculez la densité moyenne du soleil en utilisant seulement les informations suivantes: la constante gravitationnelle est G = 6.67x 10~ n Nm 2 /kg 2 , la durée de l'année
terrestre est Te = 3.16 x 107s et le diamètre du soleil sous-tend un angle de 0.55°
vue de la terre (c'est-à-dire que la "largeur" angulaire du soleil est de 0.55° vue de
la terre).
2.
(a) Un pendule simple est constitué d'une
masse m reliée à une tige sans masse.
L'autre extrémité de la tige est attachée à un anneau de masse M. Tel
qu'illustré dans la figure, le pendule oscille dans un plan et l'anneau est libre de se déplacer sans friction sur un
câble horizontal. Dérivez une expression pour le lagrangien L correspondant à ce système en fonction des coordonnées généralisées X et 6.
1
328
(b) Ecrivez les équations de Lagrange pour les coordonnées généralisées X et 6.
Simplifiez ces équations autant que possible. (Notez que pour une coordonnée
généralisée q, l'équation de Lagrange s'écrit
d_ fdL\
dt\dq)
_dL_
dq~
'
(1)
q étant la dérivé par rapport au temps t de la coordonnée q.)
(c) A partir des équations de Lagrange, montrez que
(M + m)X + mlè cos 6 = 0
(2)
lorsque les conditions initiales sont 0 <
< 90° avec les masses m et M au
repos, X et 6 étant les dérivés par rapport au temps de X et 6. Comment ce
résultat peut-il être interprété ?
Un diélectrique de permittivité relative (contante diélectrique) K s'étend de x =
—a à x = +a et est de dimension infinie dans les directions y et z. Des plaques
conductrices sont installées sur les surfaces x = ± a . Une charge électrique est
implantée dans le diélectrique. La densité de cette charge "libre" est donnée par
p(x) = p0 cosh(/?x)
(3)
où les constantes po et 0 sont positives. Un circuit externe permet d'imposer une
différence de potentiel V entre la plaque conductrice située à x = + a et celle située
a x = —a.
(a) Obtenez une expression pour le champ électrique à l'intérieur du diélectrique
en fonction des paramètres p0, /?, K, a et V.
(b) Dans cette situation, quelle est la densité de charge de surface de la charge
"libre" à la surface des plaques conductrices ? Exprimez votre réponse en
fonction de p0, /?, K, a et V.
Tel qu'illustré sur la figure, un fil métallique suit
la circonférence d'un cercle de rayon a sauf pour
une section où il suit la corde qui sous-tend un
angle 2<f>. La boucle ainsi formée est suspendue
par le point opposé au centre de la corde de façon
à ce qu'elle se situe dans un plan perpendiculaire
à un second fil métallique, long et droit, passant
par le centre du cercle. Demontrez que le moment de force ("torque") s'exerçant sur la boucle
est donné par (p.0ii'a/7r)(sin</> — <f>coscf>) lorsque
les courants sont i et i'. Les intégrales indéfinies
suivantes peuvent être utiles:
329
J tail 2 Odd = cos 0(tan 9-6)
(4)
f
(5)
J
®2
=Z
~ Ctan 1 ^
5. Un corps de masse finie est initialement à une temperature T\ supérieure à la
température T^ d'un réservoir de chaleur. Supposez qu'un moteur à chaleur fonctionne selon un cycle entre le corps et le réservoir jusqu'à ce que la température
du corps diminue de 7\ à Ti, extrayant ainsi une quantité de chaleur Q du corps.
Le moteur effectue un travail W et rejette une chaleur Q — W au réservoir à la
température Ti. En considérant le changement d'entropie du corps et du réservoir,
montrez que la quantité maximale de travail qui peut être obtenue du moteur est
W m „ = Q- T 2 (5i - S2)
(6)
où Si — S2 est la perte d'entropie du corps.
6. Dans un modèle simplifié, l'azote solide (sous 77°K) peut être traité comme un
ensemble comprenant N molécules diatomiques individuelles et non-intéragissantes
en équilibre thermique à une température T. Afin de calculer la contribution du
mouvement rotationnel aux propriétés thermodynamiques du solide, considérez que
les molécules sont des rotors rigides ayant leurs centres de masse stationnaires sur
les sites d'un réseau cristalin. Les niveaux d'énergie rotationnelle d'une molécule
diatomique s'expriment sous la forme
<j) = j(j +1)*
; =0,1,2,...
(7)
et le j'eme niveau comprend 2j + 1 états dégénérés.
(a) Ecrivez la fonction de partition Zrot pour ce système comprenant N molécules.
(b) Evaluez approximativement cette fonction de partition en transformant la
somme en une intégrale en supposant que j est une variable continue.
(c) Calculez la contribution du mouvement rotationnel à la capacité calorifique à
volume constant Cy. Notez que l'énergie interne U peut être obtenue à partir
de la fonction de partition Z à l'aide de l'expression
U = ht
330
«
(8)
7. Tel qu'illustré dans la figure, un mirage est formé lorsque la trajectoire de la lumière
provenant du ciel est courbée au dessus d'une surface terrestre dont la température
est élevée. L'indice de réfraction de l'air augmente linéairement de n 0 au sol (y = 0)
jusqu'à Tii à l'altitude y = h. Supposez qu'un observateur est situé en O. Pour le
rayon lumineux illustré dans le diagramme ci-dessous,
(a) déterminez l'altitude y au dessous de laquelle aucune image du nuage ne sera
vue par un observateur situé sur l'axe des y.
