congrès conjoint de l`acp/aps 1988

Transcription

OPTICAL TOOLS
The largest selection of standardized precision
optical components, coatings and mechanical
h a r d w a r e a v a i l a b l e . All d e s i g n e d t o work w i t h
e a c h other in a constructive, helpful way, making
y o u r j o b of o p t i c a l s y s t e m d e v e l o p m e n t
m o r e reliable, m o r e e f f e c *
A five, a n d producing results
| V / | t h a t y o u c a n d e p e n d on.
X J All c o m p o n e n t s d e s c r i b e d in
1
~ c o m p l e t e , clear technical detail
in our free literature. A m o n g other
items are:
O p t i c a l Filters a n d C o a t i n g s
at all the standard laser wavelengths. Bandpass, neutral
density, beamsplitter,
high reflector
and other
coatings useful
in t h e ultraviolet,
visible and near-infrared
spectrum. Special coatings for the OEM a t c o m petitive prices. Colored filters throughout the visible.
Right angle Prisms for b e a m handling in sizes
from 0.7mm to l O O m m square in glass a n d fused
silica. Penta, equilateral, wedge, corner cube, and
b e a m s p l i t t e r forms also a v a i l a b l e w i t h a l a r g e
nMLHig (ggi©?
C
A
N
A
D
A
variety of s t a n d a r d antireflection
c o a t i n g s t u n e d t o your s p e c i f i c
wavelength.
Spherical, cylindrical and
a s p h e r i c Lenses s h i p p e d f r o m
stock in a w i d e r a n g e of positive
a n d n e g a t i v e f o c a l lengths. Simple
lenses, laser diode sets, achromatic
o b j e c t i v e s , c o n d e n s e r s , laser
focusing/collimating/beam-expanding lenses, are
all available c o a t e d or uncoated.
O p t i c a l B r e a d b o a r d s a n d Tables provide
stable reference surfaces for prototype development. Black surface finish t o r e d u c e stray reflections. A w i d e v a r i e t y of h o l d e r s , m o u n t s a n d
positioners. Steel a n d brass c o n s t r u c t i o n for
durability and precision.
H e N e Lasers with power outputs from^
0 . 2 t o 7mW w i t h r a n d o m or linear
polarizations and a wavelength selection of red,
green or near-infrared, i
The p a t e n t e d plasma
t u b e design provides |
stable, reliable, longlived operation. Built-in
power supply option.
Suite lOOO • 36 Antares Drive • Nepean, Ontario
K2E 7W5 » (613) 226-588Q • FAX: (613) 226-5885
Conseil national
de recherches Canada
National Research
Council Canada
1 * 1
THE LABORATORY FOR MICROSTRUCTURAL SCIENCES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA
LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DES MICROSTRUCTURES
CONSEIL NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES DU CANADA
VACANCIES IN OPTOELECTRONICS
AND SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
POSTES VACANTS EN OPTO-ÉLECTRONIQUE
ET EN PHYSIQUE DES SEMICONDUCTEURS
T h e L a b o r a t o r y h a s a staff of seventy-five a n d c a r r i e s out r e s e a r c h
a n d d e v e l o p m e n t b a s e d o n t h e p h y s i c s of s u p e r l a t t i c e s ,
h e t e r o j u n c t i o n s a n d a s s o c i a t e d d e v i c e s . T h e r e s e a r c h effort in
o p t o e l e c t r o n i c s will be i n c r e a s e d in t h e near future. T h e L a b o r a t o r y
is e q u i p p e d with a t w o c h a m b e r M B E s y s t e m (for S i / G e a n d lll/Vs)
a n d has facilities for p r o t o t y p e d e v i c e f a b r i c a t i o n . A F o c u s s e d Ion
B e a m s y s t e m is b e i n g installed in o r d e r to s t u d y s u b - m i c r o n
geometries.
Le Laboratoire emploie soixante-quinze personnes et effectue de la recherche
et développement basée sur la physique des super-réseaux, des
hétérojonctions et de dispositifs associes. L'effort de recherche en optoélectronique sera accru dans un avenir approché. Le Laboratoire est équipé
d'un système EJM à deux chambres (pour Si/Ge et lll/V) et possède des
installations pour la fabrication de prototypes de dispositifs. Une fois installé,
le système à jet ionique focalisé permettra d étudier les géométries
submicroniques.
For e x p e r i e n c e d r e s e a r c h e r s , t h e r e are four c o n t i n u i n g p o s i t i o n s
currently vacant.
Quatres postes continus pour chercheurs expérimentés sont actuellement
vacants.
M B E
S c i e n t i s t
S p é c i a l i s t e
(p-87-i3j
To lead a small t e a m s p e c i a l i z i n g in the g r o w t h a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n
of G a A s , G a A I A s a n d G a l n A s M B E m a t e r i a l s a n d s t r u c t u r e s a n d
to collaborate with other groups in the Laboratory on their applications
in novel d e v i c e s a n d in p h y s i c s research.
E l e c t r o n
M i c r o s c o p i s t
(p-87-i3j
T o c a r r y out r e s e a r c h on t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n d interfacial p r o p e r t i e s of
s e m i c o n d u c t o r materials and devices using electron microscopy and
to develop appropriate techniques of characterization. T h e successful
c a n d i d a t e will also o v e r s e e t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e m i c r o s c o p y facility
w h i c h c o n s i s t s of a Philips E M 4 3 0 300 kV T E M , a Philips E M 3 0 0
100 kV T E M , a J E O L J S M 8 4 0 A S E M / E D X a n d a N a n o l a b 7 S E M .
T h e r e s e a r c h work will i n c l u d e c o l l a b o r a t i o n with Laboratory g r o u p s
g r o w i n g s e m i c o n d u c t o r m a t e r i a l s by M B E . M O C V D a n d sputter
d e p o s i t i o n , with a m i c r o f a b r i c a t i o n g r o u p a n d w i t h o t h e r scientists
i n v o l v e d in s e m i c o n d u c t o r c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n u s i n g a w i d e variety of
complementary techniques.
D e v i c e
E n g i n e e r
P h y s i c i s t /
(p-86-9)
e n
É J M
(p-87-i3j
Diriger une petite équipe spécialisée dans la croissance et la caractérisation
des matériaux et structures ÉJM à base de GaAs, de GaAIAs et de GalnAs,
et collaborer avec d'autres groupes du laboratoire sur leur application à de
nouveaux dispositifs et à la recherche en physique.
S p é c i a l i s t e
e n
é l e c t r o n i q u e
m i c r o s c o p i e
(p-87-6)
Effectuer de la recherche sur les propriétés structurales et interfaciales des
matériaux et dispositifs semiconducteurs à l'aide de la microscopie
électronique et mettre au point des techniques de caractérisation appropriées.
Le titulaire supervisera aussi l'exploitation de l'installation de microscopie qui
comprend un TEM Philips EM430 de 300 kV, un TEM Philips EM300 de 100
kV, un SEM/EDX JEOL JSM de 840A et un SEM Nanolab 7. Le travail de
recherche comprendra de la collaboration avec dps aroupes du laboratoire
qui produisent des matériaux semiconducteurs par ÉJM, MOCVD et déposition
par pulvérisation, avec un groupe de microfabrication et avec d'autres
scientifiques engagés dans la caractérisation des semiconducteurs au moyen
d'une grande variété de techniques complémentaires.
P h y s i c i e n / i n g é n i e u r
d i s p o s i t i f s
e n
(p-86-9)
T o p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n , d e s i g n a n d f a b r i c a t i o n of
prototype devices especially those involving superlattices and
heterojunctions.
An
interest
in d e v i c e s
applicable
to
t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d / o r to o p t o e l e c t r o n i c s or o p t i c a l circuitry
w o u l d be a n asset.
Participer à la conceptualisation, à la conception et à la fabrication de
prototypes de dispositifs, particulièrement ceux faisant intervenir des superréseaux et des hétérojonctions. Un intérêt pour des dispositifs utilisables dans
les télécommunications et (ou) en opto-électronique ou dans des circuits
optiques serait un atout.
C o n d e n s e d
T h é o r i c i e n
M a t t e r
T h e o r e t i c i a n
(p-87-12)
c o n d e n s é e
d e
l a
m a t i è r e
(p-87-12)
To work w i t h six other theoriticians in the C o n d e n s e d Matter S e c t i o n
w h e r e activities are w i d e - r a n g i n g but t h e r e is a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n
s e m i c o n d u c t o r p r o p e r t i e s . T h e m a i n activity will be the f o r m u l a t i o n
of m a t h e m a t i c a l l y d e v e l o p e d t h e o r y in o r d e r to predict a n d e x p l a i n
e x p e r i m e n t a l results in solid state science. T h e research must meet
international standards. Areas of particular interest are semiconductor
superlattices a n d electron tunnelling b e t w e e n solids. Interaction with
t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i s t s in t h e L a b o r a t o r y is r e q u i r e d .
Travailler avec six autres théoriciens dans la Section de la matière condensée
dont les travaux sont variés, mais portent surtout sur les propriétés des
semiconducteurs. La principale activité sera la formulation d'une théorie
mathématique permettant de prévoir et d'expliquer des résultats
expérimentaux en science de l'état solide. La recherche doit satisfaire aux
exigences internationales. Des domaines d'intérêt sont les super-réseaux
semiconducteurs et le déplacement d'électrons par effet tunnel entre des
solides. Le titulaire est appelé à entretenir des rapports avec les
expérimentateurs du laboratoire.
R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s h i p s are also a v a i l a b l e f r o m t i m e to t i m e a n d
e n q u i r i e s r e g a r d i n g t h e s e p o s i t i o n s are invited.
Des possibilités d'emploi comme Attachés de recherche se présentent aussi
de temps à autre, et toute demande concernant ces postes est bienvenue.
Salaries for these positions will be c o m m e n s u r a t e with qualifications.
A p p l i c a n t s m u s t h a v e a Ph.D. in S c i e n c e or E n g i n e e r i n g . T h o s e
w i s h i n g to apply s h o u l d s e n d a r é s u m é , a list of p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d
n a m e s of t h r e e referees to:
Les traitements pour ces postes seront fonction de la formation et de
l'expérience. Les postulants doivent posséder un Ph D. en sciences ou en
génie. Ils sont pries de faire parvenir un curriculum vitae, une liste de leurs
publications et les noms de trois répondants, au:
The Manager, Employment Office, National Research Council of
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6. In reply, please quote
appropriate competition number.
Gestionnaire, Bureau d'emploi, Conseil national de recherches du
Canada, Ottawa (Ontario), K1A 0R6. Veuillez mentionner le
numéro de concours approprié.
Canada
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The Corporate Members of the Canadian Association of
Physicists are a g r o u p of corporations, laboratories and
institutions w h o t h r o u g h their membership support the
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The entire proceeds of corporate membership contributions are paid into the CAP Educational Trust Fund and
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Les Membres corporatifs de l'Association Canadienne des
Physiciens sont un groupe de corporations, laboratoires ou
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d'impôt sont entièrement versés au Fonds Educatif de l'ACP.
ALCAN INTERNATIONAL LTD.
ALLAN CRAWFORD ASSOCIATES LTD.
ANATEK ELECTRONICS INC.
APTEC ENGINEERING LIMITED
ATLANTIS AEROSPACE CORPORATION
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICE
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
BELL-NORTHERN RESEARCH LTD.
CAE ELECTRONICS LTD.
CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION CENTRE/WATERLOO
C O M I N C O LTD. ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
CTF SYSTEMS INC.
EALING SCIENTIFIC LIMITED
EDWARDS H I G H VACUUM (CANADA) LIMITED
EG & G INSTRUMENTS
HYDRO-QUÉBEC
LEIGH INSTRUMENTS LIMITED
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY INC.
LUMONICS INC.
MITEL CORPORATION
MOLI ENERGY LIMITED
MPB TECHNOLOGIES INC.
NATIONAL OPTICS INSTITUTE
ONTARIO HYDRO
OPTECH INCORPORATED
OPTO ELECTRONICS INC.
POLYSAR LTD.
QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
RAYON ICS INC.
RCA INC.
SOUTHERN ALBERTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SPAR AEROSPACE LIMITED
SRP CONTROL SYSTEMS LTD.
TASMAN SCIENTIFIC INC.
TECHNICAL MARKETING ASSOCIATES LIMITED
TRIUMF
VG INSTRUMENTS CANADA INC.
UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
XEROX RESEARCH CENTRE OF CANADA
The Canadian Association of Physicists cordially invites
interested corporations and institutions to make application for Corporate membership and will w e l c o m e the
inquiries addressed to the Executive Secretary.
L'Association Canadienne des Physiciens invite cordialement
corporations et institutions à faire partie des Membres Corporatifs. Renseignements auprès du Secrétaire Exécutif.
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R3T 2N2
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D i v i s i o n o f Physics,
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L u m o n i c s Inc., 105 S c h n e i d e r Rd.,
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Physics in Canada
La Physique au Canada
Vol. 44, No. 1
January/
janvier 1988
Page No.
Standards of Physical M e a s u r e m e n t : The Role of t h e N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l
by l a c q u e s Vanier
R e d i s c o v e r i n g t h e I m p o r t a n c e of the
3
Principia
by Boris Castel
14
La d y n a m i q u e des nébuleuses
par |ean-René Roy
15
M e d i c a l Physics in Canada — A n H i s t o r i c a l O v e r v i e w - 1 9 8 7
by J.F.C. M a c D o n a l d a n d J.R. C u n n i n g h a m
Report o n the Canadian Research C o n f e r e n c e o n H i g h T e m p e r a t u r e S u p e r c o n d u c t i v i t y ,
M c M a s t e r University, O c t o b e r 30, 1987
by Laurent G. C a r o n
Departments/ Rubriques
Corporate M e m b e r s / M e m b r e s corporatifs
Editorial
Letters/Lettres
CAP Affairs/Affaires de I'ACP
Résumé d e la r é u n i o n d u Conseil de l'ACP d u 87-11-21
par L.G. C a r o n
1988 Joint CAP/APS C o n g r e s s / C o n g r è s c o n j o i n t ACP/APS 1988
General Information/Renseignements généraux
Call for A b s t r a c t s / A p p e l de résumés
Sample A b s t r a c t / R é s u m é t y p e
Advance Registration/Préinscription
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A c c o m m o d a t i o n Forms/Formulaires d'hébergement
To G r a d u a t e students in Plasma Physics
Subject Index for A b s t r a c t s / C o t e d u sujet des résumés
I n s t r u c t i o n s a n d A r r a n g e m e n t s for Poster Presentation/
I n s t r u c t i o n s et r e n s e i g n e m e n t s c o n c e r n a n t les présentations
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics/Doctorats d é c e r n é s en p h y s i q u e
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32
2
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24
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centre
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38
39
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40
41
Front Cover:
Partie d ' u n reste d e s u p e r n o v a dans la c o n s t e l l a t i o n d e la Voile. L'image c o r r e s p o n d à u n
c h a m p d e 2x3 degrés carrés r e p r o d u i t à partir d ' u n c l i c h é pris avec le t é l e s c o p e S c h m i d t
d u R o y a u m e - U n i de 1.2 m (Siding Springs, Australie). La s t r u c t u r e en filaments est représentative des vestiges d e s u p e r n o v a e ; ces f i l a m e n t s sont c o n s t i t u é s s u r t o u t par des gaz
interstellaires entraînés par l ' o n d e d e c h o c g é n é r é e lors d e l ' e x p l o s i o n de l ' é t o i l e p r i m o r d i a l e .
R é i m p r i m é avec p e r m i s s i o n d'INTERFACE, m a i / j u i n 1987. V o i r article à la page 15.
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Editorial
New Book Review Editor
This is an advance announcement of a change in the Editor
responsible for book reviews. The change will not take place
until July 1988, but since Juris Svenne has been Book Review
Editor since 1981 I feel that book reviewers will need time
to allow the fact to sink in.
I have been p r o u d of the book review pages in "Physics in
Canada" in the seven years that Juris has been responsible;
my only regret is that we were not able t o have the reviews
set in regular type, an objective that w e are still aiming for.
O n behalf of our readers and our reviewers, thank you, Juris!
O u r new Book Review Editor is Gerard Hébert of York
University. Book reviews destined for the July 1988 issue, and
requests for books to review on or after July 1988 should
be addressed t o him at the Physics Department, York University, Downsview, Ontario, M3J 1P3.
Letters / Lettres
NSERC has recently changed its policy regarding the number
of years of support available for postgraduate students. In
past years the scholarship could be held for up to five years
study f r o m the date of c o m m e n c e m e n t of postgraduate
studies. M o r e importantly, students w h o were denied an
NSERC scholarship could continue to apply for support up
to their fifth year of postgraduate study. In both circumstances
the t i m i n g w i n d o w has been narrowed to four years. N o w
w e all know that it is completely unrealistic to expect a student
to complete a Canadian physics PhD degree in this time.
Few physics departments, if any, want to adopt a policy of
four year masters-doctorate degrees. In this case we must
insist that NSERC reverse its policy, in writing, to the NSERC
director of scholarships and fellowship programs:
R.J. Kavanaugh, Director
Scholarships and Fellowship Programs
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
200 Kent Street
Ottawa K1A 1H5
and to the President of the c o m m i t t e e of university faculty
w h o r e c o m m e n d e d this policy:
Dr. G.A. MacLachlan
President, NSERC Manpower Committee
Dean of Graduate Studies
McGill University
845 Sherbrooke Street West
Montréal, Québec H3A 2T5
W e must c o n t i n u e to take action to stop the c o n t i n u i n g
erosion of our research resources whether cutbacks be direct
or indirect, blatant or subtle.
Bruce Faddegon, MSc, MCCPM
PhD Student, Carleton University
U p o n reading L. Ballentine's review of my book (L. Mayants,
The Enigma of Probability and Physics,Reidel, 1984) published
in July 1986 issue of "Physics in Canada", of w h i c h I learned
only recently, I feel p r o m p t e d to write you as follows.
Unfortunately, the review is fully misleading. M y book renders
a c o h e r e n t e x p o s i t i o n of t w o new, unique
sciences:
probabilistics (science of probability) and probabilistic
physics
(application of probabilistics to physics). It also reveals the
2 Physics in Canada
January 1 9 8 8
defects of principle of both axiomatic probability theories,
no matter how " m o d e r n " they are, and conventional quantum
mechanics. Because of the novelty and uncommonness of
the subject-matter, I have urged the readers to read the book
carefully: "It should be read from the very beginning and
in the sequence in w h i c h the material is presented" (p. xviii).
But, according to his confession, the reviewer not only did
not do so, he did not even read the most part of the book.
As a result, instead of a scientific analysis of the new sciences
from the stand-point of their validity, he confined himself
to a few mere words expressing his feelings about my
knowledge of conventional probability theory — the one I
have extensively criticized in the book. His failure to read
the book thoroughly may perhaps explain, too, why he did
not realize that Ch. 10 may be called anything but "a very
conventional exposition" of quantum mechanics and that the
concept of "randomness" is introduced, w i t h due explanations, into probabilistics (not probability theory! as a primary
one. There is, however, one more rather amazing fact.
L. Ballentine recently published an article [AmJ.Phys. 54, 883
(1986)] whose results basically coincide (with an accuracy to
terminology) w i t h what I published previously (starting 1970)
and finally presented right in those chapters of my book he,
according to his words, did read. But he did not refer to
my w o r k in his article, neither did he mention the importance
of my ideas, which, I am sure, at least had influenced him,
in his review. In my Letter to the Editor of AJP [AmJ.Phys.
55, 585 (1987)), I w e l c o m e d the appearance of Ballentine's
article w h e n I did not know that he was aware of my work,
and I have not changed my mind now when I know the truth,
for the reasons given in that Letter remain valid. But the fact
that under the circumstances he, nevertheless, had decided
to give a deliberately negative " r e v i e w " of the book, w i t h o u t
even carefully reading it, seems immoral, incompatible with
the image of a genuine scientist.
Lazar Mayants
University of Massachusetts
[Because of the implications of this letter, w e asked Prof.
Ballentine if he wished to comment. His reply is printed below.
Ed.]
There is little value in an author and a reviewer arguing in
public about their differing evaluations of the author's book,
and so I shall not add to what I said in my published review.
However, I wish to respond to the suggestion in Mayants's
letter that my article on Probability Theory in Q u a n t u m
Mechanics [Am. J. Phys. 54, 883 (1986)] was influenced by
his book, w h i c h however I did not refer to in my article.
In fact my ideas on this subject and my published article
were developed w i t h o u t knowledge of Mayants's book. About
the same time that I completed my article I acquired a review
copy of his book. Although I had looked forward eagerly to
receiving that book, because of its apparent relevance to my
o w n work, I was very disappointed w i t h its contents and this
view was expressed in my review published in Physics in
Canada (July 1986).
After my article had already been accepted for publication
by Am. J. Phys., the editor informed me that one of the referees
had belatedly discovered Mayants's work, and had asked
whether it was too late for me to mention it in my article.
I declined to do so on the grounds that any comments w h i c h
I might make on Mayants's book would, unfortunately, be
rather unfavorable, and these w o u l d be more appropriately
expressed in a book review. Mayants is apparently unhappy
that I did not mention his work in my article, however had
I done so I expect he w o u l d be even less happy.
Leslie E. Ballantine
Simon Fraser University
Standards of Physical Measurement: The role of the National
Research Council
by Jacques Vanier
Laboratory for Basic Standards
Division of Physics
National Research Council Canada
Abstract
Basic concepts underlying the implementation
of standards in the International System of Units are described, with particular
attention to the primary standards and the evolutionary nature of the units. The role of the National Research Council in the field
of measurement science in Canada is described.
Introduction
In countries with a strong industrial base, metrology, the
science of measurement, is becoming a central and essential
activity. The increasingly stringent requirements in the fabrication of components, devices and instruments are largely
responsible for the key role that this science plays. Nowadays
there are instruments commonly used in laboratories with
six or more digit displays or with claimed accuracies in the
10 6 range. W h e n these instruments are used to make difference measurements the main requirements are the linearity and the stability of each device's characteristics with
time. However, when they are used in an absolute manner,
accuracy is the important characteristic.
Accuracy has a very precise meaning which places it at the
heart of the whole subject. In the case of a measuring
instrument, accuracy means the ability of that instrument to
give indications approaching the true value of the quantity
measured. In the case of a standard of physical measurement,
it is the property of that standard to conform to an internationally accepted definition. Such definitions guarantee
international agreement between maintained national standards and measurements made in various countries.
Measurement science is based on a system of defined units
of various quantities. The system currently used in most
industrial countries, virtually universally accepted in science
and largely accepted in technology, is the "Système International d'Unités" (SI) (1). M u c h of the work done in the
world's major national laboratories is directed to the development, implementation and promulgation of standards that
realize as accurately as possible the definitions of such a
system.
In this paper, a brief description of the SI and various ways
of generating standards that conform to its definitions will
be given. The activities of the Laboratory for Basic Standards
of the National Research Council of Canada, where Canada's
national standards of physical measurements are designed,
implemented, and maintained, and where research is done
to improve them will also be described. Finally, a short
description of the proposed Canadian Calibration Network
will be given.
The "Système International d'Unités"
Since the early days of the history of mankind, the concept
of measurement has played an important role in the exchange
of information and of goods. It is obvious that as soon as
man started to trade with neighbours, a c o m m o n "measure"
must have been agreed upon and some crude equivalence
looking like a unit of measurement needed to be defined.
This has led over the years to the definition of simple base
units developed independently in various parts of the world
and for particular needs (2). A typical ancient definition of
a unit of length is shown in Fig. 1.
•^ifst
fotioUm
^bottt
"20
mm&tirement.
inrKfs.
^cttgth of f o r e a r m f r o m p o i n t of
elboVv to e n d of the mi6Me finger.
Fig. 1 Early definition of a unit of length: the cubit
Some two centuries ago the rapid development of sciences
and technology and the expansion of international trade
provided a practical and even stronger requirement for some
universal measurement system. The "Convention du Mètre"
of 1875 signed in 1897 by seventeen countries has become
the accepted one, from the several serious attempts in that
direction (3). This convention, based upon a metre and a
kilogramme fabricated in 1799, made explicit the use of a
decimal, so-called metric system of measurements. This metric system was, and is, an evolving rather than static system;
it led in 1960 to the adoption of a set of definitions collectively
titled the International System of Units (SI). The SI is closely
related to the system previously used at large in scientific
work, that is the M-K-S-A system (mètre, kilogram, second
and ampere). It has achieved uniformity throughout the world
by means of very precise definitions and by means of a
common vocabulary. It consists of 7 base units for the
quantities: length, mass, time, electrical current, temperature,
luminous intensity and amount of substance. Two supplementary units define plane and solid angles. There are at
present nineteen additional derived units with special names
which are connected to the base units by simple relations
janvier 1988 3
1 — Time:
based o n physical laws or definitions. Three of these units
are c o n c e r n e d w i t h health and safety and radioactivity. M a n y
o t h e r quantities are represented by c o m b i n a t i o n s of base
units but d o not have special names that are r e c o g n i z e d by
t h e SI.
Since 1967, t h e unit of t i m e is d e f i n e d by means of an atomic
transition b e t w e e n t w o given states of t h e cesium atom (4).
C o n s e q u e n t l y the d u r a t i o n of t h e s e c o n d n o longer d e p e n d s
o n a m o t i o n of celestial bodies. O f course, t h e value of this
unit was originally d e t e r m i n e d by c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e Earth's
m o t i o n . However, t h e measurement of e p h e m e r i s t i m e can
o n l y be d o n e w i t h a l i m i t e d accuracy of t h e o r d e r of 10"',
and o n l y after t h e fact, and t h e rotation of t h e earth o n its
axis is characterized by irregularities. Since o u t s t a n d i n g accuracy and stability w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h oscillators stabilized
o n a t o m i c transitions, it was d e c i d e d t o use these types of
oscillators as t h e basis for t h e n e w d e f i n i t i o n of t h e unit of
t i m e . This led to t h e c o n c e p t of t h e a t o m i c second.
The A p p e n d i x gives t h e d e f i n i t i o n s of t h e base units together
w i t h t h e c o n n e c t i o n of t h e d e r i v e d units w i t h special names
t o t h e base units. The system is represented schematically
in Fig. 2 w h i c h clearly shows t h e relation b e t w e e n t h e various
special units.
It is w o r t h e m p h a s i z i n g that a l t h o u g h t h e skeleton of t h e
system s h o w n in Fig. 2 has stayed essentially t h e same over
t h e years, many changes have taken place in t h e actual
d e f i n i t i o n s of t h e various units and in t h e m e t h o d s or techniques of i m p l e m e n t i n g standards t o represent t h e m in
practice. Nowadays t h e r e is a general t e n d e n c y t o use w e l l
u n d e r s t o o d physical p h e n o m e m a instead of artifacts t o imp l e m e n t physical standards, and to d e f i n e units in terms of
f u n d a m e n t a l constants. This is t h e subject t o be discussed
in t h e next section.
In practice t h e cesium atom was chosen and t h e atomic
transition selected was that b e t w e e n F » 4 and F = 3 levels
of its g r o u n d state. The f r e q u e n c y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o that
transition is d e f i n e d as:
vn ' 9 192 631 770 Hz.
Standards of Physical Measurement: The new approach
Various national laboratories have c o n s t r u c t e d devices that
can i m p l e m e n t t h e a d o p t e d d e f i n i t i o n . A schematic diagram
of an a t o m i c f r e q u e n c y standard is s h o w n in Fig. 3. In general
a crystal oscillator w h o s e f r e q u e n c y is m u l t i p l i e d t o t h e
desired f r e q u e n c y is used t o excite transitions b e t w e e n t h e
t w o levels F - 4 and F = 3 of t h e g r o u n d state of t h e cesium
atoms. The effect o n t h e atoms is d e t e c t e d by various means
and t h e resonance signal o b t a i n e d is used t o lock t h e
In t h e early days of t h e setting u p of t h e " C o n v e n t i o n d u
M è t r e " most units w e r e d e f i n e d by means of artifacts. W e l l
k n o w n examples are t h e m e t r e and t h e kilogram. This app r o a c h has c h a n g e d radically over t h e years and w e w o u l d
like t o emphasize t h e changes that have taken place recently,
and describe t h e state of t h e art in this field, specially in
t h e realization of primary standards.
International
System
of Units
(SI)
B a s t quantities and derived units with special names
Length
m
Mass
kg
s/T?'
y y
1
Electrical
current
A
Time
s
Temperature
K
^Jk
—
- . ^ ' / W
\
/
\
'
\
/
.
Luminous
intensity
cd
J k
\
^^ceiiius
Amount of
substance
mol
sr
Notation
with n arrow - h e a d s
Radioactivity
»
(unit)
"j
Electricity
Light
Chemistry
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the "Système International d'Unités". Only the base quantities, symbols of the base units, and the derived
units with special names are represented. Their connection is also made evident.
4 Physics in Canada
January 1 9 8 8
Microwave
input
frequency of the crystal oscillator to the atomic resonance.
The resulting system is called an atomic clock.
Fig. 3 Schematic representation of a primary cesium beam frequency standard,
a) the cesium beam tube
Cesium b e a m t u b e
response
2 — Length
The base unit is the metre which in the early days of the
Convention du mètre was the length of the international
prototype metre, a particular bar of platinum alloyed with
10% iridium kept at the BIPM in Sèvres. Since 1983, the metre
is now defined in terms of the speed of light which is assumed
to be constant with time and space [6], Consequently the
metre is characterized by a universally independent of artifacts
or copies constructed at a given location and at a given date.
Frequency
o
CESIUM
BEAM
Although the concept associated with this definition is extremely attractive, it is not clear at first sight how it can be
used in practice. Of course, this question was studied in depth
before the new definition was adopted. In fact, from 1963
to 1983, the metre was defined in terms of the wavelength
of a spectral line of krypton, and interferometric techiques
were developed to use krypton lamps for calibration of
secondary standards. The wavelength of the krypton line used
had of course been determined in terms of the prototype
metre. However, the advent of stable lasers and the determination of their frequencies by means of frequency synthesis
SYNCHRONOUS
TUBE
DETECTOR
/
V
FREQUENCY
MODULATOR
A photograph of Canada's primary standard of time and
frequency, CsV is shown in Fig. 4. This unit is operated
continuously and is thus an atomic clock. It is one of the
few in existence in the world: other units of similar accuracies
being at PTB, Germany, and NBS, USA [5], Cs V has an accuracy
of the order of 5 x 1CH4. This means that such a clock can
keep time over a year to within a few microseconds. Timekeeping to such an accuracy does not have much influence
on the day to day life of citizens. However, navigation and
communication systems rely on such accuracies for proper
operation. Such clocks also play an important role in understanding physical phenomena and in making accurate
measurements in radio astronomy. It may also be mentioned
that the whole technology developed around this activity has
had a major impact on other fields where high accuracy is
required. Time is nowadays the physical quantity that can
be determined with greatest accuracy. It is possible, via
satellite navigation systems, to compare time scales kept by
various national standards laboratories with a resolution of
~ 20ns. On the other hand frequencies can be determined
with an accuracy better than one part n 1013.
V
SYNTHESIZER
/*
QUARTZ
CRYSTAL
LOW -
OSCIL _AT0R
PASS
FILT ER
Signal
J
^>
f.
Fig. 3 b) block diagram of a clock
Fig. 4 Photograph of NRC's CsV primary clock. The clock is about
3 metres long, operates continuously and has a frequency
stability such that it does not lose or gain more than 1 /us
per year.
janvier 1 9 8 8 5
jC- <"«
chains f r o m the RF region to the visible led to an increase
of accuracy over the use of krypton lamps. Using the equation:
= c
|Au[%
(1)
where \ is the wavelength, v the frequency and c the speed
of light, it became evident that greater accuracy w o u l d be
achieved by simply assigning a value to the speed of light
as close as possible to that w h i c h w o u l d be compatible with
the previous definition of the metre. The value assigned is
[5]:
Loser
/
Mirror
synchronous
In practice, however, one is faced w i t h several difficulties.
A l t h o u g h frequencies in the RF and microwave region can
be d e t e r m i n e d very accurately in terms of the primary cesium
frequency standard, the long wavelengths involved do not
permit high accuracy in length measurements by means of
interferometric techniques. Optical radiation, especially in the
visible is m u c h better suited for that purpose. In particular,
lasers w i t h their monochromatic radiation o u t p u t are ideal
for measurements by interferometric techniques, but it is well
k n o w n that their output frequency or wavelength is a strong
f u n c t i o n of the mechanical structure used in their construction. These structures are generally unstable and not easily
reproducible. Furthermore the laser's wavelength or frequency is not easily determined accurately. Consequently in
recent years there has been a sustained activity to solve these
t w o problems.
First, research has been done in order to stabilize the frequency of several types of lasers, specially the He-Ne laser,
by means of resonance absorption in cells containing a
selected atomic or molecular vapor. I 2 , being characterized
by several absorption lines in the visible and CH„, having
an absorption line in the infrared, coincident w i t h laser lines,
are molecular systems used extensively in this connection.
A schematic diagram of the system used is shown in Fig. 5.
