docYanda, a language of the Dogon group in Northern Mali and its
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Yanda, a language of the Dogon group in Northern Mali and its
Yanda, a language of the Dogon group in Northern Mali and its affinities [DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT -NOT FOR CITATION WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE AUTHOR] Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This printout: July 8, 2012 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................2 2. Location, history and sociolinguistic situation ...............................................................................................2 2.1 Nomenclature ..............................................................................................................................................2 2.2 Location and settlements............................................................................................................................2 2.3 Language status...........................................................................................................................................3 2.4 Yanda culture and history..........................................................................................................................3 2.5 The classification of Yanda ........................................................................................................................3 3. Phonology ..........................................................................................................................................................3 3.1 Vowels ..........................................................................................................................................................3 3.2 Consonants ..................................................................................................................................................4 3.3 Tones ............................................................................................................................................................4 4. Morphology .......................................................................................................................................................5 4.1 Nouns............................................................................................................................................................5 5. Yanda wordlist ..................................................................................................................................................5 TABLES Table 1. GPS-determined locations of Yanda settlements......................................................................................3 i R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment 1. Introduction This is an annotated wordlist of the Yanda language, part of the Dogon group, spoken in northern Mali. The wordlist was collected from a group of villagers in Yanda on the 4th and 5th of March 2005. The informants were; Informants: Ambozo Kɔlmatele Pireme Teniberetele Kanda Amatele all over sixty years. I would like to thank them for their patience as the elicitation sessions were long and sometimes passed through several languages. The wordlist was collected as a ‘one-shot’ exercise and the transcription must therefore be regarded as preliminary. This analysis was prepared by Roger Blench, who added the comparative observations1. This document is being circulated to scholars for comment. 2. Location, history and sociolinguistic situation 2.1 Nomenclature The Yanda language is known as Yanda Dom and its speakers as Yanda Bɔlɔm. There is no official name for this group. 2.2 Location and settlements The Yanda live in a series of interconnected settlements on and at the foot of the escarpment, south of Bamba, on the Dogon Plateau in Northern Mali. Administratively, they are located; Région Cercle Arrondissement Mopti Koro Diankabou The named sections of the Yanda recorded by this survey were as follows; Yanda Suŋgu ɔgɔl pepey Yantεmbε Dεnεlu Turgo ɔgɔl andey Yantεmbε Dεŋtiŋa Ginεndyε Kɔmma Yantεmbε Damza ɔgɔl ɔŋgɔ Nyimbε Yantεmbε Kulma Kɔŋgɔl Dɔnnɔ Yantεmbε Togu Hochstetler et al. (2004) say ‘Yanda-dom is spoken in a small group of villages at the bottom of the cliff near Bamba. The villages are: Anana, Ante, Diankabou, Guinedie, Ogol, Omna, Tourougo, and Yadasongo.’ Some of these can be identified with the names in the table above. Ana is a village where a distinct lect is spoken related to both Yanda and Tebul. Table 1 shows the locations of these ‘official’ settlements as recorded by GPS; 1 The author is grateful to the Swiss Ethno-archaeological project for providing funding for this survey. 2 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment Table 1. GPS-determined locations of Yanda settlements Official name Local name N W Diankabou 14:35:00 3:05:00 Guine'die' 14:39:10 3:08:40 Ogol Owalpe'pe' 14:39:10 3:09:50 Tourougo 14:39:25 3:08:20 Yadasongo 14:39:45 3:08:00 Ante' Onggo 14:39:00 3:09:50 Omna Komma 14:39:40 3:10:10 Source: Hochstetler et al. (2004) As to population, Calame-Griaule (1956:67) says, ‘il est parlé par moins de 2.000 Dogon dans une partie des cantons de Gondo-Séno Foulbés et Bamba (villages de Yanda).’ Hochstetler et al. (2004) give a figure from the population census of 1987 as 1400 and extrapolated this to 1998 to give a figure of 1600. Assessing the population is not easy. Yanda settlements are all small and interconnected. The Yanda used to live in villages set into the cliff-face itself and there are still some houses there; however, most villages are established at the bottom of the cliff. Visual observation suggests a figure of 2-3000. 2.3 Language status The Yanda language is presently being transmitted to the children. The second language of Yanda speakers is another Dogon language, Jamsay, but this is not a threat. Fulfulde, a dominant language in the zone has had a limited impact on schoolchildren and there is a limited amount of French spoken, usually by migrant workers or students. 2.4 Yanda culture and history Little is known of Yanda culture. However, unlike most of the Dogon groups who are their immediate neighbours, most Yanda are not Muslims and drink beer as well as performing masquerades. Their agriculture depends on rainfed sorghum and millet, fruit-trees and large herds of transhumant cattle and sheep which are away most of the year on the plains. 2.5 The classification of Yanda Calame-Griaule (1956:67) says, ‘Il présente beaucoup d'analogies avec le dogul-dom’ [a Dogon language further west]. The lexicostatistical table in Hochstetler et al. (2004) gives no more than 49% with any Dogon lect and comparing the present list with Dogul Dom does not hint at any special closeness. However, the newly recorded Tebul Ure language clearly is a relative of Yanda, with many words quite similar. Yanda often seems to have reduced forms found in more complete form in Tebul Ure. 3. Phonology The phonology of Yanda is based on rapid observations and should therefore be regarded as tentative at this stage. 3.1 Vowels Yanda probably has seven phonemic vowels; Front Close Close-Mid Open-Mid Central Back i u e o E ɔ a Open Yanda permits all vowels to be long or short and all short vowels can be nasalised. Examples of nasalised long vowels are not so far recorded, but certainly exist in other Dogon lects. Yanda and other Dogon languages permit sequences of tone-bearing vowels without any consonants. These can be in contrast with sequences of vowel plus semi-vowel. 3 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment 3.2 Consonants Yanda consonants are as follows: Bilabial Plosive Nasal Trill Fricative Affricate Approximant Lateral Approximant Alveolar p b m t Alveopa latal Palatal d n r s z ɲ Velar Labialvelar Glottal k g N [ʃ] [ʒ] h [ʤ] y w l There appears to be certain amount of allophonic or free variation between voiced and voiceless alveolars and velars especially in medials. Thus a single elicitation session two speakers may produce the same word with k/g/, t/d. The same is true of the palatal forms of alveolar fricatives; these seem to be in free variation with non-palatal forms. [ʃ] and [ʒ] are may not be distinct phonemes and /s/ and /ʃ/ can be produced in parallel especially in initial position, perhaps reflecting perceptions of sentence context. However, in some words, /ʃ/ can be strongly palatalised, possibly a remnant of a lost syllable. Thus the fricative in /magaʃyam/ does not seem to occur in