(b) Pour quelle valeur de l'angle 9\ est-ce que le nuage sera vu comme étant droit
devant pour un observateur situé au sol (y = 0) ?
8. Un système quantique existe dans deux états, [a0 > et |aj > , qui sont les états
propres normalisés d'un opérateur (une observable) A correspondant aux valeurs
propres 0 et 1.
i j a o > = 0,
À\ax > = |«i > .
(9)
L'hamiltonien H de ce système est défini par les expressions
Ê\a0>
=
a£|a0>
+ /?%!>,
(10)
H\ax > = /3K\a0 > + afc|ax >,
(11)
où a et (3 sont des contantes réelles.
(a) Trouvez les valeurs propres de H ainsi que les états propres correspondants.
(b) Le système est dans l'état Ja0 > au temps t = 0. Trouvez l'état du système
pour un temps ultérieur t.
(c) Une mesure de l'observable À est effectuée au temps t = 7rTi/2/?. Quelles sont
les probabilités d'obtenir les valeurs 0 et 1 lors de cette mesure ?
331
9. La supernova 1987A est située à une distance d'environ 170 000 année-lumière de la
terre. Dans un laps de temps de 2 secondes, un jet de 10 neutrinos a été détecté dans
un réservoir d'eau souterrain. L'énergie des neutrinos variait entre 5 et 20 MeV (1
MeV = 106 eV). A l'aide de ces données, estimez la limite supérieure de la masse du
neutrino. (Supposez que la masse au repos du neutrino m„ est suffisamment faible
pour justifier l'utilisation de pc > > 77i„c2). Exprimez votre réponse pour muc2 en
eV.
10. Expliquez brièvement les principes physiques impliqués dans le fonctionnement de
QUATRE des dispositifs suivants:
(a) thermistor ou thermisteur
(b) photomultiplicateur
(c) redresseur ("diode rectifier" en anglais)
(d) sonde à effet Hall pour mesurer un champ magnétique
(e) transducteur pour générer des ondes ultrasoniques
"It is a pleasure to send my warmest holiday greetings to all physicsts across this country.
Thanks to your ongoing efforts, Canada remains an international leader in science and technology.
Governments and industries around the world are turning to Canada for the ingenuity and expertise
to get the job done. Canadian physicists and research institutions are respected world-wide for
your commitment to innovation and excellence, and for your considerable accomplishments. As
a result, an increasing number of people are coming to this country to study at our universities, and
to take advantage of an intellectual environment which allows people to set ambitious goals, and
realize their full potential.
À l'occasion des Fêtes, le moment est propice à la réflexion sur les réalisations de l'année écoulée
et sur ce que nous réserve l'avenir. Je suis convaincue que l'année 1997 permettra à chacun
d'entre nous de réaliser ses objectifs et qu'ensemble, nous contribuerons à l'essor de notre pays.
Je souhaite de tout mon coeur que les lecteurs de Physics in Canada connaissent des fêtes sous
te signe de la sécurité et de la prospérité, baignées par l'affection chaleureuse de la famille et des
amis.
Sincerely,
Lucienne Robillard
Minister ôf Citizenship & Immigration
Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'Immigration
5
332
Page 1 of 5
1996 CAP University Prize Exam
Wednesday, February 7
2.00 - 5.00 pm
Calculators are allowed.
Each question should be written in a different booklet, with the
question number and your name and University clearly written
on the first page.
You should attempt as many questions as possible, in whole
or in part.
Questions are of equal value.
Constants:
S 0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
c = 3.0x108 m/s
g = 9.8 m/s 2
Send papers to:
Dr. I.P. Johnstone,
Department of Physics,
Queen's University,
Kingston, On. K7L 3N6
333
Page 2 of 5
0
8
A is a disk with radius 5 cm, mass 2 kg, and B is a block with
mass 5 kg. They are connected by a long light cord wrapped around
A which passes over the light, frictionless pulley C. How long
does it take for B to fall 2 m if the system is released from rest?
Rod AB has length 0.5 m, and is attached by a frictionless pin at
A to a vertical shaft which rotates at 75 rpm.
(a) At what angle û to the vertical will the rod hang in the steady
state?
(b) If the rod is hanging vertically (i> = 0) when the rotation
suddenly begins, what will be the speed of the rod's centre
when
has increased to 30°?
3. A famous practical joke makes use of a suitcase, inside which is
mounted a flywheel which is rapidly spinning about a horizontal
axis. Describe what a porter experiences when he tries to turn a
corner carrying the suitcase. If the flywheel has a mass of 5 kg,
a radius of gyration of 20 cm, and is spinning at 600 rpm, suggest
a way the porter should carry the suitcase to be able to go round
a right-angled bend in just 3 seconds.
334
Page 4 de 5
The space between the parallel plates is filled with a lossy
dielectric having permittivity c = 4 c q and conductivity cr =
l O ^ W
1
.
The plates are separated by 5 mm, and each plate has
a length of 10 cm and a width of 10 cm. A charge of 10 6 C is
distributed uniformly over the upper plate at time t=0, and the
lower plate is grounded. Assume that the electric field
the plates is uniform, with negligible
between
fringing.
(a) Determine the current density between the plates at t>0.
(b) Prove that the magnetic field in the dielectric is zero.
