Vitrinidae (Gastropoda) and other molluscs in Parc national de la

March 2013
C.J.P.J. (Kees) Margry
Mozartlaan 41
NL 5283 KB Boxtel,
the Netherlands.
[email protected]
Eucobresia diaphana (Draparnaud, 1805)
Vitrinidae (Gastropoda) and other molluscs in Parc national de la
Vanoise in the French Alps.
A report from a short research in July 2012.
Résumé
En Juillet 2012, une étude a été menée sur la présence des Vitrinidae dans une partie
du Parc national de la Vanoise. Dans trois régions, huit sites ont été échantillonnés. On
a fait des recherches sur les animaux vivants et les coquilles vides. Les coquilles vides
des autres espèces ont aussi été collectées. Au total, aux côtés de certains résidus qui
n’ont pas pu être identifiés, 18 espèces ont été observées, y compris deux espèces de
Vitrinidae: Vitrina pellucida (Semilimace commune) et Eucobresia glacialis (Semilimace
recouverte). On a trouvé des E. glacialis de taille remarquable. En cherchant dans les
années antérieures, il est connu que le Phenacolimax stabilei (Semilimace des
Alpages) vit également dans le Parc national de la Vanoise.
Key words: Parc national, Vanoise, Gastropoda, Eucobresia, Vitrina, Phenacolimax.
Introduction
In the summer of 2012 the occurrence of Vitrinidae has been investigated in a part of Parc
national de la Vanoise and the surrounding area in the French Alps. The motivation for this
research is the personal interest for Vitrinidae in general and Eucobresia diaphana
(Draparnaud, 1805) in particular (Margry & Boesveld, 2009).
The Family of Vitrinidae (glass snails) is a mainly Palaearctic group of semislugs. On the
European mainland this family has a center of diversity in alpine habitats (Hausdorf, 2002).
Glass snails have very thin translucent shells. Most of the species have such a little house,
that they are not able to withdraw themselves into their shell. They are adapted to low
temperatures and live in wet and cold habitats (Kerney et al., 1983). In lowland areas they
are more active in winter and have a one-year lifecycle with a period of rest in summer (i.e.
“summer decline”). On higher altitude they are more forced to activity in summer and have a
lifecycle up to a few years (Umi!ski 1975a, 1975b, 1979, 1983)
In Europe (including Turkey but except the Macaronesian Islands) 25 vitrinid species are
recorded (Forcart, 1944, 1946; Kerney et al., 1983; Fechter & Falkner, 1990; de Winter,
1990; Wiese & Welter-Schultes, 1992; Turner et al., 1998; Falkner et al., 2001, 2002;
Hausser, 2005; Nardi et al., 2007; Gavetti et al., 2008; Boschi, 2011; Egorov, 2011; Giusti et
al., 2011; Welter-Schultes, 2012). In France eleven species are recorded, but there is doubt
about the occurence of Semilimax semilimax (J. Férussac, 1802) and Vitrinobrachium breve
(A. Férussac, 1821) (Falkner et al., 2002: 131-132; Gargominy et al., 2011). Table 1 shows
which vitrinid snails have been found in, or close to, the French Alps.
The French Alps are of great interest in respect to the surveys in the Valley of Susa in Italy
and the surveys in the north and northeast in Switserland (Gavetti et al., 2008; Boschi, 2011;
Map 1). Only three species are recorded in both these Italien and Swiss researches.
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
1
black spot = Parc national de la Vanoise
red area = the Valley of Susa
Map 1. The research area in the French Alps
Falkner et al. (2002) suggested to look for Semilimax kotulae (Westerlund, 1883) in the (Haute)
Savoie.
One of the conditions for the authorization for this research was the compiling of a report. In this
report only the research is described from the part within the borders of the National Park.