variation with /s/. [ʤ] only occurs in the data as an allophone of [z] in medial position. Thus kigizu ‘house-bat’ can also be realised as kigiju. /d/ and /r/ appear to be in complementary distribution. Words never have initial /r/ or final /d/. Medial /d/ and /r/ are apparently in free variation and differ between speakers in the same elicitation session. They can thus be treated as a single phoneme although they are here written as sounded. A unique phoneme is /’l/, glottalised /l/, which seems to occur in a single word, ’lo, ‘house’. Other Dogon lects have ulo for ‘house’, so this phoneme appears to have arisen from initial vowel deletion. It also occurs in the neighbouring Ana language in the same word. But it is at the very least puzzling as to why this phoneme should occur at all and yet be so rare. Nasals Yanda has a pervasive process of nasal assimilation. A final lateral followed by an initial nasal becomes a nasal. 3.3 Tones Yanda has two tones, High and Low. For example; name ín tooth’ ìn 4. Morphology 4.1 Nouns Plurals of nouns in Yanda are typically formed by the suufix –mu. Thus; 4 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment man woman, wife cow an pl. anmu yε pl. yεmu naa pl. naamu However, these suffixes typically apply to animates and separable objects. Thus ‘head’ and other body parts have no plurals. Yanda has a few irregular plurals; Gloss human being child sg. no εnε pl. numɔ εnu 5. Yanda wordlist The wordlist was elicited via French and Jamsay Tegu, with occasional explanations in Tebul-Ure. This is not entirely satisfactory as pervasive multi-lingualism among the Dogon means that speakers could well be influenced by the phonology or lexis of the second language. But only Jamsay Tegu is well-known enough to use for a complex wordlist. The most likely uncertainties in transcription are vowel length, nasalisation versus syllable-final nasals and the distinction between /e/ and /ε/ and /o/ and /ɔ/. English tree leaf root branch bark thorn grass mushroom seed/stone/pip charcoal dust ashes rubbish heap mud, clay dew rock stone pebble sand smoke fire water rain cloud lightning rainy season dry season year today yesterday tomorrow morning evening day night Français arbre feuille racine branche écorce épine herbe champignon semence/graine charbon poussière cendres tas des ordures boue, argile rosée rocher pierre cailloux sable fumée feu eau pluie nuage éclair saison des pluies saison sèche année aujourd'hui hier demain matin soir jour nuit Yanda time kula dil numa e bamu dzye òá tabun é jεmnε una dwẽ ɲimde pɔndɔ eεl taba kin kin ɲi sɔnsɔm kumu golo ŋgyu anuŋ kurubεrε kεɲaŋ jεna izebana ana gudin iye niŋa éù wa dεndazu wa dεnda 5 Commentary R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English moon sun star wind sky god ground river stream pond, lake hill bush field market house room stable wall roof ceiling shelter stone shelter granary well road, path village place human being man woman, wife child husband co-wife father mother mother's brother mother's sister older brother younger brother sister son daughter old man old woman friend stranger chief hunter weaver thief doctor witch corpse Français lune soleil étoile vent ciel dieu sol fleuve rivière marigot colline brousse champ marché maison chambre écurie mur toit plafond abri, hangar hangar en pierre grenier puits route, sentier village endroit personne homme femme, épouse enfant mari co-épouse père mère frère de la mère soeur de la mère frère aine frère plus jeune soeur fils fille vieil homme vieille femme ami étranger chef chasseur tisserand voleur guérisseur sorcière cadavre Yanda swa izige tondolo εnεŋ azakara amba doy debe gɔndolo taga kɔŋo oy mεnε εba ’lo panda kuna lotunɔ debu Commentary togu gulu unjigul ozu damma bεrεdɛ̃ no pl. numɔ an pl. anmu yε pl. yεmu εnε pl. εnu nuŋɔ yεlal dee ɲi dere ɔzɔ lal nɔnɔzu amiru dana shɔŋti zamnezamnu zɔŋju duju tibε 6 < F. R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English blacksmith potter slave twin prophecy shame fear/fright bravery/courage laughter wisdom guilt anger race/running sleep circumcision death name grave song proverb story word lie news hunger horn tail egg wing feather gum/glue anthill hole, pit hole in tree poison load firewood stick work war fighting medicine divination