The cell containing the absorbing molecules is placed inside
the laser mirrors. M o d u l a t i o n of the position of those mirrors
leads to a power o u t p u t modulated by the absorption. This
modulation is detected and used as an error signal to lock
the laser frequency to that of the absorption line, and thus
stabilize the laser output. Lasers stabilized that way generally
agree w i t h each other to better than one part in 1010. Fig.
6 is a photograph of an l 2 stabilized He-Ne laser in w h i c h
frequency d o u b l i n g is also achieved at the same time.
The next question of course is in connection w i t h the actual
wavelength or frequency of the o u t p u t radiation. During the
last decade extensive w o r k has been done in order to measure
optical frequencies in terms of the cesium frequency standard.
This w o r k has led to the development of so-called optical
frequency synthesis chains, a version of w h i c h is shown in
Fig. 7. That particular chain has made possible the measurement of the CH 4 stabilized laser frequency at 88 THz, with
an accuracy of 1.2 kHz limited only by the stability of the
laser frequency 17]. Measurements at higher frequencies have
also been d o n e elsewhere but not in as direct a manner as
the one illustrated in Fig. 7. Independent chains were imp l e m e n t e d in separate l a b o r a t o r i e s for d i f f e r e n t e n d frequencies and were interconnected by means of transportable standards. This field is still very active and considerable
efforts are directed, at NRCC for example, at implementing
a chain for connecting directly a visible frequency to a
microwave frequency [8].
It is obvious that the new definition of the metre has very
deep implications on the system of units. The metre is now
6 Physics in Canada
January 1988
f or
ra-^-
absorption
cell
MinMi!!""
iwgnny
lionsporentl
detector
3f
(f)
dc - oc
modulator
c =299 792 458 [m/s]
In principle any radiation could be used as a standard for
calibration purposes, as long as its frequency is known.
Equation (1) provides the means for determining its wavelength; since c is a defined quantity, a measurement of the
frequency v is equivalent to a determination of X.
amplifying
medium
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of a He-Ne laser stabilized by saturated
absorption.
Fig. 6 Photograph of a He-Ne laser stabilized absorption in iodine.
The unit shown includes also a frequency doubling cyrstal.
P
fg=26,940,81 5
r,
-W-
J
i
| Mixer
«J— 6 7 9 9 0
{ — 530
f4=33,185,715
Note A
ra
1
f3=26,450,305 „
f
O E
Eh—|
• " M ? >— f 2 = 2 8 , 6 9 4 ,62 5
\
X
1
I
f, •
Ly
9,710
y •
f„ » 6 7 , 9 5 0
f, = 2 9 , 4 4 2 , 4 8 0
f, • 6 1 , 2 : 0
®
MIM
1
CsV
5 MHz
diode
klystron
IT
phase l o c k e d
yL
beam splitter or mirror
®
microwave
servo
diode
Fig. 7 Optical synthesis chain developed at the National Research
Council of Canada. The frequency of each of the C 0 2
lasers is phase-locked to the frequency of the primary
cesium beam frequency standard CsV. Frequencies are in
MHz.
Note A: These frequencies in MHz are derived from the
CsV primary standard.
n o longer a c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t unit. It relies o n t h e
d e f i n i t i o n of t h e second. To emphasize this p o i n t it is o b v i o u s
that any change in t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e second either by
i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement or by t h e discovery of n e w physical
effects c o n n e c t e d w i t h its i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , w i l l result in a
change of either t h e n u m b e r associated w i t h t h e speed of
light or t h e value of t h e m e t r e itself. Since t h e n u m b e r
associated w i t h t h e speed of light has been fixed by d e f i n i t i o n ,
t h e m e t r e w o u l d change in size in t h e same p r o p o r t i o n as
the second would.
It is believed that a very r e p r o d u c i b l e f r e q u e n c y standard
c o u l d be i m p l e m e n t e d in t h e visible. Such a standard, if m o r e
accurate t h e n t h e presently realized cesium clocks, c o u l d
b e c o m e a t i m e - l e n g t h standard if a p r o p e r m u l t i p l i c a t i o n
chain is i m p l e m e n t e d t o provide, in a single system, radiation
in t h e visible as a length standard and radiation at radio
f r e q u e n c i e s as a t i m e standard, b o t h standards o r i g i n a t i n g
f r o m a single a t o m i c system. Such a d i r e c t i o n is p u r s u e d
actively in several laboratories and a new a p p r o a c h is taken
in t h e realization of t h e f r e q u e n c y standard itself. First it
appears that i m p r o v e m e n t s in t h e accuracy of presently built
stabilized lasers are rather d i f f i c u l t t o achieve. C o n s e q u e n t l y
physicists are n o w t u r n i n g their a t t e n t i o n t o t h e simplest
system consisting of a single atom or ion held inside an
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c trap and c o o l e d t o nearly zero kelvin. Ions
have already been i d e n t i f i e d that have extremely n a r r o w lines
in t h e visible and c o u l d serve as a p r i m a r y standard of t i m e
and f r e q u e n c y . For example, it is possible t o trap a single
Barium i o n in a RF trap, to c o o l it t o t h e mK range by laser
radiation t o avoid D o p p l e r effects a n d t o observe its b e h a v i o u r
by means of f l u o r e s c e n c e radiation [9]. The existence of a
metastable state, t o w h i c h t h e ion can be excited, permits
t h e observation of single q u a n t u m j u m p s and t h e p r e d i c t i o n
of e x t r e m e l y n a r r o w resonance lines to w h i c h a laser c o u l d
be locked. T h e r e is great h o p e that such a system c o u l d be
realized w i t h i n t h e next decade and that t h e accuracies
a c h i e v e d w i l l p e r m i t verification of physical p h e n o m e n a to
higher precision than presently d o n e .
The accuracies in length measurement possible presently in
standards laboratories are of t h e o r d e r of 10' 1 0 .
3 — Electrical current
The ampere, as d e f i n e d in t h e SI (see t h e A p p e n d i x ) is
e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t to i m p l e m e n t in practice. It is possible,
h o w e v e r to design and c o n s t r u c t devices that will, as closely
as possible, be representative of t h e a m p e r e as defined. These
are so-called a m p e r e balances. The schematic diagram of such
a d e v i c e is s h o w n in Fig. 8. Its p r i n c i p l e of o p e r a t i o n can
be d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s [10].
As is s h o w n in t h e figure a h o m o g e n e o u s radial field creates
a f o r c e F o n a c o i l carrying a c u r r e n t i, given by
F = i Br27r a l
(2)
w h e r e B r is t h e radial magnetic i n d u c t i o n and aQ t h e radius
of t h e coil. This f o r c e is measured by means of t h e balance
as (mg) w h e r e m is t h e mass r e q u i r e d f o r e q u i l i b r i u m and
g t h e acceleration caused by gravity at t h e site of t h e
e x p e r i m e n t . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d if, in t h e absence of c u r r e n t ,
t h e c o i l is set in m o t i o n at v e l o c i t y v z , an e l e c t r o m o t i v e f o r c e
« is d e v e l o p e d across t h e coil
« = v 2 B r 2;r ajj.
(3)
,rst
1
experiment:
vzBr
27ra0
experiment:
L
27TQn
nd
oL
<
Br
«
Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of an ampere balance. The required
radial magnetic field may be created by means of two
coils carrying opposite electrical currents and placed symmetrically on each side of the measuring coil on its axis.
SI o h m unit is o b t a i n e d by means of a calculable capacitor
to be d e s c r i b e d below.
Systems based o n these concepts have been d e v e l o p e d at
t h e NPL, UK and at t h e NBS, USA [11], The c o n s t r u c t i o n of
such systems is a far-reaching project and the actual experi m e n t is d i f f i c u l t t o carry o u t because of t h e small size of
f o r c e and of t h e e.m.f. d e v e l o p e d . In practice, radial magnetic
fields of t h e o r d e r of several tenths of tesla are r e q u i r e d in
order to create a measurable force c o r r e s p o n d i n g to
h u n d r e d s of grams in t h e earth's gravitation field. Nevertheless
accuracies better than 10 - 6 are achieved in t h e e x p e r i m e n t .
As is made clear by t h e previous discussion, not all laboratories can afford t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of such a system. C o n sequently many standards laboratories have taken d i f f e r e n t
approaches. O n e widespread m e t h o d is to i m p l e m e n t standards of voltage and resistance and t o use O h m ' s law to derive
t h e ampere. The key e l e m e n t of course is t h e accuracy of
these standards. In most laboratories the units of voltage and
resistance are maintained by means of artifacts: W e s t o n cells
or zener diodes and w i r e w o u n d resistors. These are calibrated
t h r o u g h international comparisons u n d e r t h e u m b r e l l a of t h e
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. The tie t o t h e
SI is d o n e in t h e f o l l o w i n g way.
First it is possible t o s h o w that t h e capacitance b e t w e e n
o p p o s i t e c o m p o n e n t s of t h e t w o symmetrical pairs of cylinders of t h e structure s h o w n in Fig. 9 is given by [12].
c = e„ In 2
[F/m] .
(4)
The quantities v and F can be d e t e r m i n e d in an absolute
m a n n e r in SI units w h i l e e can be related back to t h e a m p e r e
by means of O h m ' s law. In such a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h e r e q u i r e d
(5)
Since t h e speed of light and t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y of space are
d e f i n e d quantities, e0 is also exactly k n o w n by means of t h e
relation.
c = 1 /yJlwo .
From these t w o equations o n e obtains
= v£
i or €
(6)
Thus, such a structure provides a primary standard of capacitance since it d e p e n d s o n l y o n t h e l e n g t h of t h e rods
w h i c h can be measured accurately. The e n s e m b l e is called
a calculable capacitor. An ac-dc c o m p a r i s o n chain can t h e n
be built to c o m p a r e its i m p e d a n c e at to = 10 000 rad/s to a
dc standard resistor. Such a standard becomes calibrated in
janvier 1988 7
e -(7rC,/c 0 )
+
e -(7rc 2 /e 0 )
.
1
V
=>
c,=
c2
I
I n2
c0
C
°
=
S O O nm
7T
1
1
capacitor
rods
Pb
SiOz
500nm
I
Josephson junction used at NRC
f R F = 10.1 GHz
n = 121
V 0J = 2 . 5 4 mV
Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of a Josephson junction made of lead.
The insert shows the V-l characteristics when exposed
to microwave radiation.
Calculable
Capacitor
Fig. 9 Schematic diagram of a calculable capacitor. The unit
shown is made of four rods. In a perfectly symmetrical
configuration the capacitance c, and c 2 between the
opposite rods are equal and depend only on their length.
The guard acts as a short circuit which determines the
length. Measurements are made as a function of the
position of this guard.
terms of SI units. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e v o l t can also be
measured in an absolute way by means of a so-called volt
balance w h i c h is not t o o d i f f e r e n t in p r i n c i p l e f r o m an a m p e r e
balance. The volt balance measures t h e f o r c e of repulsion
o r attraction b e t w e e n t w o plates charged t o a given voltage.
The resulting system is smaller than t h e a m p e r e balance but
in p r i n c i p l e c a n n o t lead to c o m p a r a b l e accuracies d u e t o
t h e many c o r r e c t i n g factors that must be a p p l i e d t o t h e
e x p e r i m e n t a l results. Nevertheless a f e w systems have been
b u i l t (e.g. CSIRO, Australia, LCIE, France [13]) and accuracies
of t h e o r d e r of 10" 6 have been o b t a i n e d . These measurements
and those made w i t h t h e calculable capacitor are t h e n used
as references in international comparisons and p r o v i d e t h e
basis of absolute calibration of national standards of voltage
and resistance. Laboratories participating in these c o m p a r isons can t h e n claim traceability t o SI d e f i n i t i o n s and by means
of O h m ' s law can p r o v i d e a standard a m p e r e that approximates t h e SI unit. D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n these c o m parisons, h o w e v e r , laboratories are at t h e mercy of t h e stability
of their standard cells or zener references and of their o h m
standards.
in 10 13 , t h e accuracy in the voltage d e t e r m i n a t i o n is f u n c t i o n
o n l y of t h e system noise and of o u r k n o w l e d g e of (h/2e).
This ratio is n o w beleived t o be [14]:
h/2e = 2.06783461(61) 1 0 - " V / G H z
The n u m b e r in brackets represents t h e uncertainty in t h e
last digits and corresponds to ± 0.3 * 10~6.
Quantum Hall effect. This is a p h e n o m e n o n taking place at
extremely l o w temperatures and at very high magnetic fields
in t w o d i m e n s i o n a l e l e c t r o n gases, such as is e n c o u n t e r e d
in specially c o n s t r u c t e d field effect transistors. As illustrated
in Figure 11, t h e Hall resistance goes t h r o u g h various steps
as a f u n c t i o n of t h e magnetic field. A l t h o u g h t h e t h e o r y of
such an effect is not c o m p l e t e l y w o r k e d out yet, it appears
that t h e Hall resistance is given to a high accuracy by t h e
relation:
R = R H /i
(8)
w h e r e i is t h e n u m b e r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e step arid Rh is t h e
q u a n t u m Hall resistance given by
R h = h/e* = 1/2 n0 da
Quantum
Hall
.
(9)
Effect
Q u a n t u m electronics, fortunately, has c o m e t o t h e rescue
of those laboratories w h i c h are not e q u i p p e d w i t h either volt
or a m p e r e balances or w i t h calculable capacitors. The useful
p h e n o m e n a are t h e Josephson effect and t h e Q u a n t u m Hall
effect.
losephson effect. This is a p h e n o m e n a that takes place at very
l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n t w o s u p e r c o n d u c t o r s separated
by a t h i n insulating barrier. The device is called a Josephson
j u n c t i o n a n d has a typical d i o d e l-V characteristic. H o w e v e r ,
w h e n it is s u b m i t t e d t o a m i c r o w a v e radiation of f r e q u e n c y ,
v, this l - V characteristic contains steps or plateaus w h o s e
h e i g h t is given by
V
'
(*)•
(7)
w h e r e h is Planck's constant, e t h e e l e c t r o n i c change and
n t h e n u m b e r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e step. This is illustrated in Figure
10. For example, w i t h v = 10 Ghz and n = 100, o n e obtains
V - 2 mV. Since v can be d e t e r m i n e d accurately to a part
8 Physics in Canada
January 1 9 8 8
2
3
4
3
6
MAGNETIC FIELD (TESLA)
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of a quantum Hall effect device. The
insert shows the behaviour of the quantum Hall resistance
Pxy as a function of applied magnetic induction. The
longitudinal resistance p%x is also shown in the insert.
(Adapted from Scientific American, April 1986).
In this equation a is the fine structure constant. The value
of R h is [ 1 4 ]
R H = 2 5 8 1 2 . 8 0 5 6 (12) H
the uncertainty corresponding to 0.045 * 10 - 6 . Such a device
can thus provide the basis for a reproducible standard of
resistance w i t h a very high accuracy.
Agreement on the actual values to be adopted for h/2e and
h/e 2 has not been reached yet. A committee has been f o r m e d
by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in order
to study the question and to report in 1988 to the Comité
Consultatif d'Electricité [15]. A decision is expected to take
place in 1990 at the "Conference Générale des Poids et
Mesures".
Meanwhile several laboratories have constructed systems
using the Josephson and the Q u a n t u m Hall effects to realize
their standards of voltage and resistance. Unfortunately,
different values of h/2e and h/e 2 have been adopted in various
countries and this has caused problems regarding equivalence
and universality of the standards maintained. It is obvious
that the agreement to be reached in 1990 for values of the
ratios will be a positive step. Any laboratory e q u i p p e d with
the systems m e n t i o n e d will be able to relate their electrical
standards to the SI, w i t h o u t transportable artifacts of questionable reliability.
At present, the accuracy obtained in the realization of the
SI volt in a standards laboratory is of the order of 5 x 10" 7
while the SI o h m can be realized to about 5 x 10' 8 . In practice,
the volt can be transferred to users with an accuracy of a
few parts in 106 by means of standard cells. Standards of
resistance can be transported more easily and an accuracy
of the order of a few parts in 107 can be realized in international
comparisons of these standards.
4 — Mass
The standard of mass is the only artifact left in the SI. It is
the international prototype kilogram consisting of a cylinder
of p l a t i n u m - i r i d i u m w i t h a defined mass of 1 kilogram. It is
kept in a vault at the BIPM in Sèvres. Several copies were
distributed around the w o r l d and are compared periodically
to the international prototype. NRCC's standard kilogram is
shown in Fig. 12. The comparisons are rather tedious and
take m u c h time. The precision of the comparisons is of the
order of 10~9. However the value of the individual kilograms
varies by as m u c h as 1 x 10~8 w h e n re-calibrated.
The definition of a unit by means of an artifact is obviously
a drawback. It means that the unit cannot be implemented
independently in other national laboratories. Attempts have
been made at avoiding the use of such an artifact. For example
it is possible by means of X ray interferometry to measure
lattice spacings w i t h an accuracy of the order of 10~ 8 . Simply
defining the mass of one atom w o u l d then result in a mass
standard, since atomic spacing w o u l d be known. To fabricate
a standard, only the dimension w o u l d need to be determined.
Unfortunately experiments done in silicon [16], although
providing good results have shown that the crystals c o u l d
not be made perfect enough to give a reproducibility and
accuracy that w o u l d make the techniques a real competitor
to the artifact approach [17]. Another avenue w o u l d be, after
adopting values of h/2e and h/e 2 , to construct an ampere
balance w h i c h instead of measuring the ampere in terms of
the kilogram w o u l d do the opposite. The kilogram w o u l d
then be defined in terms of fundamental constants by means
of laws of electromagnetism. The approach is very attractive,
but, as discussed earlier, present technology does not allow
an accuracy better than 10~7 in such an apparatus. This is
more than t w o orders of magnitude less than what can be
d o n e now in international comparisons of kilogram standards.
Consequently is appears that the artifact concept for the
kilogram is here to stay for some time.
Fig. 12 Canada's standard kilogram. The unit is kept under two
bell-jars in a vault at NRC in Ottawa.
5 — Temperature
The e q u i l i b r i u m state of rigid mechanical systems or their
m o t i o n can be described entirely by three quantities: length,
time and mass. However, thermal effects need to be considered to define the thermodynamic state of a system. The
concept of temperature is introduced to provide the extra
coordinate. In thermodynamics, temperature can be defined
in terms of heat exchange between a hot and a cold reservoir
in a Carnot engine. This approach, although defining only
ratios of temperatures, nevertheless gives rise to the thermodynamic temperature scale w h i c h is a fundamental scale
independent of the device or substance used to implement
it. Because thermodynamics defines only temperature ratios,
one point must be fixed to determine the size of the unit,
the kelvin; it has been chosen to be the triple point of water
at 273.16 K.
In practice, the scale of temperature is maintained by means
of fixed points w h i c h are triple, freezing or boiling points
of selected pure substances, the thermodynamic temperatures of w h i c h had been determined as accurately as possible
w i t h instruments such as gas thermometers w h i c h approximate the thermodynamic scale. Temperatures between these
points are interpolated by specified devices: resistance thermometers, thermocouples, or optical pyrometers. The w h o l e
process leads to a so-called practical temperature scale. Such
a scale has gone through several changes over the years. The
last scale was implemented in 1968 and was the result of
many compromises [18]. More recently, however, it was f o u n d
that the scale diverged from thermodynamic temperatures
by quantities large enough to be currently detectable; for
example, the boiling point of water needs to be reset at 99.97°
while a correction of up to 1/2 K may be required at 800°
[19]. The triple point of water is kept at 273.16K by definition.
janvier 1 9 8 8
9
best accuracy that can be achieved experimentally w i t h
available equipment. The primary standard of temperature
is the water triple point. In general, a cell may realize this
point to an accuracy better than 1 mK. A schematic diagram
of a cell is shown in Fig. 13. Other interpolating standards
are artifacts whose thermometrie properties have been determined as accurately as possible. Other instruments based
on w e l l - k n o w n physical phenomena can be used as standards
of temperature. In addition to the gas thermometer (previously mentioned), these are, for example, radiation thermometers, based on Planck's radiation law or the StefanBoltzmann law; noise thermometers, based on the Nyquist
equation for Johnson noise; acoustic thermometers, based
on the speed of sound in a gas; or nuclear orientation
thermometers, based on the spatial distribution of nuclear
radiation emitted by a radioactive source.
1.2 cm
RING
SEAL
The practical temperature scale being implemented will be
more accurate than the 1968 IPTS. However, it is possible
that uncertainties less than a tenth of a degree may still remain
at temperatures around 800 C.
6 — Luminous intensity
WATER
CE
MANTLE
MID - P O I N T
(SENSOR)
Fig. 13 Primary temperature standard; the water triple point cell.
In such a cell the three phases of water, vapour, liquid
and solid are in equilibrium. The temperature at the midpoint is very close to the defined value 273.16 K.
The Comité Consultatif de Thermometrie of the BIPM is now
studying this question extensively and it is expected that a
new scale will come into effect in 1990. These changes will
affect other sectors in a minor way. For example in the field
of electrical standards, resistance standards and standard cells
are generally calibrated at a given temperature. Since the
temperature will be changed, the voltage and resistance
values w i l l also change slightly. Similarly, tables such as
t h e r m o c o u p l e calibration tables and steam tables will require
corrections. These changes, however, will affect mainly standards laboratories but not the end users since the magnitude
of the changes will be small.
From the previous discussion it is observed that the fixed
points play the role of temperature standards. However they
are not primary standards, since the temperature of the fixed
points are calibrated against the thermodynamic scale to the
10 Physics in Canada
January 1988
This quantity is connected to human vision and is introduced
in the SI due to the importance that light plays in the life
of human beings. In the present context, light is. understood
as the radiant energy as evaluated by the human eye. Light
is characterized by its luminous intensity and the unit is the
candela. In the past it was defined in terms of the light emitted
by a heated platinum black body at its freezing temperature.
Since 1979, however, it is defined in terms of a certain amount
of power (1/683 watt) emitted per unit solid angle, by a source
at 540 terahertz or approximately 555 nm. At first sight it
appears to be a derived quantity w h i c h should not be included
as a base unit. However, the human eye standard response
to light, V(A), as a function of wavelength, is underlying the
definition. In practice, for example, a source of arbitrary
spectral distribution w o u l d be said to have a luminous
intensity of n candela if it looked to the normal eye as bright
as a monochromatic source of the same size emitting n(1 /
683) watt per steradian at 540 terahertz. O n the other hand
the luminous intensity of the same source can also be
determined simply by integrating its radiant intensity over
its w h o l e spectrum weighted by 683 xV(A). The results of such
an exercise w o u l d be a given number of candela. However
it is quite obvious that the results obtained may not necessarily
agree exactly w i t h the results of the previous experiment since
the eye sensitivity changes w i t h individuals arid is not necesarily V(X) for all. Nevertheless it should be c lose enough
for most practical purposes, V(A) being an international
accepted standard w h i c h was d e t e r m i n e d by numerous
experiments on a large sample of individuals.
The implementation of a luminous intensity standard can be
done in several ways as long as it agrees w i t h the definition.
A blackbody heated to the temperature of freezing platinum
can still be used. However, it is more practical to use special
types of tungsten lamps. The luminous intensity of such
w o r k i n g standards can be determined by measuring the light
o u t p u t by means of a so-called absolute radiometer equipped
w i t h a suitable filter as shown in Fig. 14. The filter between
the source and the detector has a spectral transmittance w h i c h
approximates the sensitivity curve of the eye t o radiation of
various wavelengths. The light to be measured is absorbed
completely by the radiometer and the rise in temperature
produced is measured. A corresponding rise in temperature
is p r o d u c e d by means of a dc current in a heating element
attached to the detector. One then has an absolute calibration
of the power reaching the detector. The system is not a
standard of luminous intensity but provides a means of
calibrating sources in an absolute manner. The accuracy
reached in such implementation of a luminous intensity
as is done in Table 1 where the connection between the
present and possible definitions of units and phenomena
involving either fundamental constants or atomic properties
are made explicit.
*
• S=f
LAMP !}> ."(G
CAI.iaBATtO
l»mw «
Fig. 14 a) Schematic diagram of a system used in the calibration
of a light source. The filter between the source and
the detector has a band pass which approximates the
equivalent sensitivity of the eye V(\), to radiation of
various wavelengths. The detector measures absolute
power independently of wavelength in terms of SI
units.
SPECTRAL
RESPONSE
OF
THE
AVERAGE
HUMAN
EYE
Speed of light, c
metre
Cs g r o u n d state hyperfine transition,
second
Josephson effect, h/2e
volt
quantum Hall effect, h/e 2
ohm
Avogadro's constant, N„
mole
Noise, Boltzmann's constant, k
kelvin
Table 1 - Connection between physical phenomena involving
fundamental constants or atomic properties and 6
selected SI units.
In the SI, c and vQ have already been accepted as the basis
f o r t h e definition of the metre and the second. N 0 i s underlying
the definition of the mole. The adoption of h/2e and h/e 2
for the volt and the o h m is only a question of time, since
a verification of their actual values should be completed soon.
Finally, temperature may be determined by means of noise
thermometry, and Boltzmann's constant k then plays a key
role.
The choice of those phenomena and related fundamental
constants has led to increased accuracies in the realization
of the units. As mentioned above the kilogram could also
be realized in a similar manner but the accuracy obtained
does not make the approach attractive at this time. Nevertheless it is not impossible that future developments in
techniques will lead to a system of units completely independent of artifacts and based entirely on physical phenomena involving fundamental constants.
400
550
700
Wavelength in nm
'.o^g^eo" d'onde en nrpm
nm
"
*
of
3
met er
-
1 000 000 000 de r>ètre
Fig. 14 b) Spectral response of the average human eye, V(X).
standard is of the order of 0.2%. It depends on the precise
determination of the absorptivity of the detector and on the
accuracy to w h i c h the energy equivalence is achieved. Lamps
calibrated by means of that technique can then be used as
secondary standards.
7 — Amount of substance
In the SI, the concept " a m o u n t of substance" is differentiated
from the mass. The unit is the mole and its definition involves
a given number of elementary particles. The reference standard is the isotope carbon 12 and a mole is that amount of
substance w h i c h contains as many elementary particles as
there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon 12. Thus Avogradro's
constant is the best current determination of this number
of particle. Its value is [14].
N 0 = 6.0221367 (36) x10» elementary particles/mole.
The mole is used essentially in chemistry where the proportion of reagents is an important parameter.
The importance of fundamental constants in the SI
From the previous discussion it becomes obvious that the
fundamental constants play an important role in the International System of Units. The situation may be represented
The role of the National Laboratory
In Canada the responsibility related to the development and
maintenance of primary standards of physical measurements
has been devolved to the National Research Council by acts
of parliament such as the Weights and Measures Act and
the National Research Council Act. Internally the responsibility has been delegated to the Laboratory for Basic Standards
(LBS) of the Division of Physics.
The role of the LBS is to provide the focal point, in Canada,
for activities related to measurement science. To fulfill this
role the LBS provides the mechanism to bring the conceptual
standards of the SI to practical realization. In doing so the
laboratory develops, maintains and improves primary standards of physical measurement for the SI base quantities mass,
length, time, electrical current, temperature and luminous
intensity. Many other standards for derived units are implemented and maintained w h e n there is from the industrial,
medical and scientific communities a demand whose importance justifies the investment. The laboratory provides calibration services requiring the highest degree of accuracy.
This function is part of the dissemination services of the
laboratory w h i c h include also external interaction such as
consultation and participation in national and international
committees concerned w i t h standards. The laboratory organizes measurement seminars covering specific topics to meet
the needs of clients. The laboratory co-operates actively also
in international comparisons of standards to ensure w o r l d wide uniformity of mesurements.
The activities of the laboratory are concentrated in five
sections as follows:
Acoustics and Mechanical Standards
The section maintains the basic mass standard for Canada
and also the primary national standards of acoustics, pressure
janvier 1988
11
and density. The section provides traceability for regulatory
agencies, the Canadian Standards Association, and industries
that require acoustical and mechanical standards for national
and international trade. This activity includes the development of techniques to improve the reliability and ease of
traceability. New technology, in the form of specific devices
and measurement techniques, and knowledge of acoustics
provides direct support for innovation in Canadian industry.
Studies include investigation of the mechanisms governing
sound propagation outdoors for current regulatory purposes
and of health problems associated w i t h sound and vibration,
especially hearing loss and vibration-induced white finger
syndrome. The f o l l o w i n g facilities are available, on appropriate terms, to industry and universities: calibration of devices
against the national standards of mass, pressure, density and
acoustical quantities, the IEC prototype listening room, an
anechoic chamber of well established performance; a large
measurement chamber for simulated ideal free-field measurements; and the instrumentation required for physical measurements of loudspeakers and other audio components.
Ionizing Radiation Standards
The section develops and maintains Canada's primary measurement standards for ionizing radiation and provides a
variety of calibration services based on these standards. These
are primary exposure standards for X-Rays in the energy range
of 10 kV to 250 kV and for 6 0 Co sources, absorbed dose
standard for 60 Co, and radioactivity standards for a variety
of radionuclides. Absorbed dose standards for several beta
sources are available in addition to calibration services based
on the foregoing standards. A Fricke dosimetry service for
in-field calibration of medical accelerators is also provided.
The major research in the section concerns the development
of primary standards for medical accelerator beams, more
accurate dosimetry and treatment planning in these beams
and general theoretical studies of radiation transport in
materials using M o n t e Carlo techniques.
Photometry and Radiometry
The section develops and maintains basic standards for the
measurement of light, colour, visible, ultraviolet and infrared
radiation in the wavelength range 200 nm to 50,000 nm, and
provides various calibration services. This is achieved by
developing state-of-the art measurement facilities in photometry, radiometry, and colorimetry. The section also carries
out research and development w o r k in support of its standards
and calibration activities.
Thermometry and Electrical Standards
The section maintains the International Practical Temperature
Scale (IPTS-68) in Canada, together w i t h an auxiliary low
temperature scale (EPT-76) and various associated secondary
temperature standards, provides thermometer calibrations on
the IPTS, and pursues development w o r k on various aspects
of temperature measurement. Current research is directed
towards improvement of both the primary standards of the
IPTS, and instruments and techniques for practical temperature measurements. The section is also engaged in the
development of instrumentation for physical measurements
(such as salinometers, particle c o u n t i n g and sizing), and is
c o n d u c t i n g research on the dynamic response of temperature
sensors.
The electrical standards g r o u p develops and upgrades primary
standards of electrical measurements, and maintains facilities
for the calibration of electrical devices and systems. Most
electrical quantities such as voltage, resistance, capacitance
and inductance are covered as well as most radio frequency
parameters f r o m 1 M H z to 40 GHz. Clients are mainly from
the c o m m u n i c a t i o n and transport sectors, power distribution
agencies, various government departments and agencies, and
the general instrumentation community. The group also
January 1988
maintains an important research activity in the development
of voltage and resistance standards based on the Josephson
and quantum Hall effects.
Time and Length Standards
The section maintains and disseminates Canada's official time.
It has developed primary and secondary standards of time
and frequency w h i c h allow Canada to match the world's time
scales. It maintains a research activity on the improvement
of these standards and on the development of new ones.
The group operates- various dissemination services such as
the C H U short wave station, time signals via telephone lines
to various agencies and the general public, and provides time
and frequency calibration services.
The section also maintains and improves Canada's primary
standards and calibration services for length. It undertakes
aset of coordinated research projects to develop laser sources
stabilized by atomic or molecular resonators for use as
wavelength standards; to extend precise frequency measurement to visible radiation; and to investigate the use of a single
trapped ion as a possible basic standard for length and time.
The Canadian Calibration Network
O n e main objective of the LBS is the enhancement of
measurement science in Canada. In order to achieve this goal,
collaboration has been established w i t h the Standards Council
of Canada (SCC) in the organization of a system of calibration
laboratories w h i c h will provide services at a secondary level
but whose measurements will be traceable to NRC. Such a
system is to be called the "Canadian Calibration N e t w o r k "
and will be managed jointly by the SCC and the NRC.
Individual laboratories either from the private or the public
sectors, w h i c h fulfill specific criteria set by the Management
Board of the Network, will become accredited by the SCC
and will be able to claim traceability to NRC's primary
standards.
The Canadian Calibration Network is part of a m u c h larger
network called the National Measurement System w h i c h
comprises all the various operational elements necessary to
deliver to the nation, measurement calibration services w i t h
traceability to the National Laboratory.
REFERENCES
(1) Le "Système I n t e r n a t i o n a l d ' U n i t é s " (SI) 5 i è m e e d i t i o n , 1985,
Bureau I n t e r n a t i o n a l des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon d e Breteuil,
F-92310, Sèvres, France.
(2) See for e x a m p l e : " U n i t s " Th. W i l d i , 1971, V o l t a Inc., Q u é b e c ,
Canada.
(3) " L e Bureau I n t e r n a t i o n a l des Poids et M e s u r e s 1875-1975 C e n t
ans d e M é t r o l o g i e " , BIPM, Pavillon d e Breteuil, F92310, Sèvres,
France.
(4) 13ième C o n f é r e n c e Générale des Poids et Mesures, 1983, Res o l u t i o n 1.
(5) PTB: Physikalisch T e c h n i s c h e Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Federal Republic of G e r m a n y ,
NBS: National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Co., USA.
(6) 17ième C o n f é r e n c e Générale des Poids et Mesures, 1983, Rés o l u t i o n 1.