Species
Record from
France
(Falkner et
al., 2002;
Gargominy
et al (2011)
Record from
Switserland,
close to the
French
border
(Boschi,
2011)
Record in
the Italien
part from the
Susa Valley
(Gavetti et
al., 2008)
Record in
the French
part from
the Susa
Valley
(Gavetti et
al., 2008)
Al = alpine
Semilimax semilimax
(X)
Semilimax kotulae
X
X
Semilimax pyrenaicus
X
Vitrinobrachium breve
(X)
X
Eucobresia diaphana
X Al
X
Eucobresia nivalis
X Al
X
Eucobresia pegorarii
X
Eucobresia glacialis
X Al
X
X
X
Vitrina pellucida
X Al
X
X
X
Phenacolimax major
X Al
X
Phenacolimax stabilei
X Al
X
X
Phenacolimax locardi
X
Oligolimax annularis
X Al
X
X
X
Table 1. Vitrinid snails according to literature found in or close to the French Alps.
Distribution
map for the
region of
the
Vanoise
National
Park in
WelterSchultes
(2012)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Methods
The study area was visited between July 10th and 27th, 2012. All sampling areas within the
borders of the Vanoise National Park were in the region of Peisey-Nancroix, Col d’Iséran and la
Thuile, the lowest part of the National Park in the southeast of Bourg-Saint-Maurice (Region
Rhône-Alpes, Departement Savoie) (Table 2, Map 2, Fig 1-8).
Vitrinidae are difficult to identify on the mere basis of their appearance. For this reason
authorization was obtained to collect both empty shells and living animals. The localities and
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
2
sampling sites were chosen at random. The sampling was done by hand by means of looking
under rocks and dead wood and utilizing a special big pair of glasses that makes it possible to
find snails as small as 1 mm. The research was not done in a standardized way. If after about a
quarter of an hour nothing was found, the sampling site was abandoned without collection of
any field data. If one or more shells were found the search could take over an hour. Besides
Vitrinidae, empty shells of other snail species were collected as well. Field data and photos
were taken to document the samples as precisely as possible. The plant species on the plots
were not identified.
The living Vitrinidae were initially kept in a refrigerator (winter snails!) in order to study their
habits and take photos. If available the genital anatomy from at least one vitrinid specimen from
each plot was studied to confirm the identification. The genital anatomy of Vitrinidae is
described and illustrated in several references (Mermod, 1930; Forcart, 1944, 1946; Umi!sky,
1975a; Kerney et al., 1983; de Winter 1990; Nardi et al., 2007; Egorov, 2011; Giusti et al.,
2011). All figures of Boschi (2011) are derived from Kerney et al. (1983). A figure of the genitals
of Phenacolimax locardi (Pollonera, 1884) was kindly provided by Gianbattista Nardi. From a
few species Umi!ski (1975a: 373) shows several stages of the changes of the genitals during
maturation. Phenacolimax blanci (Pollonera, 1884) was not included in this study. It is
considered to be an Italian endemic in the surroundings of Cuneo and the Imperia province
close to the French border in the south (Welter-Schultes, 2012).
Map 2. The northern part of Parc national de la Vanoise with the 8 sampling plots
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
3
Fig. 1. plot 1
photo Ingrid Margry
Fig. 2. plot 2
photo Kees Margry
Fig. 3. plot 3
photo Kees Margry
Fig. 4. plot 4
photo Ingrid Margry
Fig. 5. plot 5
photo Kees Margry
Fig. 6. plot 6
photo Kees Margry
Fig. 7. plot 7
photo Kees Margry
Fig. 8. plot 8
photo Kees Margry
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
4
For identification of the other species Kerney et al (1983), Gittenberger & Bank (1996), Wiktor
(2004), Hausser (2005), Gargominy & Ripken (2011) and Gargominy & Neubert (2011) were
used. The nomenclature used, is according to Fontaine et al, 2010. (Chilostoma glaciale (A.
Férussac, 1832) = Phontanilli glacialis = Delphinatia glaciale). Refer to appendix 1 for the
French names.