X
\t
4i
/ ^
44
Two metal plates occupy the yz plane at x=0 and x=d. The space
between them is half filled by a dielectric of permittivity c = 4 c q
and half by free space. A TE wave propagates in the z direction
between the plates.
(a) What are the electric and magnetic fields between the plates?
(b) If the cut-off frequency of the lowest mode is 3 GHz, what is
the plate separation d?
335
Page 4 of 5
6. A proton
(rest mass 938 MeV/c2) moving with speed 0.9c strikes a
stationary neutron (rest mass 94 0 MeV/c 2 ) forming a deuteron
(rest mass 1876 MeV/c 2 ) and a gamma ray of energy 250 MeV. What
is the speed of the deuteron, and at what angle to the proton's
direction does the gamma ray move?
7.
J
I
i
An ideal monatomic gas is carried round the cycle shown in the
figure. 1-2 is at constant volume, 2-3 is adiabatic, 3-1 is at
constant pressure, V 3 is 8Vi, and n moles of the gas are used.
(a) What is the heat input, the heat output, and the efficiency of
the cycle, in terms of P , V , n, and R?
(b) Compare the efficiency with the efficiency of a Carnot cycle
operating between the same extremes of temperature.
8. A system consists of 5 distinguishable non-interacting particles,
each of which can occupy either of two states, of energy zero and
c. In an ensemble of such systems in thermal equilibrium there are
twice as many systems having one particle in the upper state as
systems having two.
(a) What is the average energy of a system at this temperature?
(b) If, instead of being distinguishable, the particles are
identical bosons, what would be the average system energy at
this temperature?
336
Page 4 de 5
A venturi meter is a flowmeter for gases
(and liquids).
It
consists of a pipe of smoothly varying radius. The pressure
difference is measured between two points.
(a) What assumptions must you make about the flow in order to
derive a useable algebraic model? Assume that the pipe is
horizontal.
(b) Calculate the mass flow rate of an ideal gas
(air) given the
following values:
Pressures
p
Diameters
d
= 200 kPa, p
= '5 cm, d
1
'
2
=4
190 kPa
cm
2
Temperature
T
Gas constant
R = 8.314 J K" 1 m o l - 1
Air
MW = 28.97 x 10"3 kg/mol
/c
C
P
l
= 25°C
J = 1.400
V
10(a) If a is small, the lowest eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian
2
H
P x -f
,- lmw
i
2x 2 + am 2GJ3 X 4
2m
2
is approximately given by
E = E
Calculate E
+ aE
o
1
+ a E
and E u s i n g
2
perturbation
theory.
(b) If a particle is in the lowest eigenstate of H prior to a change
in a from zero to 0.1, calculate the probability of it
subsequently being found in an excited state if
and
(i) da/dt >> u,
(ii) da/dt << u.
(
/
- | \
2mu
n +
for
a
h a r m o n
ic
oscillator)
337
Page no 1 de 5
Concours du Prix Universitaire de l'ACP 1996
Le mercredi 7 février
de 14 à 17 heures
Les calculettes sont permises.
Chaque question devra être écrite dans un cahier séparé
avec le numéro du problème, les noms du candidat et de
son université clairement indiqués sur la première page.
Les candidats devront répondre au plus grand nombre de
questions possible, en tout ou en partie.
Chaque question a la même valeur.
Les constantes e0 = 8,854 x 10"12 F/m
g = 9,8 m/s2
Prière de renvoyer les examens â : Dr. I.P. Johnstone
Department of Physics
Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario
K7L 3N6
338
Page no 2 de 5
A représente un disque de 5 cm de rayon, d'une masse de 2 kg alors que B représente un
bloc de 5 kg. Ces deux objets sont reliés par une longue corde de masse négligeable
enroulée autour de A et qui passe par une poulie légère, sans friction, en C. Combien de
temps faudra-t-il au bloc B pour descendre d'une distance de 2 m si le système est lâché
de la position de repos?
2.
La tige AB de longueur 0,5 cm, est articulée en A au moyen d'une épingle sans friction et
son axe vertical qui la supporte tourne à la vitesse de 75 tours/min.
a)
Quel angle 0 la tige fera-telle par rapport à la verticale quand elle atteindra la
vitesse de croisière?
b)
Si la tige pend verticalement (0 = 0) lorsque la rotation débute soudainement,
quelle sera la vitesse du point médian entre A et B, lorsque 0 aura atteint la valeur
de 30°?
Une blague célèbre consiste à utiliser une valise à l'intérieur de laquelle se trouve une roue
gyroscopique qui tourne rapidement autour d'un axe horizontal. Décrivez l'expérience
d'un portier lorsqu'il essaie de tourner le coin d'une rue en portant la valise? Si la roue
gyroscopique a une masse de 5 kg, un rayon de gyration de 20 cm et si elle tourne à la
vitesse de 600 tours/min, pouvez-vous suggérer au portier une manière de porter la valise
afin de pouvoir tourner un coin de rue à angle droit en exactement 3 secondes?
339
Page no 3 de 5
4.
?
/
IE
L'espace entre deux plaques parallèles est rempli d'un diélectrique de permittivité e = 4e 0
et de très faible conductivité o = 10"10 Q 'm"1.
La séparation entre les plaques est de 5mm et les plaques elles-mêmes sont carrées, de
côté 10 cm. On distribue une charge uniforme de 10"6 coulomb sur la plaque supérieure au
temps t=0 et la plaque inférieure est mise au sol. Supposer que le champ électrique est
uniforme entre les plaques et négliger les effets des bords.
a)
Determiner la densité de courant électrique entre les plaques pour t>0.
b)
Démontrer que le champ magnétique est nul à l'interieur du diélectrique.