(7) B.G. W h i t f o r d a n d G.R. Hanes, C o n f e r e n c e o n Precision Elect r o m a g n e t i c M e a s u r e m e n t s , 1986, Digest p. 277.
(8) G. Hanes, private c o m m u n i c a t i o n .
(9) N a g o u r n e y , W., Janik, G. a n d D e h m e l t , H., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,
USA, 80, 643, 1983.
(10) Kibble, B.P. a n d Robinson, I., "Feasibility Study f o r a M o v i n g
C o i l A p p a r a t u s t o relate t h e Electrical a n d M e c h a n i c a l SI Units,
NPL Report DES No. 40, 1977.
(17) Deslattes, R.D., Private C o m m u n i c a t i o n .
(11) NPL: N a t i o n a l Physical Laboratory, T e d d i n g t o n , England
NBS: N a t i o n a l Bureau of Standards, C a i t h e r s b u r g , D.C., USA.
(12) T h o m p s o n , A.M. a n d Lampard, D.C., (1956), Nature, 177, 888.
(13) CSIRO: C o m m o n w e a l t h Scientific a n d Industrial Research O r g a n i z a t i o n , Australia
(18) Preston-Thomas, H., " T h e Practical T e m p e r a t u r e Scale of 1968",
A m e n d e d Edition of 1975, M e t r o l o g i a 12, 7, 1976.
(19) C o m i t é C o n s u l t a t i f de T h e r m o m é t r i e , 15ième session, 1984,
Bureau I n t e r n a t i o n a l des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France.
LCIE: Laboratoire C e n t r a l des Industries Electriques, France
(14) C o h e n , E.R., a n d Taylor, B.N., " T h e 1986 a d j u s t m e n t of t h e
f u n d a m e n t a l physical c o n s t a n t s " , A C o D a t a p u b l i c a t i o n .
(15) C o m i t é C o n s u l t a t i f d'Électricité, 17ième session, 1986, Bureau
I n t e r n a t i o n a l des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres, France.
(16) Deslattes, R.D., Proc. of t h e I n t e r n . S c h o o l of Physics, Enrico
Fermi, C o u r s e LXVIII — M e t r o l o g y a n d Fund. Constants, 38,1980.
Acknowledgment
The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of
the following persons in the writing of this text: H. PrestonThomas, G. Hanes, R. Bedford, B.M. W o o d , P. Boivin. A. Loucks
patiently typed the continuously changing manuscript and
helped with her constructive comments.
Appendix5
BASE UNITS
Definitions
1
- Unit of time (second)
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods
of the radiation corresponding to the transition between
the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
cesium-133 atom.
2 — Unit of length (metre)
The meter is the length of the path travelled by light
in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of
a second.
3 — Unit of electric current (ampere)
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained
in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length,
of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre
apart in vacuum, w o u l d produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 * 10- 7 newton per metre of
length.
4 — Unit of mass (kilogram)
The kilogram is the unit of mass: it is equal to the mass
of the international prototype of the kilogram.
5 — Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the
fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of
the triple point of water.
6
—
Unit of luminous intensity (candela)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation
of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant
intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt per steradian.
7 — Unit of amount of substance (mole)
1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system
which contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in 0,012 kilograms of carbon 12.
2. W h e n the mole is used, the elementary entities must
be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles.
Derived Units with Special Names
SI unit
Quantity
frequency
force
pressure, stress
energy, w o r k , q u a n t i t y of heat
p o w e r , radiant flux
e l e c t r i c charge, q u a n t i t y of e l e c t r i c i t y
electrical potential, potential
difference, electromotive force
capacitance
e l e c t r i c resistance
electric c o n d u c t a n c e
m a g n e t i c flux
m a g n e t i c flux d e n s i t y
inductance
Celsius t e m p e r a t u r e
luminous flux
illuminance
Name
Symbol
hertz
newton
pascal
joule
watt
coulomb
Hz
N
Pa
volt
farad
ohm
siemens
weber
tesla
henry
d e g r e e Celsius
lumen
lux
J
Expression
in t e r m s of
o t h e r units
S" 1
m»kg«S"2
N/m2
N»m
W
C
J/s
V
F
W/A
C/V
V/A
A/V
V.s
Wb/m2
Wb/A
n
s
Wb
T
H
°C
Im
Ix
Expression
in t e r m s of
SI base units
lm/m2
m- 1 «kg«S" 2
m2«kg»s_2
m2«kg»s"3
s«A
m2«kg»s-3«A-1
m-2»kg-1»s4»A2
m2«kg»s-3«A-2
m-2»kg_1»s3«A2
m2»kg«s-2«A-1
kg«s- 2 «A _ 1
m2«kg«s-2»A-2
K
cd»sr
m-2«cd»sr
Derived units with special names admitted for reasons of safeguarding human health
activity (of a r a d i o n u c l u d e )
becquerel
a b s o r b e d dose, specific energy
imparted, kerma absorbed
dose index
gray
d o s e e q u i v a l e n t , dose e q u i v a l e n t index sievert
Bq
Gy
Sv
J/kg
l/kg
m 2 «s~ 2
Adapted from Le Système International d'Unités (SI) 5 e édition, 1985, Bureau International Des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92310, Sèvres, France.
janvier 1988 13
Rediscovering the Importance of Newton's Principia
by Boris Castel
Queen's University
In 1686, in the Preface of the Principia, N e w t o n wrote:
" I wish we c o u l d derive the rest of the phenomena of nature, that is, the phenomena w h i c h are not covered in the Principia
by the same kind of reasoning as for mechanical principles. For I am induced by many reasons to suspect that they may
all d e p e n d on certain forces." Three hundred years later, the particle physicist Steven W e i n b e r g declares: "It is we w h o
are trying to this m o m e n t to realise Newton's dream."
relation of science and religion, since comets
were traditionally t h o u g h t to be signs of Cod's
displeasure.
Those among us w h o have f o u n d it difficult
at time to convey enthusiasm about Newton's
laws to first year students will be comforted
to know that Steven W e i n b e r g addressed a
capacity audience of six h u n d r e d in doing just
that. The occasion was the celebration of the
Tercentenary of Newton's Principia and Steven
W e i n b e r g was one of four speakers participating in a Symposium sponsored by Queen's
University, the Royal Military College and the
Royal Society of Canada and held at Queen's,
o n O c t o b e r 29-30.
A Celebration of
the Tercentenary of
Newton's Principia
1687-1987
Queen's University
SYMPOSIUM
But it is in the secular realm that Newton's
influence and his m e t h o d of "reason and experiment alone" had the most powerful and longlasting effect. This was best illustrated in Steven
W e i n b e r g ' s address " N e w t o n s ' D r e a m " .
Weinberg stated that even three h u n d r e d years
after Newton, the main goal of frontier science
is still, as it was set in the Principia, to unify
the motions of the visible w o r l d with those of
the invisible.
PARTICIPANTS
S.Smale
The Symposium, w h i c h also included lectures
and seminars by Sir Denys Wilkinson, Werner
W.Israel
Summarising three h u n d r e d years of such a
Israel and the Fields medalist Stephen Smale,
was the culmination of a year long birthday
F.R.s'iLondom
search from the macroscopic to microscopic
celebration of Newton's revolutionary masterin an illuminating and spirited one-hour lecS.Weinberg
piece. Earlier, the science historian Richard
ture, W e i n b e r g stated and defended his poNobel Laureate in Physics
Westfall had inaugurated the series by setting
sition as a 'scientific imperialist'. "The aim of
D.Wilkinson
the historical stage for the Principia. The years
the particle physicist" he said, "is to discover
1670-1680 had been difficult for England. The
the basic laws w h i c h explain why everything
plague had just ravaged the country. W h i l e still
is the way it is." Justifying the necessity to build
a Fellow at Cambridge, N e w t o n developed
the $4.5 billion SCC machine, the author of
Thursday, Friday
29, 30 October 1987
some links w i t h the Royal Society of London,
the First Three Minutes stated "There is one
Queen's University
particular credential that the elementary para newly f o r m e d g r o u p interested in p r o m o t i n g
t i d e physicist has, w h i c h is not necessarily
science. But these early contacts unfortunately
more important than the others, but it is at least worthy of
resulted in deep misunderstanding on both sides, and N e w t o n
being taken w i t h respect. A n d that credential is that we, the
retreated to mostly solitary work for nearly ten years.
particle physicists, are trying to get to the roots of the chains
Edmund Halley, the astronomer was the first to recognise
of explanation. W e are trying to grapple w i t h nature at the
the values of Newton's ideas in physics and astronomy and,
most fundamental level that it is given to human beings to
at his urging, N e w t o n started w r i t i n g the Principia in 1684.
address at this moment in history. In other words, that it is
Almost immediately after its publication, N e w t o n was caught
we w h o are trying, at this moment, to realise Newton's dream."
up in public events, partly because of the Principia's rapid
fame, partly for political reasons. England was in t u r m o i l in
The proceedings of the Symposium will be published shortly
1688-1690 as James II fled the country and Newton, elected
by McCill-Queen's University Press. They will include the
M e m b e r of Parliament for Cambridge, participated in the
following lectures
change of political order. He later became President of the
Richard S. Westfall: " N e w t o n a n d t h e S c i e n t i f i c
Royal Society and directed for a long time the activities of
Revolution"
the same organisation w h i c h had f o u n d his ideas so incomW. H. Newton-Smith: "Science, Rationality and N e w t o n "
prehensible forty years earlier.
A. P. French: "Isaac Newton, Explorer of the Real W o r l d "
David D. Raphael: " N e w t o n and Adam Smith"
Newton's ideas became also crucial one century later in the
Stephen Weinberg: "Newton's Dream"
development of electricity, magnetism, light, chemistry and
Stephen Smale: "The Newtonian C o n t r i b u t i o n to O u r
even physiology. In a talk entitled " N e w t o n , Explorer of the
P r e s e n t S c i e n t i f i c R e v o l u t i o n — t h a t of t h e
Real W o r l d " , the w e l l - k n o w n M.l.T. physicist and text-book
Computer"
writer A.P. French traced Newton's influence more to the
Werner Israel: "From W h i t e Dwarfs to Black Holes: the
Optiks than directly t o the Principia, since the Optiks sancBirth of an Idea"
t i o n e d both experimentation and "reasonable" speculation
Sir Denys Wilkinson: "Symmetry in Art arid Nature"
(called theory today) as crucial parts of physics.
Anyone interested in receiving a copy of the hard-cover
The extent of Newton's influence on moral philosophy was
volume should write to:
also carefully reconstructed by t w o philosophers, David
Principia Celebration Symposium
Raphael and W. H. Newton-Smith, the latter having in fact
Arts and Science Faculty Office
written an extensive treatise on the topic. Also discussed were
F-300 Mackintosh-Corry Hall
the repercussions of Newton's ideas on the religious beliefs
Queen's University
of his time, although, since N e w t o n held views that were
not traditionally Christian, he cautiously kept his statements
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6
obscure. The return of Halley's comet in 1758-59, predicted
and enclose a cheque for $20.00 payable to Queen's
by Newtonian mechanics, forced a reconsideration of the
University to cover the cost of the book and postage.
January 1 9 8 8
La dynamique des nébuleuses
par/ean-René Roy
professeur au Département de
physique de l'Université Laval
La matière interstellaire n'est pas homogène. Constituée de poussières microscopiques et de gaz, elle est condensée
en nuages irréguliers de température et
de nature distinctes. Certains nuages de
gaz froids (5-100 K), dits moléculaires,
contiennent de nombreuses molécules
dont la plus importante est l'hydrogène
H 2 . Ce sont dans ces nuages que les
étoiles se forment. D'autres nuages ne
renferment que des gaz ionisés chauds
à environ 10 000 K. Il s'agit de nébuleuses, objet de nos recherches.
Selon leur origine, il existe trois types de
nébuleuses. Les nébuleuses diffuses naissent au voisinage d'étoiles jeunes dont
la t e m p é r a t u r e de s u r f a c e dépasse
35 000 K (celle du Soleil est de 5 780 K)
et dont le rayonnement ultraviolet ionise
la matière interstellaire (figure 1). Les nébuleuses planétaires se forment à partir
des gaz éjectés par une étoile de faible
masse (semblable au Soleil) en fin d'évolution, ces gaz étant ensuite ionisés par
le rayonnement ultraviolet du noyau stellaire résiduel (figure 2). Finalement, certaines nébuleuses proviennent de l'explosion spectaculaire d'étoiles massives.
Il s'agit alors de restes de supernovae
(figure 3, couverture).
Les nébuleuses diffuses sont les plus courantes et c'est à elles que nous nous
intéresserons dans le présent article. Elles
constituent les plus grands et les plus
massifs des nuages interstellaires fluorescents. Dans d'autres galaxies que la nôtre,
certaines peuvent avoir un diamètre allant jusqu'à 5 000 années-lumière et une
masse égale à plusieurs millions de fois
celle du Soleil. Plus près de nous, à 1 500
années-lumière, on trouve la nébuleuse
d ' O r i o n (figure 4). Cet objet de notre
galaxie, d ' u n diamètre de 15 annéeslumière, abrite les étoiles visibles les plus
jeunes que nous connaissions.
FIGURE 1
L'analyse spectrale des nébuleuses fournit de n o m b r e u s e s i n f o r m a t i o n s sur
celles-ci, c o m m e leur température, leur
densité et leur composition. Leur principal constituant est l'hydrogène (90 p.
cent), suivi de l'hélium : l'oxygène, l'azote, le soufre, le carbone, le néon et
l'argon ne c o m p t e n t que pour 2 p. cent.
Tous les autres éléments du tableau périodique ne sont que des miettes, mais
ils d o n n e n t des indices irremplaçables
sur l'origine et l'évolution des galaxies.
LA FORMATION DES NÉBULEUSES
DIFFUSES
Les nébuleuses diffuses sont toujours
associées à des nuages moléculaires
Grande nébuleuse diffuse du Lagon (Messier 8), située dans notre Galaxie : ce cliché a
été pris par René Racine au télescope de l'Observatoire du mont Mégantic. La nébuleuse
est située à une distance de 4 500 années-lumière et mesure environ 50 années-lumière.
froids et denses, et elles abritent toujours
une ou plusieurs étoiles très chaudes. Ces
étoiles sont beaucoup plus lumineuses
que celles des nébuleuses planétaires et
il est facile de reconnaître, à plusieurs
indices, qu'elles sont très jeunes. Elles se
sont formées il y a à peine 100 000 ou
1 million d'années, alors que les plus
vieilles étoiles connues ont un âge d'environ 15 milliards d'années.
La présence simultanée des nuages moléculaires, des nébuleuses diffuses et des
étoiles jeunes suggère en fait que ces
trois éléments sont liés dans une même
séquence évolutive. Un ensemble de
concepts théoriques et d'observations
appuient alors le scénario suivant : 1) Le
nuage moléculaire froid entre en collision avec un autre nuage ou avec une
onde de compression due au champ
R é i m p r i m é avec p e r m i s s i o n d'INTERFACE, m a i / j u i n 1987.
janvier 1988
15
FIGURE 2
Nébuleuse planétaire dans la constellation d'Aquarius. Cette nébuleuse est formée des gaz
éjectés par l'étoile centrale il y a environ 10 000 ans. Ce cliché a été obtenu par David
Malin au foyer primaire du télescope anglo-australien de 3,9 mètres, à Siding Springs en
Australie (pose de 80 minutes sur émulsion lllaF avec filtre rouge). Limage a été traitée
par la technique du « masque flou » pour faire ressortir les détails des régions les plus
brillantes.
gravitationnel variable produit par le
mouvement des étoiles d'une galaxie.
2) Cette perturbation déclenche un processus de concentration des gaz vers les
centres déjà plus denses du nuage moléculaire. 3) S'amorce alors la formation
d'un amas d'étoiles à partir de ces noyaux
denses q u i d e v i e n d r o n t chacun une
étoile (protoétoile). 4) La température
des protoétoiles monte sous l'effet de la
friction générée par l'effondrement gravitationnel : les protoétoiles peuvent être
observées dans les ondes radio et infrarouges, mais elles restent invisibles à
cause de l'absorption considérable de la
lumière par les poussières présentes en
forte densité moléculaire. Ces grains de
poussières ont une dimension égale à la
longueur d ' o n d e de la lumière qui est
donc absorbée préférentiellement. 5) Les
étoiles naissent lorsque la température
intérieure atteint plus de 10 000 000 K et
que les réactions nucléaires génèrent
assez d'énergie pour arrêter la contract i o n de la protoétoile. 6) Les étoiles les
plus massives, donc les plus lumineuses,
émettent un flux très élevé de rayons
ultraviolets qui ionisent et chauffent le
gaz froid du nuage moléculaire, et la
c o n t r a c t i o n d u nuage s'arrête. 7) La
poche de gaz entourant la nouvelle étoile
voit sa température grimper de 100 à
10 000 K et sa pression augmenter de 200
fois. En même temps, les rayons ultraviolets des étoiles grugent les parois internes
du nuage moléculaire, dissociant plus
d'atomes et de molécules et augmentant
la quantité de matière ionisée dans la
bulle nébulaire. Celle-ci gonfle sous le
simple effet de la pression interne croissante. 8) À un moment donné, le front
d ' i o n i s a t i o n atteint la p é r i p h é r i e d u
nuage moléculaire et explose en se déversant soudainement dans le milieu
inter-nuage. Ce phénomène rappelant
l'effusion d'une bouteille de champagne
q u ' o n débouche après l'avoir agitée, on
appelle cette phase « effet champagne ».
La nébuleuse devient alors observable
dans le visible si elle est orientée de façon
appropiée par rapport à la Terre. Ce
modèle a été élaboré et simulé numériquement sur ordinateur par G. TenorioTagle 1 , du Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik
und Astrophysik de Munich.
UNE EXPANSION SUPERSONIQUE
FIGURE 4
La nébuleuse d'Orion est la nébuleuse diffuse la plus proche de nous. Située à 1 500
années-lumière, son diamètre est de 15 années-lumière. Ses gaz fluorescents sont excités
par un amas d'étoiles très jeunes, appelé Trapèze et situé au centre. La nébuleuse n'est
que la partie visible d'un grand complexe de gaz neutre et moléculaire, observable dans
les ondes radio et infrarouges. Ce cliché à été obtenu par David Malin au télescope angloaustralien (pose de 5 minutes sur émulsion 098-04 avec filtre rouge et traitement du « masque
flou »).
January 1988
À partir d'observations, faites à l'Observatoire du mont Megantic (voir encadré),
de nébuleuses habitant notre galaxie,
Gilles Joncas, de l'Université Laval, et
moi-même avons reconstitué des cartes
détaillées des vitesses des gaz nébuleuses
diffuses. Ces cartes nous ont permis de
confirmer les premiers le modèle de
T e n o r i o - T a g l e q u i associe la phase
« champagne » à une expansion supersonique au cours de laquelle les gaz se
déplacent à des vitesses supérieures à
celle du son (10 km/s dans l'espace interstellaire) 2 . Nous avons dressé ces
cartes à l'aide d'un système de spectroscopic à haute résolution basé sur un
interféromètre de Fabry-Pérot que j'ai
construit à l'Université Laval 3 . Un tel appareil utilise une cavité résonnante formée de deux miroirs parallèles semitransparents. En variant de façon précise
l ' e s p a c e m e n t e n t r e les m i r o i r s , o n
change la longueur d ' o n d e transmise. Un
interféromètre de Fabry-Pérot agit donc
c o m m e un syntonisateur de longueur
d ' o n d e à bande très étroite. Par ailleurs,
selon l'effet Doppler la longueur d ' o n d e
et la fréquence d'une lumière dépend de
la vitesse relative entre sa source et l'observateur. L ' i n t e r f é r o m è t r e de FabryPérot à balayage permet donc, en mesurant cette longueur d ' o n d e décalée, de
calculer la vitesse radiale de la source.
Un logiciel élaboré par Gilles Joncas permet ensuite de déterminer, à partir des
interférogrammes de Fabry-Pérot, la vitesse des gaz en plusieurs dizaines de
m i l l i e r s de p o i n t s à la surface des
nébuleuses 3 .
LA TURBULENCE D U CHAMPAGNE
NÉBULAIRE
J'avais depuis longtemps l'intuition que
le mouvement des gaz nébulaires était
« t u r b u l e n t » dans le sens hydrodynamique. Il est en effet facile de montrer que
le n o m b r e de Reynolds, qui caractérise
le seuil critique où l'écoulement d'un
fluide passe de flot laminaire à turbulent,
est très élevé dans les nébuleuses. L'allure
chaotique et effilochée des nébuleuses
appuie d'ailleurs ce point de vue, mais
pour confirmer l'existence de la t u r b u lence il fallait analyser le
comportement
des vitesses du gaz d'une manière beauc o u p plus quantitative.
O n associe parfois la turbulence au mouvement désordonné. C'est incorrect, car
si la turbulence décrit un fluide en état
de mouvement irrégulier, elle n'en est
pas moins caractérisée par un remarquable degré d'ordre. Elle est constituée
d'un arrangement structuré d'un ensemble de tourbillons (vortex) en cascade de
turbulence. Il y a en effet un ordre statistique inhérent au mouvement turbulent, car un transfert d'énergie s'effectue
à partir des tourbillons les plus grands
jusqu'aux plus petits. Cette cascade d'énergie, s'interrompt lorsque les forces
dues à la viscosité amortissent complètement les fluctuations de vitesse. À ce
stade, les forces de viscosité prennent le
dessus et l'énergie cinétique de la turbulence se convertit en chaleur. Dans les
nébuleuses, cela se produit à une échelle
d'environ 0,00003 année-lumière, ce qui
se révèle de beaucoup inférieur à la
résolution linéaire des observations optiques. Par conséquent, on devrait observer dans les nébuleuses des fluctuations en vitesses caractéristiques de la
turbulence.
Le physicien russe A. N. Kolmogorov 4
montra en 1941 que dans un milieu tur-
bulent la fluctuation des vitesses entre
deux points est proportionnelle à la racine cubique de la distance entre ces
points. Cette loi, qui a été confirmée dans
plusieurs milieux turbulents en souffleries et dans l'atmosphère terrestre, devrait s'appliquer également au milieu interstellaire. Ainsi, pour d é m o n t r e r
l'existence de la turbulence dans les nébuleuses, il fallait rechercher une relation
entre la grosseur de la nébuleuse et
l'amplitude des fluctuations de ses vitesses internes (d'après la loi de Kolmogorov, plus une nébuleuse est grosse,
plus elle devrait être turbulente).
Robin Arsenault, du European Southern
Observatory, et moi-même avons alors
observé 47 nébuleuses géantes extragalactiques en utilisant notre système
d'interférométrie de Fabry-Pérot sur les
télescopes du mont Mégantic et au mont
Mauna Kea dans l'île d'Hawaii 5 - 6 ' 7 . Ces
observations nous ont confirmé l'existence d'une relation entre la dispersion
de vitesse dans les nébuleuses et leur
grosseur, prouvant ainsi la turbulence de
ces nébuleuses (figure 5). Nous avons par
ailleurs trouvé une relation entre la luminosité intrinsèque d'une galaxie et
l'importance de la turbulence dans ses
nébuleuses géantes (figure 6). Cette relation, déjà soupçonnée par Jorge Melnick 8 , alors à l'Institut de technologie de
la Californie, permet de mesurer la distance de galaxies éloignées à partir de
leurs nébuleuses géantes. En effet, la
L'OBSERVATOIRE ASTRONOMIQUE DU M O N T MÉGANTIC
La majeure partie des travaux de recherche présentés dans
cet article ont été effectués à l'Observatoire du mont Mégantic. Cet observatoire, administré conjointement par l'Université de Montréal et l'Université Laval, est équipé d'un
télescope Ritchey-Chrétien de 1,60 d'ouverture. Il est l'un
des plus modernes au Canada.
Les chercheurs et les étudiants de 2 e et de 3 e cycle des deux
institutions en sont les principaux utilisateurs, et des astronomes d'universités de l'Est du Canada y viennent régulièrement. Le télescope est particulièrement bien équipé pour
les observations spectroscopiques; un spectrographe à longue fente (25 mm) avec réseau permet les travaux à résolution
spectrale modérée tandis que deux systèmes d'interférométrie de Fabry-Pérot (un pour le visible et l'autre pour l'infrarouge) permettent les travaux à résolution spectrale très
élevée. Un détecteur électronique de grande efficacité quant i q u e utilisant un CCD (charge coupled device) est couramment utilisé pour la spectroscopic et l'imagerie. Les émulsions
photographiques demeurent un détecteur privilégié pour les
chercheurs dont les travaux exigent un grand champ sur le
ciel.
Dans une bonne année, on compte en moyenne près de
1 000 heures d'observation. Cependant l'accès facile du mont
Mégantic, le choix judicieux des projets et la qualité des
instruments mis au point par les chercheurs permet d'effectuer aisément les observations nécessaires à un projet de
recherche. Pour une maîtrise ou un doctorat, une centaine
d'heures d'observation ou moins peuvent suffire. Enfin, le
télescope sert de précieux banc d'essai pour tester les projets
plus ambitieux que les astronomes des universités Laval et
de Montréal projettent de compléter sur les plus grands
télescopes du m o n d e c o m m e le télescope Canada-FranceHawai (3,60 m), où l'on compte quatre fois plus de nuits
demandées que de disponibles; les projets sont choisis en
fonction de leur valeur scientifique.
janvier 1988
17
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FIGURE 7
FIGURE 5
Relations entre la dispersion de vitesse W et l'échelle linéaire L (1 pc = 1 parsec = 3,26
années-lumière) pour les deux nébuleuses galactiques Messier 17 (Ml 7) et Sharpless 142
(S142), ainsi que pour un ensemble de nébuleuses géantes extragalactiques (GEHR) : ces
relations prouvent la nature turbulente de ces nébuleuses.
22
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(km/s)
FIGURE 6
Relation entre la luminosité intrinsèque des galaxies (exprimée sur une échelle logarithmique
de magnitude absolue M B ) et le logarithme de la dispersion de vitesse W des nébuleuses
géantes de chaque galaxie : cette relation permet de mesurer la distance de galaxies éloignées
à partir de leurs nébuleuses géantes.
mesure de la turbulence de ces nébuleuses d o n n e la luminosité intrinsèque
de la galaxie; or, cette luminosité, si on
la compare avec la brillance perçue sur
Terre, permet de déduire la distance de
la galaxie.
Les fonctions de structure (B) calculées à
partir des cartes de vitesse des nébuleuses
Messier 17 et Sharpless 142 sont représentées ici en fonction des séparations linéaires
(1 pc = 3,26 années-lumière). On obtient
une droite de pente légèrement différente
de celle prédite pour une cascade turbulente
par la loi de Kolmogorov. Ce résultat n'est
pas surprenant, car cette loii s'applique à
des fluides incompressibles et homogènes
dans un régime de mouvements subsoniques. Or, dans les nébuleuses, les vitesses
sont supersoniques; il y a donc dissipation
d'énergie sous forme de rayonnement et de
conduction. De plus, l'existence d'ondes de
choc fait que le milieu nébulaire ne peut
pas être considéré comme incompressible.
January 1 9 8 8
Néanmoins, la méthode utilisée pour mesurer la vitesse dans les grands nuages
de gaz n'est pas entièrement satisfaisante.
Il n'est pas sûr en effet que l'on puisse
relier à la t u r b u l e n c e la dispersion de
vitesse mesurée à partir d'un profil de
raie d'émission intégré sur tout l'objet.
Il faut une méthode plus rigoureuse.
Gilles Joncas a donc proposé, à la suite
des travaux de Guido Murich^, alors à
l'Institut de technologie de la Californie,
et de John Scalo 10 , de l'Université du
Texas, d'appliquer la méthode statistique
du calcul de la fonction de structure pour
analyser le champ de vitesse des nébuleuses. Cette méthode consiste à calculer
la moyenne des carrés des différences de
vitesse entre toutes les paires de vitesses
mesurées pour une échelle donnée à la
surface d'une nébuleuse. Cette valeur du
carré des fluctuations en vitesse est ensuite reliée aux séparations linéaires successives (distances apparenles entre deux
points) à la surface de la nébuleuse. La
figure 7 montre les résultats obtenus pour
deux grandes nébuleuses de notre Galaxie, les régions Sharpless 142 et Messier
17 5 ' 11 . Malheureusement, cette méthode
nécessite des objets de grande dimension angulaire; elle ne s'applique donc
qu'aux grandes nébuleuses proches,
c'est-à-dire celles de notre Galaxie. La
c o u r b e correspond à la prédiction de
Kolmogorov pour une cascade turbulente. Avec nos données, nous obtenons
toutefois une droite de pente légèrement
différente de celle prédite pour une cascade turbulente. Ce résultat, confirmé
par les travaux de C. R. O'Dell 1 2 , de
l'Université Rice à Houston, n'est pas
surprenant parce que la loi de Kolmogorov s'applique à des fluides incompressibles et homogènes dans un régime de
mouvements subsoniques (vitesse inférieure à celle du son). Or, dans les nébuleuses, les vitesses sont supersoniques : il y a donc dissipation d'énergie
sous f o r m e de r a y o n n e m e n t et d e
c o n d u c t i o n , et l'existence d'ondes de
choc fait que le milieu nébulaire ne peut
pas être considéré c o m m e incompressible. Il n'existe toutefois pas encore de
théorie de la turbulence pour les milieux
compressibles et dissipatifs.
Malgré ces limites théoriques, nous posons l'hypothèse que les comportements
des fonctions de structure dans les nébuleuses Messier 17 et Sharpless 142 sont
des éléments en faveur de l'existence de
la t u r b u l e n c e nébulaire. Il faut cependant
supposer que l'énergie n'est pas injectée
uniquement dans les plus grands tourbillons, mais que des processus peuvent
aussi activer directement les petits tourbillons. Ces derniers ne reçoivent donc
pas u n i q u e m e n t leur énergie des grands
vortex; il y a aussi apport d'énergie cinétique à une échelle plus petite que la
nébuleuse. Ces sources peuvent corresp o n d r e à des noyaux de gaz froids, vestiges du nuage moléculaire primordial.
Sous le flux des rayons ultraviolets des
étoiles excitatrices de la nébuleuse, ces
noyaux froids subissent une désagrégat i o n brutale par photoionisation, un peu
c o m m e l'évaporation d'un glaçon mis
dans un poêlon brûlant. Ces influx d'énergie aux petites échelles produisent
une cascade d'énergie cinétique moins
abrupte que celle prédite par Kolmogorov.
L'ORIGINE DE LA TURBULENCE
Parce que t u r b u l e n c e signifie transfert
d'énergie des vortex les plus grands aux
plus petits, il faut une source d'énergie
pour maintenir la cascade, sinon elle se
dissipera en commençant par les cellules
les plus petites qui contiennent moins
d'énergie. En effet, le temps caratéristique de dissolution (et de formation) des
vortex est p r o p o r t i o n n e l à leur dimension à la puissance 2/3. Les causes courantes de la t u r b u l e n c e sont le cisaillement et les forces de flottaison. Les effets
de flottaison peuvent être engendrés par
des fluctuations de densité; de telles
fluctuations d u gaz ionisé persisteraient
peu l o n g t e m p s dans les nébuleuses.
Toutefois, des globules de gaz neutre,
provenant d'implosions à la surface du
nuage moléculaire associé à la nébuleuse
ou de la nature fragmentaire des nuages
moléculaires peuvent produire des instabilités dans le flot champagne. Ces
instabilités mènent à l'apparition de vortex q u ' o n rencontre dans tous les sillages
turbulents. Cette situation est analogue
à celle d'un rocher obstruant le flot rapide d'une rivière.
d'intenses gradients de pression donnant
naissance localement à des mouvements
de matière importants. L'ensemble de ces
apports contribuent à donner à la relation
entre fluctuations de vitesse et échelle
linéaire une pente proche, mais différente de la prédiction de Kolmogorov.
D'autre part, l'écoulement violent de la
poche de gaz ionisé vers le milieu internuage suggère la présence d'instabilités
de Kelvin-Helmotz (KH) provenant du
cisaillement. En effet, l'interface entre
deux courants parallèles de vitesse différente est sujette à la croissance d'ondes
transversales d'instabilités. Cette instabilité peut être générée aux parois du
nuage moléculaire et à l'interface entre
le nuage et le milieu inter-nuage en
contact avec l'écoulement du gaz de la
nébuleuse. L'instabilité KH puise son énergie dans l'énergie cinétique relative
entre l'écoulement champagne de la nébuleuse et celui du milieu ambiant q u ' o n
peut considérer c o m m e stationnaire.
Cette énergie se transforme, près de
l'interface, en mouvement sous forme
d'ondes transversales qui se progagent
à la fois vers l'axe d'écoulement et vers
l'origine de l'écoulement. Après avoir
atteint une certaine amplitude, ces ondes
se détachent pour former des vortex qui
se transforment en tourbillons turbulents. Ces ondes d'instabilités croissent
à une vitesse d'environ 6 km/s, et une
grande nébuleuse peut devenir complètement turbulente en moins de 106 années grâce à ce mécanisme.
1. Tenorio-Tagle, G., « The Gas Dynamics of Hll Regions », Astronomy and
Astrophysics, 1979, vol. 71, pp. 59-65.