Measurements of the shells were taken with a calliper to the nearest 0.01 mm. The collected
shells and alcohol samples are kept in the collection of the author.
Plot
nr
locality
sampling site
Coordinates
Altitude
(m)
Vegetation
belt*
sampling
nr
1
PeiseyNancroix,
Rocher des
Mindières
Rocher des
Mindières
Plan de la
Plagne
Refuge du Mont
Pourri
about 1 km
south of the
village
close to Col
Pers
close to Col
Pers
Pointe des
Lessières
45˚29’11.7’’ N – 006˚50’27.1’’ E
2151
alpine
20120716.2
45˚29’24.6’’ N – 006˚50’27.8’’ E
2120
alpine
20120716.3
45˚29’49.5’’ N – 006˚50’24.6’’ E
2095
alpine
20120716.4
45˚31’44.9’’ N – 006˚49’37.7’’ E
2380
alpine
20120722.1
45˚33’51.1’’ N – 006˚53’19.9’’ E
1249
montane
20120727.1
45˚25’24.4’’ N – 007˚02’45.2’’ E
2853
nival
20120718.1
45˚25’24.2’’ N – 007˚02’48.6’’ E
2910
nival
20120718.2
45˚25’54.9’’ N – 007˚01’40.8’’ E
2829
nival
20120718.3
2
3
4
5
la Thuile
6
Col
d’Iséran
7
8
Table 2. Localities and sampling sites.
* Vegetation belt according to Nagy & Grabherr (2009).
montane = forest, alpine = alpine meadow, nival = Scree, rocks and snow level, scant patchy vegetation
Results
Table 3 provides a list of species for each sampling site, in alphabetical order. In the upper part
only Vitrinidae species are indicated, while the lower part contains al the other molluscs.
Vitrinidae
Vitrinidae were recorded in six out of eight sampling sites. On three sampling sites only
Vitrinidae were found. In total 16 living animals and 39 empty shells were collected.
Vitrina pellucida Semilimace commune (Fig. 9)
From one sampling site (plot 3) in the valley of Plan de la Plagne, Vitrina pellucida could
be identified by anatomical research (Fig. 11). From two empty shells of plot 1 it is
presumed that they are from V. Pellucida as well.
Eucobresia glacialis Semilimace recouverte (Fig. 10, 15)
From two sampling sites close to Col Pers Eucobresia glacialis could be identified by
anatomical research (Fig. 12). On plot 6 en 7 a total of 15 living specimens and 25 empty
shells were found. All those empty shells are most likely derived from E. glacialis. Most
of them show the typical conchological characters of this species. In Figure 14 the
measurements of the shells found on plot 6 and 7 are given.
The only two empty shells found on plot 5 were damaged in such extent, that identification was
impossible. Al other empty shells from plot 1 and 2 are obviously not from Oligolimax annularis
(Studer 1820) and probably neither from Vitrina pellucida. Broken parts of shells were found as
well. Most of those broken parts are not suitable for further research. In the National Park close
to la Thuile, no Vitrinidae were found.
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
5
Other molluscs
On five out of eight sampling sites molluscs other than Vitrinidae were found. On two sampling
sites only other mollusc species were recorded.
The subspecies of Chilostoma zonatum could be identified as Chilostoma zonatum flavovirens
(Dumont & Mortillet, 1852). This subspecies is known from the triangle Bourg-Saint-Maurice
(Col de la Seigne), Col du Mont Cenis and Savines-le-Lac (Haute Alpes). This area is not
indicated on the distribution maps of Chilostoma in Formenti (2012).
In one sample (plot 2), 14 empty shells from Cochlicopa were found. In the genus Cochlicopa in
the Alps at least three species can be distinguished. Four specimens are juveniles or have a
broken shell. Five specimens with a length of less than 5 mm have a width of respectively 2.05,
2.06, 2.08, 2.09 and 2.31 mm. Five specimens with a length of more than 5 mm have a width of
respectively 2.07, 2.15, 2.37, 2.39 and 2.46 mm. Those measurements do not provide enough
support for identification of the second species C. lubrica (O.F. Müller, 1774). All the shells are
listed as Cochlicopa cf lubricella (Rossmässler, 1834).