money shadow thing land/country sickness/disease smallpox diarrhoea eczema goitre Français forgeron potier esclave jumeau prophétie honte peur courage rires sagesse culpabilité colère course sommeil circoncision mort nom tombe chanson proverbe histoire mot mensonge nouvelles faim corne queue oeuf aile plume colle termitière trou trou dans arbre poison fardeau, charge bois de feu bâton travail guerre combat médicament divination argent ombre chose pays maladie variole diarrhée, écoulement du ventre eczème goitre Yanda zyεmε εzumay gunɔ ɲimεm Commentary zɔbu gidεn bulpagɔ tibε ín contrast ìn ‘tooth’ pili nuŋa dumpay dum kakal kibal gya kεlε dulɔ tool kagadε kula also ‘hair’ damde dulu bɔndɔ pɔmbɔ te dwa te tana bidε zaŋ õĩ kεlε kindε kyu damma kiŋ 7 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English fever boil sore/wound scar skull brain head Français Yanda fièvre furoncle plaie cicatrice crâne cervelle tête waadu eye face cheek forehead nose ear mouth lip tooth tongue throat neck jaw chin shoulder armpit arm upper arm elbow palm fingers oeil visage joue front nez oreille bouche lèvre dent langue gorge cou mâchoire menton épaule aisselle bras gide gide num pama dime kinza sun kyεnε kyεnε du ín nεmda yɔgɔ kɔlɔ aŋa bya guba kakada numa numa ede tolu numa tɔndɔ numa kinda numa e wrist leg foot thigh knee nail breast (female) stomach navel back buttocks upper thigh penis vagina clitoris skin bone vein blood breath tear saliva bone marrow poignet jambe pied cuisse genou ongle sein ventre nombril dos fesses cuisse supérieure pénis vagin clitoris peau os veine sang souffle larme salive moelle coude paume doigts Commentary ladu ladɔlɔ bɔndum ko ‘head’ and other body parts have no plural. numa kɔlɔ naa tεmbεn paga kunzu kɔmbile εmε bede bɔŋɔ tunɔ dumu zezer daŋga guzu kina Veli gyεŋgyu pubiya gide iŋgyu kyεnε iŋgyu 8 skin at side of mouth gyεnε Yanda appears to have a collective to describe the fingers ‘neck of the arm’ ‘eye-water’ ‘mouth-water’ R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English sweat urine faeces hair beard liver heart intestines lung body meat animal camel cow goat sheep pig horse donkey dog cat elephant buffalo lion leopard hyena Français sueur urine merde cheveux barbe foie coeur intestins poumon corps viande animal chameau vache chèvre mouton cochon cheval âne chien chat éléphant buffle lion léopard/panthère hyène civet genet jackal fox wart-hog antelope I antelope II antelope III antelope IV porcupine vervet monkey patas monkey baboon galago squirrel hedgehog mongoose dassie hare bush rat shrew mouse house-bat fruit-bat chameleon agama lizard civette genette chacal renard phacochère antilope antilope antilope antilope porc-épic singe singe rouge babouin galago écureuil hérisson mangouste daman des rochers lièvre rat de brousse musaraigne souris chauve-souris roussette caméléon lézard âgama Yanda Commentary uzo ɔmzu kula bya kula kinda kinda duga pidim puzupazu gozu nama gazεgε ɔgɔ ɲɔŋɔ naa pl. naamu nne pl. nnemu pεε pl. pεεmu tol pl. tolmu som pl. sommu zamduru ngyε gaa gõĩ oyna yara taa plε taa oy gaa oy ingyε ‘chin hair’ < Mande ‘hyena white’ possibly a general term for fierce or carnivorous bush animals ‘bush cat’ ‘bush dog’ tɔl lozu keme ɔmnɔ plε ɔmnɔ ban kwe εndε kũyɔ pezema bomboy sana gandara kɔndɔ zɔmɔ guguzu dεmna oy kigiju azu ogozinde baga 9 ‘monkey white’ ‘monkey red’ cf. Hausa, Bambara R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English gecko monitor lizard toad frog tortoise snake snake sp. I snake sp. II snake sp. III snake sp. IV snake sp. V snake sp. VII snake sp. VIII snake sp. IX snake sp. X snake sp. XI snake sp. XII snake sp. XIII fish bird chicken duck pigeon guinea-fowl vulture cattle-egret hawk owl bush-fowl swallow pied crow scorpion butterfly dragonfly mosquito house-spider spider mason-wasp bee housefly louse termite flying ant grasshopper cricket mantis firefly worm oil fat salt soup/sauce food Français ‘salamandre’ iguane, varan crapaud grenouille tortue serpent poisson oiseau poule canard pigeon pintade vautour épervier hibou perdrix hirondelle corbeau scorpion papillon libellule moustique araignée de la maison araignée guêpe-maçonne abeille mouche pou termite/fourmi blanche fourmi volante sauterelle criquet ver de terre huile graisse sel sauce nourriture