Un second mécanisme pouvant opérer
à grande échelle fait appel au cisaillement
p r o d u i t par la r o t a t i o n d i f f é r e n t i e l l e
d'une galaxie. Une galaxie ne tourne pas
sur elle-même à la façon d'une roue
solide. La distribution de masse est telle
que la vitesse angulaire de rotation diminue avec la distance au centre (quoique cette d i m i n u t i o n soit faible) sauf
pour la région centrale qui obéit à une
loi de rotation solide, c'est-à-dire que la
v i t e s s e a n g u l a i r e d e r o t a t i o n est
c o n s t a n t e . S u g g é r é e par Von
Weiszâcker 1 3 et plus récemment par
Fleck 14 , la rotation différentielle pourrait
donner un gradient de 30 km/s par 1 000
années-lumière et cette énergie cinétique peut être injectée aux nuages interstellaires. En résumé : à l'échelle d'une
galaxie, la rotation différentielle d'une
galaxie injecte l'énergie cinétique sous
f a m e de force de cisaillement. À ce
brassage, s'ajoute à l'échelle d'une nébuleuse les instabilités générées par le
jet champagne sur les interfaces avec le
milieu inter-nuage. Enfin, aux petites
échelles à l'intérieur des nébuleuses, la
rencontre des ondes de choc et des
fronts d'ionisation avec les grumeaux ou
inhomogénéités de gaz froids génère
RÉFÉRENCES
2. Joncas, G. et Roy , J.-R., « Kinematics
and Dynamics of the Hll Region Sharpless 142 », Astrophysical
Journal,
1984, vol. 283, pp. 640-652.
3. joncas, G. et Roy, J.-R., A Fabry-Pérot
Camera for the Study of Galactic Nebulae, Publication de la Société d'ast r o n o m i e du Pacifique, 1984, vol. 96,
pp. 263-270.
4. Kolmogorov, A. N., « The Local Structure of Turbulence in Incompressible
Viscous Fluid for Very Large Reynolds
N u m b e r » , Comptes
rendus
(Doklady) de l'Académie des sciences de
l'URSS, 1984, vol. 30, pp. 151-161.
5. Roy, J.-R., Arsenault, R. et Joncas, G.,
« Hx Velocity Widths of Giant Extragalactic Hll Regions », Astrophysical
Journal 1986, vol. 300, pp. 624-638.
6. Roy, J.-R. et Arsenault, R., « The Hx
Velocity Widths of Giant Hll Regions
as Distance Indicators », Astrophysical Journal, 1986, vol. 302, pp. 579584.
7. Arsenault, R. et Roy, J.-R., « Integrated
Hx Profiles of Giant Extragalactic Hll
Regions », Astronomical
Journal,
1986, vol. 92, pp. 567-579.
8. Melnick, J., « Velocity Dispersions in
Giant Hll Regions »,
Astrophysical
Journal, 1977, vol. 213, pp. 15-17.
9. M u n c h , G., « Internal Motions in the
O r i o n Nebula », Reviews of Modern
Physics, 1958, vol. 30, pp. 1035-1041.
10. Scalo, J., « Turbulent Velocity Structure in Interstellar Clouds », Astrophysical Journal, vol 277, pp. 556-561.
11. Roy, J.-R. et Joncas, G., « Structure
and Origin of Velocity Fluctuations
in the Hll Region Sharpless 142 »,
Astrophysical Journal, 1985, vol. 288,
pp. 142-147.
12. O'Dell, C. R., « T u r b u l e n t M o t i o n in
Galactic Hll Regions », Astrophysical
Journal, 1986, vol. 304, pp. 767-770.
13. Von Weiszâcker, C. F., Astrophysical
Journal, 1951, vol. 114, pp. 165.
14. Fleck, R. C., « O n the Generation and
Maintenance of Turbulence in the
Interstellar M e d i u m », Astrophysical
Journal Letters, 1981, vol. 246, pp. 151154.
janvier 1988 19
CAP Affairs/Affaires de l'ACP
Résumé de la réunion du Conseil de l'ACP du 87-11-21
Summary of the CAP Council Meeting of 87-11-21
L'exécutif renseigna le Conseil sur certains dossiers ayant été
discutés à ses récentes réunions et n'apparaissant pas à l'ordre
du jour. Il y aura une réunion de Comité des parlementaires,
des scientifiques et des ingénieurs (COPSE) le 27 novembre
prochain à laquelle participeront une demi-douzaine de
membres de l'ACP (des volontaires qui, espérons-le, auront
été prévenus au moment où j'écris ces lignes) habitant la
région d'Ottawa. Le COPSE, qui est sous la responsabilité
administrative de la Société royale du Canada, organise ainsi
des réunions d'information avec ateliers dont les titres tentatifs sont cette fois: Le SIDA, les changements démographiques, l'impact des sciences sur le nord, les matériaux, la
biotechnologie, la technologie de l'espace, les changements
globaux, la gestion des ressources. Nos délégués à cet événement agiront aussi (et ça ils ne le savent pas encore) comme
personnes ressources lors de la journée de lobbying à la
colline parlementaire prévue pour la semaine du 25 au 29
janvier I988. Cet effort de sensibilisation est organisé annuellement par le Consortium national des sociétés scientifiques
et pédagogiques. Le thème de cette campagne portera sur
le financement de l'éducation post-secondaire, de la recherche et développement et des étudiants. L'exécutif a aussi
discuté du financement venant des membres corporatifs et
d'une augmentation éventuelle de leur contribution qui
pourrait être versée au fonds de roulement de l'Association.
The honorary secretary-treasurer reported on this year's
finances. The Association seems to be heading for a slight
deficit. A tentative budget for the coming year was presented
highlighting a probable 14.5 K$ deficit which can be absorbed,
at least this once, by past accumulated surpluses. The director
of members then reported on an increase in new graduate
student applications received this year going from 25 in 1986
to 74 in 1987 (this made me happy). Unfortunately the
applications to other membership categories decreased
slightly. The overall membership this year decreased slightly
(this made me unhappy). Council then discussed registration
fees for the next Annual Congress. Due to increased organization costs the fees had to be raised (see center fold for
details) so that the office costs (of the order of 35 K$) be
met.
Le président a ensuite fait rapport sur la dernière réunion
du Comité d'action des présidents de sociétés scientifiques
et technologiques (ACSTP). Cet organisme de lobbying créé
il y a un an s'est doté de règles de fonctionnement interne
et travaillera d'ici le printemps à la rédaction d'une constitution. À sa dernière réunion d'octobre, l'ACSTP a élargi son
membership aux sciences sociales. L'ACSTP demandera d'être
réprésenté à la prochaine Conférence nationale sur la technologie et l'innovation en janvier prochain organisée par le
Ministère d'état aux sciences et à la technologie. L'ACSTP
January 1 9 8 8
se renseignera aussi sur le réseau de centres d'excellence
proposé par le Conseil des ministres de science et de
technologie. Mais on a surtout discuté des moyens d'action
de l'organisme pour en arriver à la conlusion qu'un budget
de 100 K$ était requis pour l'embauche d'un lobbyiste professionnel et pour le fonctionnement du Comité. Les associations membres iront demander à leur conseil d'approuver
une cotisation de 2 $ par membre par année commençant
le plus tôt possible. L'exécutif de l'ACP propose donc d'ajouter
cette contribution obligatoire au formulaire de cotisation de
1989. Entre temps, l'ACP puisera (pour 1988) dans son budget
de la politique scientifique. Le conseil appuya cette demande.
The Chairman of the Program Committee (yours truly) then
reported on the Montréal Congress. This is going to be a
very professional looking meeting coordinated by Madeleine
Bergevin who has a long experience in such activities. It may
cost a bit more to attend but it is going to have pizzazz (see
center fold for details). The local administration is very
cooperative and the graduate students have promised a strong
helping hand. I should like to point out that a wine and cheese
mixer is going to be held on Monday evening after the Physics
and Society forum. This event is meant to encour age studentsenior physicist exchanges (it did not make the program in
the center fold). I also look forward to a "poster party".
Le vice président fit rapport sur le document sur lequel
travaillait le Comité de politique scientifique depuis un an.
Le conseil accepta le document en principe. Il sera publié
dans un prochain numéro de la Physique au Canada. Il sera
utilisé par l'ACP comme document d'information générale
et non spécialisée sur la physique et les physiciens (aux
organismes politiques ou scientifiques, dans les campagnes
d'information etc.. .). P. Kirkby a présenté son document sur
le professionalisme proposant la formation de sociétés professionnelles de scientifiques dans chaque province. Le conseil a approuvé le principe du document et autorisé l'exécutif
à former un comité de suivi. John Lit, directeur des membres
corporatifs, a proposé de tenir sa prochaine conférence sur
le sujet des centres d'excellence.
The chairman of DIAP, C. McKenzie, reported on the forthcoming industrial workshop which will likely be on sensor
technology and held at the Industrial Materials Research
Institute in Boucherville in May 1988. The president of the
Canadian Geophysical Union addressed Council and reiterated his request for reciprocity ties with the CAP after their
new constitution is adopted. A letter of intent is going to
be drafted by our executive after the CGU submits relevant
documents.
Laurent G. Caron
Vice président
1988 Joint CAP/APS Congress / Congrès conjoint ACP/APS 1988
GENERAL INFORMATION
RENSEIGNEMENTS GÉNÉRAUX
The Rector of the Université de Montréal, Mr. Gilles Cloutier,
has the pleasure of w e l c o m i n g the 43rd Congress of the
Canadian Association of Physicists to the largest francophone
university in America from Monday, ]une 20 to Wednesday
)une 22, 1988. This meeting provides a unique f o r u m for
presentations in all fields of physics in Canada. In addition,
this meeting will be held jointly w i t h those of the divisions
of Nuclear Physics and Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
of the American Physical Society. We very m u c h look forward
to your participation in this joint meeting.
Le Recteur de l'Université de Montréal, M. Gilles Cloutier,
a le plaisir d'accueillir les membres du 43 e congrès de
l'Association Canadienne des Physiciens sur le site de la plus
grande université francophone d'Amérique, du lundi 20 juin
au mercredi 22 juin 1988. Cet événement se veut un carrefour
d'échanges unique entre les différents champs de spécialisation de la physique. Nous tenons à votre participation,
d'autant plus que pour la première fois, nous avons le privilège
d'accueillir chez nous les membres de deux divisions de la
prestigieuse American Physical Society, soit les divisions de
physique nucléaire et de physique atomique, moléculaire et
optique. Soyez donc des nôtres pour ce congrès conjoint.
TRAVEL & TRANSPORTATION
VOYAGE ET TRANSPORT
Flights from Canadian and U.S. cities arrive at Dorval International Airport on the Island of Montreal giving direct access
to the d o w n t o w n area and to the University. Various means
of transportation are available from Dorval to the city. The
minibuses of the Aerocar company can take up to 8 passengers. Theses buses run daily to major hotels and are ideal
for travel by group. For example, from Dorval to Le Centre
Sheraton the bus fare is $12 per person and $20 for t w o
passengers. Reservations are required for the Aerocar service:
(514) 636-4008.
L'aéroport international de Dorval offre l'avantage d'être situé
sur l'île de Montréal. L'accès au centre-ville et à l'Université
en est donc facilité. Plusieurs moyens de transport sont
disponibles à partir de Dorval pour se rendre en ville. Les
minibus de la compagnie Aérocar peuvent accueillir un
maximum de huit (8) passagers. Ils desservent les principaux
hôtels de Montréal et sont très pratiques si vous voyagez
en groupe. De Dorval au Centre Sheraton par exemple, le
coût est de $12 par personne, de $20 pour deux passagers,
etc. Le service d'Aérocar n'est disponible que sur réservation:
(514) 636-4008.
The regular bus service is $6 per person to Central Station
(Queen Elizabeth Hotel). O n special request this bus will stop
at Le Centre Sheraton.
Le service régulier d'autobus coûte $6 par personne. Il vous
dépose à la gare centrale (Hôtel Reine-Elizabeth).
Taxi fare f r o m the airport can range between $15 and $20.
Limousine service is between $18 and $25.
Un taxi coûte entre $15 et $20. Les services de limousine
coûtent entre $18 et $25 par voiture.
Montreal has one of the best public transport networks in
the w o r l d . M e t r o line number 5 provides users good access
to Université de Montréal t h r o u g h its Côte-des-Neiges, Université de Montréal and Vincent-d'lndy metro stations. The
Côte-des-Neiges station is located between Lacombe and
Jean-Brillant streets, a few minutes walking distance from the
Jean-Brillant pavilion, where the 43rd CAP Congress events
will be held. The Université de Montréal station leads to the
main pavilion where the Physics Department is located. The
Vincent-d'lndy station is close to the athletic complex and
the university residences. The public transport fare is one
dollar (exact change). O n e can transfer between metro and
buses or vice-versa w i t h o u t extra charge. If you wish to take
a taxi f r o m d o w n t o w n Montreal to the University, the fare
will be approximately $7.
Montréal possède un des meilleurs réseaux de transport en
c o m m u n au monde. La ligne 5 du métro permet aux usagers
une excellente accessibilité au campus de l'Université de
Montréal par les stations Côte-des-Neiges, Université de
Montréal et Vincent d'Indy. La station Côte-des-Neiges est
située entre les rues Lacombe et Jean-Brillant, à quelques
minutes de marche du pavillon Jean-Brillant, site des activités
du 43 e congrès de l'ACP. La station Université de Montréal
dessert le pavillon principal où loge le département de
physique. La station Vincent-d'lndy dessert le complexe sportif et les résidences universitaires. Le tarif du transport en
c o m m u n est de un dollar (monnaie exacte). Avec les billets
de correspondance, on peut passer du métro à l'autobus ou
vice-versa, sans supplément. Si vous préférez prendre un taxi
du centre-ville à l'Université, il vous en coûtera environ $7.
REGISTRATION
INSCRIPTION
Registration will take place at 3200 Jean-Brillant, at the JeanBrillant Pavilion where all the activities will be held. W i t h i n
the Pavilion signs will direct participants to the registration
desk. All participants must be registered and are requested
to wear their badge at all times.
L'inscription se fera au 3200 rue Jean-Brillant au pavillon JeanBrillant. C'est à cet endroit que se dérouleront toutes les
activités du 43 e congrès. Des affiches de signalisation guideront les congressistes vers les lieux d'inscription. L'inscription,
donnant accès à toutes les activités du congrès, est obligatoire
et on demande aux participants de porter leur macaron en
tout temps.
Registration schedule: Sunday, June 19 from 2:00 p.m. to 9:00
p.m., Monday, June 20 from 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., Tuesday,
June 21 and Wednesday, June 22, from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00
a.m. For the Montreal congress, the CAP Council has approved
a one-day registration fee of $75 for participants to attend
one day only.
Horaire des inscriptions: Dimanche le 19 juin, de 14h00 à21h00;
lundi le 20 juin, de 8h00 à 21h00, le mardi 21 et le mercredi
22, de 8h00 à 11h00. Pour le congrès de Montréal, le conseil
de l'ACP a approuvé un droit d'inscription de $75 pour les
participants ne désirant participer au congrès q u ' u n e seule
journée.
janvier 1988
21
ACCOMMODATION
HÉBERGEMENT
Participants seeking accommodations are requested to reserve rooms directly w i t h the hotel of their choice or w i t h
the university residences.
Les demandes d'hébergement doivent être adressées directement soit à l'hôtel de votre choix, soit aux résidences
universitaires.
Early reservation of rooms is r e c o m m e n d e d since Montreal
is very busy at this time of the summer. Furthermore, the
room blocks at the hotels and university residences will only be
held until May 15. After this date, rooms will be allocated
according to availability. The weekend f o l l o w i n g the congress
is the Quebec National Holiday "La Saint-Jean Baptiste".
Il est recommandé de réserver les chambres tôt car Montréal
connaîtra une activité touristique intense en cette période
de l'été. De plus, la fin de semaine suivant le congrès est
celle de la fête nationale des québécois "La Saint-JeanBaptiste". Les chambres ne sont guaranties que jusqu'au 15 mai;
après cette date, elles seront attribuées selon la disponibilité
des résidences et des hôtels.
To obtain preferential rates o n hotel rooms, you must indicate
that you are part of the CAP w h e n making your reservations.
Pour bénéficier des taux préférentiels accordés à l'ACP, vous
devez indiquer lors de votre réservation, que vous êtes de
l'ACP.
On Campus:
Sur le campus
UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL RESIDENCES, Université de Montréal, 2350 Edouard-Montpetit Blvd. University residences are
located w i t h i n 10 minutes walking distance f r o m the site of
the Congress. Single rooms only are available. U p o n arrival,
participants staying in the residences should check in there
directly before registering at the Congress to avoid a long
walk w i t h their luggage.
RÉSIDENCES UNIVERSITAIRES, Université de Montréal 2350
boul. Edouard Montpetit. Les résidences universitaires sont
situées à dix minutes de marche d u site d u congrès. Seules
des chambres simples sont disponibles dans les résidences universitaires. Les participants qui logent dans les résidences
universitaires sont priés de demander au taxi de les monter
directement aux résidences, sinon ils devront monter à pied
avec leurs bagages. Pour plus de c o m m o d i t é , il est préférable
de déposer les bagages dans les chambres avant d'aller
s'inscrire au Pavillon Jean-Brillant.
Off-campus:
Hors campus
LE CENTRE SHERATON, 1201 Dorchester Blvd. West. This first
class hotel offers many facilities, in particular a large s w i m m i n g
pool and saunas. It is situated d o w n t o w n w i t h i n 15 minutes
from the site of the congress by taxi.
LE CENTRE SHERATON, 1201 ouest, boul. Dorchester. Cet
hôtel de première classe doté d ' u n e piscine et de saunas
est situé en plein centre ville et à environ quinze minutes
du site du congrès par taxi.
LE NOUVEL HOTEL, 1740 Dorchester Blvd. West. This new
hotel of average cost offers all the services of many first class
hotels and is located w i t h i n 15 minutes from the site of the
congress by cab and 10 minutes from d o w n t o w n .
LE NOUVEL HÔTEL, 1740 ouest, boul. Dorchester. Ce nouvel
Hôtel de coût moyen offre tous les services des grands hôtels
et est situé à environ quinze minutes du site du congrès par
taxi et à dix minutes à pied du centre-ville.
SCIENTIFIC EXHIBITION
EXPOSITION SCIENTIFIQUE
An exhibition of scientific equipment and books will be held
on the second floor of the 3200 Jean-Brillant Pavilion.
Une exposition comprenant au-delà de quarante exposants
d'équipement et de livres scientifiques sera aussi sur place.
Elle sera située à proximité des salles de conférences du
Pavillon 3200 Jean-Brillant.
SOCIAL EVENTS
ACTVITÉS SOCIALES
In addition t o being the gastronomy capital of Canada,
Montreal offers many historical and cultural sites. Tourist
literature and suggestions for visiting the local attractions will
be provided at the Information Desk.
Montréal, capitale canadienne de la gastronomie, regorge de
sites historiques et culturels. Lors de votre séjour, des dépliants touristiques seront disponibles au comptoir de l'information. La fin de semaine suivant le congrès sera celle
de la fête nationale des québécois et plusieurs activités sont
prévues en différents endroits de la ville.
Sunday, June 19 — f r o m 8:00 p.m. to 10:30 p.m., Get Together
in the Cafeteria of the 3200 Jean-Brillant Pavilion for all
registered participants.
Dimanche 19 juin — de 20h00 à 22h30, réception d'accueil
à la cafétéria du pavillon 3200 Jean-Brillant pour tous les
participants inscrits.
Tuesday, June 21 — The Banquet will take place in the "Grand
Hall" of the Université de Montréal, located in the Main
Pavilion at 7:00 p.m. The cost of the banquet including aperitif:
$35. Participants are urged to buy their banquet tickets early,
as the n u m b e r of tickets is limited.
Mardi 21 juin — Le banquet du congrès aura lieu dans le
hall d ' h o n n e u r du pavillon principal à 19h00. Le coût d u
banquet incluant l'apéritif sera de $35. Il est suggéré d'acheter
tôt son billet de banquet, car le n o m b r e de places est limité.
(continued
22
Physics in Canada
January 1988
on page 29)
Call for Abstracts
1988 CAP Congress
Appel de Résumés
Congrès ACP 1988
C o n t r i b u t e d papers may be presented in Poster or Oral
Sessions. See poster instructions on p. 37.
Les communications seront présentées soit dans des séances
de démonstration ou d'exposés. Voir les instructions à la page
37.
Rules on Abstracts
Règles de présentation
1. A participant usually is permitted to present orally only
one c o n t r i b u t e d paper.
1. Normalement, un participant ne peut présenter oralement
qu'une seule communication.
2. The abstract must be one paragraph, single spaced, elite
type (12 characters/inch), to fit into an area 12.0 cm wide
and 10.5 cm long. Type with a carbon ribbon or a fresh
black cloth ribbon. Blank forms have been provided at
the center of this issue. Further sheets are available at the
CAP office or an identical sheet in w h i c h the center frame
is drawn w i t h an Eagle Sky Blue 740% pencil can be
prepared locally, using a good quality white paper.
2. Le résumé doit c o m p o r t e r un seul paragraphe dactylographié avec caractère élite à simple intervalle, limité à
12.0 cm. de largeur et 10.5 cm. de hauteur. Se servir d'un
ruban carbonne ou d'un ruban de soie noir neuf et de
bonne qualité et utiliser les formules ci-incluses. Des
copies supplémentaires sont disponibles au secrétariat de
l'ACP ou encore faire des formules identiques sur papier
blanc de bonne qualité en traçant le cadre au crayon bleu
Eagle "Sky Blue" 740V2.
3. Indent the first line 8 spaces, to allow for a program number
to be inserted later. Start w i t h the title, capitalize the first
letters of important words, and underline. Next, type the
author(s) name(s), all in capitals. Follow w i t h the abbreviated name of the author's professional affiliation, w i t h
initial letters capitalized, and underline. After a dash, the
text follows immediately.
3. Sur la première ligne, après 8 espaces laissés libres pour
l'insertion ultérieure d'un numéro, on doit inscrire le titre
en écrivant en majuscule la première lettre des mots
importants et souligner. Ensuite, en majuscules, le(s) nom(s)
d'auteur(s). Puis inscrire et souligner le n o m abrégé de
l'institution (seule la première lettre en majuscule). Le texte
doit suivre immédiatement sans aller à la ligne mais après
un tiret.
4. Leave one blank line between the text and the footnotes.
For the title and byline use the superscript symbols (*),
for the text, the superscript numerals (2).
4. Laisser en blanc l'espace d'une ligne entre le texte et les
renvois. Pour la disposition des renvois dans l'entête,
utiliser (*), et dans le text utiliser (2).
5. Indicate on the abstract the appropriate subject index
according to the list accompanying these instructions. If
applicable, also indicate appropriate session headings for
your paper.
5. Indiquer sur la feuille du résumé, la cote appropriée se
rapportant au sujet, telle que donnée dans la liste qui
accompagne ces règles de présentation. Si jugé nécessaire,
indiquer aussi la séance appropriée pour votre c o m m u nication.
6. Overhead and 35 mm projectors only will be provided where
appropriate, unless a special request is made. This and
any other request should be indicated on the abstract.
6. Seuls des retroprojecteurs et des projecteurs 35 mm seront
disponibles le cas échéant, à moins que le besoin d'un
autre format soit expressément indiqué sur la feuille du
résumé.
7. Submit the abstract in triplicate. All instructions must be
on the abstract; do not send an accompanying letter.
7. O n doit fournir 3 exemplaires de chaque résumé. Toutes
les instructions doivent être sur la feuille du résumé.
N'envoyer aucune lettre pour accompagner celui-ci.
8. Failure to c o m p l y w i t h these instructions is likely to result
in the exclusion of your abstract.
8. Les résumés ne se conformant pas à ces règles de présentation p o u r r o n t être exclus du programme.
Abstracts must be in the CAP Office
by the Deadline Date:
March 1 8 , 1 9 8 8
Date limite pour réception des résumés
au bureau de l'ACP :
le 18 mars 1988
Send abstracts to:/Envoyer les résumés à :
L.C. Caron
Program Chairman/Président du programme
1988 CAP Congress/Congrès ACP 1988
151 Slater Street, Suite 903
janvier 1988
23
Congrès conjoint ACP/APS 1988 Joint CAP/APS Congress
Université de Montréal
Montréal, Québec, June 20-22 juin
CAP Subject Division
Division de l'ACP
Appropriate Session Heading/Séance appropriée
Indicate fundamental • or applied •
Indiquer fondamentale • ou appliquée •
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
Subject Index (see p
Cote du sujet (see p
)
)
I prefer t o present my paper in a poster • oral • session.
Je préfère présenter ma c o m m u n i c a t i o n sous forme d'affiche •
d'exposé • .
Analysis of a Satellite Collision.* A.A. ABLE,
BARBARA B. BERNSTEIN and C.C. COSTEAU, Inst. Casual Sci.
U. of Upper Ungava - An attempt is made to explain the
severe orbital perturbations suffered recently by the
two Canadian satellites, ARCAIRE and MUSICAL. It
appears that this event and the subsequent loss of the
spacecraft was due to some kind of collision. Previous
analysis 1 has established that the collision was
neither inelastic nor one involving significant
gravitational forces. The present paper explores by
computer simulation a third possibility - that the
interaction involved coulomb forces. One spacecraft
was emerging from a long period of darkness and the
other had been continuously illuminated so that the
satellites may have been oppositely charged. The
analysis shows that a close encounter of this third
kind did not occur and therefore that the demise of
the satellites is still unexplained.
Bernstein B.B. and Able, A.A.
23, 456 ( 1 9 7 8 ) .
Can. J. App. Serendip.,
*Supported by the Nat. Soc. for Enhanced Refuse Control.
12.0 cm.Projection Requirements
•
Overhead
•
O t h e r (Specify)
From:
De :
Signature
Special instructions (if any)
Instructions spéciales (s'il y en a)
Name/Nom
Address/Adresse
January 1988
1988 Joint CAP / APS Congress
MONTREAL, JUNE 20-22, 1988
REGISTRATION FORM
Please fill in this form in block letters and return it BEFORE MAY 15, 1988 to:
Secretariat
CAP CONGRESS 1988
C.P. 6128, succursale A
Montreal (Quebec), Canada
H3C 3J7
NAME:
INSTITUTION:
ADDRESS:
TEL NO.:
Your name will appear on your badge as indicated below:
NAME
REGISTERED GUEST:
NAME
DATF OF DFPARTÏTRF
DATE OF ARRIVAL: _
REGISTRATION FEES
Before May 15
$120
$150
$ 30
$ 75
$ 30
Members & Invited Speakers
Non-Members
Students
One Day Registration
Registered Guest
After May 15
$150
$175
$ 30
$ 75
$ 30
Please enter amount
BANQUET - ($35.00)
No. of tickets
x
Please enter amount
TOTAL
Enclosed is a cheque or a bank draft for
amount of the above-mentioned items, to the order of:
in Canadian dollars, corresponding to the total
CONGRES DE L'ACP 1988
DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE
UNIVERSITE DE MONTREAL
C.P. 6128, STATION A
MONTREAL (QUEBEC)
H3C 3J7
DATE
SIGNATURE
janvier 1988 25
CONGRÈS CONJOINT DE L'ACP/APS 1988
MONTRÉAL, 20-22 JUIN 1988
FORMULAIRE D'INSCRIPTION
Prière de remplir ce formulaire en CARACTÈRES D'IMPRIMERIE et de le retourner AVANT LE 15 MAI 1988, au:
Secrétariat
CONGRÈS DE L'ACP 1988
C.P. 6128, succursale A
Montréal (Québec) Canada
H3C 3J7
NOM:
INSTITUTION:
ADRESSE:
NO. TÉL.:
L'information ci-après apparaîtra sur votre macaron:
NOM
INVTTF INSCRIT
NOM
D A T F TV ARRIVÉE-
D A T F OF DÉPART
DROITS D'INSCRIPTION
Avant le 15 mai
$120
$150
$ 30
$ 75
$ 30
Membres et conférenciers invités
Non membres
Étudiants
Inscription d'un jour
Invité inscrit
Après le 15 mai
$150
$175
$ 30
$ 75
$ 30
Prière d'inscrire le montant
BANQUET - ($35.00)
No. de billets
x
Prière d'inscrire le montant
TOTAL
Ci-joint un chèque ou une traite bancaire de _
total des frais ci-dessus indiqués, à l'ordre de:
en dollars canadiens, représentant le montant
CONGRÈS DE L'ACP 1988
DÉPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE
UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL
C.P. 6128, SUCCURSALE A
MONTRÉAL (QUÉBEC) CANADA
H3C 3J7
DATE
SIGNATURE
January 1 9 8 8
Division de l'ACP
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
Subject Index (see p.
Cote du sujet (see p.
)
)
I prefer to present my paper in a poster • oral • session.
Je préfère présenter ma communication sous forme d'affiche •
Projection Requirements
d'exposé • .
From:
De :
EU Overhead
•
Other (Specify)
Signature
Name/Nom
Address/Adresse
Division de l'ACP
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
Subject Index (see p.
Cote du sujet (see p.
)
)
I prefer to present my paper in a poster • oral • session.
Je préfère présenter ma c o m m u n i c a t i o n sous forme d'affiche •
Projection Requirements
d'exposé • .
From:
De :
CD Overhead
•
O t h e r (Specify)
Signature
Name/Nom
Address/Adresse
CAP/APS JOINT CONGRESS/CONGRÈS ACP/APS
JUNE 20-22 JUIN 1988
ON-CAMPUS ACCOMMODATION/HÉBERGEMENT SUR LE CAMPUS
Mr/Mrs.
M./Mme
Address/Adresse
Telephone/Telephone
Home/Domicile
Office/Bureau
Single rooms only/Chambres simples seulement
Students/Étudiants (Validated I.D. card necessary — carte d'étudiant en règle exigée).
Sl6/dav/jour
Others/Autres
$26/day/jour
One night's deposit required (non-refundable after May 15, 1988).
Un dépôt d'une nuit exigé (non-remboursable après le 15 mai 1988).
Remainder due o n arrival: cash, VISA, MC, AMEX, no personal cheques.
Solde payable à l'arrivée: comptant, VISA, MC, AMEX, pas de chèque personnel.
Upon receipt of your request for accommodation, an acknowledgment will be forwarded and your room guaranteed if
you have included in your request one night's deposit by credit card:
Please circle VISA, MC, AMEX. Personal cheques at the residences are not accepted.
Sur réception de votre demande d'hébergement, un accusé de réception vous sera envoyé et votre chambre sera garantie
si une nuit de dépôt est incluse par carte de crédit:
Prière d'encercler VISA MC, AMEX. Les chèques personnels ne sont pas acceptés.
Date of arrival
Date of departure
Date d'arrivée
Date de départ
Card Number/Numéro
Expiration
DATE
SIGNATURE
Please return this form with your payment (to the order of Université de Montréal) before May 15, 1988 to:
Veuillez retourner ce formulaire et votre paiement (à l'ordre de l'Université de Montréal) avant le 15 mai 1988 à:
Résidences Universitaires
c/o Lise Julien
C.P. 6128, Succ. A
Montréal (Québec) Canada
H3C 3J7
Tél.: ( 5 1 4 ) 343-6531
janvier 1988 27
CAP/APS JOINT CONGRESS/CONGRÈS ACP/APS
JUNE 20-22 JUIN 1988
OFF-CAMPUS ACCOMMODATION/HÉBERGEMENT HORS CAMPUS
Mr/Mrs.
M./Mme
Address/Adresse
Telephone/Telephone
Home/Domicile
LE CENTRE SHERATON
1201 ouest, boul. Dorchester
Montréal (Québec)
H3B 2L7
Tél.: (514) 878-4345
Cost/Coût: Single room/Chambre simple
Double room/Chambre double
Parking/Stationnement: $7/day/jour
LE NOUVEL HOTEL
1740 ouest, boul. Dorchester
Montréal (Québec)
H3H 1R3
Tél.: (514) 931-8841
Cost/Coût: Single room/Chambre simple
Double room/Chambre double
Parking/Stationnement: $6/day/jour
Office/Bureau
$110/day/jour
$125/day/jour
$ 79/day/jour
$ 79/day/jour
At both hotels children under 17 years of age stay free of charge in their parents' room.
Les enfants en dessous de 17 ans et partageant la même chambre que leurs parents sont logés gratuitement dans les deux
hôtels.
Date of arrival
Date d'arrivée
Date of departure
Date de départ
Please reserve/Veuillez réserver
single room(s)/chambre(s) simple(s)
double room(s)/chambre(s) double(s)
at/au:
One night's deposit required by credit card/Un dépôt d'une nuit exigé par carte de crédit: VISA, MC, AMEX.
(Please circle/Prière d'encercler).
Card Number/Numéro
SIGNATURE
January 1988
Expiration
ATHLETIC FACILITIES
INSTALLATIONS SPORTIVES
The Université de Montréal athletic center is located just a
few steps from the residences. Built for the 1976 Olympic
Games, the athletic center has many facilities such as tennis,
racketball, squash, and badminton courts, training rooms as
well as indoor and outdoor tracks. The centre also offers
saunas, whirlpools and last but not least the Olympic pool.