5.
x
*k
6
-+-Z
/z
Deux plaques métalliques définies par les plans x = 0 et x = d sont parallèles au plan yz.
Le demi-espace inférieur entre ces deux plaques est rempli d'un diélectrique de
permittivité e = 4e 0 et le demi-espace supérieur demeure vide. Une onde transverse
electrique se propage dans la direction Z entre ces plaques.
a)
Quels sont les champs electrique et magnétique entre les plaques?
b)
Si la fréquence de coupure du mode le plus bas est de 3 GHz, quelle est la
separation d des plaques?
340
Page 4 de 5
6.
Un proton (de masse au repos = 938 MeV/c 2 ) se meut à une vitesse de 0.9 c et frappe un
neutron au repos (masse au repos = 940 MeV/c 2 ) formant un deuton (masse au repos =
1876 MeV/c 2 ) et un rayon gamma d'énergie de 250 MeV. Déterminez la vitesse du
deuton ainsi que l'angle formé par le rayon gamma par rappport à la direction du
mouvement initial du proton.
P
7.
P2
P.
Un gaz parfait, mono- atomique est soumis au cycle indiqué sur la figure. Le processus 12 conserve un volume constant, 2-3 est adiabatique, et 3-1 est à pression constante. On
donne aussi que V 3 = 3V[ et que n moles de gaz ont été utilisées.
a)
Déterminez la chaleur fournie, la chaleur produite ainsi que le rendement du cycle
en fonction de P,, V„ n et de R?
b)
Comparez ce rendement avec celui d'une machine de Carnot entre les mêmes
limites de temperature?
8.
Un système consiste en 5 particules distinctes sans interaction et chacune d'elles peut
occuper l'un ou l'autre de deux états dont les énergies sont o et e. Dans un ensemble de
systèmes semblables, en équilibre thermique, il y a deux fois plus de systèmes ayant une
particule dans l'état supérieur que de systèmes qui en ont deux.
a)
Quelle est la valeur de l'énergie moyenne d'un de ces systèmes à cette
température?
b)
Quelle deviendrait l'énergie moyenne d'un système à cette même témperature si les
particules étaient des bosons identiques plutôt que distincts?
341
Page 5 de 5
Une jauge de Venturi sert à mesurer l'écoulement des gaz et des liquides. Cette jauge est
formée d'un tuyau de rayon qui varie de façon regulière. On mesure la différence de
pression entre deux points le long du tuyau.
a)
Quelles hypothèses devez-vous faire en ce qui concerne la nature de l'écoulement
pour pouvoir dériver un modèle analytique utilisable? On suppose que le tuyau et
horizontal.
b)
Calculez le taux d'écoulement de masse pour un gaz parfait (de l'air) dans les
conditions suivantes:
r>
Pressions:
Diamètres:
Température
La constante des gaz
Air
Cp/Cv
10
a)
p, = 200 kPa, p 2 = 190 kPa
d! = 5 cm d2 = 4 cm
T, = 25° C
R = 3,314 JK'1mol"1
Poids molaire = 28,97 x 10 "3 kg/mol
y = 1,400
Si a est de petite valeur, la plus basse des valeurs propres de l'hamiltonien
U
P
*
1
2 2
l
3 4
m2^orx
*
H=—+—m(À x + CL
2m 2
est donnée approximativement par
E = E c + a Ej + a 2 E 2
Déterminez E, et E 2 en théorie de perturbation.
b)
Si une particule se trouvait dans l'état propre de H le plus bas possible avant qu' un
changement de oc allant de 0 à 0,1 ne se produise, calculez la probabilité que cette particule
se retrouve dans un état excité si:
i)
ii)
da/dt » g>
da/dt « a)
Indication:
pour l'oscillateur harmonique.
<n + l\x\n
2m(ù
342
BOOKS RECEIVED /
LIVRES REÇUS
£
The following books have been received
for review. Readers are invited to write
reviews, in English or French, of books
of interest to them. Books may be
requested from the book review editor
André
Roberge
by
email
at
[email protected]
or at
Department of Physics, Laurentian
University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6.
Tel: (705) 675-1151, ext. 2234, FAX:
(705) 675-4868.
Les livres suivants nous sont parvenus
pour la critique qui peut être faite en
anglais ou en français. Si vous êtes
intéressés à nous communiquer une
revue critique sur un ouvrage en
particulier, vous êtes invités à vous
mettre en rapport avec le responsable
de la critique des livres, André Roberge
par
courier
électronique
via
[email protected] ou au:
Département de physique. Université
Laurentienne, Sudbury, Ontario, P3C
2C6. Tél: (705) 675-1151, poste 2234.
Télécopieur: (705) 675-4868
GENERAL INTEREST
Behind the Crystal Ball, by A. Aveni,
Random House, 1996, pp:xvii + 406,
ISBN 0-8129-2415-0,
BF1589.A9,
Price: $39.00 (he)
The Hazards of Life and All That, by
J. Bond, IOP, 1996, pp: xiii + 238, ISBN
0-7503-0360-3,
T55.B59,
Price:
$30.00 (pbk)
GRADUATE TEXTS
Elements of Non-Relativistic Quantum
Mechanics, by L. Sobrino, World
Scientific , 1996, pp: xiv + 332, ISBN
981-02-2386-2, QC1 74.24.N64S57,
Price: $56 U.S. (he)
The Quantum Theory of Fields, Volume
II,
by
S.