Yanda pεndu aĩ eŋgele ena aŋguŋguru nɔmzu nɔmzi gεmε kɔkɔzu kɔndo duluma nɔmzi kukul nɔmzi olum taba terõ ɔlusɔ mimin yambambala bɔnɔndɔ nɔmzi ansaana sazabonu izu aɲan εdε taga ele ɔmɔ jikara Commentary < F.? téù εndun sugu kaaŋa teene pipil san naana male ɔmnu gεnu seme zamde kye kakude ka ɲi sɔŋ nem niŋgyu za 10 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English beer handle sickle fruit harvester firewood knife cutlass iron bronze axe big axe small adze sowing hoe hoe general hoe I hoe II knife razor anvil hammer pincers awl chisel tweezers bellows cooling bowl broom bag fireplace floss for lighting iron for flintstone shoe hat clothing necklace ring mortar pestle pot pot I pot II pot I pot II pot I pot II pot II pot II head-pad basket winnowing tray mat needle spear bow Français bière manche d’outil faucille hameçon de fruit couteau de bois de feu machette fer bronze hache grande hache petite Yanda kɔnzɔ kuza sããra tɔnɔ kɔrɔ kibe polgaŋ semeur houe houe I houe II couteau rasoir enclume marteau pinces alène burin tire l’épine soufflet bol d’eau balaie sac foyer sɔga wálá damma daba, anawala pɔl siribe dεŋε sεnu éù kyεm keezu εmu uzugu tɔŋɔ izilu bɔrɔ εŋ kulu kulupεl tagyu godu dunju dugay chaussure chapeau vêtement collier bague mortier pilon pot canari I canari II canari I canari II canari I canari II canari II canari II coussinet panier tamis natte aiguille lance arc Commentary séù gula kun kunnε edzu εdzupo tεdε ba εdzεdwa ŋgyε esie dεgεjim ɔgɔnɔŋɔ bunjye εdzεgεmε duŋ yεndp yigilu niŋ mεzina wada tεŋ 11 large water pot small pot for making sauce R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English arrow quiver rope stool door door-frame bed fence ladder bee-hive Music drum generic drum I Français flèche carquois corde tabouret porte seuil lit clôture échelle ruche Instruments de musique tambour tambour Yanda tεŋ e tεŋ kɔgɔ suŋ tundulu saŋ umbulu dumbu ulekɔru bil drum II tambour day bon drum III tambour bon gɔɲɔ drum IV drum V tambour tambour bada ganu hollow logs lute flute whistle rattle I rattle II transverse horn I transverse horn II vertical horn iron bell iron bell, women iron slit bell clarinet Numbers one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve twenty twenty-one thirty forty fifty sixty blocs de bois luth flûte traversière sifflet hochet hochet corne corne corne verticale clochette de fer clochette de fer de femme clochette de fer à fente clarinette Nombres un deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix onze douze vingt vingt et un trente quarante cinquante soixante koro joŋ kiddu kere aramana sagadu magasham budu puluru kay ginnu sande kaŋguru biŋkɔrɔ bon bon dεŋdεŋ tumaa nɔɔ taandu kyεsɔ num kule see sag twa pyεl pyεl tumaasi pyεl lɔɔzi pɔnɔ pɔnɔ tumaasi pɔtaandu pɔlɔ kεsɔ pɔlɔ num pɔlɔ kule 12 Commentary hourglass drum with leather strips between heads long, two-headed cylindrical drum held at waist large barrel-drum hung from the shoulder spherical gourd drum hourglass drum with rope between heads R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English seventy eighty ninety one hundred white black red green/blue yellow heavy light large small many few all thick thin wide narrow hard soft sweet bitter sour deep shallow long short good bad dirty fat thin near far beautiful ugly hot cold strong weak ripe unripe full empty Verbs accompany add to agree allow announce answer Français soixante-dix quatre-vingt quatre-vingt-dix cent blanc noir rouge vert jaune lourd léger grand petit beaucoup/nombreux peu tout épais mince large étroit dur doux/tendre doux/sucré amer aigre profond peu profond long court bon mauvais sale gros maigre proche/près loin/lointain beau laid chaud froid fort faible mûr cru/vert plein vide Verbes accompagner ajouter être d'accord permettre annoncer répondre Yanda pɔlɔ see siŋ siŋ mi e pyεl siŋ mi pɔnɔ pile gεmε ban wεr lɔl punɔ tuju εn gabru dumbi kalezon kεmsay puu aŋala mεnzi pεmbεrε ɛɛ̃ ̃ ɛz̃ u εl gal dal tɔy kɔĩ̃ tɔyila zhalaŋ dumbi εl εla ninde bimbu mεzo bεdiu wagi ezi ɔnɔni ɔgi kezhi paŋa paŋazon ban kolo ba izεr ɲindε bada abyεm baŋ sal mεm 13 Commentary also ‘good’ also ‘red’ R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English arrive ask for be bent be born be quiet beat begin bite blow (mouth) blow (wind) boil borrow braid