Participants wishing to take advantage of these facilities may
obtain passes at the Information Desk.
Le centre sportif de l'Université de Montréal est situé à
quelques pas des résidences universitaires. Construit pour
les jeux olympiques de 1976, le centre possède plusieurs
installations sportives telles que des salles de musculation,
squash, badminton et racketball ainsi que des courts de tennis.
En plus d'une piste de course, le centre est doté de saunas,
bains tourbillon, sans oublier la piscine olympique. Les participants désirant se prévaloir de ces services peuvent se
procurer des laissez-passer au comptoir d'information.
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
COMITÉ D'ORGANISATION LOCAL
Chairman
Coordinator
Executive secretary CAP
(Ex-officio)
Finances
Public Relations
Rooms & Audiovisual
Social Events
General Services
Gilles Beaudet
Madeleine Bergevin
Mona Jento
Manon Labelle
Patrice Leroux
Laurent Lewis
Michel Moisan
Jean-Eudes Samuel
Président
Coordonnateur
Secrétaire exécutif
(ACP) Ex-officio
Finance
Agent d'information
Salles et audiovisuel
Activités sociales
Services généraux
For more information, please contact / Pour tout renseignement, veuillez vous adresser à:
Secrétariat
CAP CONGRESS 1988 / COMITÉ D'ORGANISATION LOCAL
C.P. 6128, Succ. A
Montréal (Québec)
H3C 3J7
Tél.: (514) 343-7625
T O GRADUATE STUDENTS I N PLASMA PHYSICS
In 1986, the Division of Plasma Physics (DPP) of the
Canadian Association of Physicists (CAP) created a fund
to provide travel expenses for graduate students to attend
the CAP Congress.
The program will be repeated for the next Congress to
be held in Montréal. To be eligible, you must be a graduate
student enrolled in a masters or doctorate program in a
Canadian University, a member of the DPP and be presenting a paper in plasma physics at the CAP Congress.
If you meet these requirements, please send your name,
affiliation and the title of your paper before the 27th of
May to:
Claude Boucher
Secretary of the Division of Plasma Physics
INRS-Energie
C.P. 1020, Varennes
Québec, Canada JOL 2P0
After the 27th of May, the amounts to be awarded will
be determined by the DPP Executive given the sum of
contributions received at that date and the total kilometers
to be travelled by the applicants.
janvier 1988
29
SUBJECT INDEX FOR ABSTRACTS
1. Astrophysics
2. Atmospheric and space physics
3. Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: Theory
4. Atomic spectra and interactions with photons
5. Molecular spectra and interactions with photons
6. A t o m i c and m o l e c u l a r c o l l i s i o n processes and
interactions
7. Experimentally derived information on atoms and
molecules
8. Studies of special atoms and molecules
9. Optical properties of solids
10. Transport properties of solids
11. Magnetic properties of solids
12. Surfaces, thin films and whiskers
13. Semiconductors
14. Low temperature physics
15. Superconductivity
16. Lattice dynamics
17. Phase transitions
18. Liquids
19. Nuclear fission and photonuclear reactions
20. Nuclear structure
21. Nuclear reactions and scattering
22. Optics and Lasers
23. Particle physics (experiment)
24. Particle physics (theory)
25. Fluid dynamics
26. Plasma physics
27. Fusion technology
28. Theoretical physics
29. Statistical physics and thermodynamics
30. Acoustics, classical optics and electromagnetism
31. Instrumentation and experimental techniques
32. Industrial physics and application of physical techniques
33. Education and training
34. Surface Science
COTE D U SUJET DES RÉSUMÉS
1. Astrophysique
2. Aéronomie et physique de l'espace
3. Structure électronique des atomes et molécules : Théorie
4. Spectres atomiques et interactions avec les photons
5. Spectres moléculaires et interactions avec les photons
6. Mécanismes de collision et d'interaction atomiques et
moléculaires
7. Information déduite d'expériences sur les atomes et
molécules
8. Etudes d'atomes et de molécules particuliers
9. Etat solide, propriétés optiques
10. Etat solide, propriétés de transport
11. État solide, propriétés magnétiques
12. Surface, couches minces et whiskers
13. Semiconducteurs
14. Physique à basses températures
15. Superconductivité
16. Dynamiques des réseaux
17. Changement de phase
18. Liquides
19. Fission et réactions photonucléaires
20. Structure nucléaire
21. Réactions et diffusions nucléaires
22. Optique et lasers
23. Physique des particules élémentaires (experimentale)
24. Physique des particules élémentaires (théorie)
25. Dynamique des fluides
26. Physique des plasmas
27. Technologie de la fusion
28. Physique théorique
29. Physique statistique et thermodynamique
30. Acoustique, optique classique et électromagnétisme
31. Instrumentation et techniques expérimentales
32. Physique industrielle
33. Enseignement
34. Science des surfaces
Instructions and Arrangements for Poster
Presentation
Instructions et renseignements concernant les
présentations
Posters will be organized into sections by subject area and
will be located in areas adjacent to the meeting rooms. There
will be one poster session each day and authors are expected
to be at their posters for the two hour period in their
designated session. The poster boards will be available for
the whole day and authors are urged to have their material
mounted as early in the morning as possible — preferably
before the end of the morning refreshment break. All material
must be removed from the boards before 5:00 p.m. on the
day of presentation.
Réparties en sections par sujet, les présentations seront
installées à côté des salles de réunion. Il y aura une séance
de démonstration quotidienne. O n demande aux auteurs
d'être présents durant les heures de la séance le jour qui
leur est assigné. Les panneaux seront disponibles pour toute
la journée, et les auteurs sont invités à monter leur présentation le plus tôt possible le matin — de préférence avant
la fin de la pause rafraîchissement de la matinée. Tout doit
être démonté le jour même avant 17 h.
The title of the paper, the authors' names and their affiliation
should be displayed clearly in lettering at least 2 cm high.
Poster material should be readable from a distance of 1.5 m.
Brief texts and concise diagrams are recommended. Lengthy
texts in standard typescript should be avoided. Details are
best left for the individual discussions that the poster material
will initiate.
Le titre de la présentation, le nom des auteurs et leur affiliation
doivent apparaître clairement en lettres d'au moins 2 cm. La
présentation doit être lisible à 1,5 m. O n recommande des
textes courts et des diagrammes concis. Évitez les longs textes
dactylographiés en caractères ordinaires. Il vaux mieux fournir
des détails lors des discussions individuelles suscitées par le
panneau.
Further details will be sent to authors with the acknowledgement of their abstract.
Des renseignements supplémentaires vous parviendront avec
l'accusé de réception de votre résumé.
January 1 9 8 8
Medical Physics in Canada — An Historical Overview — 1987
by J.F.C. MacDonald, Ontario Cancer Foundation
and
J.R. Cunningham,
Princess Margaret Hospital
From a slow and somewhat late beginning, medical physics
in Canada has, over the last thirty years, grown to become
a vital and active discipline employing more than 200 fulltime physicists.
In the 1930's and 1940's, as the need for physics input into
radiation therapy became evident, the medical profession
turned to the universities for help. Probably the first such
cooperative venture was the construction of a radon emanation plant by Professor E.L. Harrington for the Saskatchewan Cancer Commission in 1931. This plant remained in
operation until 1962. Harrington's involvement in cancer
therapy led later to the appointment in 1945 of Dr. H.E. Johns
to the Physics Department, and as physicist to the Saskatchewan Cancer Commision. As is well-known, Professor Johns
initiated and actively developed a world-class medical physics
program, first at the University of Saskatchewan and later at
the Ontario Cancer Institute in Toronto, w h i c h has trained
many of the medical physicists in Canada as well as others
scattered across the world.
In the late 1940's and early 1950's, smaller scale medical
physics groups were developing in other parts of Canada,
notably in British Columbia under Dr. H.F. Batho and in
Quebec by Dr. L.C. Stephens-Newsham.
The development of the cobalt teletherapy unit for cancer
therapy in 1951 by Dr. Johns' group, and independently by
AECL, was probably the single most important step in the
evolution of medical physics in Canada. Because of this,
regulatory bodies insisted upon the full-time presence of a
trained medical physicist wherever such a unit was installed.
By 1954 the physicists employed in the seven centers of the
Ontario Cancer Foundation in the Province of Ontario had
f o r m e d an Association to advise the Foundation and to
" p r o v i d e collective discussion and action for the advancement of the application of physics to radiation therapy". At
its first meeting, the secretary was instructed to communicate
w i t h other physicists w o r k i n g in the medical field across
Canada w i t h the object of f o r m i n g a Canadian Association
of Medical Physicists (CAMP). The reason for this action was
that it was apparent that the Canadian Association of Physicists
(CAP) was concerned mainly w i t h the interests of academic
physicists, while the Canadian Association of Radiologists
(CAR) was a medical body, w i t h little interest in the problems
of its non-medical colleagues. The medical physicists required
recognition, both scientific and professional, w h i c h was not
f o r t h c o m i n g from the t w o well-established organizations.
CAMP was f o r m e d in 1955. Both the CAR, w i t h w h o m the
medical physicists w o r k e d closely, and the CAP were concerned at the time about this independent action on the part
of the small g r o u p of medical physicists, and actively w o r k e d
to absorb the embryonic Association in these larger and more
well-established bodies. The CAP, in an unprecedented step,
decided to set up a medical physics "subject division" —
the first of many such limited-interest groups in the physics
c o m m u n i t y . This move was accepted by the members of
CAMP, also in 1955 and the subject Division of Medical and
Biological Physics (DMBP) of the CAP was b o r n out of the
ashes of CAMP.
O n e of the first steps undertaken by the Division was an
attempt at "certification of c o m p e t e n c y " in medical physics,
to provide a basis for recognition by Governmental agencies.
This action was ill-conceived and premature, and remained
dormant until the creation of the Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine, as described below.
For more than thirty years, the DMBP has been the official
body representing physicists w o r k i n g in the fields of biological
and medical research application in Canada. W i t h i n the
limitations imposed by a small population, a very large
country, a wide diversity of interests on the part of its
members, and a variety of employment situations, the Division
has done a creditable job, both as a scientific and a professional organization.
Its most regular function has been the organization of scientific meetings, at the rate of at least one per year. It has been
the organization representing Canada to the IOMP since
about 1970. It organized the Fourth International Conference
on Medical Physics in 1976 in Ottawa. In addition, it has
provided the nation with a number of committees dealing
w i t h radiation matters. An example of this type of activity
w o u l d be participation in the committees on radiaton protection in the healing arts (HARP) of the province of Ontario.
In 1980, the physicists w o r k i n g in a hospital environment in
the field of radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and medical
imaging (most of w h o m were members of the DMBP) recognized the need for a peer-review process to establish
competency in the applications of medical physics involving
direct contact w i t h patients. To meet this need, the "Canadian
College of Physicists in Medicine"(CCPM) was legally established under a Canadian government charter.
Initially, a well-established physicist was admitted to Fellowship in the College on the basis of his or her credentials
(including years of experience, peer-reviewed publication
record and recommendations f r o m medical colleagues).
Fellowship was later granted after passing a comprehensive
written examination f o l l o w e d by a searching oral examination,
both c o n d u c t e d by the Examination Board of the College.
The written examination is based on a published bank of
110 questions, w h i c h serves as both syllabus and examination
format, and w h i c h is revised gradually to reflect developments
in the various areas of medical physics.
W h i l e the Fellowship was designed to establish "excellence"
in medical physics, by 1983, there arose a need to certify
" c o m p e t e n c e " in the medical physics specialities. This was
met by the establishment of a Membership category, w h i c h
can be attained after a shorter period of experience and by
passing the written examinations only. A M e m b e r is expected
to attempt to attain the Fellowship w h e n his or her experience
and publication record meet the required standards.
In recent years, the College, f o l l o w i n g its original mandate,
has established a coordinated series of seminars with a view
to the c o n t i n u i n g education of its Fellows and Members and
of others in the physics community. It is also involved in
presenting the position of the medical physicist in discussions
w i t h governmental regulatory bodies and other professional
organizations, w i t h i n and outside Canada.
As a consequence of these latter developments, there has
arisen the question of the relationship between, and the
respective responsibilities of, the College and the Division
of Medical and Biological Physics of the CAP. The question
is now being examined.
janvier 1 9 8 8
31
The evolutionary process described above shows the problems e n c o u n t e r e d by a relatively small group of medical
physicists in attempting to establish and demonstrate its
presence and identity. W h i l e the problems are not unique
to Canada, and the solutions are by no means ideal, we hope
that our experience will be of some help to physicists in other
countries (and to other divisions of the CAP, ed.) w h o have
to go d o w n the same path.
The following, taken from the editorial of the Joint DMBP/CCPM
Newsletter states the current situation (ed.)
The Division of Medical and Biological Physics (DMBP) and
the Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine (CCPM) both
met in T o r o n t o d u r i n g June of 1987 and agreed to publish
a joint DMBP/CCPM Newsletter. The reasons for this move
include the need for the relatively small Canadian Medical
Physics c o m m u n i t y to maximize the o u t p u t from its limited
r e s o u r c e s a n d a v o i d any u n n e c e s s a r y d u p l i c a t i o n s .
Furthermore, it is envisioned that w i t h i n one year, a new
organization — T h e Canadian Organization of Medical Physics
(COMP) — will be officially proclaimed, w i t h membership
eligible to both the current members of the DMBP and to
members of the CCPM. Details of this are currently being
w o r k e d out by a "Chairman's C o m m i t t e e " composed of the
DMBP Executive and four members from the Board of the
CCPM. The proposed formation of COMP could herald a new
age in the life of the Canadian Medical Physics c o m m u n i t y
and significantly enhance our ability to grow and develop
into a more effective and cohesive entity.
Report on the Canadian Research Conference on High Temperature
Superconductivity, McMaster University, October 30-31 1987
This symposium, organized by the Institute for Materials
Research at McMaster, was sponsored by our Division of
Condensed Matter Physics. O u r very o w n Canadian f o r u m
on high temperature superconductivity had financial support
not only f r o m the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council but also from the newly f o r m e d Ontario Centre for
Materials Research and the private sector: Alcan International,
Bell Northern Research, Hydro-Quebec, and Ontario Hydro.
This was an outstanding event not only because of the interest
and active participation of industry, not only because of the
large attendance (close to 200 people registered), not only
because of the high scientific calibre, but mostly because
of this rare o p p o r t u n i t y for Canadian researchers to share
their experiences and thoughts on a topic of c o m m o n interest
and of great importance and socio-economic relevance. There
were Press people present and perhaps there will be good
media coverage of this " h i s t o r i c " event.
The first half day was devoted to applications and w e heard
of the industrial excitement in the USA. The spokesmen for
industry said they had faith in basic research (or is it that
they have no choice at this stage of development?). W e also
got a hint of the growing industrial interest in Canada. I f o u n d
this somewhat reassuring after the rather cool reception from
the private sector at the f o r u m organized by Fenton at NRCC
last spring. The rest of the time was allocated to invited and
c o n t r i b u t e d papers (roughly 30 of them). There was also an
evening poster session w i t h close to 20 contributions. I must
admit I was surprised to see this m u c h activity going on in
Canada. W e got into high Tc superconductivity perhaps a
bit timidly but we sure have gathered m o m e n t u m .
I f o u n d the talk by Schulz from Hydro-Quebec rather interesting and illustrative of industrial preoccupation. Grain
boundaries and their effect on pair tunneling must be understood if any progress is to be made on bulk current carrying
applications. There were a number of talks on oxygen deficiency and chemical d o p i n g and it is quite obvious from
the talks by M c K i n n o n of NRCC and Greene of Bell Communications Research that it is important to know where the
oxygen atoms are removed from in the unit cell and the
January 1988
relevance of local structural order to superconductivity.
Greene also reported that she was able to observe only two
transition temperatures (60 K and 90 K) in the 1-2-3 compounds and nothing in between. This points to the importance
of good quality samples. There were many talks on conductivity measurements. The careful measurements of an exponent of - 1 for the temperature dependence of the transverse
resistivity by Carolan at UBC were taken as proof of the validity
of the resonating valence bond (RVD) model by Kivelson of
SUNY. There were also a number of talks on m u o n spin
resonance by the people at UBC and TRIUMF. Such measurements proved important very early in the short history
of development in high Tc superconductivity. The evidence
of magnetic order in the oxygen deficient 1-2-3 c o m p o u n d s
argues in favor of models based on the importance of
magnetism for superconductivity. In the poster session the
McMaster people had a nice hands-on experiment w i t h
polarized light w i t h w h i c h one could observe the anisotropy
and grain boundaries of samples. Many of the theoretical
contributions were centered on the Hubbard model. There
was a novel approach proposed by Dharma-Wardanaat NRCC
in w h i c h the carriers are on the oxygen atoms and superconductivity arises t h r o u g h the polarizability of Cu-O chainlets. There was also the proposal by Fenton that frozen spin
rotation degrees of freedom may explain why magnetic
impurities have effects on Tc similar to non-magnetic ones.
Anyone wishing more details on the program or on the
attendees should write to John Berlinsky.
In his closing remarks Berlinsky said that Canadian researchers
w o u l d now have no excuse for not citing Canadian works
in their publications. He is right. There is good physics in
Canada and that is what the CAP is trying to promote.
I wish to thank the organizers for a splendid job and especially
John Berlinsky and Catherine Kallin w h o , even though they
had both lost their voices by Saturday afternoon, could be
seen everywhere.
Laurent C. Caron
Vice-President, CAP
Ph.D. Degrees in Physics Awarded at Canadian Universities in 1987
Doctorats décernés en physique dans les universités canadiennes, 1987
UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA
WENBAO HU, A M o d e l Study of the Electromagnetic Response of a Channel, an Island, and a Seamount in the South
China Sea, (H.W. Dosso), May 1987, now at the Department
of Geophysical Exploration, Jianghan Petroleum Institute,
People's Republic of China.
M. SHAHRIAR, Application of Iterative Inversion Technique
in Crustal Seismology, (G.L. Cumming), November 1986,
now at Central State University, Oklahoma.
R.R. Tkachuk, Search for Charge Symmetry Breaking in
Neutron-Proton Elastic Scattering at 477 MeV, (G. Roy),
February 1987, now a Post Doctoral Fellow at the University
of Toronto.
Spring 1987 Convocation:
R.I. SAWAFTA, Spin Excitation in s-d Shell Nuclei with Intermediate Energy Protons, (P. Kitching), March 1987, now
a Research Associate at I.U.C.F., Indiana.
MARK R.A. SHEGELSKI, H o p p i n g Conductivity in Lightly
D o p e d Semiconductors, (R. Barrie), November 1986, now PDF
at Dalhousie University.
C.C. TIN, Studies of Deep Levels in SI Gallium Arsenide, (F.L.
Weichman), March 1987, now a Postdoctoral Fellow at
A u b u r n University, Alabama.
DEAN A. PARFENIUK, Studies of Dense Plasmas in Laser
Generated Shock Wave Experiments, (A.Ng), Jan. 1987, now
Industrial PDF w i t h local company (Vortek Ind.).
C.K. TEH, Photoluminescence Studies of Carbon in SI GaAs,
(F.L. Weichman), March 1987, now a Postdoctoral Fellow,
Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans.
GRANT MclNTOSH, A Study of Stimulated Raman Scattering
in a C 0 2 Laser Produced Plasma, (J. Meyer), Jan. 1987, seeking
employment.
R.I. GRIGJANIS, The Effective Action at Zero and Non-zero
Temperature, (A.N. Kamal), March I987, now an N.S.E.R.C.
Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Toronto.
STUART R. LOEWEN, Statistics and Dynamics of Coherent
Structures on Turbulent Grid-Flow, (B. Ahlborn), Jan. 1987,
looking for w o r k in Ottawa area.
C.G. MACRIDES, Seismic Tomography in Oil Sands for M o n itoring Thermal Oil Recovery, (E.R. Kanasewich), May 1987,
now at the University of Manitoba, Department of Physics,
Earth Sciences.
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
NEIL SHRIMPTON, Low Temperature Behaviour of Krypton
Monolayer on Graphite, (B. Bergersen), April 1987, now PDF
w i t h the University of Ottawa, Dept. of Physics.
CLARENCE J. VIRTUE, Photon Asymmetry in Radiative M u o n
Capture on Calcium, (M. Hasinoff), April 1987, now R.A. w i t h
N.R.C., High Energy Phys. Div. (at Geneva).
Fall 1987 Convocation:
X.-S. W A N G , A C o n t r i b u t i o n to the Interpretation of Magnetovariation, (D.I. Gough), June 1987, now Research Associate at the University of Alberta.
S.C. CHENG, The Use of Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
for Microcharacterization of Thin Specimens, (R. Egerton),
June 1987, now Research Associate at the University of
Alberta.
BRIAN T. SULLIVAN, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Palladium
Thin Films, (R. Parsons), Aug. 1987, now PDF at University
of B.C., Dept. of Physics.
K. MICHAELIAN, Polarized Proton-Proton Bremsstrahlung, (P.
Kitching), August 1987, now at S.I.N., Villigen, Switzerland.
GILLES COUTURE, Anomalous Magnetic M o m e n t of the W
Boson in Different Models (J. Ng), Sept. 1987, n o w PDF at
Guelph University, Dept. of Physics.
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
PETER CELLIERS, Dynamics of Laser-Driven Shock Waves in
Fused Silica, (A. Ng), Oct. 1987, now PDF at Max-Planck
Institute, M u n i c h .
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
R.W.M. DIVIGALPITIYA, Electrical C o n d u c t i o n along Dislocation in Silicon and its Effect on MIS Solar Cells, (S.R.
Morrison), Jan. 1987, PDF, Simon Fraser University
L. VARGA, Balloon Observations of Bremsstrahlung X-rays
from Cold Lake, Alberta, (D. Venkatesan), November 1986,
Government of Canada, Québec.
K. VOLK, Stellar Winds and the Late Stages of Stellar Evolution,
(T.A. Clark), November 1986, Ames Research Center,
California.
UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN
S. SWENSON, Photosynthetic Oxygen Exchange Measurements in Marine Algae, (K. Colbow), July 1986.
P.N. CHOUINARD, Reflection Seismology: Synthetics and
Inversion, (K.V. Paulson), Spring 1987, Defence Research
Board in Ottawa.
S.P. WATKINS, A Study of Isoelectronic Defects in Silicon
under Uniaxial Stress and Magnetic Fields, (M.L.W. Thewalt),
July 1986, Research Scientist, American Cyanamid, Stamford,
Conn.
S.W. WOLFE, The Stor-IM Tokamak: Experiments on Current
Reversal and Fast Current Ramping, (A. Hirose), Spring 1987,
Plasma Physics Lab, Physics Department, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
P.N. SAHAY, The Elastodynamics of a Quarterspace, (A.Z.
Capri), O c t o b e r 1986, now at C.I.C.E.S.E. Ensenada, Mexico.
P.G. DRAKOPOULOS, Collisional Inteference in the FIR Rotational Spectrum of HD Perturbed by Foreign Gases, (G.C.
Tabisz), June 1987, now at Department of Physics, Royal
Roads Military College, FMO Victoria, B.C., VOS 1B0
G.-H. CHAN, Seismic Diffraction from Sharp Corners, (F.
Hron), O c t o b e r 1986, now at D.R.E.A., Halifax.
janvier 1988
33
R.C. BEAVIS, An Automated Off-Line Liquid Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry Interface Using Solid Phase, Time-ofFlight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, (K.C. Standing),
O c t o b e r 1987, n o w at Institute Fur Physikalische und
T h e o r e t i s c h e C h e m i e Der T e c h n i s c h e n U n i v e r s i t à t
M i i n c h e n Lehrstiihle Fur Physikalische Chemie, Lichten
Bergstrasse 4, D-8046 Carching.
THE UNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEG
H.P. LEIVO, Ph.D., University of Toronto, " U n i q u e Predictions
in Q u a n t u m Kaluza-Klein Theory", (G. Kunstatter, University of Winnipeg), January 1987. N o w at University of
Oklahoma.
THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO
R.J. NICIEJEWSKI, "Total Electron Content During Auroral
Conditions", (P.A. Forsyth), Jan. 1987, now at SPRLC, University of Michigan.
A.C. AKINRADEWO, " P e n u m b r a l Distributions for HighEnergy Radiotherapy Photon Beams", (D.J. Dawson), Jan.
1987, LRCC, Victoria Hospital, London, Ont.
T. SARMA, " L o w Light Level Television Meteor Observations
and Simulations", (J. Jones), May 1987, now at Forest City
Fire Prevention, Thorndale, ON.
P.A. ROCHEFORT, "Transition Correlation Studies, in a Water
Vapour Laser", (E. Brannen), Sept. 1987, now at Département de Physique — LROL, Université Laval, Québec, PQ.
McMASTER UNIVERSITY
SIKANDAR AZAM, Effects of the Deuteron Structure on the
Hyperfine Structure of Deuterium, (Y. Nogami), May 1987,
returned to Pakistan.
JEFFREY W. BLEZIUS, Superconductor Thermodynamic and
Electromagnetic Properties, (J.P. Carbotte), March 1987,
PDF at MPB Technologies, Inc., Montreal.
J. MICHAEL COOMBES, Some Applications of the Strong
C o u p l i n g Theory of Superconductivity, (J.P. Carbotte), April
1987, PDF at Memorial University of Newfoundland.
L. ROGER B. PATTERSON, N o n e q u i l i b r i u m Thermodynamics
in Application to T w o Systems Electron-Hole Drops and
Thin Film Superconductors, (J.S. Kirkaldy), October 1986,
PDF at MPB Technologies, Inc., Montreal.
WALTER H. STEPHAN, Superconductivity in Magnetic and
Proximity Effect Systems, (J.P. Carbotte), March 1987, NSERC
PDF, Germany.
ANNE J. TRUDEL, Spin and Parity Assignments in 34P using
the Polarized (d,a) and (d,a) Reactions, (J.A. Kuehner),
February 1987, PDF at TRIUMF.
GUELPH WATERLOO PROGRAM FOR GRADUATE WORK IN
PHYSICS
A.R. JANZEN, Molecular Dynamics of a 16-particle Ring and
of Crystalline Carbon Disulphide, (Leech), Spring 1987, now
at University of Waterloo.
D.H. LI, Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Liquid
sp an sd Metals: Improved Theoretical Approach, (Wang),
Spring 1987, now at University of Waterloo.
B.A OLIVER, Light Beam Induced Current Measurements of
M i n o r i t y Carrier Diffusion Length in Semiconductors
(Dixon), W i n t e r 1986, now at Surface Science, University
of Western Ontario.
A. PERUJO, Advances in Elemental Analysis by Proton-induced
X-ray Emission (Campbell), Spring 1987, now at EURATOM,
Belgium.
January 1988
YORK UNIVERSITY
D.F. DAVIDSON, The Shock Tube Determination of the Rate
of Dissociative Recombination of N O + , (R.M. Hobson), Fall
1986, now in the Mechanical Engineering Department,
Stanford University as a Research Associate.
UNIVESITY OF TORONTO
N.D. BREGMAN, Tomographic Inversion of Crosshole Seismic
Data, (R.C. Bailey), February 1987, now w i t h U fo T Computer Services (CRAY).
D.E. BOERNER, A Generalized Approach to the Interpretation
of Controlled Source Electromagnetic Data Collected in
Sedimentary Basins, (G.F. West), December 1987, now
Research Scientist at Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
C.H. FAERMAN, The Nature of Intermolecular Forces in
Molecular Crystals, (S.C. Nyburg), December 1987, now
PDF at Cambridge U, UK.
R.J. G O O D I N G , A Phenomenological Theory of Coupled
Phasons and Sound Waves in Incommensurate Crystals,
(M.B. Walker). December 1987, now NSERC PDF w i t h
Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
U.S.A.
E.L. HALLIN, A Search for Metastable Bound States of D o u b l y
Negative Atomic Oxygen, (A.E. Litherland), February 1987,
n o w PDF in Department of Physics at University of
Saskatchewan.
P.R. HERMAN, High-Resolution Vacuum-Ultraviolet Spectrum
of Ar(2) Excited by Coherent and Tunable Radiation, (B.P.
Stoicheff), February 1987, now NSERC PDF in Department
of Physics at University of Osaka, Japan.
J.S. HOLLADAY, The Generalized Electrosounding M e t h o d for
Sedimentary Basin Exploration, (G.F. West), December
1987, now Research Geophysicist w i t h Geotech, Ltd., Unionville, Ont.
A.A. MADEJ, Vacuum Ultraviolet Laser Spectroscopy: Radiative
Lifetimes of The Al u States of Ar 2 , Kr2, and Xe2, and
Dependence on Vibrational Level, (B.P. Stoicheff), December 1987, now PDF w i t h National Research Council
in Ottawa.
W.C. MUIR, Ultrasonic Studies of Single-Q C h r o m i u m , (E.
Fawcett), February 1987.
J.S. PRESTON, N o n e q u i l i b r i u m Pattern Formation in Silicon
During C.W. Laser Induced Melting, (H.M. van Driel), June
1987, now NSERC PDF in Department of Physics, University
of Illinois, Urbana, III. U.S.A.
M.A. SINGH, Spin Thermodynamics Applied to the Chlorine
Nuclear Quadrupolar Resonance in K 2 OsCI 6 , (R.L. Armstrong), December 1987, now PDF in Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainsville, Fl. U.S.A.
S.C. SINGH, Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media and Full
Waveform Inversion, (G.F. West), December 1987.
A.J. STACEY, A Study of the Okubo-Zweig-lizuka Rule in High
Energy Photoproduction, (G.J. Luste), February 1987, now
w i t h U of T C o m p u t i n g Services.
M. TRATNIK, Nonlinear Polarization Dynamics, (J.E. Sipe),
February 1987, now NSERC PDF at Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, U.S.A.
T.F. TREML, Some Aspects of the Regularization of Q u a n t u m
Field Theories, (R.B. Mann), June 1987, now NSERC PDF
in Department of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics,
University of Cambridge, UK.
D.S. TURNER, Radiometric Measurements of Stratospheric
Trace Gases, (J.R. Drummond), December 1987, now Research Scientist with Atmospheric Environment Service,
Downsview, Ont.
J.D. WEINSTEIN, KK Molecules, (N. Isgur), February 1987, now
PDF in the Department of Physics at East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, TN, U.S.A.
WALTON, M., Two Scale Compactification of the E(8) x E(8)
Heterotic String (C.S. Lam) June 1987. Postdoctoral Fellow
at Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, Stanford California.
J.M. WYLIE, Q u a n t u m Electrodynamics near an Interface, (J.E.
Sipe), February 1987, now Science teacher at T o r o n t o
French Schools, Toronto, Ont.
UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE
C.J. ZORN, A Study of the Photoproduction of the Ac Charmed
Baryon at y Energies of 40-160GeV, (G.J. Luste), February
1987, now PDF in the Department of Physics at University
of Florida, Gainesville FL., U.S.A.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
Department of Medical Biophysics
Ian Cunningham, "A New X-Ray Imaging System for Quantitative Arteriography and Flow Characterization" (Prof. A.
Fenster) September I986, Victoria Hospital, Phase 1, 777
Baseline Rd., London, Ontario N6A 4S2, X-Ray Department.
Paul Johns, "Dual-Energy Radiography for Breast Cancer
Detection", (Prof. M. Yaffe), September 1986, Ottawa Civic
Hospital, I053 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Radiology Department.
Randall Kroeker, "In Vivo Characterization of NMR Relaxation
Times", (Prof. M. Henkelman), May 1987, Ottawa General
Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd. Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Department of Radiology — MR Unit.
QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY
F. ARYASETIAWAN, "Some Fundamental Aspects of Density
Functional Theory", (M.J. Stott), Fall 1987, now a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
UNIVERSITÉ D'OTTAWA/UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA
R. NASSER, Population Inversions in Hel and Clll in recombining Plasmas, (Y.P. Varshni), March 1987, employer unknown, gone back to Iraq.
S. FREDERIKSEN, The Production Mechanism and Lifetimes
of Charmed Particles, (J. Hébert), July 1987, now at O h i o
State University.
JEAN-PIERRE ARCORAGI, "La nucléosynthèse dans les étoiles
massives: les processus de capture de neutrons lors des
phases avancées de l'évolution", (Gilles Beaudet, John
Michael Pearson) mai 1987.
CLAUDE PELLETIER, "Processus de diffusions dans des modèles évolutifs de naines blanches", (Georges Michaud),
janvier 1987.
MICHEL TRUDEAU, "Étude de l'effet Hall et de la magnétorésistivité dans les alliages métalliques amorphes de
M - ZR (M = I, C O et FE) (Robert Cochrane) avril 1987.
ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
LOUIS PAQUIN, " C o n c e p t i o n d'une cellule photovoltaïque
à base de silicium a m o r p h e " , (Michel Wertheimer) août
1986, Université de Sherbrooke.
GERVAIS LECLERC, "Effets électrochimiques dans les cellules
M , — Polymère — M 2 , (Arthur Yelon) mars 1987, Institut
de génie des matériaux, Boucherville.
LARBI ROUBI, "Etude des propriétés optiques en fonction
de la température et de la pression des composés mixtes
HF 1 . x Zr x S 2 ", (Cosmo Carlone) mai 1987, Université de
Oujda, Maroc.