Weingerg,
Cambridge
University Press, 1996, pp: xxi + 489,
ISBN 0-521-55002-5, Price: $47.95
U.S. (he) Note: Volume I, ISBN
0-521-55001-7, set of t w o volumes:
0-521-58555-4
PROCEEDINGS
Advances in Nuclear Dynamics, Edited
by W. Bauer and A. Mignerey, Plenum
,
1996,
pp:
xii + 2 4 8 ,
ISBN
0-306-45296-0,
QC794.8.H4A38,
Price: $89.50 U.S. (he)
Advances in Nuclear Dynamics 2,
Edited by W. Bauer and G.D. Westfall,
Plenum , 1996, pp: xiii + 411, ISBN
0-306-45396-7,
QC794.8.H4A39,
Price: $125.00 U.S. (he)
Applied Optics and Optoelectronics,
Edited by K.T.V. Grattan, IOP, 1996,
pp: xi + 473, ISBN 0-7503-0382-4,
Price: $240 U.S. (he)
Coherence and Quantum Optics VII,
Edited by J.H. Eberly, L. Mandel and
E. Wolf, Plenum , 1996, pp: xxi + 737,
ISBN 0-306-45314-2, QC476.C6R63,
Price: $159.50 U.S. (he)
General Relativity, Edited by G.S.
and J.R. Pulham, IOP, 1996,
x + 422, ISBN 0-7503-0-395-6
0-7503-0-419-7 (pbk), Price: $ 180
[$50 pbk]
Hall
pp:
(he)
(he),
Hot Carriers in Semiconductors, Edited
by K. Hess, J.-P. Leburton and
U. Ravaioli, Plenum , 1996, pp:
xviii + 637, ISBN 0-306-45366-5 Price:
$149.50 U.S. (he)
Phthalocyanines,
Properties
and
Applications,
Vol.
4,
Edited
by
C.C. Leznoff and A.B.P. Lever, VCH
Publishers , 1996, pp:xi + 524, ISBN
1-56081-916-2, QD441.P37, Price:
$150 U.S. (he)
Physics
and
Chemistry
of
Low-Dimensional Inorganic Conductors,
Edited by C. Schlenker et al. Plenum
(NATO ASI Series, B354), 1996, pp:
xi + 4 8 1 ,
ISBN
0-306-45304-5,
QC176.8.E4P547, Price: $125.00 U.S.
(he)
BOOK REVIEWS /
REVUES DES LIVRES
OUT OF SIGHT, From Quarks to Living
Cells, by Sven Kullander, Borje Larsson,
Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp
xiv + 278.
ISBN
0-521-35044-1;
QC173.K93. Price: $ 29.95 he.
The text OUT OF SIGHT, From Quarks
to Living Cells begins with Our
Microworld, an introduction which
traces out the underlying methodologies
of scientific investigations from the
time of the Chinese in 6000 B.C.,
through to the Greeks of 4 0 0 0 B.C.,
thence to more modern times. A more
closely
time-spaced
findings
of
scientists from the invention of the
telescope to explorations of the
microworld of the atoms and quantum
theory follows. An interesting chapter
to read. Incidentally, the authors do
NOT restrict the discussion to Physics.
It does include aspects of Chemistry
and Biology. Chapter 2 entitled Light,
introduces the reader to the study of
light. Especially interesting is the
physical-chemical explanation asto how
photographic photography works. The
next chapter, Darkness does a good job
of explaining detectors of radiation. It
begins w i t h the eye, then follows w i t h
image intensifiers, scintillation detector,
ionization chambers etc.
Invisible
Radiation takes the reader through the
more "energetic" (low wavelength) part
of the electromagnetic
spectrum,
Particle radiation follows. Thus the
reader is exposed to a discussion of
X-Rays, electron waves, alpha, beta
and gamma rays (and some related
particle
decays),
reactor-produced
radiation,
accelerator-produced
radiation, some of their properties and
some of their applications. Chapter 5,
Forces looks at a variety of forces in
nature.
Here
are
found
some
discussions of the Gravitational force,
the Electromagnetic force and its role in
molecular bonding, force "carriers" via
Feynam Diagrams, Nuclear forces.
Quarks & gluons, the Strong Force in
quark interactions, the Weak Force
(Beta decay), the Electroweak force and
the Nuclear heavy particles Zo, W + ,
and W-. Matter begins w i t h a general
approach which does include atomic
and molecular physics. Then the reader
is exposed to an excellent overview of
the current theories regarding nuclear
structure. Chapter 7, Living Matter is
essentially a synopsis of cell biology
with special emphasis on the role of
large molecules like DNA. Cosmic
Perspective has a quick look at physical
cosmology. Whereas Postscript And
Outlook For The Future is a 2-page set
of generalities regarding Science and its
role in our lives.
An Appendix consists of several tables
containing Basic Physical units, derived
units, SI prefixes, Fundamental Physical
Constants,
and
Astrophysical
constants. The volume ends with an
eight and one-third page three column
index.
Since the Mathematics involved is
minimal, the book can easily be read by
those who have completed first year
University studies in Science. The more
experienced worker should also find in
the book a very good review of many
aspects of current science. OUT OF
SIGHT, From Quarks to Living Cells is a
text that anyone should enjoy browsing
through.