break breathe bring build burn bury buy call care for carry on back carry on head chew choose chop down chop/slice close comb come cook count cover crawl cross cry out cut dance desire die dig divide do draw water dream drink drive away drop dry up eat enter extinguish Français arriver demander être courbé naître se taire battre commencer mordre souffler (la bouche) souffler (vent) I bouillir emprunter tresser casser respirer apporter bâtir brûler enterrer acheter appeler soigner porter sur le dos porter sur la tête mâcher choisir abattre trancher fermer se peigner venir cuisiner compter couvrir ramper traverser crier couper danser désirer mourir creuser/labourer diviser faire puiser rêver boire chasser/éloigner/repousser laisser tomber sécher manger entrer éteindre Yanda dwa sado kɔndi lala kéù bya dema tɔla kεla pudiya bul zanda yodyuma εda gwiyɔ ninigu zo ɔnzu buda εba yanda zɔŋɔ bambya dya togolo yambamu dεyɔ gumu pido sɔnzula wo za manu lugo da alya tiŋa kɔdu keze jaa gεmu manu tεbε gulɔ gambla kana kɔra manmzhindu ɲa lalya dɔgɔ pya may ɲa nwa gya 14 Commentary ‘prepare to’ also ‘kill’ R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English fall fear fill find finish fly (v.) fold follow forbid forget gather give give birth go go down go out go up greet grind grow/increase hear help hide insult jump kill know lack laugh learn leave lend lick lift light like/love limp listen look look for lose make a mistake marry measure melt milk mix open peel pick up pierce plaster play Français tomber craindre remplir trouver finir voler (oiseaux/avion) plier suivre interdire oublier réunir donner accoucher aller descendre sortir monter saluer broyer croître entendre aider cacher insulter sauter tuer savoir manquer de rire étudier/apprendre laisser prêter lécher soulever allumer aimer boiter écouter regarder chercher perdre se tromper épouser mesurer fondre traire mélanger ouvrir éplucher ramasser percer crépir jouer Yanda ple ibya banda tεmba igye kiiyu mεna dimbya dama idεm kɔna ndi lala un suɔ go la poo nama badya nɔ bada banda tɔmbɔ gya zwa tεmbaa manda zaŋga dɔga yɔdu dεga zhεna tɔɔnda εba tεgεmu nindyɔ tigya dunu made lεlε yε zhyam sɔnɔ εma lige zhɔŋ timla kama bara sɔba tada kεmna 15 Commentary also ‘extinguish’ R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English pound pour pull push put rain read receive/accept refuse remember resemble rest return ride rinse grill rub run say scratch see hold sell send sew shake sharpen shave shoot show sing sit down sleep smell smoke (tobacco) sneeze snore soak sow spit stay steal stick onto sting stroll suck suffice surpass swallow sweep swell swim Français piler verser tirer pousser poser/placer pleuvoir lire recevoir/accepter refuser se souvenir ressembler se reposer revenir monter un animal rincer griller frotter courir dire gratter voir tenir vendre envoyer coudre secouer aiguiser se raser tirer montrer chanter s'asseoir/être assis dormir sentir fumer (tabac) éternuer ronfler faire tremper semer cracher rester voler coller piquer se promener sucer/téter suffire surpasser avaler balayer gonfler nager Yanda tɔlɔ uba dilyo damba dundɔ tεga zaŋa bεlε abalu manu mulu sumu Commentary < F. ? naŋgya sagala simbo gaga zɔba dama kɔnzhya wa dɔna tɔŋo pe maƒa ta nuŋa gipεn tɔŋa too zamna mina sεmba bεmba 16 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English take take off talk taste teach tear tear off tell tell a lie think threaten throw tie touch tremble try turn over twist undress unfold untie urinate vomit wait walk want/need wash self wash s.t. weave weed whisper whistle wipe (nose) wipe/dry (dish) write yawn Q words where? when? how? how many? why? who? what? here Others there left right north south east west Français prendre ôter discuter goûter enseigner déchirer arracher raconter mentir à penser menacer jeter nouer/attacher toucher, palper trembler essayer se retourner tordre/tresser se déshabiller déplier dénouer/détacher uriner vomir attendre marcher vouloir/avoir besoin se laver laver q.c. tisser sarcler/arracher les herbes chuchoter siffler se moucher essuyer (vaisselle) écrire bâiller Questions où quand comment combien pourquoi qui quoi ici Autres là à gauche à droite nord sud est ouest Yanda Commentary zεna kazhε dama cf. ‘say’ maana gijɔ imilo ulɔ dɔmiya un