MARIO MARCHAND, "Couplage magnéto-élastique, interactions non-convexes et l'émergence de structures périodiquement modulées en matière condensée", (Alain Caillé)
août 1987, Institut fur Festkoerperforschung der Kernforschungsanlage Julich RFA.
BRAULIO FERNANDEZ, "Ultrasonic Attenuation in InSb at
Very Low Temperatures", (J. David, N. Cheeke) août 1987,
Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, Vénézuéla.
UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL
VALLÉE, RÉAL " D o u b l e m e n t s de période et chaos dans un
système acousto-optique à rétroaction retardée" (Claude
Delisle) mars 1987. Boursier-postdoctoral au Laboratories
for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester,
USA.
POULIOT, JEAN "Measures de polarisation nucléaire dans le
contexte du théorème de polarisation-pouvoir d'analyse"
(René Roy) mars 1987. Boursier-postdoctoral au Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley USA.
BRICAULT, PIERRE " C o n t r i b u t i o n à l'étude de rayonnement
de freinage dans la réaction D+P—D+P près du seuil de
cassure du d e u t o n " (Rodolfo J. Slobodrian) mars 1987.
Boursier-postdoctoral au CEN à Saclay — 91191 Gif-surYvette France.
PARÉ, CLAUDE "Propriétés spatiales et temporelles des résonateurs lasers munis d'un miroir à conjugaison de phase"
(Pierre A. Bélanger & Michel Piché) juin 1987. Boursier
p o s t - d o c t o r a l , D e p a r t m e n t of Physics, U n i v e r s i t y of
Strthclyde, Glascow, Scotland, UK G4-ONG.
OUELLETTE, FRANÇOIS "Methodes de génération d ' i m p u l sions laser ultra-courtes dans le moyen infrarouge" (Michel
Piché) juin 1987. Chercheur au Centre de recherche des
Communications à Ottawa.
ROBERGE, RAYMOND "Les franges d'interférances en ondes
multiples d'une lame sphérique" (Albéric Boivin), juin 1987.
Responsable du groupe gestion de projets, Bomem Inc.
625, rue Marais, Vanier Québec — G1M 2Y2.
KOVAR, GEORGE "Longitudinal and transverse mode select i o n in C 0 2 lasers" (Michel Piché) juin 1987. Stagiaire postdoctoral, Department of Applied Physics, Twente University of Technology, Enschede, Netherlands.
GIROUX, JACQUES " P r o d u c t i o n d ' u n faisceau polarisé
d ' 3 H e + + " (Rodolfo J. Slobodrian) juin 1987. Boursier postdoctoral, Max-Plank Institute fur Kernphysik, Heidelberg,
Allemagne Fédérale.
EDWARDS, GEOFFREY "Visual and automated searches for
quasar candidates on grens plates; reduction software,
selection effects, and number counts for three fields"
(Ermanno F. Borra) novembre 1987. Chercheur au département des sciences géodésiques et de télédétection,
Pavillon Casault, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4.
McGILL UNIVERSITY
GIROUX, Y., Degenerate Enveloping Algebras of Low Rank
Groups (R.T. Sharp) June 1987. Presently in Electrical
Engineering, McGill University.
TURCOTTE, M.G. Weak Decays of Charmed Particles (J.
Trischuk) November 1986. Postdoctoral position, University of Victoria.
DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY
K. NATH, Adsorption, Field Adsorption, and Field Evaporation
(H.J. Kreuzer), Fall 1986; now at Dept. of Chemistry, Case
Western Reserve University.
M. MIESZKOWSKI, Ultrasonic Computerized Tomography
(H.W. Jones), Spring 1987; now at Dalhousie University.
janvier 1988
35
News from the CAP Divisions/
Nouvelles des Divisions de l'ACP
DIVISION D'OPTIQUE
Congrès ClOICO 1987
A Québec, d u 24 au 28 août 1987 s'est tenu le 14 e congrès
de la Commission internationale d'optique. Ce congrès a été
un succès.
Plus de 27 pays étaient représentés. La participation canadienne a été importante non seulement par le n o m b r e de
congressistes inscrits (107 du total de 395), mais aussi par
le n o m b r e de communications présentées. Les membres du
c o m i t é local, sous la direction de R.A. Lessard, ont su établir
à travers ces activités sociales journalières une ambiance de
franche camaraderie entre ses participants.
La Commission internationale d ' o p t i q u e est une commission
de l ' U n i o n internationale de physique pure et appliquée. Le
professeur Larkin Kervin vient d'être choisi président de cette
union. Les canadiens membres du comité consultatif sont
K.M. Baird, J. Conradi et B.P. Stoicheff. H.H. Arsenault est
vice-président de bureau de direction.
Congrès OSA 1987
Le congrès annuel de l'"Optical Society of America" s'est tenu
à Rochester, New York du 18 au 23 octobre. Plusieurs
canadiens ont participé à cet important congrès. Environ 40
communications sur un total de 760, soit 5 %, étaient de divers
laboratoires canadiens. Quinze cours durant une demijournée ont été offerts aux participants. Un de ceux-ci a été
d o n n é par William Cowan d u Conseil national de recherche
du Canada. Pour la première fois des étudiants gradués ont
organisé une session d'étude. Cette session a été présidée
par Dan Hewak un étudiant gradué de l'Université de Waterloo. Une autre initiative de ce congrès a été une journée
spéciale pour les enseignants. Un groupe choisi d'enseignants
de l'Ontario a participé à diverses conférences et démonstrations. Certains de nos collègues ont été invités à présider
des sessions techniques ou à participer à des forums. Les
travaux de plusieurs chercheurs canadiens ont été mentionnés régulièrement au cours de plusieurs communications
auxquelles j'ai assistées.
La médaille Joseph Fraunhofer de la société a été attribuée
cette année à J.A. Dobrowolski d u Conseil national de recherche du Canada. Au n o m de la division d'optique je lui
adresse toutes nos félicitations pour l'honneur qui lui a été
fait et qui valorise en même temps la recherche en optique
au Canada.
L"'Optical Society of America" a été créé en 1916. Deux de
ses anciens présidents étaient canadiens: Boris Stoicheff 1976
et Kenneth Baird 1983. Actuellement, plusieurs de nos collègues sont membres du bureau de direction ou de ses
comités: H.H. Arsenault (publications), J.A. Dobrowolski (Fellows), S.L. Chin (international activities, education) D.W.
Hewak (Education).
DIVISION OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS
Last June in T o r o n t o the Division of Medical and Biological
Physics held its annual meeting w i t h the CAP. Five sessions
were organized. Four days of meeting covered many aspects
of the field. The level of the presentations was as good as
any other foreign meeting. There were many original presentations and at the AAPM meeting some of the same
presentations received the first three w i n n i n g prizes for young
investigators.
January 1 9 8 8
Following the Division meeting, the Canadian College of
Physicists in Medicine had a successful t w o day symposium
on "Evaluation and Perspectives of Physics in Radiation
Oncology".
According to the annual meeting and as proposed by the
previous Executive, the Division is currently rewriting its bylaws and plans to change its name to COMP (Canadian
Organization of Medical Physics).
Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine
The Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine (CCPM) is
in its tenth year of existence and presently has 77 Members
or Fellows, distributed fairly uniformly across Canada. Its main
mandate is certification of physicists w o r k i n g in clinical
environments, achieved through Membership and Fellowship
examinations, but it is also involved in educational and other
professional activities p r o m o t i n g the application of physics
to medicine.
The College also interacts with several Canadian and American professional organizations whose objectives and mandates are close to those of the College. It has a strong link
w i t h the MBP Division of CAP and the executives of the t w o
organizations traditionally meet at least once a year to discuss
problems and issues of mutual interest. The College is of
course observing w i t h keen interest the proposed reorganization of DMBP into the Canadian Organization of Medical
Physics (COMP). In addition to a new name, this organization
hopes to achieve more autonomy from CAP and open new
avenues to attract members, essentially by-passing the CAP.
It is not at all clear at this moment that CAP will let this
happen.
The trend towards and need for a certification in Medical
Physics is obvious and it is to their great credit that Canadian
medical physicists have examination procedures already well
established and recognized at a time w h e n medical physicists
in countries w i t h much larger numbers of physicists w o r k i n g
in medicine are only beginning to organize their o w n certification bodies. Representatives of the College serve on the
COMP establishment committee, on the HARP Commission
in Ontario, on the W o r l d Federation of Nuclear Medicine
and Biology, on the AAPM Committee for Canadian Affairs,
and on the American Board of Medical Physics.
DIVISION OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
At its annual meeting at the University of Toronto in June
1987 the Division elected as its new chairman, Paul Taras,
and new vice-chairman, Ted Mathie.
Two very large projects are being considered for Canada,
the KAON factory at TRIUMF and the Sudbury Neutrino
Observatory, at Sudbury. These projects will likely affect the
rest of Nuclear Physics in Canada.
For more information contact either:
Paul Taras, Chairman
Laboratoire de physique
C.P. 6128, Succ. " A "
Montréal, PQ H3C 3J7
(514) 343-7683
Edward L. Mathie,
Vice-chairman
Physics Department
University of Regina
Regina, SK S4S 0A2
(306) 584-4576
DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS
News / Nouvelles
1987 CAP Congress
NODWELL RECEIVES 1987 BC AWARD
The Congress was held in T o r o n t o and the Division once
again c o n t r i b u t e d substantially to the program. Jonathan
Judah organized an outstanding series of invited talks, the
Division hosting sessions on Future Directions for Nuclear
Power, on Advanced Industrial Materials, and on the Technology of Communications Devices together w i t h a session
of contributed papers. This replaced the poster session w h i c h
had been held at some previous conferences; more members
seem to prefer short oral presentations to posters. All talks
were well atttended, every seat being taken for the session
on Advanced Materials w h i c h included the first talk on high
temperature superconducting materials, by John Creedan, at
the conference, f o l l o w e d by a talk on advanced ceramics.
Barry Fox spoke chiefly about electro-ceramics but also was
conversant w i t h the properties of perovskites.
Dr. Roy Nodwell, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University
of British Columbia, has been awarded the 1987 British
Columbia Science and Engineering Award for his contributions to technology transfer. Dr. Nodwell was instrumental
in the technology transfer that established Vortek Industries,
w h i c h markets the world's brightest artificial light source. The
" l i g h t p i p e " made by TIR Systems Ltd. grew out of the research
in Dr. Nodwell's Physics Department. Today, Roy Nodwell
is Chairman of the boards of both companies.
Newsletter #8 announced that the DIAP prize for innovation
had been awarded to Jeff Dahn of M o l i Energy Ltd. The
presentation was made at the banquet by CAP president,
jasper McKee.
DIAP member and previous chairman, Peter Kirkby, organized
an evening session on "Professionalism". This was well attended and will be the subject of a subsequent article.
NRC TRANSFERS ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING FACILITIES TO MONTREAL FIRM
The National Research Council has transfered operation of
its electromagnetic engineering facilities to MPB Technologies Inc., a Montreal-based high technology firm.
The facilities include antenna measurement and calibration
services, w h i c h test the performance of antennas used primarily in sea and air navigation and communications.
Also included are facilities for R & D into new applications
of microwave energy, such as f o o d processing, thawing of
b l o o d plasma and cancer treatment.
NRC PRESIDENT HONOURED BY IUPAP
DIVISION OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
The Annual Meeting of DAMP was held October 23-24 at
the University of New Brunswick w i t h about 50 members in
attendance. The Meeting began on a high note w i t h a talk
by Dr. Gerhard Herzberg entitled "The Spectrum of Krypton
Hydride", and this high level was maintained by the other
nine speakers.
The meeting also included a poster session of 29 c o n t r i b u t e d
papers, a banquet w i t h speaker Dr. J.Wm. M c G o w a n of the
Museum of Science and Technology, and the Annual Business
Meeting. Plans were discussed for joint meetings w i t h the
APS Division (DEAMOP) at both the 1988 CAP Congress in
Montreal and the Annual Meeting of DAMP to be held in
Windsor, May 17-19, 1989.
CANADIAN GEOPHYSICAL U N I O N
Early this year, the Federal Government a n n o u n c e d that Phase
II of the LITHOPROBE project w o u l d be funded, at a level
of about 2.5 M$ per year, for a period of three years. A Positive
review will extend f u n d i n g for another t w o years.
The decision to support LITHOPROBE is a w e l c o m e one for
Canadian geophysics, and comes after vigorous and prolonged efforts on the part of the LITHOPROBE Review Committee, and the Steering Committee to establish the scientific
viability of the project, and convince NSERC and the Federal
Government of the need for f u n d i n g at the levels ultimately
received. In addition to the annual support, a one-time only
grant has been provided to set up a Seismic Processing
Laboratory. W h i l e most of the yearly award will support
seismic traverses, about 0.5 M$ is available for " s u p p o r t i n g
geoscience projects".
The LITHOPROBE secretariat, headed by Dr. R.M. Clowes,
is situated in the Department of Geophysics and Astronomy,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Seismic and
related w o r k in the Kapuskasing Structural Zone are slated
to take place in the summer and fall of 1987. Planning for
other transects is well underway.
The President of the National Research Coucil, Dr. Larkin
Kerwin, has been named President of the International Union
of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) for a three-year term.
Dr. Kerwin was elected President at the IUPAP General
Assembly held in Washington in October. A long-standing
member of IUPAP, Dr. Kerwin has served as Secretary General,
Associate Secretary General and first Vice-President of the
Union.
NEWS FROM NRC . . .
The Laboratory for Microstructural Sciences at NRC has
established a Visiting Graduate Research Student Program
to encourage University/Government Laboratory interactions
in fields related to microelectronic materials and novel electronic or optical devices and to assist in the training of
qualified personnel. The facilities and expertise of the Laboratory are made more accessible to students by providing
financial assistance towards added costs incurred d u r i n g
extended stays in Ottawa. The assistance can be as m u c h
as $35 per day w i t h a maximum of $7200 per year d e p e n d i n g
on circumstances. Expenses for a r o u n d - t r i p ticket from the
University to Ottawa may also be paid. The collaborative
program must have the approval of the research student's
supervisor and must involve a staff member of the Laboratory.
SYLVIA FEDEROUK PRIZE IN MEDICAL PHYSICS
The Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation is pleased to offer a
prize to h o n o u r the distinguished career of Sylvia Fedoruk
in medical physics. The prize will comprise a cash award,
an engraved plaque and travel expenses to enable the prize
winner to attend the annual meeting of the Division of Medical
and Biological Physics of the Canadian Association of Physicists, where the award will be presented. The prize will be
awarded anually to the author(s) of the best article describing
w o r k in medical physics carried out wholly or mainly in a
Canadian institution and published d u r i n g a particular calendar year, starting in January, 1987.
Further details may be obtained from:
The Executive Director, Saskatchewan Cancer Foundation,
Suite 400, 2631 - 28th Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan,
Canada S4S 6X3, Tel: (306) 585-1831
janvier 1988
37
WORKSHOP O N SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
(MAY 1988)
Sensors are used in process control and analytic measurement. They are devices w h i c h transduce a physical or chemical parameter into an electical or optical signal suitable for
processing. Systems including a sensor, processor and communications link are now c o m m o n l y integrated, often into
a single chip. Rapid advances are now being made in the
technology of the transducer itself; an area w h i c h lies at the
interface between physics, chemistry, biology, electrical and
mechanical engineering. Examples include the incorporation
of photo-luminescent, bioluminescent, chemi-luminescent
materials into optical fibres. Micro-mechanical devices can
be constructed w i t h i n silicon wafers. The gate of an FET may
be f o r m e d from films or membranes sensitive t o ions in
solution or to a biological enzyme reaction.
A workshop w i t h a strong industrial c o m p o n e n t will be held
at the NRC Industrial Materials Research Institute near M o n t real, P.Q. in May 1988. Lectures on the scientific and engineering principles underlying the technology will be foll o w e d by seminars o n t h e t e c h n i q u e s of design and
construction.
Further information may be obtained from:
Jean Bussière (514) 614-2280
George Mackenzie (604) 222-1047
PRIX STEACIE 1987
AT YORK UNIVERSITY . . . R.W. Nicholls was the invited
speaker for The Elizabeth Laird Memorial lecture at the
University of Western Ontario in early November. He spoke
on "Canada in Space" and on "Spectroscopy in the Real
World";
Anis Sabeth spent a few weeks in Dahka (formerly Dacca)
in Bangledesh to pursue research in Bengali Wordprocessing,
as part of his research sponsored by UNESCO. He collaborated
with the Bengali Academy to develop software for Bengali
script;
Dr. J.W. McGowan gave the York University Physics Department Annual Christmas Lecture to about 500 High School
grade 9 and 10 students. His " D o You Have a Future in Canada
in Science and Technology?" lecture was indeed well received. He also spoke to about 50 high school teachers of
the Toronto area on a similar topic entitled "Have W e a Past
Or a Future For Science and Technology In Canada?". It t o o
was greatly appreciated by his audience.
Congratulations to: David Mark Michael Anthony, Leo Arnold
Nishio, Susan Helen Catherine Piotrowski, Yves Joseph Rochon and Robert Hans Van Es w h o were officially granted
a Masters of Science degree in Experimental Space Science,
Fadia Hamade and Anna Tirka Kyriakides, whose achievement
of an M.Sc. degree in Physics was recognized, and John
Frederick Hicks w h o was awarded a Ph.D. in Experimental
Space Science, all at the fall 1987 convocation at York
University:
Le Professeur Gilles Fontaine du Département de physique
de l'Université de Montréal est le récipiendaire du Prix Steacie
1987 en reconnaissance de ses i m p o r t a n t s travaux en
astrophysique.
CALLS FOR NOMINATIONS
THE M A N N I N G AWARDS
Nominees for the Awards must be Canadian Citizens resident
in Canada. Nominations for the 1988 Awards close on February
29, 1988.
An information Pamphlet and Nomination Forms may be
obtained by w r i t i n g to: —
The M a n n i n g Awards
2300, 639 Fifth Avenue S.W.
Calgary, Alberta, T2P 0M9
(403) 226-7571
ROYAL BANK AWARD 1988
The annual Royal Bank Award for Canadian Achievement
honours a Canadian citizen or person d o m i c i l e d in Canada
whose outstanding accomplishment makes an important cont r i b u t i o n to human welfare and the c o m m o n good.
Nominations should be submitted to the Secretary of the
Selection Committee by February 29, 1988.
Inquiries and nominations should be addressed to:
The Secretary, Selection Committee
Royal Bank Award, P.O. Box 1102
Montréal, Québec
H3C 2X9
Telephone: (514) 874-6679
Canadian Physicists/
Physiciens canadiens
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH . . . Prof. Innes Mackenzie
has received the 1987 Sigma Xi Excellence in Research Award.
Prof. Ernie McFarland has been named a 3M Teaching Fellow.
The 3M Fellowships recognize university faculty members
w h o practise and p r o m o t e high-quality instruction at Canadian universities.
January 1 9 8 8
York Physics Department Academic Year 1986-87 Awards Ceremony: L. to R: R.M. Hobson, Peter Kovarik, Noam Eisen, Jeffrey
Lee, W.J. Megaw.
Peter Kovarik, a fourth year Physics student w h o was awarded
"The Experimental Physics Prize" as the student w i t h the
highest grade in the third year Physics laboratory for the 198687 academic year; Noam Eisen, a third year Physics student,
w h o was awarded the "R.M. Hobson Prize" for 1987, given
to the Physics student w h o achieves the highest overall
average in the four Physics core courses taken in the second
year; and Jeffrey Lee, a second year Physics student, w h o
was awarded the "Denise Hobbins Prize" for the highest grade
in the Physics 1010 course in the academic year 1986-87;
Also t o Z h u Jun Lu w h o successfully defended an Experimental
Space Science Ph.D. Thesis entitled " A Scanning Wide-Angle
Michelson Interferometer for the Visible Region" in late
November, I987, and Tom Stiff who, not too long ago,
successfully defended his Experimental Space Science Ph.D.
Thesis entitled "Absolute Spectrophotometry of Emission Line
B Stars".
Throughout the fall/winter months, as of November, 1987,
the York University Observatory is open for Public Viewing
on the first and third Wednesday night of each month, from
1900 until 2100 hours. Both the 30 cm and the 60 cm reflecting
telescopes will be used. Lunar photography w i t h the 30 cm
telescope will be attempted every first Wednesday of each
m o n t h (for interested non-professional astronomers, note that
Kodak 64 ASA film or equivalent is fine; however, the camera
lens must be detachable with a bayonet or screw fitting for
the existing adapter.)
The annual Y o r k University Faculty of Science A n n u a l Science
O l y m p i c s w e r e h e l d in N o v e m b e r . Several d o z e n s o f O n t a r i o
H i g h Schools sent in teams t o p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e events. B u r f o r d
H.S. t o o k t o p h o n o u r s i n t h e " L e a d B a l l o o n " e v e n t . St. J o s e p h
M o r r o w a n d Oakville Trafalgar ran s e c o n d a n d t h i r d respectively. T h e " T e e t e r - t o t a l " e v e n t i n v o l v i n g ideas of M o m e n t u m
w i t h a t e e t e r - t o t t e r w a s w o n b y Earl H a i g H.S. w h e r e a s N e l s o n
H.S. a n d O a k v i l l e T r a f a l g a r r a n 2 n d a n d 3 r d r e s p . M a r t i n g r o v e
C o l l e g i a t e t o o k t o p h o n o u r s in t h e " F e r m i Q u e s t i o n s " event.
The s e c o n d and t h i r d places w e n t t o Brebeuf and N o r t h
T o r o n t o Collegiate. "Parts U n k n o w n " , a chemical separation
f e a t , w a s h e a d e d b y Earl H a i g S e c o n d a r y w i t h L o r e t t o A b b e y
and Brebeuf r a n k i n g 2 n d a n d 3rd. T h e "Bat D e t e c t o r " event
was w o n b y E t o b i c o k e C o l l e g i a t e . Q u e e n Elizabeth Park
School t o o k the s e c o n d prize whereas the 3rd prize was
s h a r e d b y C e n t e n n i a i C o l l e g e a n d N e l s o n H.S. T h e G o l d M e d a l
f o r t h e o v e r a l l O l y m p i c s w a s a w a r d e d t o Earl H a i g S e c o n d a r y
S c h o o l . N e l s o n H i g h S c h o o l t o o k t h e Silver M e d a l a n d B r e b e u f
was a w a r d e d t h e B r o n z e medal. T h e day was a very successful
o n e a n d was t h o r o u g h l y e n j o y e d by the participants a n d t h e
'Event Judges', w h o w e r e Physicists, C h e m i s t s , Biologists a n d
staff of t h e F a c u l t y of S c i e n c e .
Calendar / Calendrier
S M S - N A T O ASI O N M E T H O D S I N FIELD A N D S T R I N G T H E ORIES, U n i v e r s i t é d e M o n t r é a l , C a n a d a , J u n e 6 - 2 4 , 1 9 8 8 .
D e a d l i n e f o r a p p l i c a t i o n : J a n u a r y 29, 1 9 8 8 .
Contact:
G . D a v i d , Secretary S M S
D é p a r t e m e n t de m a t h é m a t i q u e s & de statistique
Université de M o n t r é a l
C.P. 6 1 2 8 , Succ. A
Montréal, Canada
H 3 C 3J7
XVIIth International C o l l o q u i u m
on G r o u p Theoretical
Me-
t h o d s i n P h y s i c s , S t e - A d è l e , Q u é b e c , J u n e 2 7 - J u l y 2, 1 9 8 8 .
D e a d l i n e f o r a b s t r a c t s o f c o n t r i b u t e d p o s t e r s : M a r c h 1, 1 9 8 8 .
O r g a n i z e r s : Yvan S a i n t - A u b i n , Luc V i n e t
For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n
contact:
M a d e l e i n e Bergevin
XVII I C G T M P
Université de M o n t r é a l
C.P. 6 1 2 8 , succ. A
M o n t r é a l , Q U E H 3 C 3J7
Phone: ( 5 1 4 ) 3 4 3 - 6 6 8 5
BITNET: I C G T M P @ U M T L V R .
The Physics Club Corner — Le coin des clubs de physique
From o u r r e c e n t request for i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e physics clubs
at universities across t h e c o u n t r y , as of N o v e m b e r 20, w e ' v e heard
that s e v e n t e e n clubs are alive a n d w e l l . See list b e l o w (East t o West).
a " c l u b n e t w o r k " c o u l d be set up. Right n o w , y o u can use Bitnet
t o c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h the CAP o f f i c e (see i n f o r m a t i o n e l s e w h e r e in
this issue) or w i t h me d i r e c t l y .
W h e r e s h o w n , t h e year indicates t h e lastest i n f o r m a t i o n w e have
f o r t h e c l u b — w e ' d a p p r e c i a t e r e c e i v i n g an u p d a t e . W e ' d also like
t o hear f r o m t h e o t h e r clubs w h i c h are active.
Dr. D o u g Hallman, Laurentian,
Chair — U n d e r g r a d u a t e Physics
Student Affairs C o m m i t t e e
"f5100030@KLAUVAX01"
Some clubs r e q u e s t e d s o m e s u p p o r t f r o m CAP for t h e i r activities
— replies w e r e sent late in 1987. Please n o t e that t h e U n d e r g r a d u a t e
Physics C o n f e r e n c e travel is s u p p o r t e d by a separate d o n a t i o n f r o m
CAP t o t h e c o n f e r e n c e organizers. W e save s u p p o r t f r o m t h e
u n d e r g r a d u a t e affairs c o m m i t t e e f o r o t h e r activities o r trips.
C l u b s w h i c h register are sent c o p i e s of Physics in Canada t o d i s t r i b u t e
t o t h e i r m e m b e r s — this is a g o o d way o f f i n d i n g o u t m o r e a b o u t
physicists in o u r c o u n t r y .
W e ' d be h a p p y t o hear f r o m o t h e r clubs, a n d t o c o n s i d e r s u p p o r t
for y o u r activities — please c h e c k w i t h y o u r d e p a r t m e n t for an
i n f o r m a t i o n f o r m o r w r i t e t o M o n a Jento in t h e CAP O f f i c e .
Let us k n o w of any activity news, y o u ' d like t o share w i t h o t h e r clubs.
It may be that, in t h e f u t u r e , w i t h e n o u g h c o m p u t e r mail c o n n e c t i o n s ,
Astronomy Club At York University
T h e A s t r o n o m y C l u b at Y o r k U n i v e r s i t y has b e e n i n existence f o r
a little o v e r a year. W e began as a small g r o u p of Physics U n d e r graduates w h o shared a c o m m o n interest in A s t r o n o m y , a n d have
g r o w n t o i n c l u d e u n d e r g r a d u a t e s in all faculties. W e offer activities
such as lectures by Y o r k A s t r o n o m e r s , slide shows, movies, a n d o f
course, general v i e w i n g w i t h t h e University 30cm a n d 6 0 c m telescopes. W e also offer c l u b m e m b e r s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o use York's
30 c m telescope. M e m b e r s are e n c o u r a g e d t o try a s t r o p h o t o g r a p h y ,
lunar o c c u l a t i o n s , as w e l l as g e n e r a l v i e w i n g w i t h this telescope. W e
also have t w o star parties n o r t h of T o r o n t o , away f r o m t h e city lights
a n d p o l l u t i o n . In the near f u t u r e w e are p l a n n i n g a n o t h e r star party,
a p l a n e t a r i u m trip, a n d a visit t o a n o t h e r o b s e r v a t o r y .
U niversity / U niversité
Club
President
Dalhousie University
St. Francis Xavier U n i v e r s i t y
University of N e w B r u n s w i c k
Université de M o n c t o n
M o u n t Allison University
M c C i l l University
C o n c o r d i a University
U n i v e r s i t é Laval
Trent U n i v e r s i t y
U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o
McMaster University
U n i v e r s i t y of W a t e r l o o
Laurentian U n i v e r s i t y
U n i v e r s i t y of M a n i t o b a
University of W i n n i p e g
U n i v e r s i t y of Saskatchewan
S i m o n Fraser U n i v e r s i t y
D a l h o u s i e Physics Society
S t u d e n t Physics Society
U N B Physics Society
C l u b d e M a t h é m a t i q u e s et Physique
Physics Society
Student Physics Society
Society of Physics Students
C l u b de p h y s i q u e
Physics Society
Physics & A s t r o n o m y S t u d e n t U n i o n
U n d e r g r a d u a t e Physics C l u b
Physics C l u b
Physics Association
O.P.U.S. Physics
U n i v e r s i t y o f W P G Physics C l u b
Physics C l u b
Physics S t u d e n t Association
Derek Lawther ('86)
Martin Corsten
Ian Hartley ('86)
M i c h e l Leblanc
Patrick H i t c h c o c k ('86)
Stéphane C o u t u C86)
Tara C u r t i s
M a r c e l Kaszap ('86)
Ruth B r o w n (Treas.)
Francesca Fazzari
Chris M a r r i o t ('86)
Rodney C h i n ('87)
Dave Baker
Eric T h o r l a c i u s ('86)
Harry L o b o
Kim W h e e l e r ('86)
Keith Perkins ('86)
Members/Membres
80
12
25
20
37
150
10
66
40
25
25
100
20
35
16
30
400
janvier 1988 39
Books Received/Livres reçus
The following books have recently been received for
review. Readers are Invited to write reviews of books
of Interest to them. Books may be requested from the
Book
Review
Editor,
J.P. Svenne, Department of
Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
R3T 2N2, telephone (201) 171-6193,
BITNET: SVENNEêUOFMCC
GAUGE FIELDS AND STRINGS, by A.M. Polyakov.
Harwood
Academic
Publishers,
1987;
pp x + 301.
ISBN
3-7186-0392-6, QC793.3.F5P66.
Price:
U.S.$ 18.00
(cloth), $ 18.00 (paper)
ISSUES IN INTENSE-FIELD
QUANTUM
ELECTRODYNAMICS.
V.L. Glnzburg, ed (tr. by Kevin S. Hendzel). Nova
Science Publishers, 1987; pp iv
+
315.
ISBN
0-911713-03-9, QC1.A1111. Price: U.S.$97.00
00 General
THINKING LIKE A PHYSICIST:
Physics Problems for
Undergraduates.
N. Thompson, ed. Adam Hilger, 1987;
pp ix + 115. ISBN 0-85271-513-3, QC32. Price: U.S.*
11.00 (paper)
SOCIETAL ISSUES: SCIENTIFIC VIEWPOINTS. Margaret A.
Strom, ed. A.I.P., 1987; pp 210. ISBN 0-88318-538-5,
Q175.5.S61.
Price:
U.S.$ 11.25
(cloth),
31.25
(paper)
REMINISCENCES ABOUT A GREAT PHYSICIST:
PAUL ADRIEN
MAURICE
DIRAC.
Behram N. Kursunoglu and Eugene
P. Wlgner, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp
xviil • 297. ISBN 0-521-31013-6, QC16.D57R16. Price:
U.S.$ 19.50
FROM PARADOX TO REALITY, Fritz Rohrlich.
Cambridge
University
Press,
1987;
pp
x
+
227.
ISBN
0-521-30719-X, QC173.55.R61. Price: U.S.$ 31.50
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS REVIEWS, Vol. 6.
S.P. Novlkov
and
Ya.G. Sinai, eds.
Soviet Scientific Reviews
(Harwood), 1987; PP xi + 271.
ISBN 3-7186-0292-X,
QC19.2.S65. Price: U.S.* 170.00
A HANDBOOK OF FOURIER THEOREMS, by D.C. Champeney.
Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp xi + 185. ISBN
0-521-26503-7, QA103.5.C17. Price: U.S.$ 39.50
CHAOS, NOISE AND FRACTALS.
Contributions
to
a
seminar,
Como, Italy, Sept. 1986.
E.R. Pike and
L.A. Lugiato, eds. Adam Hilger, 1987; pp xlli + 219.
ISBN 0-85271-361-5, QA815. Price: U.S.* 13.00
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
OF
SPHERICAL
DATA,
by
N.I. Fisher, T. Lewis, and B.J.J. Embleton. Cambridge
University Press, 1987; pp
xiv
+
329.
ISBN
0-521-21273-8, QA276.F189. Price: U.S.$ 65.00
DYNAMICS OF CONTINUOUS MEDIA, by Julian L. Davis.
Macmillan
Publishing
Co.,
1987; pp 390.
ISBN
0-02-917610-2, QA808.2.D375. Price: U.S.$ 31.95
NON-CLASSICAL CONTINUUM MECHANICS. Proceedings of the
London Mathematical Society Symposium, Durham, U.K.,
July,
1986.
R.J. Knops
and
A.A. Lacey,
eds.
Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp xii + 335. ISBN
0-521-31935-1, QA808.2. Price: U.S.* 37.50 (paper)
THREE HUNDRED YEARS OF GRAVITATION. S.W. Hawking and
W. Israel, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp
xlli + 681. ISBN 0-521-31312-7, QC178.T17.
Price:
U.S.* 69.50
GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATION.
Proceedings of
the 11th International Conference, Stockholm, July,
1986.
M.A.H. MacCallum, ed.
Cambridge University
Press, 1987; pp xvli + 107.