A fresh dead slug could be identified as Malacolimax tenellus (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Fig. 13).
From another slug (plot 3) only the internal shell was found.
Peisey-Nancroix
Species
1
16.2
2
16.3
3
16.4
4
22.1
La
Thuile
5
27.1
Col d’Iséran
6
18.1
7
18.2
1g
12a
1g
1a
14d +r
11d
8
18.3
Vitrinidae
Eucobresia glacialis
Vitrina pellucida
Vitrinidae indet
Other molluscs
cf 2d
2d + r
8d +r
1g
-
2d
-
-
Aegopinella pura
X
Arianta arbustorum forma
X
alpina
Chilostoma glaciale
X
Chilostoma zonatum
X
X
flavovirens
Columella columella
X
Cochlicopa cf lubricella
X
Cochlodina laminata
X
Discus rotundatus
X
Ena montana
X
Euconulus fulvus
X
X
X
Macrograstra plicatula
X
X
X
Malacolimax tenellus
X
Nesovitrea petronella
X
X
X
Punctum pygmaeum
X
Pyramidula pusilla
X
Vitrea subrimata
X
Hygromiidae indet
X
X
Limacidae / Agriolimacidae
X
Total number of species
2
10
6
1
10
1
1
1
Table 3. Number of idividuals of vitrinid species and records of other molluscs (X) on each sampling site.
a = alive without anatomical research
g = anatomical research of genitals
d = dead, empty shells
+r = broken empty shells, no measurements possible
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
6
Fig. 9. Vitrina pellucida
Fig. 10. Eucobresia glacialis
photo Ingrid Margry
photo Ingrid Margry
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
7
Fig. 11. Vitrina pellucida
Fig. 12. Eucobresia glacialis
Fig. 13. Malacolimax tenellus
Fig. 11-13. Genitals from three species (Fig. Kees Margry).
A = atrium, BC = bursa copulatrix, H = hermaphrodite gland, P = penis, PR = penial retractor muscle,
SO = spermoviduct, V= vagina.
Figure 14. Measurements of shells from Eucobresia close to Col Pers (plot 6 and 7).
red = Eucobresia glacialis, identified according to genitals
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
8
Discussion
Vitrinidae
No specimens of Eucobresia diaphana were found. In France records of E. diaphana are known
from the northeast (Bichain, 2003; inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/163168/tab/sources, viewed
10-ii-2013). According to records in Switzerland this species could be expected in the French
Alps. More research has to be done. E. diaphana resembles E. glacialis. Old records of E.
diaphana on higher altitudes probably concerns the species E. glacialis or E. nivalis (Dumont &
Mortillet, 1854).
Fig. 15. Eucobresia glacialis,
juvenile with shell from 4.39 mm
(photo alc. Specimen 20120718.1c)
The measurements of the shells of Eucobresia glacialis suggest that there are at least two
cohorts present during the same time period. More strikingly is the large size of some shells, up
to almost 8 mm. In literature the lenght is given as 4.5-6 mm width (Kerney et al., 1983; Boschi,
2012; Welter-Schultes, 2012). These shells are probably from the cohort that died last winter.
E. glacialis is known from the nival zone. Gavetti et al (2008) found E. glacialis on Monte
Rocciamelone at 3400 m asl. Vitrina pellucida is a common species that can also be found in
much drier places. It is recorded all over Europe and not restricted to places of higher altitude.
In Parc national de la Vanoise at least one more vitrinid species is recorded. Two years ago
also Semilimace des alpages Phenacolimax stabilei (Lessona, 1880) was found within de
boundaries of the National Park. More research will clarify which Vitrinidae live in this area.
Especially for this group the climat change can cause significant problems as Müller et al.
(2009) showed for Semilimax kotulae.