G.R. Hébert, Emeritus
Dept. of Physics & Astronomy
York University
Advanced University Physics, S.B.
Palmer and M.S. Rogalski, Gordon and
Breach Publishers, 1996, pp: xix +
876,
ISBN
2-88449-065-5
(he)
2-88449-066-3 (pbk); Price: $39 U.S.
(pbk) $124 U.S.(he)
Advanced University Physics is a
comprehensive textbook, similar in the
breath of the topics it covers to most
first year texts (e.g. Serway, Tipler,
Giancoli, etc.), but written for senior
undergraduate students. This textbook
contains
53
chapters
and
five
appendices, covering various topics in
classical
mechanics,
special
relativity,
thermodynamics,
statistical
mechanics,
electro-magnetism,
waves,
non-relativistic
quantum
mechanics,
atomic
physics,
condensed matter and nuclear physics. In the
words of the authors, "? each chapter is a
suitable core for a university lecture course?"
lor two!] on a given topic. Furthermore,
each chapter ends w i t h a brief bibliography, for
the reader interested in learning more on a
given topic.
The book contains some worked out examples
but no problems or exercises. Nonetheless, it
could be extremely useful for anyone who
would like to do a review of the bulk of the
undergraduate curriculum. For $54 (Can), one
gets almost 9 0 0 well laid-out pages (on thick
glossy paper), covering the fundamentals of
each topic introduced. I would definitely
recommend
this
book
to
all
senior
undergraduate students interested in preparing
for the CAP undergraduate examl
® C.A.P. 1996. All rights reserved.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use,
or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted
by the C.A.P.
The above permission does not extend to other kinds of
copying, such as copying for general distribution, for
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collective works, or for resale.
For such copying,
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André Roberge
Laurantian University
Basic Training in Mathematics, A Fitness
Program for Science Students, by R. Shankar,
Plenum
,1995,
pp:
xv + 3 6 5 ,
ISBN
0-306-45035-6 (he), 0-306-45036-4 (pbk)
Price: $ 47.05 US (he)
Basic Training in Mathematics is the type of
textbook that all second-year undergraduate
students should read and work through in
preparation for their third year of study in
physics. It consists of 10 chapters: differential
calculus of one variable, integral calculus,
calculus of many variables, infinite series,
complex numbers, functions of a complex
variable, vector calculus, matrices and
determinants, linear vector spaces and
differential equations. This book is written by
a physicist for physics students, in an attempt
to obviate the need for future mathematical
digression while teaching physics courses. It
contains enough problems (with answers
provided) to be suitable for self-study, and
has been used at Yale by the author for
quite a few years as a textbook for a
one-semester course. I would recommend this
book a) for self-study, b) as a textbook, and c)
as a book worthy of a longer review (I have a
second copy eagerly waiting to be claimed for
that purposel).
André Roberge
"It is with great pleasure that I bring New Year's greetings to
you on behalf of all of the residents of Burnaby-Kingsway.
I believe, as you certainly do, that basic science, in that it
gives us knowledge of our physical world, is intrinsically
worthy of our support. Also, the instrumental contribution of
science to the wealth, security, and health of Canadians
makes our country's support of your work imperative. I am
particularly proud of the great achievements of the faculty
and students of Simon Fraser University, in my riding.
However, your work is being seriously undermined by Liberal
government cutbacks in funding for post-secondary
education and in research & development. I urge you, in this
new year, to work to fight these cuts.
Sincerely yours,
Svend J. Robinson, M.P. Burnaby-Kingsway
" T h e Department of National Defence (DND) a n d t h e Canadian Forces
(CF) recognize a n d appreciate t h e valuable c o n t r i b u t i o n s of Canada's
physicists, w h e t h e r t h r o u g h research or other w o r t h w h i l e endeavours.
Research and development are key t o t h e expansion of k n o w l e d g e and
t h e continued g r o w t h of the D e p a r t m e n t a n d t h e CF. T o this end, DND
and t h e CF have a cooperative role t o play w i t h y o u a n d y o u r w o r k
e f f o r t s . DND and t h e CF t a k e t h e role as a c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e national
s y s t e m of innovation v e r y seriously. W e are t a k i n g n e w initiatives t o
ensure t h a t defence research and d e v e l o p m e n t c o n t r i b u t e more
e f f e c t i v e l y t o t h e e n h a n c e m e n t of economic d e v e l o p m e n t and
e m p l o y m e n t opportunities. In doing so, t o r e s p o n d t o t h e needs of D N D
and the CF, w e continue t o d r a w o n t h e expertise a n d capabilities f o u n d
not only in industry a n d other g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s , b u t al60 in
universities a n d other academia.
M a y I t a k e this o p p o r t u n i t y t o w i s h y o u all c o n t i n u e d s u c c e s s in your
e f f o r t s for t h e c o m i n g year.
Sincerely,
Douglas Y o u n g
Minister of National Defence
344
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS
MPB Technologies Inc. is seeking candidates t o nominate for
Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Industrial Research Fellowships.
The Fellowships will normally be tenable in the Laboratories of
MPB Technologies Inc. located at Dorval, Quebec or O t t a w a ,
Ontario.
Projects in w h i c h successful candidates may be involved include:
• Electromagnetics and Millimeter Waves
• Lasers and Laser Applications
• Electro-optics and Acousto-optics
• Plasma, Fusion and Space Technology
• Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence
• Robotics
Salaries and other benefits are the same as for permanent staff
of equivalent experience.