ISBN 0-521-33296-6,
QC173.6.1573. Price: U.S.$ 19.50
10 Elementary Particles and Fields
GAUGE FIELD THEORIES:
Theoretical
Studies
and
Computer Simulations.
Proceedings of the XVIIIth
Winter School of Physics, Karpacz, Poland, Feb.-March,
1981.
W. Garczynskl,
ed.
Harwood
Academic
Publishers, 1986; pp ix + 772.
ISBN 3-7186-0121-1,
QC793.3-F5W56. Price: U.S.* 67.50 (paper)
January 1988
THE PHYSICS OF TIME REVERSAL, by Robert G. Sachs.
University of Chicago Press, 1987; pp xvi + 309. ISBN
0-226-73331-9, QC173.59.T53S23. Price:
U.S.* 55.00
(cloth), $ 23.00 (paper)
20 Nuclear Physics
THE INTERACTING BOSON MODEL, by F. Iachei:.o
and
A. Arima.
Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp x +
250. ISBN 0-521 -30282-X, QC793.5.B62. Price:
U.S.*
59.50
50 Fluids, Plasmas and Electric Discharges
PRINCIPLES OF PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS, by l.H. Hutchinson.
Cambridge University Press, 1987; pp xv + 361. ISBN
0-521-32622-2, QC718.5.D5.H88. Price: U.S.* 55.00
60/70 Condensed Matter
FERROELECTRICS,
Vol. 63/61.
The Third
SovietJapanese Symposium on Ferroelectricity, Parts I and
II, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, USSR, Sept. 1981.
K.S. Aleksandrov and J. Kobayashi, eds. Gordon and
Breach, 1985; pp xiv + 316 (v.63), xiv • 211 (v.61).
ISBN 0-677-21270-1.
Price:
U.S.$ 210.00 (japer, 2
vols.)
THE THEORY OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RELAXATION IN LIQUIDS,
by James McConnell. Cambridge University Press, 1987;
pp x + 196.
ISBN 0-521-32112-3, QC115.1.M27M37.
Price: U.S.$ 19.50
80 Cross-Disciplinary Physics
ADVANCES
IN
CHEMICAL
PHYSICS,
Vol.LXVIII.
I. Prigogine and Stuart A. Rice, eds. Johr. Wiley &
Sons, 1987; pp ix + 112. ISBN 0-171-81901-1.
Price:
U.S.$ 89.95
POLYMER PH0T0PHYSICS AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY, by James
Guillet.
Cambridge University Press, 1985; pp xiil +
391. ISBN 0-521-31783-1, QD38I. Price: U.S.* 21.95
(paper)
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF REMOTE SENSING, by
Charles Elachi.
John Wiley & Sons, 1987; pp xvii +
113. ISBN 0-171-81810-7, G70.1.E13.
Price:
U.S.*
II.95
90 Geophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics
CLOUDS IN A GLASS OF BEER:
Simple Experiments in
Atmospheric Physics, by Craig F. Bohren. John Wiley &
Sons, 1987; pp xix • 195.
ISBN
0-171-62182-9,
QC861.2.B61. Price: U.S.* 12.95 (paper)
WIND AS A GEOLOGICAL PROCESS, on Earth, Mars, Venus
and Titan, by Ronald Greeley and James D. Iversen.
Cambridge University Press, 1985; pp xil + 333.
ISBN
0-521-35962-7, QE597. Price: U.S.* 21.95
Book Reviews
Critiques des livres
CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGES, by Ian L.
Thomas, Vivien M. Bennlng and Neville P. Ching.
Adam
Hllger (Taylor & Francis), 1987; pp.xli + 268.
ISBN
0-85271-196-X. Price: U.S.$ 65.00
Although intended for members of the remote sensing
community concerned with LANDSAT agricultural
and
forest data analysis, this book provides one of the
best elementary accounts of modern, self-learning,
image analysis techniques which we have seen.
After an introduction which explains how satellite (or
aircraft
survey)
images
are
generated,
and
how
spectral reflectance data are coded, there is some
Introductory material on cluster analysis.
A chapter on image enhancement and a specialized
account of appropriate agricultural coding follows and
leads
to
a
comprehensive
analysis
of
automatic
classification.
The principal techniques discussed
are: Euclidean distance, Mahalanobis' extension and
maximum likelihood.
The virtues of each method are detailed and an
analysis of confidence Intervals is provided.
Finally
there is a description of the IBM/ERMAN
earth
resources
management
package
and
an
extensive
presentation
of
actual
conditioning
and
analysis
experiments conducted by the authors in New Zealand.
This is a beautifully produced and really practical
book which can be of great service In many areas other
than that intended by the authors.
A.D. Booth
Timberlane
Sooke, B.C.
SPHERICAL
ASTRONOMY,
by
R.M.
Green.
Cambridge
University
Press, 1985; pp.xiv
+ 520.
Price:
U.S.$ 69.50 (cloth), U.S.$ 27.95 (paper)
The somewhat placid world of fundamental positional
astronomy,
which
deals
with
the
systematic
representation of the apparent positions and motions
of
stars,
planets
and
satellites
against
the
background of the celestial sphere, has recently been
perturbed by the greatly increased precision over the
classical optical methods which is now attainable by
very-long-baseline radio interferometry (VLBI) and by
laser and radar ranging. Until a few years ago there
were two standard references on the subject:
Textbook
on Spherical Astronomy,
by W.M. Smart
(Cambridge
University Press, 1931; 6th ed., 1977), and Spherical
Astronomy,
by
E.W.
Woolard
and G.M.
Clemence
(Academic Press, 1966).
Even the latter's style and
format are so old-fashioned that it is hard to believe
it was written only two decades ago, but both these
classic works will always repay reading.
The new
generation of texts Is represented by C.A. Murray's
Vectorial
Astronomy
(Adam
Hilger,
1983),
already
reviewed in this column (Physics in Canada
111,
1985), and by Green's new book reviewed here.
The classical title emphasizes that Green, unlike
Murray, uses the formulae of spherical trigonometry
(which
can, after
all, be derived
using
vector
algebra).
Nevertheless, as Green acknowledges, his
book owes much to Murray's approach.
From the start
both recognize general relativity as conceptually (and
increasingly
In practice) essential
to positional
astronomy.
Introduced in an intelligible way in
Chapter 3 (on reference frames), with the bare minimum
of tensor calculus given in Appendix A, general
relativity is summoned in half the other 18 chapters
to describe geodesic motion, gravitational deflection
of
electromagnetic
signals,
coordinate
time,
gravitational redshift, and even the binary pulsar!
This is one of the outstanding features of this text.
Intended for senior undergraduates, Green's book is
less mathematically sophisticated than Murray's, but
(unlike the latter) has problem
sets after
each
chapter,
with
answers
to
numerical
problems
in
Appendix C.
Values of the fundamental astronomical
constants adopted by the International Astronomical
Union (IAU) in 1976 are gathered together (in contrast
to Murray's book) for convenient reference In Appendix
B.
Green's text Is easier to read than Murray's,
where the high incidence of boldface symbols in
different fonts is a little distracting. The range of
topics covered is admirably complete (with a few
exceptions noted below), they are Introduced in an
easy fashion, and many are particularly well discussed
(I e s p e c i a l l y
liked
the
treatment
of
radio
interferometry in Chapters 15-16).
Now to the shortcomings of Green's book.
Almost no
references are cited en route through the text, and
the bibliography consists of fewer than three dozen
textbooks, review papers and monographs (Murray's is
five times longer).
Although dynamical treatments of
two-body orbital motion (both Newtonian and in the
Schwarzschild metric) are given, I was disappointed
that Green leaves out the dynamics of polar motion and
of forced
precess1on-nutation .
This
omission,
traditional
in
books
on spherical
astronomy
but
fortunately corrected by Murray, leads to an artlflcal
separation of kinematics from dynamics and makes it
difficult for students to understand the distinction
between polar motion (Chapter 5) and nutation (Chapter
9).
Also r e g r e t t a b l y absent is any dynamical
discussion of orbital pertubations, which can fairly
readily be put within the grasp of undergraduates
using the approach of Pollard's Celestial Mechanics
(Math. Assoc. America, 1976).
The Danjon astrolabe
and photographic zenith tube are described in Chapter
5 as examples of "modern" instruments for the
determination of polar motion and the Earth's rotation
rate (which marks 'universal' time, UT), yet such
optical
techniques
are
already
almost
totally
superseded by VLBI (Chapter 16) and by satellite laser
ranging (mentioned only in passing) and will play a
negligible role in the International Earth Rotation
Service which is to begin in 1988.
The discussion of
various astronomical time scales is unsatisfying in
places, e.g. in Chapter 2, where Ephemeris time is
"loosely described as UT corrected for Irregularities
in the Earth's rotation", and in Chapter 10, where the
naive reader could be left with the impression that
UT2 is a regular time scale.
A geophysicist cannot
help noting that, contrary to the statement on p.229,
the Earth model used to establish the IAU 1980 theory
of nutation ^ s an axisymetric ellipsoid.
Nevertheless this will be an extremely useful book to
astronomy
undergraduates
and
is
well
worthy
of
adoption as a text.
Although it will not carry a
postgraduate student to the point where she can do
modern calculations, it can be read with much Interest
and profit as an introduction to the subject (with
supplementary references
on hand) and should certainly
be in every academic library serving a community of
astronomers.
M.G. Rochester
Memorial University
Newfoundland
AN ADVENTURE IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL SPACE: The Art and
Geometry of Polygons, Polyhedra, and Polytopes, by
Koji Miyazaki.
Wiley-Interscience, 1986; pp. vii
+ 112. Price: U.S. $49.95.
In his preface to this book, the author Koji Miyazaki
describes
it as "a graphic adventure
into two-,
three-, and four-dimensional worlds..."
Miyazaki is
thrilled with his cosmos of invisible geometric solids
and he uses all of his persuasive powers gently to
lead the reader in.
As the book progresses, simple
geometric forms gradually grow into a multidimensional
world visible only in the mind.
(Though illustrated
by various allusions both verbal and visual.)
"The stars of the show," says the author, "are Plato
and
polygons,
Kepler
and
Polyhedra,
Fuller
and
polytopes."
In fact, each chapter has a one word
title that embodies the core of the idea being
janvier 1 9 8 8
41
discussed, with authorship ascribed to a thinker whose
own work has given Miyazaki the germ from which that
chapter grows.
Some examples: Chapter 2, The Cosmos
by Plato, whose regular polyhedra become the elements
of our own three dimensional world; chapter 10, The
Labyrinth by Mobius, whose one sided Mobius strip is
the basis for numerous one sided, interpenetrating
geometric solids; chapter 15, The Creation by Coxeter,
in which the creation is a new four dimensional (1
space) universe.
Although it Is sometimes unclear if
the ideas are being presented as Miyazaki's own or as
a transcription of one of the other "authors" this
device works
both as a nice homage and clever
encapsulation of a complex subject.
For the general reader with little mathematical
background, language is sometimes inadequate but the
many
illustrations
illuminate otherwise
difficult
concepts.
Stereoscopic drawings on some pages bring
the polyhedra Into three dimensions right before the
reader's (crossed) eyes.
Miyazaki's sense of humour is evident throughout, as
when he constructs "portraits" of Plato and Aristotle
from stacking of quanta modules and then compares them
to portraits in "the school of Athens" by Raphael.
In conclusion, Kojl Miyazaki's book is a poetic
synthesis of ideas and images drawn together without
regard for the boundaries of time or culture into a
unique interpretation of the universe. The reader is
left with a new appreciation of space and an urge to
build some of these forms to experience this world
first hand.
The book is beautiful and colourful. This undoubtedly
contributes to the rather prohibitive cost ($19.95
U.S. for just over 100 pp.). This is an exciting work
that should have many varied readers.
Many of the
coloured illustrations could perhaps be transferred to
black and white without much loss of clarity. With a
sturdy paper back cover the price could possible be
halved, making the book more accessible to the general
reader.
Steve Gouthro
School of Art
University of Manitoba
CHAOS AND QUANTUM CHAOS, by W.H. Steeb and J.A. Louw.
World Scientific Publishing Co., 1986; pp. viil + 116.
Price: U.S. $33.00.
This book is an edited version of lectures given by
the authors at the Winter School in 1986 at the Rand
Afrlcaans University in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The lectures are intended as an introduction to this
growing research field.
The topics covered include:
chaotic behaviour in difference equations; Hamiltonian
systems; dissipatlve systems; attractors; anharmonlc
systems driven by periodic external forces; routes to
chaos; singular point analysis; and quantum chaos.
The level of the presentation is appropriate for
someone who already has a general awareness of chaos
and why it is interesting, but who becomes lost when
the experts 3tart talking about Lyapunov exponents and
Hausdorff dimensions. The authors distinguish between
the Hausdorff dimension of a set and the simpler
concept of "capacity" or fractional dimension.
The
two are frequently equal, but examples are given for
which they are distinct.
Examples are also given to
3how the distinction between ergodicity and chaos.
Although they are identified as belonging to the
Physics Department of their university, the authors'
approach
and
s t y l e are m o r e like t h o s e of
mathematicians than of physicists. They are too free
In their use of Jargon.
For example, on p. 51 they
say that a certain transformation "maps Z 2 to Z 2 ".
How long will it take the average reader to figure out
that this means the transformation of the two
dimensional plane onto itself maps points of integer
coordinates onto points of integer coordinates.
Only one chapter out of 12 Is devoted to the growing
January 1988
subject of quantum chaos. The only aspect of it that
is treated is the statistics of eigenvalues, which
show
different
distributions
for
classically
lntegrable
systems
than
for
classically
chaotic
systems.
Most chapters contain some explicitly worked out
examples, which are very helpful to the reader.
The
book could have been Improved by the inclusion of more
figures and better quality figures, since much of the
charm of this subject is derived from its visual
appeal.
The quality of writing is mediocre.
If you
are not already interested in chaos then this book
will not spark your Interest. But if you already have
an interest and want to learn more about the
mathematics of it, the book Is worth reading.
Leslie E. Ballentine
HADR0NIC MATTER IN COLLISION.
P. Carruthers and D.
Strottman, eds.
World Scientific, 1986; pp. xlil
+ 537. Price: U.S. $56.00.
Ce livre contient les compte-rendus de la seconde
conférence internationale sur l'équilibre localisé en
physique des lntéractions fortes, tenue à Santa Fe du
9 au 12 avril 1986. Cette rencontre portait aussi un
titre secondaire:
"La matière hadronlque en
collision".
Le congrès était d'envergure et affichait un programme
tout à fait ambitieux. En effet ce dernier traitait,
entre autres, de la transition de phase llquide-gas
dans
les
collisions
d'ions
lourds aux énergies
intermédiaires
(E/A - 50 Mev env.), du plasma
quark-gluon, des théories de transport relativistes et
de la multifragmentation nucléaire. Que le lecteur se
rassure: cet éclectisme alarmant
à première vue
reflète plutôt la vitalité débordante d'un domaine
d'étude en pleine expansion et ce bouquin en est la
preuve concrète.
Le rapport entre les contributions expérimentales et
théoriques est très équitable et, encore plus
remarquable, la qualité est manifeste.
Le choix
éclairé des organisateurs est révélé par ce recueil
éminemment utile au chercheur Intéressé.
Quoique
composé en grande partie d'articles sur les collisions
d'ions lourds aux énergies intermédiaires et élévées,
une section des délibérations est consacrée aux
phénomènes de multiproduction habituellement traités
par les physiciens des particules.
D'où l'intérêt
spécial de conférences comme celle-ci où se trouvent
réunis des physiciens oeuvrant dans des domaines
auparavant distincts.
On assiste en effet à la
naissance d'une nouvelle variété de physique qui
traitera des propriétés dynamiques et statistiques de
la matière hadronlque en collision et des ateliers
semblables contribuent au progrès rapide du domaine en
stimulant l'échange de techniques et d'idées.
Puisqu'il
faut
donc Juger
de l'importance
d'un
compte-rendu par son utilité relative et par son
aptitude à fournir une vision globale d'un vaste et
complexe
sujet,
Je
recommande
celui-ci
sans
hésitation.
Charles Gale
School
of Physics
and
Astronomy
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN 55155
MODERN PHYSICS, by H.C. Ohanlan.
xi1 + 513- Price: $11.95.
Prentice-Hall, 1987;
Après son PHYSICS, dont J'avais parlé dans ces pages
l'an dernier (La Physique au Canada, Juillet 1986, p.
96), Hans Ohanian récidive avec un ouvrage un peu plus
avancé intitulé MODERN PHYSICS, comme 11 se fallait.
L'auteur destine ce livre (au titre pas très original)
aux étudiants de science et de génie qui ont une bonne
base en mécanique classique et en électrodynamique,
mais qui n'ont pas encore étudié la théorie de la
relativité et la mécanique quantique.
Le livre commence par passer en revue les propriétés
des particules et des ondes en physique classique
(chapitre 1).
Cette revue passe par une exposition
très historique des concepts, qui ne suit d'ailleurs
pas nécessairement très bien ce que l'étudiant avait
appris dans de précédents cours.
Le chapitre 2 traîte de la théorie de la relativité en
reprenant presque mot à mot ce que contenait le livre
PHYSICS du même auteur sur ce sujet.
Les chapitres 3 et 4 contiennent les inévitables pages
sur
la
théorie
du
corps
noir,
l'effet
photo-électrique,
l'effet
Compton,
les
lignes
spectrales de l'hydrogène, la théorie de Bohr, etc.
Encore là, l'approche est historique, ce qui peut
aider à rendre le tout plus attrayant.
Après
ces
préparatifs,
les
chapitres
5 et 6
s'attaquent à la mécanique ondulatoire:
de Broglie,
la dualité onde-particule, les relations d'Heisenberg,
l'équation de SchrOdinger, les paquets d'onde, la
particule dans une boîte, l'oscillateur harmonique,
l'atome d'hydrogène, etc.
Ces importants concepts
sont présentés de façon raisonnable, sans tambour ni
trompettes.
L'étude du concept de spin et du principe d'exclusion,
au chapitre 7, présente l'essentiel, mais est sans
aucun doute extrêmement difficile à admettre pour un
étudiant qui n'a jamais vu ces concepts auparavant.
Entre autre, toutes les preuves mathématiques sont à
trouver dans les références citées par l'auteur.
Le chapitre 8 traite des électrons dans les solides,
ce qui nous rapproche un peu de la pratique.
Les
liens chimiques entre atomes mènent éventuellement à
la
théorie
des
bandes,
aux
semiconducteurs,
au
transistor, et même aux supraconducteurs. Tout est vu
assez superficiellement, bien sQr.
Le
chapitre
9 présente
la physique
nucléaire
traditionnelle (isotopes, noyaux, forces nucléaires
fortes, modèles de noyaux, etc.) avant de terminer sur
une note pratique: la résonnace magnétique nucléaire
et son utilisation en médecine.
Le
chapitre
suivant
s'attaque
aux
réactions
nucléaires, à la désintégration (très élémentaire), à
la fission et aux réactions en chaîne (avec des
recettes de bombes), et enfin à la fusion nucléaire.
Enfin, le onzième et dernier chapitre discute des
particules élémentaires.
La seconde section nous
présente les grands accélérateurs de particules et
leurs détecteurs, ce qui peut être d'un grand intérêt
pour les étudiants de science qui veulent savoir ce
que ces monstres font.
Le reste du chapitre est
carrément inaccessible aux étudiants à qui s'adresse
ce livre
(on y retrouve même des diagrammes de
Feynman! S).
Un des défauts de ce livre c'est probablement que
l'auteur a voulu en faire trop et trop peu à la fois.
Présenter l'effet Josephson c'est beau, mais est-ce
utile si cela doit ce faire en une page, sans
explications?
Il y a une grande variété du sujets
très modernes, certes, mais ces sujets demeurent fort
inaccessibles vu la présentation trop courte qui leur
est accordé.
Un enseignant utilisant ce livre aura
donc tout avantage à ajouter son grain de sel à ce
niveau-ci.
Le livre se caractérise
par de nombreuses
notes
hisotoriques, des biographies, de fréquentes notes
supplémentaires au bas des pages, de nombreux et
excellents problèmes (solution à la moitié d'entre eux
en appendice), et par un résumé des
principales
équations à la fin de chaque chapitre.
En
conclusion,
c'est
un livre honnête, avec un
penchant
certain
pour
l'histoire,
les
sujets
d'actualité et les problèmes. Quelques sujets y sont
bien traités, d'autres, qui étaient franchement trop
compliqués au départ, y demeurent mystérieux.
La
the many students who had used and grown up with that
publication de cet ouvrage
pas le marché de l'édition.
n'ébranlera
certainement
Gary W. Slater
Xerox Research Centre of
Canada
Mississauga, Ont.
NONLINEAR
OPTICS
AND
QUANTUM
ELECTRONICS,
by M.
Schubert and B. Wilhelml.
John-Wiley & Sons, 1986;
pp. xviii + 726.
ISBN 0-171-08807-2.
Price: U.S.
$59.95.
Since the invention of lasers, in particular the high
peak-power lasers, nonlinear processes have become
Increasingly
pronounced
and
important
in
optical
phenomena.
Consequently, quantum
electronics and
nonlinear optics have recently evolved onto important
fields of optics, with much progress are being made.
Based
on the basic understanding of
nonlinear
processes and associated phenomena, scientists and
engineers have succeeded in designing new devices,
observing new effects, creating new technology which
have found their applications in various fields of
science, medicine, and technology.
The main concern of nonlinear optics is the study of
the
interaction
between
radiation
and
matter.
Depending on the particular situation, there arise
phenomena, either
separately, or two or
three
together; such as, multiphoton absorption, multiphoton
emission, parametric up or down conversion effects,
stimulated
scatterings,
saturation
phenomena,
field-dependent optical material parameters, inversion
(carrier)
density
dependent
material
parameters,
optical
bistability, optical phase
conjugation,
squeezed states, optical instabilities, etc.
The
investigation of these phenomena has led to many
successful applications in laser technology, laser
spectroscopy, photonics, optoelectronics, lasei—plasma
interactions, laser radar
and laser remote sensing,
laser communication, material processing, etc.
This book is based on a graduate course given by the
authors.
It is divided into two parts.
Part I
consists of six chapters.
Chapter 1 treats classical
description
of
electromagnetic
fields
and
their
constitutive
equations
including
their
nonlinear
parts.
Nonlinear susceptibility tensors and their
symmetries, and wave propagation in nonlinear optical
media are discussed. Although the classical treatment
Is sufficient in interpreting many important effects,
a complete explanation of many of these basic
phenomena requires quantum-theoretical description of
the radiation field.
In Chapter 2, the authors
discuss the quantized isolated radiation field, and in
the next chapter the interaction of the photons with
the atomic systems are discussed. The discussion also
includes the treatment of the Influence of dlssipative
systems
on optical
phenomena and of one
photon
processes
and
11ne-broadenl ng
effects.
The
semiclassical description of nonlinear optics, which
considers
the
Interaction
between
classical
electromagnetic
fields
and
the
quantized
atomic
systems, is presented in Chapter
Chapter 5 deals
with the statistical and coherent properties of the
radiation
fields
and
their
measurement
methods.
Nonstationary
processes
occurring
In
nonresonant
nonlinear media are the subject of Chapter 6.
Part II takes up the remaining two thirds of the book
and consists of eight chapters.
Chapter 7 presents
the basic one-photon laser equations as well as many
important laser
parameters and experimental
data.
Nonlinearities in transient one-photon processes in
the case of resonant excitation of matter with and
without relaxation, are discussed in Chapter 8, along
with shaping of the light pulses and self-induced
transparency.
Chapter 9 considers
nonlinear
and
quantum phenomena in transient one-photon processes.
M u l t i p h o t o n absorption and multiphoton
emission
including two-photon laslng processes are the main
focus of Chapter 10.
The remaining four chapters introduce the physics and
the phenomena of some of the areas of nonlinear optics
janvier 1 9 8 8
43
actively pursued due to their applications and their
Impact on technology.
Chapter 11 introduces the sum
and difference frequency generation, their physical
basis, quantum
t r e a t m e n t , and the
harmonic
generations, parametric oscillation and amplification.
Through these processes, different spectral ranges of
radiation can be obtained. The next chapter discusses
spontaneous and stimulated scattering processes with
both quantum mechanical
and classical
treatment.
Emphasis is placed on the stimulated Raman scattering,
which provides the basis of modern spectroscopical
methods, remote sensing methods, and tunable laser
sources.
ft
brief description of thermal
and
stimulated
Brillouln
scattering
and
spin-flip
stimulated Raman scattering are also provided.
Slightly over ten years ago, optical blstabllity and
optical phase conjugation were new born subfields of
nonlinear optics.
In the ensuing decade they have
grown to reasonable maturity and they promise wide
area of application. Optical blstabllity and optical
phase conjugation are briefly described in Chapters 13
and 11, respectively.
Appendix A provides a brief
survey of the quantization of matter and of the
electromagnetic field.
As the title of this book suggests, this book is an
Integrated text for both quantum electronics and
nonlinear optics.
As such, the first eight chapters,
except part of Chapter 1, can be considered as text
for laser theory, and the remaining six chapters can
be used as a text for nonlinear optics course. Thus,
with a Judicious selection of material, the major
portion of this book can be covered by two semester
courses.
There are several shortcomings of thi3 book if it Is
to be used as a textbook.
First of all, It lacks
experimental setups and results and examples which are
the Integral part of the learning process.
Its
discussion of various applications are too brief to be
of much help.
It does not have exercises or even
suggesting rsearch problems.
Some of the chapters
lack
adequate
references!
In
particular,
review
literature.
There
are, nonetheless,
several
subsections which give very good physics Insight and
detailed derivations which are not available in many
other books.
Due to the limitation of space, the
topics covered are quite limited.
Some of the
important topics that should
be Included are:
nonlinear optical waveguides, nonlinear surface
phenomena, laser plasma interactions, and nonlinear
optical Instabilities.
In summary, this book provides a theoretical basis of
the laser theory and nonlinear optics. A two semester
course can be based on this book, but the instructor
has to supplement a fair amount of experimental
results, examples and references. It can be used as a
supplementary text in conjunction with the book by
Shen, "The Principles of Nonlinear Optics", in the
same Wiley series.
K.K. Lee
Perkin-Elmer
Danbury, Conn.
PHASE TRANSITIONS AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA, VOL. 10. C.
Domb and J.L. Lebowltz, eds.
Academic Press, 1986;
pp. xv + 370. Price: $130.25.
Ce livre est le dixième d'une série de publications
qui avait originalement été prévue par Domb et Green
en 1970 3ur les transitions de phase et les phénomènes
critiques.
Le présent volume est consacré aux
surfaces et aux interfaces.
Il est composé de trois
articles écrits par D.B. Abraham, H.W. Diehl et D.
Jasnow.
Le premier article, écrit par D.B. Abraham, présente
des résultats exacts concernant les structures et les
transitions de phase aux surfaces et aux interfaces de
modèles magnétiques.
Il s'intéresse aux murs de
domaines ainsi
qu'aux frontières de grain.
La
majorité des calculs présentés s'adresse aux systèmes
January 1988
bi-dimensionels mais plusieurs résultats intéressants
sont également discutés dans le cas des transitions
aux surfaces de systèmes tri-dlmensionels.
Le second article est signé par H.W. Diehl et concerne
le comportement critique des surfaces, du point du vue
de
la
théorie
des
champs.
Le
groupe
de
renormalisation
est
appliqué
aux
surfaces,
principalement dans le cadre du modèle semi-infini à
n-vecteurs.
Il montre comment une approche en termes
de théorie des champs mène à une formulatlor élégante
du problème qui permet de résoudre les difficultés qui
se présentaient pour des systèmes 1nhomogène&.
Le troisième article est présenté par D. Jasnow.
Il
traite de l'application du groupe de renornialisation
aux interfaces, principalement en ce qui concerne
leurs propriétés universelles.
En particulier, le
comportement critique de la tension superficielle, de
la largeur de l'interface et de son profil de den3lté
est discuté.
Ce livre s'adresse d'abord à ceux qui sont déjà
familiers
avec
les phénomènes
critiques
et qui
désirent aborder leurs applications aux surfaces et
aux Interfaces.
Dans ce contexte, il est bien
documenté et présente les développements les plus
récents.
Yves Lépine
DEFECTS IN SOLIDS: MODERN TECHNIQUES.
and M. Terenzl, eds.
Plenum Press,
* 173. Price: U.S. $79.50.
A.V. Chadwlck
1986; pp. xll
Ce livre est basé sur les conférences présentées lors
de l'atelier d'étude avancé sur les défauta dans les
solides tenu à Cetraro en Italie en septenbre 1985.
Des développements récents concernant la recherche sur
les défauts sont décrits.
En particulier, du côté
expérimental,
on
présente
des
techniques
de
laboratoire: annihilation de positrons, spectroscopic
par résonnance magnétique et par impédance complexe et
des techniques nécessitant des installations plus
Importantes:
diffraction neutronlque et radiation
synchrotron.
Finalement, au niveau théorique, on
présente les méthodes de simulation numérique.
Le livre débute par trois chapitres d'introduction
écrits par J. Corish, A.V. Chadwlck et A.N. Cormack et
décrivant
respectivement
1) les divers types de
défauts pouvant se présenter, 2) les principales
techniques expérimentales servant à les caractériser
et 3) les principales techniques théoriques.
Les chapitres
1 à 11 présentent les techniques
expérimentales.
L.W. Hobbs traite de la spectrosopie
électronique par transmission, R.J. Stewart et F.W.
Beech de la diffraction neutronlque et J.H. Strange et
M. Terenzi des techniques de résonance magnétique
nucléaire.
L'annihilation des positrons est décrite
par M. Eldrup et les techniques reliées à la radiation
synchrotron
par
M. Sauvage-Simkin.
Les
études
spectroscopiques sont présentées par J-M Spaeth.
Les simulations sur ordinateur sont décrites par
C.R.A. Catlow et J.H. Harding.
Les aralyses de
surface sont introduites par V.E. Henrioh et E.A.
Colbourn.
Finalement le transport d'atomes médié par
les défauts est discuté par J. Philibert, C. Monty,
A.V. Chadwlck et J. Corish et R. Capellltti.
Des
abstracts de communications des participants sont
aussi reproduits.
A mon avis, ce livre présente d'une façon bien
équilibrée divers aspects de la physique moderne des
défauts, la présentation se faisant du niveau
introduction jusqu'à un niveau de pointe.
L'empha3e
est fortement mise sur les techniques mode-nes, à la
fois expérimentales et théoriques.
Yves Lépine
PHYSICS OF THIN FILMS, by Ludmila Eokertova.
Press, 1986; pp. 31.
Price:
U.S.
$39.50.
Plenum
In a world where there Is great current emphasis on
the
technology
of
thin
films,
as
used
in
microelectronics for example, it is refreshing to
discover a very readable book which emphasises the
basic physical properties. Given the ephemeral nature
of the technology, the author has made a wise choice,
although it is of course impossible to exclude basic
technological considerations.
In successive chapters, the book covers preparation of
thin films, thickness and deposition rate monitoring
mechanism
of
thin
film
formation,
thin
film
diagnostics principally by electron
microscopy,
physical
properties
(magnetism,
superconductivity,
electrical, dielectric, etc.) and applications.
There
is a rigorous adherence to the treatment of physical
principles and avoidance of extraneous detail, which
makes for an extremely useful and condensed treatment
of the subject.
The book would be an excellent choice for a one
semester survey and introductory course at the senior
undergraduate or junior graduate level.
It could not
be used as a stand alone text or reference for any one
subject due to the broad coverage; for example, Ion
implantation is covered in less than one page.
In
this
respect,
the
choice
of
references
becomes
important and this is certainly a weak point of the
book, as the student would be hard put to find a real
lead into the literature using the rather fragmentary
and isolated references given here. This aspect would
have to be handled by the teacher.
Apart from this
drawback, the book is recommended as a teaching or
general information text on thin films.
J.D.N. Cheeke
Département de Physique
Université de Sherbrooke
LIGHT SCATTERING IN MAGENTIC SOLIDS, by Micael G.
Cottam and David J. Lockwood.
Wiley-Interscience,
1986; pp. 218 + xiv. Price: U.S. $36.95.
This monograph by expert authors 13 a very welcome
Introduction to a field that began in the mid-60's
with the use of lasers to study magnetic materials.
The central players in this field are magnons, those
quanta of spin wave excitations that are analogous to
phonons.
A theoretical account of magnons and of
light scattering via magneto-optic coupling mechanisms
is given before a review of the experimental methods
of
Raman
and
Brillouln
spectroscopy.
Separate
chapters then focus on one-magnon scattering from pure
ferroor
ferri-magnets
and
antiferromagnets,
two-magnon scattering from pure antiferromagnets, both
types from
impure magnets
(defects of
various
concentrations), and from surfaces.
Throughout this thin volume one finds the essential
points given with elegant brevity and introducing a
very large number of references from the literature.
Definitely an indispensible aid for people in the
field, and an Important reference for those needing to
know something about the topics covered.
P.D. Loly
Department of Physics
HOPPING CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS, by H. Bottger and V.V.
Bryksin.
Akademie-Verlag, 1985; pp. 398.
Price:
U.S. $70.00.
