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Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 45 (1979) 435-444
GEODETIC EVIDENCE FOR RIFTING IN AFAR:
A BRITTLE-ELASTIC MODEL OF THE
BEHAVIOUR OF THE LITHOSPHERE
A. Tarantola, Jean-Claude Ruegg, and Jean-Claude Lépine
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be sho$n {l'xl:
0 <,D""< 1
(^-8)
a n d i r i s c l c l r f r o m e q u r r i o n( , 4 - 6 )t h r t i i r " " ' s c l o s e
t o z c r c ,t h c t r r 3 n r e t e r4 r ot a k e sa v r h . i r r d . ' , 3 n d c n t
o f i h e c o r c s p o n d l u gl 3 n n l e t c r p d o f r h c i l r i l i 3 l
| -l ..., ,lt Lv r', ' r'. i c
: , . .' . . . I ' \ " 1 , l "
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Odis. well
i o u n i l y , t h e t u r n r c l . r O d s t r o n g l yd e p e n l so r ! h e
p a r r n r . r e r9 a o f t h . i t i ! l n r o , l e l rt h c t r r x r i . l . r ' t ' "
I n f r . t , t h c p r u b l e n\r{ e s h r l l t r . . l i s n o l ! ( r ! .
l i l ] e ! r t r o l , l c r nC l i s t l a c e m e r trsr e n o t l i u c r r l r r e l r t ' d
l o o u r D a ' 3 n e t . r s )b, u ! b . c l u s . o u r i r r r l i r lt r o d e l d
is nor too lir liorD the finrl solution rf', wc crn, rs it
i s c l u s r i c r l l yd o n c ,w o r k i n ! | e i l A l . r d e r r l f r o x '
matior ("lrr.rrir.Lt!robl.nr").B! e\prnd'n: rnr
'lrvlols
s c r i . so n c o b l r i n s :
C o v ( , r =, ) [ A r ' C o v - ' ( ] ) A r C o v - t ( f ) l - r
,(,!) = co(,1,) cov-!(rj
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(^ t)
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$ l . r ' , , - l , , r . - ' ,r ( ' ^ i l J r ' r r ' J : r ' r ' r
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(A4)
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