Interested recent graduates, individuals currently completing
postdoctorate fellowships, or candidates w h o will graduate in
the near future w i t h a background in physics, electrical
engineering or computer science and w h o are Canadian citizens
or landed immigrants are invited t o write or call:
Dr. M.P. Bachynskl
MPB Technologies Inc.
1 7 2 6 North Service Road
Trent-Canada Highway
Dorval, Quebec CANADA
Telephone:
Fax:
H9P 1J1
(514) 6 8 3 - 1 4 9 0
(514) 6 8 3 - 1 7 2 7
CANADIAN INSTITUTE FOR THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS /
INSTITUT CANADIEN D'ASTROPHYSIQUE THÉORIQUE
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
FACULTY POSITION IN THEORETICAL A S T R O P H Y S I C S
CITA, a national centre for theoretical astrophysics hosted by the
University of Toronto, invites applications for a tenure-stream or
tenured faculty position (subject to budgetary approval). We are
especially interested in candidates at the Assistant Professor level.
Wliile applicants from any area of theoretical astrophysics are
encouraged to apply, we wish to enhance the strong cosmology
group at CITA and the University of Toronto. We intend to
nominate the successful candidate for a CLAR Fellowship in the
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Cosmology Program,
which currently has two other nodes, at the Universities of Alberta
and British Columbia, and a distinguished group of Associates
worldwide. We seek candidates with exceptionally strong and
internationally recognized research records ana outstanding promise
of future research accomplishments. Additional selection criteria
include demonstrated ability to work with research fellows and
graduate students, and to assume a leadership role in administering
CITA's active postdoctoral and visitor programs.
CITA is an institute within the School of Graduate Studies of the
University of Toronto. The present complement of research staff
includes five faculty and 15-20 research fellows. The unique
research environment at CITA is enhanced by close ties to the
Departments of Astronomy and Physics of the University of
Toronto, housed in the same building. The CITA web site is
http://www.cita.utoronto.ca.
Applicants should send a curriculum vitae, a bibliography, a
statement of research interests and arrange for three letters of
recommendation to be sent to: Prof. J.R. Bond, Director, CITA,
McLennan Labs, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8.
DEADLINE f o r all documents to be at C I T A : 1 F e b r u a r y 1997.
In accordance w i t h Canadian immigration regulations, this advertisement is
directed to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. In sccordsnce w i t h
its employment equity policy, the University of Toronto encourages
applications from qualified w o m e n and men, members of visible minorities,
aboriginal peoples snd persons w i t h disabilities.
Faculty Position in
Computational Space
Plasma Physics
The Department of Physics plans to make a tenure track
appointment in space plasma physics, with a starting
date of July 1,1997. We are looking for a candidate with
demonstrated expertise in computational physics. The
successful candidate will be required to teach at the
u n d e r g r a d u a t e a n d graduate levels, help in the
development of courses in computational physics, and
maintain a strong research program in space plasma
physics.
Current research projects in the Department include a
variety of g r o u n d based and space based experimental
programs, theoretical studies of magnetospheric
processes including nonlinear plasma waves, and
applications of massively parallel computing in
modelling space plasmas.
We specifically seek candidates now for a tenure track
position at the Assistant or Associate Professor level.
The current salary m i n i m u m is $39,230 with
appointment level being commensurate with
qualifications and experience.
In accordance with Canadian Immigration requirements,
this advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and
permanent residents of Canada. If suitable Canadian
citizens and p e r m a n e n t residents cannot be found, other
individuals will be considered.
Applications should be submitted with curriculum vitae
and the names of 3 referees by January 15,1997 to:
Dr. John Samson, Chair
412 Avadh Bhatia Physics Lab
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J1
Fax: (403) 492-0714
The University of Alberta is committed to the principle of
equity in employment. v4s an employer we welcome diversity
in the workplace and encourage applications from all qualified
women and men, including Aboriginal peoples, persons with
disabilities, and members of visible minorities.
La rf-.ysique au Canada novembre/décembre 1996
345
The University
of British Columbiia
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
P h o r * (6M> 291 U f f i
FAX: (604) 291- 3692
DEPARTMEOT OF PHYSKS
BURNABY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
CANADA V5A 1S6
Two Faculty Positions in Condensed Matter Physics
The Physics Department at Simon Fraser University invites
applications for two tenure track faculty positions, one in
experimental condensed matter physics and one in theoretical
condensed matter physics. The appointments will be at the
assistant professor level and will take effect in September 1997,
subject to final budgetary approval. We are searching for
individuals of outstanding background and exceptional promise
who will establish vigorous independent research programs and
who have a commitment to undergraduate and graduate teaching.
Excellent candidates in any area of specialization that will
complement and interact with existing programs will be given
serious consideration. For the experimental position there is some
preference for a candidate m the field of magnetic nanostructures
and related areas. The present condensed matter research group at
Simon Fraser consists of twenty-one full time faculty with broad
research interests. The Physics Department home page can be
accessed via http://www.sfu.ca.
In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, this
advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent
residents. Simon Fraser University is an equal opportunity
employer and encourages applications from women and minorities.
Applicants should send their curriculum vitae, publication list, a
short statement of teaching and research interests and the names of
at least three referees to Professor Robert Frindt, Chair, Department
of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive,
Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6 by February 1,1997.