hagε jya cd. ‘go’ tya 17 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English I, me you he, she, it we, us you they, them Français je, moi toi lui, elle nous vous ils Yanda Commentary mi ɔ na yε wɔ bɔ Plants English Cassava2 Sweet potato3 Yanda banakul banakul bumbɔ ɔmɔ cereals Sorghum4 Français manioc patate douce igname de brousse cereales grand mil Bulrush millet5 petit mil yu Fonio6 Maize*7 Rice*8 Cowpea9 fonio mais riz nyebe pɔɔ̃ ̃ tene εma ada nim Bambara groundnut10 εgεlε gεmε Aubergine13 pois de terre arachide souche à manger souche à parfum aubergine Okra14 Sorrel/roselle15 Kenaf16 gombo oseille kenaf Wild yam Groundnut11 Tiger-nut12 Perfume sedge dεnε e εmε Commentary ? ‘cassava of the Bumbo’ a name for Dogon s. of the Yanda The following sorghum types were recorded; yamεni, digirey, ban, dumbɔ, blε, sapurugu, dimil male, weze, sana giɲa. yawara. The following millet types were recorded; dεŋ, kuma, zanzaŋkali, she, bubulu, dɔmzo. The following cowpea types were recorded; daydolo, yalɔ, bɔmbo kin, pile, alagomε. εgεlε ban kwadil mayam kεlba The following aubergine types were recorded; dɔgɔ, anazara. The following okra types were recorded; dεno, gabomi. anzu anzu kul 2 (Manihot esculenta) (Ipomoea batatas) 4 (Sorghum bicolor) 5 (Pennisetum spp.) 6 (Digitaria exilis) 7 (Zea mays) 8 (Oryza sativa/ glaberrima) 9 (Vigna unguiculata) 10 (Vigna subterranea) 11 (Arachis hypogaea) 12 (Cyperus esculentus) 13 (Solanum melongena) 14 (Abelmoschus esculentus) 15 (Hibiscus sabdariffa) 3 18 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English Birdseye chili*17 Onion Garlic18 Tomato19 Melon (other)20 Sesame21 Gourd (Generic) Gourd-bottle22 Gourd warty gourd gourd spoon Other gourds Other gourds Cotton Cola Fan-palm23 Dum palm Baobab24 Shea tree25 Locust tree26 Locust-bean cakes Guiera senegalensis Anogeissus leiocarpus Securidaca longepedunculata Piliostigma reticulatum Cassia tora Acacia albida Balanites aegyptiaca Tamarind27 Sodom apple28 Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Français piment oignon ail tomate courge sesam calebasse bouteille calebasse ronde calebasse furonclé louche autres calebasses autres calebasses coton cola rônier doumier arbre de pain karité néré Yanda sabtere gaw awsa gaw tamatu zɔgɔ pal kɔdɔ Commentary < F. ? ‘Hausa onion’ < Fr. kodye dinele medium size kɔdɔ kunzu kodye benzele kɔdɔ ngini for drinking water kɔdɔ panubidu kεɲε wolo sim nεma ɔdɔ for sifting cereals mizu lol pudu karehi. narehi. siilu kolmba balanzan siende mɔlɔ tamarinier ɔmul arbre sp. I kumbu arbre sp. I gɔgi F. geleje, alale. njeloki. kojoli. barki ulo ceeki F. tanne fig neem 16 (Hibiscus cannabinus) (Capsicum annuum) 18 (Allium sativum) 19 (Lycopersicon esculentum) 20 (Cucumis spp) 21 (Sesamum indicum) 22 (Lagenaria siceraria) 23 (Borassus aethiopum) 24 (Adansonia digitata) 25 (Vitellaria paradoxa) 26 (Parkia biglobosa) 27 (Tamarindus indica) 28 (Calotropis procera) 17 19 R.M. Blench Yanda Wordlist Circulated for comment English Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Tree sp. I Français arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I arbre sp. I Yanda guru kun bĩĩ zimbale kuda agul denugun zindye bɔzɔkɔgɔ budo peleŋ gam kambe zoloŋ tinigu seza bala satelyi ɔbakagaza saju eene kɔkɔl tɔngɔnɔ dunu minam maŋgoro gwiyagu nemberu papay Commentary mango guava pawpaw References Bendor-Samuel, J., E. J. Olsen, and A. R. White, 1989. Dogon. In: Bendor-Samuel, J. (ed). The NigerCongo Languages—A classification and description of Africa’s largest language family. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. 169–177. Bertho, J. 1953. La place des dialectes dogon de la falaise de Bandiagara parmi les autres groupes linguistiques de la zone soudanaise. Bulletin de l’IFAN 15: 405-41. Calame-Griaule, G. 1956. Les Dialectes Dogon. Africa, 26(1):62–72. Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J.A. & E.I.K. Durieux-Boon 2004. Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area. SIL International. Available at: http://www.sil.org/silesr/2004/silesr2004-004.pdf Williamson, Kay & R.M. Blench 2000. Niger-Congo. In: African languages: an introduction. B. Heine & D. Nurse eds. 11-42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 20
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