This book offers an extensive survey of one of the
most
basic
transport
mechanism
in
solids,
i.e.
hopping.
Beginning with a presentation of the basic
theoretical elements, the authors put emphasis on the
conduction in disordered systems.
Physicists working
in the field of doped semiconductors will find the
presentation particularly interesting.
Dc and ac
conductivities are described in detail and the authors
pay also close attention to other related phenomena
such as magnetoresistance, thermoelectric power and
optical phenomena.
Classical hopping transport is
also treated in relation to diffusive atomic motion.
A survey of some recent developments in the field of
localized electronic states, strong electron-phonon
coupling
and
percolation
theory
are
finally
described.
The book should be certainly useful for solid-state
experimentalists since it may serve as well documented
introduction to the theory of hopping.
All the
subjects are treated properly on a theoretical point
of view but, in my opinion, it is lacking experimental
results to illustrate adequately all the developments.
The
authors
have
presented
the subjects
with
appropriate documentation and the bibliography
is
quite impressive as it covers all the publications
presented over the last decades on the subject and
related topics.
I firmly recommend this book for
solid state physicists and especially experimentalists
who are looking for a good introduction.
Other
experimental
results
should
however
be
gathered
elsewhere for completeness.
Mario Poirier
Département de Physique
Université de Sherbrooke
MASS SPECTROMETRY:
Applications
in Science
and
Engineering, by F.A. White and G.M. Wood.
John Wiley
and Sons, 1986; pp. xx + 773. Price: U.S. $72.50.
Many books are available which attempt to provide a
comprehensive treatment .pf the many faces of Mass
Spectrometry but only a few have been revised to
include the multitude of advances and changes in this
field in recent years.
This book overcomes this
short-coming
and
is a welcome addition
to
this
collection.
The material here is suitable for both
the casual reader wanting a broad overview of the
field and also one whose interests are more focussed.
The
latter
is
accommodated
through
extensive
bibliographies at the end of each chapter which cover
some of the most recent developments in the field.
Both
the
Instrumental
aspects
as well
as
the
applications of mass spectrometry are covered with
somewhat more weight being given to the applications.
Methods of ion production, mass analysis and ion
detection are each covered in their own chapters. The
use of mass spectrometry as a tool In industry,
chemistry, the life sciences and geology Is described
at some length. However, the field of nuclear physics
and the study of exotic nuclei with mass spectrometric
techniques is notable by its absence.
On the whole
this book, would be valuable both to newcomers and
established workers In the field of mass spectrometry
and could be used as a textbook for a survey course in
mass spectrometry.
K.S. Sharma
janvier 1 9 8 8
45
Positions in Internal
and External
Dosimetry
Postes en
dosimétrie interne
et externe
Applications are invited for research and development
positions with the Dosimetric Research Branch of the
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories to undertake or direct
research in health protection against radiation and other
toxic agents. The main work of the branch involves
research in external and internal dosimetry (including
microdosimetry), the metabolism of radionuclides,
methods for estimating doses to individuals following
the intake of a radioactive substance, and the provision
of the personal monitoring service at CRNL. The R&D
program in external dosimetry involves the
development of new measurement techniques,
instruments and calculational methods for determining
doses from beta and gamma radiation and neutrons,
and the models needed to relate measured quantities
to biological harm. The program is being expanded to
include the biokinetrcs, metabolism, and measurement
of other toxic materials.
Les candidatures sont ouvertes pour des postes en
recherche et développement, dans le département de
recherche en dosimétrie des Laboratoires nucléaires de
Chalk River, pour entreprendre ou diriger des recherches
en protection de la santé contre les rayonnements et
autres agents toxiques. Ce département étudie
principalement la dosimétrie interne et externe (y compris
la microdosimétrie), le métabolisme des radionuclides,
les méthodes d'estimation des doses chez les personnes
suite à la prise d'une substance radioactive, et fournit un
service de surveillance personnelle aux LNCR. Le
programme R&D en dosimétrie externe comporte la mise
au point de nouvelles techniques et d'instruments de
mesure ainsi que de nouvelles méthodes de calcul pour
déterminer les doses de rayons gamma et beta et de
neutrons; le programme étudie également les modèles
nécessaires pour établir le rapport entre les quantités
mesurées et leurs effets nuisibles sur l'organisme. Une
expansion est prévue pour y ajouter la biokinétique, le
métabolisme et la mesure d'autres matières toxiques.
These positions are open both to experienced persons
and to recent graduates. The work is multidisciplinary.
Applicants should possess, or be about to obtain, a
Ph.D. or equivalent qualification in one of a number of
relevant specialties such as: physiology, pharmacology,
biochemistry, biophysics, medicai physics, chemistry,
physics, toxicology or nuclear medicine. An ability to
direct research or a flair for doing research is required.
A background in intermediary metabolism, use of
computers (for dose modelling) and radionuclide
behaviour in the body would be desirable. Salaries will
be based on the qualifications and experience of the
applicants.
Applications and enquiries, quoting file number
PPHS-8759, should be addressed to: Dr. A.M. Marko,
Assistant to the Vice-President, Health Sciences,
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River,
Ontario, Canada, KOJ 1J0.
Ces postes sont ouverts à la fois aux personnes
expérimentées et aux récents diplômés. Le travail est
multidisciplinaire. Les postulants doivent posséder, ou être
sur le point d'obtenir, un doctorat ou des qualifications
équivalentes dans l'une des spécialités pertinentes à la
tâche, comme: physiologie, pharmacologie, biochimie,
biophysique, physique médicale, chimie, physque,
toxicologie ou médecine nucléaire. Des compétences ou
des aptitudes pour diriger des recherches sont requises.
De l'expérience en métabolisme intermédiaire, dans
l'utilisation d'un ordinateur (pour déterminer les doses) et
dans le comportement des r a d i o n u c l i d e s dans
l'organisme serait souhaitable. Les salaires seront fonction
des qualifications et l'expérience des candidats.
Les candidatures et les demandes doivent mentionner
le numéro de référence PPHS-8759 et être adressées
au Dr. A.M. Marko, Adjoint au Vice-président, Sciences
de la santé, Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJ 1J0.
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of Canada Limited
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YOUR STANDARD TOOLS FOR DATA ACQUISITION
AND CONTROL
For 15 years, KINETIC has been supplying users in laboratories, plants, and R & D facilities with practical CAMAC
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CAMAC features . . .
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® TECHNEL ENGINEERING INC.
,—
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120 Whitmore Road, N° 8.
P.O. BOX 15, Woodbridge
Ontario Canada, L4L 1A9
(416)851-4244 Telex: 065-27192
York University Department of Physics
Applications are invited for a three-year contractually-limited
appointment as Assistant Professor, with effect from July 1, 1988.
In response to recent major initiatives based at York University,
w h i c h include the Institute for Space and Terrestrial Science and
a major role in the ZEUS detector for HERA, candidates are sought
in the following areas:
•
•
Space Physics
Experimental Particle Physics
The successful candidate will be expected to teach Physics and/
or Applied Computational and Mathematical Science at the
undergraduate and graduate levels, and to pursue an active
independent research programme. Subject to budgetary approval,
the current departmental plan envisages the creation of a tenurestream vacancy in the above fields within the three year term
of the appointment.
In accordance with Canadian Immigration requirements this
advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens or permanent
residents.
York University is implementing a policy of employment equity.
Qualified w o m e n and men are invited to apply.
Applications with a curriculum vitae and the names of three
referees (including the candidate's t w o most recent supervisors
or collaborators) should be sent, to arrive by March 15th, 1988,
to:
Professor W.J. Megaw, Chairman
York University
4700 Keele Street
North York, Ontario
M3J 1P3 Canada
DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL PHYSICS
Applications are invited for the position of Director of Medical
Physics in the Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta.
As a Division of the Alberta Cancer Board, the Centre has
responsibility for the Southern Alberta Cancer Program. It is
a comprehensive cancer centre that treats about 3,000 new
patients a year and has major research and educational
components in collaboration with the Faculty of Medicine,
University of Calgary.
The Department of Radiation Oncology makes use of three
linear accelerators, three cobalt 60 units, 250-kV and 100-kV
x-ray generators, a Selectron after-loading brachytherapy unit,
two simulators and a treatment planning system based on
a VAX 11/780 computer.
The successful candidate will be responsible for supervising
a staff of 17, including two other physicists, participating in
the department's service and educational activities, and for
conducting a research program. A Ph.D. is a prerequisite and
the candidate must be eligible for an academic appointment
with the University of Calgary.
A competitive compensation and benefits package is offered.
Interested individuals should submit a curriculum vitae and
the names of three referees to:
At
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Dr. L. Martin )erry
Director
Tom Baker Cancer Centre
1331 - 29 Street N.W.
Calgary, Alberta
T2N 4N2
In accordance with Canadian Immigration requirements, this
advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent
residents.
Preference will be given to non-smokers.
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS
MPB Technologies Inc. is seeking candidates to nominate
for Natural Science and Engineering Council of Canada
Industrial Research Fellowships.
The Fellowships will normally be tenable in the Laboratories of MPB Technologies Inc. located at Dorval, Quebec
or Ottawa, Ontario.
Projects in which successful candidates may be involved
include:
•
•
•
•
•
Electromagnetics and Millimeter Waves
Lasers and Laser Applications
Electro-optics and Acousto-optics
Plasma, Fusion and Space Science
Expert Systems and Computer Applications
Salaries and other benefits are the same as for permanent
staff of equivalent experience.
Interested recent graduates, individuals currently completing postdoctorate fellowships, or candidates w h o will
graduate in the near future with a background in physics,
electrical engineering or computer science are invited to
write or call:
Dr. M.P. Bachynski
MPB Technologies Inc.
1725 North Service Road
Trans-Canada Highway
Dorval, Quebec
CANADA, H9P 1J1
Telephone: (514) 683-1490
Fax:
(514)683-1727
Research Fellowships
Chercheurs affiliés
Physics arid Health Sciences at Chalk River Nuclear
Laboratories invites applications for research
fellowships in experimental and theoretical physics.
Le groupe de Physique et des sciences de la santé des
Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River (CRNL) a besoin
de chercheurs affiliés, spécialisés en physique théorique
et expérimentale.
Experimental facilities include a new Tandem
Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron (TASCC) with
an on-line isotope separator and the 87T
gamma
spectrometer. TASCC is a national facility and supports
major experimental programs in heavy ion reactions,
high-spin states, weak interactions, exotic nuclei and
accelerator mass spectrometry. Neutrino physics
experiments are planned at the proposed underground
Solar Neutrino Observatory (SNO).
The NRU reactor is the centre of a national program
of neutron scattering from condensed matter systems.
Existing facilities will shortly be complemented by two
new spectrometers (DUALSPEC). Current research
includes heavy-fermion magnetism, orientationally
disordered solids, biophysics and liquid helium.
The dosimetric research program is multidisciplinary.
Current interests include the metabolism and dosimetry
of inhaled radionuclides, and the measurement and
dosimetry of electron, photon and neutron fields.
Theoretical physics research includes support of the
experimental programs and studies of hadron
structures and unified field theories.
Applicants should possess, or be about to obtain, a
Ph.D. Appointments will be made for one year, and may
be renewed for a second year or converted into
permanent positions. Salary will be $33,500 per annum
subject to review. Application forms may be obtained
from the Employment Office, Chalk River Nuclear
Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, KOJ
1J0, and completed forms should be received before
February 15, 1988 by Dr. J.C.D. Milton, VicePresident, Physics and Health Sciences. Please
quote file No. 88-PRC 4.
In accordance with immigration requirements this
advertisement is directed in the first instance to
Canadian citizens or permanent residents, but all
qualified candidates are encouraged to apply.
Les installations expérimentales incluent un nouvel
accélérateur tandem-cyclotron supraconducteur (nommé
TASCC) doté d'un séparateur d'isotope en direct et le
spectromètre 87T à rayons gamma .TASCC est une
installation nationale et prend en charge de vastes
programmes expérimentaux portant sur les réactions
d'ions lourds, les états de spin élevé, les interactions
faibles, les noyaux exotiques et la spectrométrie de masse
à l'aide d'accélérateurs. Les expériences sur la physique
de neutrinos sont planifiées à l'observatoire souterrain des
neutrinos solaires (SNO).
Le réacteur NRU est le centre d'un programme national
portant sur la diffusion neutronique des systèmes à
matière condensée. Deux nouveaux spectromêtres
(DUALSPEC) viendront bientôt s'ajouter aux installations
actuelles. La recherche actuelle comprend le magnétisme
des fermions lourds, les solides orientationnellement
désordonnés, la biophysique et l'hélium liquide.
Le programme de recherche en dosimétrie est multi
disciplinaire. Les intérêts presents incluent le métabolisme
et la dosimétrie des radionuclides aspirés, et le mesurage
et la dosimétrie de champs d'électrons, de photons et de
neutrons.
La recherche en physique théorique englobe la prise en
charge de programmes expérimentaux et d'études sur les
structures des hadrons et les théories des champs unifiés.
Les candidates doivent posséder un doctorat (Ph.D.) ou
être sur le point d'en obtenir un. Les affectations porteront
sur une année et pourraient être renouvelées pour une
seconde année, ou pourraient devenir des postes
permanents. Le salaire atteindra 33 500$ par année, mais
serait soumis à une revue. Les formulaires de demande
d'emploi sont disponibles au bureau de l'emploi des
Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River, à Chalk River,
Ontario, Canada KOJ 1J0. Les demandes doivent
parvenir avant le 15 février 1988 au Dr. J.C.D. Milton,
vice-président, physique et sciences de la santé.
Veuillez mentionner le dossier no. 88-PRC 4.
Conformément aux exigences du ministère de
l'immigration, cette annonce s'adresse avant tout aux
citoyen(ne)s canadien(ne)s ou aux résident(e)s
permanent(e)s, mais tout(e) candidat(e) qualifié(e) est
encouragé(e) à faire sa demande.
Atomic Energy
of Canada Limited
L'Énergie Atomique
du Canada, Limitée
TECRAD Inc.
TEGRAD Inc.
recherche
Des PHYSICIENS en O P T I Q U E et LASERS
is seeking for
PHYSICISTS in OPTICS and LASERS
Les personnes recherchées participeront au développement de technologies avancées basées sur
l'optique et les lasers pour l'inspection industrielle
par ultrasons de matériaux.
The persons sought for will participate in the development of advanced optical and laser technologies for ultrasonic inspection of materials in
industry.
Les candidats seront titulaires d'un baccalauréat,
d'une maîtrise ou un doctorat dans le domaine de
l'optique et des lasers ou auront l'expérience appropriée. Une certaine connaissance et expérience
en électronique (numérique, RF, asservissements,
. . .) et en analyse numérique du signal serait un atout.
The candidates should hold a B.Sc., M.Sc. or a Ph.D.
in the field of optics and lasers or will have appropriate experience. Some knowlede and experience
in electronics (digital, RF, phaselock techniques . . .)
and in signal numerical analysis will be favorably
considered.
La compagnie oeuvre dans le domaine des contrôles
non-destructifs et distribue ses produits dans le
monde entier. Elle offre des conditions salariales et
des avantages sociaux très concurrentiels.
The company works in the field of non-destructive
inspection and commercializes its products throughout the world. TECRAD offers competitive salaries
and social benefits.
Le lieu de travail sera près de Montréal, soit à
Boucherville, Québec.
The place of work will be in Boucherville, near
Montréal, Québec.
Faire parvenir votre curriculum vitae, une copie de
votre dossier académique et les noms, adresse et
numéros de téléphone de deux (2) références.
Send your resume, a transcription of academic records and the names, addresses and phone numbers
of two referencees.
M.G. Durou
Directeur technique
TECRAD Inc.
1000, avenue St-Jean-Baptiste
Québec, Québec
C2E 5G5
Mr. C. Durou
Technical Director
TECRAD Inc.
1000 St. Jean-Baptiste Ave
Québec, Québec
C2E 5G5
UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA
GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PHYSICS A N D GEOPHYSICS
T h e D e p a r t m e n t of Physics c u r r e n t l y has 43 faculty m e m b e r s ,
c o m p l e m e n t e d by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 G r a d u a t e Students a n d 25
P o s t d o c t o r a l Fellows a n d Research Associates.
A p p l i c a t i o n s are i n v i t e d f o r admission t o p r o g r a m s l e a d i n g t o t h e
d e g r e e of M.Sc. o r Ph.D. Excellent facilities a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s exist
f o r research in
OBSERVATIONAL A S T R O N O M Y
A T O M I C PHYSICS
L O W TEMPERATURE PHYSICS
M E D I C A L PHYSICS
NUCLEAR A N D PARTICLE PHYSICS
S O L I D STATE PHYSICS
THEORETICAL PHYSICS
A N D IN
GEOPHYSICS
( i n c l u d i n g Seismology, G e o d y n a m i c s , Heat Flow, Isotope Physics,
Electromagnetic I n d u c t i o n , Paleomagnetism a n d Space Physics)
G r a d u a t e Assistantships are available w i t h stipends of not less t h a n
$11,300 at t h e Masters level a n d u p t o $12,500 at t h e Ph.D. level.
M a j o r Scholarship h o l d e r s are e l i g i b l e f o r an a d d i t i o n a l $2,000
in t h e f o r m of a Faculty o f G r a d u a t e Studies a n d Research
Fellowship.
For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n please w r i t e to:
ASSOCIATE C H A I R M A N
D e p a r t m e n t of Physics
University of Alberta
E d m o n t o n , A l b e r t a Canada T6G 2)1
P h o n e (403) 432-3518
UNIVERSITY OF T O R O N T O
LASER A N D LIGHTWAVE CENTRE
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
T h e Institute for Aerospace Studies invites a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e
p o s i t i o n of Research Associate in a Lightwave Engineering research
and development program.
A recent Ph.D. in Physics o r O p t i c a l Engineering is s o u g h t t o w o r k
u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n of Professor R.M. Measures, a p r i n c i p a l
investigator of t h e n e w l y c r e a t e d Laser a n d Lightwave C e n t r e ,
in t h e area fiber optic sensors. This p r o g r a m w i l l i n c l u d e research
d i r e c t e d at t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of structurally i n t e g r a t e d f i b e r o p t i c
sensor t e c h n o l o g y f o r d e t e c t i n g damage a n d m a p p i n g s t r u c t u r a l
d e f o r m a t i o n , strain a n d t e m p e r a t u r e of advanced aircr aft a n d future
large space platforms. The l o n g range goal of this p r o g r a m w o u l d
be t o d e v e l o p t h e o p t o - n e u r o systems of f u t u r e "intelligent structures". Research w i l l also be d i r e c t e d at d e v e l o p i n g laser i n d u c e d
f l u o r e s c e n c e based f i b e r o p t i c sensors.
Candidates s h o u l d have s t r o n g e x p e r i m e n t a l research e x p e r i e n c e
i n o p t i c s (particularly f i b e r optics), lasers a n d o r o p t o e l e c t r o n i c s ,
w i t h an excellent r e c o r d of p u b l i c a t i o n s . G o o d c o m m u n i c a t i o n
a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l skills are also desired. Experience w i t h c o m posite materials o r f l u o r e s c e n c e s p e c t r o s c o p y w o u l d be an asset.
Please send applications c o n t a i n i n g a c u r r i c u l u m vitae, names
a n d addresses of t h r e e referees a n d a brief o u t l i n e of y o u r research
to:
Professor R.M. Measures,
Institute for Aerospace Studies,
4925 Dufferin Street, Downview, Ontario, M3HI 5T6
T h e University e n c o u r a g e s applications f r o m b o t h m e n a n d
w o m e n . In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Canadian i m m i g r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s ,
this a d v e r t i s e m e n t is d i r e c t e d t o Canadian citizens a r d p e r m a n e n t
residents.
'PRPRICRn
Chairman
Applications a n d n o m i n a t i o n s are i n v i t e d for the p o s i t i o n o f
C h a i r m a n o f the D e p a r t m e n t o f Physics at the U n i v e r s i t y o f
Alberta. T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Physics is in the F a c u l t y o f
Science and consists o f f o r t y - s i x (46) academic staff and f o r t y f o u r (44) s u p p o r t staff.
We are a n t i c i p a t i n g a n u m b e r o f vacancies i n the next five
years and are therefore seeking candidates w i t h excellent
leadership qualities, an o u t s t a n d i n g research record and a
dedication t o teaching at the undergraduate and graduate level.
T h i s position w i l l be available July 1, 1988 and the salary and
rank w i l l be commensurate w i t h experience. A p p l i c a t i o n s or
n o m i n a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g a detailed c u r r i c u l u m vitae and the
names o f three referees, should be received b y F e b r u a r y 15,
1988 and addressed to:
Dr. W. John McDonald
Dean of Science
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta Canada
T6G 2E9
The University of Alberta is committed
to the principle of equity in employment.
The Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada
is the Canadian pulp and paper industry's central
research organization. Our main laboratories,
located in Pointe Claire and Vancouver provide
complete facilities for basic and applied research.
Facilities are made available to the Institute by McGill
University and The University of British Columbia on
the campuses. The staff consists of approximately 350
scientists, engineers and supporting personnel.
RESEARCH SCIENTIST
An opening exists in our Vancouver Laboratory for an innovative
researcher to work on the properties of wood pulp fibres and products made from them. Initially, the researcher will identify fibre
quality factors that are important for various products and find new
ways to characterize pulp quality and its modification oy mechanical
treatments. In due course, this person will be expected to initiate
and develop other areas of research activity in response to the
needs of the pulp and paper industry.
The candidate should have an advanced degree in physical or
materials sciences or engineering, show evidence of creative research, and have interest in relating scientific results to technological practice. Knowledge of pulping and papermaking would be an
asset.
Please send resumeé as soon as possible to:
Louise Miles
PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CANADA
3800 Wesbrook Mall
Vancouver, B.C. V6S 2L9
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH
Applications are invited for a t e n u r e track position at the Assistant
Professor level to c o m m e n c e on or after July 1, 1988. Preference
will be given to candidates in experimental physics. Candidates
must have a doctoral degree and should have post-doctoral
research experience. The successful candidate will be expected
to develop an active research program, supervise graduate students and teach physics at b o t h the undergraduate and graduate
level.
The Physics Department participates in the C u e l p h - W a t e r l o o
Program for Graduate W o r k in Physics. (GWP) 2 was the first j o i n t
inter-University graduate program in physics. Since its f o r m a t i o n
in 1981, (GWP) 2 has g r o w n to i n c l u d e 65 faculty and 70 graduate
students. Research at (GWP) 2 is f u n d e d by over t w o m i l l i o n dollars
in peer adjudicated grants and contracts each year.
The Department of Physics at the University of G u e l p h has active
research groups w o r k i n g in the f o l l o w i n g fields of experimental
physics: liquids, subatomic physics, solid state, atomic and molecular physics, biophysics, polymers.
Applications i n c l u d i n g a c u r r i c u l u m vitae and the names of at
least three referees should be sent by February 1, 1988 to:
Dr. K.R. Jeffrey, Acting Chairman
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
In accordance w i t h Canadian Immigration requirements, this
advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent
residents.
Subject to final budgetary approval.
As of May 1, 1988 s m o k i n g w i l l not be p e r m i t t e d in the
M a c N a u g h t o n Building w h i c h houses the Department of Physics.
FACULTY POSITION
DEPT. OF MATERIALS
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
McMASTER UNIVERSITY
Applications are invited for a tenure track faculty position
at the level of Assistant Professor commencing July 1,1988.
The department has a strong research effort which is
amplified by its involvement in the multi-departmental
McMaster Institute for Materials Research, and in the newly
f o r m e d O n t a r i o C e n t r e for Materials Research.
Applications are sought from candidates with an interest
in the processing and properties of advanced materials,
with preference being given to candidates with backgrounds in p o l y m e r i c or m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c materials.
Candidates should possess a recent Ph.D. degree in Materials Science or a related field.
The successful applicant will be expected to develop a
strong research program and to teach at both the undergraduate and graduate level. Applicants should send a copy
of their current curriculum vitae along with the names
and addresses of at least three referees to:
Dr. D.S. Wilkinson, Chairman
Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
1280 Main Street West
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada L8S 4L7
In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements,
this ad is directed to Canadian citizens and permanent
residents.
BROCK UNIVERSITY
B r o c k U n i v e r s i t y invites a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r a n e w
t e n u r e - t r a c k p o s i t i o n at t h e assistant p r o f e s s o r
level e f f e c t i v e 1 July 1988. C a n d i d a t e s s h o u l d
have a Ph.D., s o m e p o s t d o c t o r a l e x p e r i e n c e a n d
an o u t s t a n d i n g research r e c o r d . T h e successful
c a n d i d a t e w i l l be e x p e c t e d t o establish a n d
m a i n t a i n a p r o d u c t i v e research p r o g r a m a n d
t o t e a c h at t h e g r a d u a t e a n d u n d e r g r a d u a t e
level. T h e D e p a r t m e n t ' s research e m p h a s i s is
in c o n d e n s e d m a t t e r physics b u t c a n d i d a t e s
f r o m all areas w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d . T h e a p p o i n t m e n t is s u b j e c t t o final b u d g e t a r y a p p r o v a l . A
c u r r i c u l u m vitae a n d t h e names o f at least t h r e e
referees s h o u l d be sent t o :
Dr. C.A. Plint
Brock University
St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1
A p p l i c a t i o n s must be r e c e i v e d by M a r c h 1,1988.
In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h C a n a d i a n I m m i g r a t i o n req u i r e m e n t s , this a d v e r t i s e m e n t is d i r e c t e d t o
C a n a d i a n c i t i z e n s a n d p e r m a n e n t residents.
B r o c k U n i v e r s i t y is an e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y
employer.
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
I N H I G H ENERGY
PHYSICS
W e are s e e k i n g a Research Associate t o part i c i p a t e in t h e F e r m i l a b B-physics e x p e r i m e n t
E771, as a m e m b e r of t h e M c C i l l U n i v e r s i t y
G r o u p . Responsibilities of t h e g r o u p i n c l u d e t h e
data a c q u i s i t i o n system, p r e - m a g n e t t r a c k i n g
c h a m b e r s a n d a fast RICH d e t e c t o r .
Interested persons should send applications,
i n c l u d i n g c u r r i c u l u m vitae a n d t h e n a m e s of
t h r e e referees, t o :
J. Trischuk
Rutherford Physics Building
3 6 0 0 University Street
Montréal, Québec
Canada H3A 2T8
T h e p o s i t i o n availability is s u b j e c t t o f u n d i n g ,
a n d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h i m m i g r a t i o n regulat i o n s , p r e f e r e n c e w i l l be g i v e n t o c i t i z e n s or
p e r m a n e n t residents of Canada.
TRIUMF
MESON RESEARCH F A C I L I T Y
University o< Alberta
University of Victoria
University of British Columbia
Competition «543-117
Research Scientist at TRIUMF
Applications are invited for a permanent University Research Scientist position
in Intermediate Energy Nuclear and Particle Physics. This position will be based
at the University of Manitoba and will involve contributing to the experimental
program in intermediate energy physics at TRIUMF. The specific areas of interest
for this position are fundamental symmetries and conservation laws, the nucleonnucleon interaction, pion-nuclear and kaon-nuclear interactions, polarization
phenomena.
The University Research Scientist positions are key research positions at TRIUMF.
The m i n i m u m level at which this appointment will be made is given as follows-.
The position is for a scientist with a proven record of leadership and achievement
in intermediate energy physics at the highest international levels of excellence.
Candidates will normally be expected to have several years of significant
postdoctoral experience in selected areas of TRIUMF's science disciplines.
The judgement about leadership will be based on a record of outstanding
publications and on references attesting to the candidate's originality, competence, achievements and independence in research, placing the candidate among
the t o p of his/her peers.
The position carries TRIUMF tenure after a suitable probationary period. Salary
will commensurate with experience. Candidates should respond by February
29,1988. Please send curriculum vitae and the names of three referees to:
TRIUMF Personnel (Competition #543), 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C.,
Canada^ V6T 2A3. Enquiries regarding this position can be directed to Dr.
Willem T.H. van Oers at (6041 222-1047.
We offer equal employment opportunities to qualified male and female
applicants.
In accordance with Canadian immigration requirements, this
advertisement is directed to Canadian citizens and
permanent residents.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY O F VICTORIA
VICTORIA, B.C., CANADA
T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Physics invites students t o a p p l y for e n t r y
i n t o M.Sc. a n d Ph.D. p r o g r a m m e s in Physics. Research areas
include:
Astronomy and Astrophysics: observational a n d t h e o r e t i c a l studies,
w h i c h may b e c a r r i e d o u t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e D o m i n i o n
A s t r o p h y s i c a l O b s e r v a t o r y at Victoria.
Condensed Matter Physics: N M R studies of m o l e c u l a r p r o p e r t i e s
in solids a n d liquids.
Geophysics: e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n d u c t i o n , g e o m a g n e t i s m , space
physics, a n d p a l e o m a g n e t i c studies in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e Pacific
Geoscience Centre.
Nuclear and Particle Physics: i n t e r m e d i a t e a n d h i g h energy physics
at TRIUMF a n d o t h e r accelerator facilities.
Physics of Fluids: Plasma a n d s h o c k wave studies.
Ocean Physics: acoustic r e m o t e sensing in t h e o c e a n , a n d physical
o c e a n o g r a p h y in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e Institute of O c e a n Sciences
a n d Royal Roads M i l i t a r y C o l l e g e .
Theoretical Physics: general relativity, nuclear a n d particle physics.
Fellowships a n d o t h e r financial assistance u p t o $14,000 (Cdn)
are available f o r students w i t h h i g h a c a d e m i c standing.
T h e d e p a r t m e n t participates in t h e C o - o p e r a t i v e Education Prog r a m m e in t h e Faculty of G r a d u a t e Studies. Physics graduate
students may u n d e r t a k e studies i n v o l v i n g w o r k in i n d u s t r y a n d
g o v e r n m e n t as part o f t h e d e g r e e .
For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , w r i t e to:
Chairman, Graduate Committee
University of Victoria
Victoria, B.C.
Canada V 8 W 2Y2
McCILL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY POSITIONS
IN PHYSICS
The Department of Physics invites applications for
two tenure-track positions at the rank of assistant
professor, commencing as early as 1 September 1988.
One position is allocated to theoretical high energy
physics including areas which interface nuclear and
particle physics, and the other is a readvertised
position in experimental condensed matter physics
specializing in the physics of materials. Candidates
are expected to have a creative potential for generating exciting research. Strong interest in undergraduate and graduate teaching is also a prerequisite.
Applications, together with curriculum vitae and
names of three referees, should be sent to:
Professor S.K. Mark, Chairman
Ernest Rutherford Physics Building
McGill University
3600 University Street
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
H3A 2T8
Applications are invited until the positions are filled.
In accordance with Canadian immigration regulations, priority will be given to Canadian citizens and
permanent residents of Canada.
LASER AND LIGHTWAVE CENTRE
Postdoctoral Fellows, Research Associates,
and Visiting Scientists
The Laser and Lightwave Centre (recently created by the
Centre of Excellence program of the Ontario government)
is soliciting applications for research positions in the three
categories above. The research areas of the Cen tre include:
Development of novel Laser Sources; Laser Spectroscopy,
Molecular Dynamics and Surface Photochemistry; Lightwave Science and Engineering; Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics
and Optoelectronics; Medical Applications of Lasers.
Please send applications containing a curriculum vitae,
names and addresses of three referees, and a brief (one
page) outline of your research experience in lasers and
optics to:
Professor S.C. Wallace, Associate Director,
Laser and Lightwave Centre,
University of Toronto, Lash Miller Laboratories,
80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1
The University of Toronto encourages applications from
both men and women. Research Associates must be Canadian citizens or landed immigrants.
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leave r e p l a c e m e n t t o b e g i n A u g u s t 1, 1988. D u t i e s
w i l l be t o teach undergraduate courses and partici p a t e in t h e g e n e r a l research e f f o r t s of t h e d e p a r t ment. Preference will be given t o candidates w i t h
p o s t d o c t o r a l e x p e r i e n c e . T h e successful c a n d i d a t e
w i l l have b a c k g r o u n d in crystal f i e l d t h e o r y , m a g n e t i c
r e s o n a n c e a n d r e l a t e d fields, statistical physics ( t h e o retical), o r g a u g e f i e l d t h e o r y as used in h i g h e n e r g y
physics. A p p l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g c u r r i c u l u m vitae a n d
t h e n a m e s o f t h r e e referees s h o u l d be sent t o :
Professor C.S. Kalman
Chair, Department of Physics
C O N C O R D I A UNIVERSITY
1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W .
Montreal, Quebec, H 3 G 1 M 8 .
C l o s i n g d a t e f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s is M a r c h 31, 1988. In
accordance w i t h Canadian immigration requirem e n t s this a d v e r t i s e m e n t is d i r e c t e d t o C a n a d i a n
c i t i z e n s a n d p e r m a n e n t residents.
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C A P offers a service to bring together career
seekers and employers in the physical sciences.
Interested candidates should request an information f o r m and return it to
I 5 I Slater St., Suite 903
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This i n f o r m a t i o n will be kept on file and made
available to all prospective employers.
Employers should contact the above address
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and the skills required.
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congrès conjoint de l`acp/aps 1988

Transcription

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