Other species
On the sampling site close to la Thuile (plot 5), some empty shells of Aegopinella pura (Alder,
1830) and Euconulus fulvus (O.F. Müller, 1774) were collected. These specimens still have their
periostracum but do not have any colour. Albinism in shells is found in several species,
especially on specimens in wet and shady places (Clessin, 1873: 48; Schlesch, 1927: 38).
In the lower part of the National Park close to la Thuile probably more species can be found.
Because of an upcoming heavy thunderstorm this plot was left before the collecting was
finished.
Some Hygromiidae could not be identified. According to different references this group of snails
contains a variable number of species, some of which are often covered with hairs. DNAresearch on a few species showed that the distinction between species is rather complicated
(Dépraz et al., 2009).
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
9
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Michael Delorme for the authorization for the research in the
National Park, Bernd Shalmann (Haus der Natur Cismar) and Folco Giusti for provision of
literature, Gianbattista Nardi for his figure of the genitals of Phenacolimax locardi, Joop
Eikenboom for the identification of Chilostoma zonatum flavovirens, Edi Gittenberger, Wim
Maassen and Ton de Winter (Naturalis) for their help with literature and sharing of their
knowledge and expertise. Thanks to Bram Margry, Françoise Chan and Kobus Margry for their
help with figures and the English and French language and, last but not least, my wife Ingrid for
her help with the fieldwork and all the photos she took.
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Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
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Appendix 1. French names of the molluscs in this report.
Vitrinidae
Semilimax semilimax (J. Férussac, 1802)
Semilimax kotulae (Westerlund, 1883)
Semilimax pyrenaicus (A. Férussac, 1821)
Vitrinobrachium breve (A. Férussac, 1821)
Eucobresia diaphana (Draparnaud, 1805)
Eucobresia nivalis (Dumont & Mortillet, 1854)
Eucobresia pegorarii (Pollonera, 1884)
Eucobresia glacialis (Forbes, 1837)
Vitrina pellucida (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Phenacolimax major (A. Férussac, 1807)
Phenacolimax stabilei (Lessona, 1880)
Phenacolimax locardi (Pollonera, 1884)
Oligolimax annularis (S. Studer, 1820)
Semilimace des montagnes
Semilimace alpine
Semilimace atlantique
Semilimace germanique
Semilimace aplatie
Semilimace des neiges
(not available)
Semilimace recouverte
Semilimace commune
Semilimace des plaines
Semilimace des alpages
(not available)
Semilimace globuleuse
other molluscs
Aegopinella pura (Alder, 1830)
Arianta arbustorum alpicola (A. Férussac, 1821)
Chilostoma zonatum flavovirens (Dumont & Mortillet, 1852)
Columella columella (G. von Martens, 1830)
Cochlicopa cf lubricella (Rossmässler, 1834)
Cochlodina laminata (Montagu, 1803)
Chilostoma glaciale (A. Férussac, 1832)
Discus rotundatus (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Ena montana (Draparnaud, 1801)
Euconulus fulvus (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Macrograstra plicatula (Draparnaud, 1801)
Malacolimax tenellus (O.F. Müller, 1774)
Nesovitrea petronella (L. Pfeiffer, 1853)
Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud, 1801)
Pyramidula pusilla (Vallot, 1801)
Vitrea subrimata (Reinhardt, 1871)
Petite luisantine
Hélice des Alpes
Hélicon des granites
Columelle alpine
cf Petite brillante
Fuseau commun
Hélicon des Alpes
Bouton commun
Bulime montagnard
Conule des bois
Massue costulée
Limace jaune
Luisantine brune
Escargotin miniscule
Pyramidule commun
Cristalline méridionale
Entrance of Parc national de la Vanoise close to la Thuile
Margry, C.J.P.J., 2013. Vitrinidae and other molluscs in Parc national de la Vanoise. A report from a short research in July
2012. 1-12. www.parcnational-vanoise.fr
12