Bureau International
des Poids et Mesures
Assistant Editor BIPM Publications
Applications are invited for the post of Assistant Editor for the publications
of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The successful
candidate is likely to combine a doctoral qualification with some years of
expenence as a physicist and an interest in publishing. Since many BIPM
publications are bilingual, the person appointed must have an excellent
knowledge of English and a working knowledge of French.
The BIPM is an intergovernmental organization working under the
auspices of the Convention du Mètre whose mission is to provide the basis
for world measurement standards In this it works in close cooperation
with the national metrology institutes.
The organization has two main groups of publications. One is a continuing
series of reports of meetings on metrology held at the BIPM; the other is
Melrologia, an international journal dealing with pure and applied
metrology
The BIPM laboratories and offices are located on an attractive site in
Sèvres on the outskirts of Pans and house a staff of about sixty. Salaries
and conditions of employment are those appropriate to an international
organization
Applications, to include a curriculum vitae and the names of two referees,
should be sent before 7 February 1997 to:
M. le Directeur, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures,
Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Sèvres Cedex, France.
Further information on this post may be obtained from
the Editor, Dr D. A. Blackburn, Tel. (33) 1 45 07 70 21.
346
Physics in Canada
November/December 1 9 9 6 _
Graduate Studies in Chemistrv
QUALITY SCIENCE IN
UALITY ENVIRONMENT
MSc and PhD degree programs in analytical,
biological, inorganic, organic, physical, nuclear and
theoretical chemistry
• interested students with backgrounds in other
disciplines, physics or biology, are also encouraged
to apply
• modern laboratory space and equipment in new
chemistry/physics and materials science research
buildings
• participation in Networks of Excellence programs in
protein engineering and mechanical wood pulping
• faculty members with joint appointments in
biochemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, pathology,
TR1UMF and oceanography
• competitive graduate stipends and supplements to
NSERC and other major scholarship holders
• an opportunity to live in Vancouver, a vibrant
international city with a beautiful ocean and mountain
setting
For further information please
write:
Dr. P. Kash, Professor
Phone (604) 822-9206
Department of Chemistry, U.B.C., Fax (604) 822-2847
Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z1 [email protected]
Check out our site on the World Wide Web:
http://www.science.ulx:.ca/departments/chem
FACULTY POSITION
Department of Physics & Astronomy
T h e University of British Columbia
The Department of Physics and Astronomy invites applications
for a tenure-track position at the Assistant Professor level,
commencing July 1,1997, in the field of experimental particle
physics. Exceptional candidates in other fields will also be
considered. Candidates should have a Ph.D. degree or
equivalent, some postdoctoral experience, an outstanding
research record and an aptitude for undergraduate and
graduate teaching. The appointment is subject to final
budgetary approval.
The University of British Columbia welcomes all qualified
applicants, especially women, aboriginal people, visible
minorities, and persons with disabilities. In accordance with
the Canadian immigration requirements, this advertisement is
directed to Canadian citizens and permanent residents of
Canada. Applicants should submit a curriculum vitae and a
statement of current research interests and future plans, as
well as three letters ot reference sent by D e c e m b e r 3 1 ,
1 9 9 6 directly to:
UBC
Prof. B.G. Turrell
Head
Department of Physics & A s t r o n o m y
The University of British Columbia
6 2 2 4 Agricultural Road
Vancouver, B.C.
V 6 T 1Z1
CORPORATE MEMBERS // MEMBRES CORPORATIFS
Canadian Association of Physicists // Association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes
The Corporate Members of the Canadian Association of
Physicists are a group of corporations, laboratories, and
institutions w h o , through their membership, support the
educational activities of the Association.
Les membres corporatifs de l'Association canadienne
physiciens et physiciennes sont un groupe
corporations, de laboratoires ou d'institutions
supportent financièrement les activités éducatives
l'Association.
des
de
qui
de
The
entire
proceeds
of
corporate
membership
contributions are paid into the CAP Educational Trust
Fund and are tax deductible.
Les revenus de leurs contributions déductibles aux fins
d'impôt sont entièrement versés au Fonds Educatif de
l'ACP.
Atlantic Nuclear Services Ltd.
Atmospheric Environment Service
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Bell-Northern Research Ltd.
CTF Systems Inc.
Edwards High Vacuum Canada
EG&G Labserco
FairCopy Services Inc.
Gennum Corporation
George Kelk Corporation
Glassman High Voltage Inc.
Harvard Apparatus Canada
Hydro-Québec
Institut national d'optique
LeCroy Canada Inc.
Leybold Canada Inc.
Lumonics Inc.
MPB Technologies Inc.
Newport Instruments Canada Corp.
Ontario Hydro Tech.; Research Div.
Optech Incorporated
Spectra Research Corporation
TRIUMF
The Canadian Association of Physicists cordially invites
interested corporations and institutions to make
application for Corporate membership and will welcome
the inquiries addressed t o the Executive Director.
L'Association canadienne des physiciens et physiciennes
invite cordialement corporations et institutions à faire
partie des membres corporatifs. Renseignements auprès
de la directrice exécutive.
CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS / ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE DES PHYSICIENS ET PHYSICIENNES
Bur*Suite 112, Imm. McDonald Building
150 rue Louis Pasteur Ave.
Phone: (613) 562-5614 or Fax: (613) 562-5615
E-mail: [email protected]
Physics in Canada
La physique au Canada
The Bulletin of the Canadian Association
of Physicists
Bulletin de l'Association canadienne des
physiciens et physiciennes
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