- Union of International Associations

Transcription

4
INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATIONS
ASSOCIATIONS
INTERNATIONALES
1974 - n ° 1
26th year
26e année
UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
UNION
DES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES
Executive Council / Comité de Direction
President :
Président :
F. A. CASADIO, Directeur, Societa ltaliana per
lÓrganizzazione Internazionale (Italie) :
janvier
January
Editorial
5
Vice-Présidents :
Vice-Presidents :
W. ETEKI-MBOUMOUA (Cameroun).
Mohamed Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)
Chairman of the Pakistan. National Committee of
Trésorier Général :
Treasurer General :
Fernand GRAINDORGE (Belgique).
Membres
Members
Th. CAVALCANTI (Bresil).
Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de la
Fondation Getulio Vargas.
F.W.G. BAKER (U.K.)
Executive secretary , International Council of
Scientific Unions.
Nikola A. KOVALSKY (U.R.S.S.)
Directeur adjoint de lÍnstitut du mouvement
ouvrier international de l'Académie des sciences
de. lÚ.R.S.S.
Roland RAINAUT (France)
Ancien Directeur de lÍnformation et de la Presse
de l'O.E.C.E.
Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)
Executive Secretary of the Society for international Development
Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)
Former Secretary-GeneraI of the Afro-Asian
Organisation for Economic Cooperation.
S.K. SAXENA (India)
Director of the international Cooperative
alliance.
Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)
Secrétaire Général Honoraire du Ministère Belge
de l'Education et de la Culture.
Secrétaire Général :
Robert FENAUX (Belgique)
Ambassadeur honoraire
La Cinquième Biennale de la langue française à Dakar
6
M. Alain Guillermou et le Conseil International de la
langue française
7
The Moscow Congress of World Peace Forces and the
Activity of International non-governmental organisations, by Mm. N. Kovalsky and E. Ametistov
9
Le congrès mondial des forces de paix,
par Isabelle Blume
13
Un document du Congrès : Le coopération des OIG et
des OING
16
Non-power goals of the international society,
by Charles W. Merrifield
20
INTERPHIL, by P.A. Forthomme
28
World system research and information bureau :
a proposal, by Ervin Laszlo
34
L'association internationale des parlementaires de langue
française
41
The problem behind problems, by Ann Dally
World problems newsletter
43
46
Congressalia
48
Calendar
55
Secretary-General :
On the cover : The David, by Michaelangelo.
Couverture : Le David de Michel-Ange.
« International Associations »
« Associations Internationales »
Editorial Committee /Comité de Rédaction :
Robert FENAUX
Published MONTHLY by
Union of International Associations (founded 1910)
Editor, Administration : 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels (Belgium)
Tel. (02)11.83.96.
Advertising : Roger Ranson, Advertising Manager. 35 Boulevard de la République. Saint Cloud 92210 France
Tel. 605.39,78
MENSUEL publié par
Union des Associations Internationales - UAI (fondée en 1910)
Rédaction, Administration: 1, rue aux Laines. 1000 Bruxelles (Belgique)
Tél. (02)11.83.96
Publicité: Roger Ranson Délégué-Directeur de Publicité, 35 boulevard de
la République. Saint Cloud 92210 France
Tél. 605.39.78
International Associations, rue aux Laines 1, Bruxelles 1000 Belgium
Tel. (02) 11.83.96 — 12.54.42.
Associations Internationales, rue aux Laines 1. Bruxelles 1000 Belgique
Tél. (02)11.83.96 — 12.54.42.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1974
3
Editorial
LE TEMPS DES BILANS ET DES VŒUX
Voici venu le temps des bilans et des
vœux. Bilans des tâches accomplies.
Vœux pour la réalisation des projets et
des
programmes
tracés.
Fidèle à sa raison sociale d'études, de
recherches, de services et de publications dans les vastes étendues et
perspectives de la société ouverte aux
organisations
non
gouvernementales
actuellement en pleine expansion, l'UAI
a éperonné ses diverses activités avec
le souci de s'adapter au siècle et de
satisfaire à ses exigences. Voyons cela
en un bref aperçu.
Notre Institut a accru ses efforts
d'étude et d'action en collaboration
soutenue avec les organisations internationales
gouvernementales
et non
gouvernementales et de nombreuses
institutions
universitaires
des
deux
mondes, l'ancien et le nouveau. Ses
dirigeants et collaborateurs ont participé activement, à titre de conseillers
ou d'experts, à maintes réunions internationales.
L'intérêt général de la coopération des
secteurs public et privé et le service
des intérêts communs aux organisations non gouvernementales ont dicté
à l'UAI son programme d'activités voué
à la recherche des moyens d'information, de contact, de liaison, de consultation, de participation, au sein du
réseau global des groupes et des problèmes humains.
A la suite de notre Séminaire de réflexion de Milan sur l'avenir de l'organisation internationale, nous avons
publié un petit livre qui en réunit les
documents préparatoires, le compterendu de synthèse, les principaux exposés revus et complétés par leurs auteurs, des commentaires ultérieurs et
des annexes. Le titre et le sous-titre de
l'ouvrage « La nouvelle société ouverte.
Un séminaire de réflexion sur le rôle à
venir du réseau des associations internationales » en résument bien l'esprit,
et la table des matières qu'on trouvera
ci-après est tout un programme de vive
actualité.
Nous savons que les idées exprimées
au Séminaire ont été génératrices de
pensée et d'action. Par exemple en ce
qui concerne la consultation du secteur
privé par le secteur public de l'organisation internationale et son évolution
vers des formes de participation, nos
études s'ajoutant à notre expérience
nous ont autorisé à donner à la fonction internationale des avis qui ont été
bien reçus. M. Kurt Waldheim a accueilli le Secrétaire Général de l'UAI qui a
trouvé son eminent interlocuteur ouvert
à l'idée que l'Organisation des NationsUnies, en quête d'influence et de
moyens d'action, doit prendre appui
sur les forces de l'opinion et les cadres
des intérêts sociaux que représentent
les associations internationales non
gouvernementales.
Un problème fondamental évoqué à
Milan et qu'on retrouve a la base des
entraves de l'organisation internationale
est certainement celui de la communication verbale et de l'incompréhension
des peuples de civilisations et de mentalités différentes résultant d'une grave
discordance dans les concepts et dans
les mots. Soucieux à cet égard d'aider
à la clarification nécessaire du langage
international, l'UAI a préparé un colloque qui se tiendra à Paris les 28 et
29 mars prochains pour faire le point
de la question avec le concours d'experts de diverses disciplines. Un questionnaire a été envoyé à cet effet aux
OIG et aux OING. Ici encore la fonction
intergouvernementale a promis sa collaboration.
Nos ouvrages de références ont rencontré le même accueil et la même sollicitude.
La 14ème édition 1973 du «Yearbook
of International Organizations », mise
en
ordinateur,
a
été
rapidement
épuisée et l'édition suivante, désormais
annuelle, est attendue avec impatience.
Fait nouveau, une édition française de
l'Annuaire sortira dans le même temps.
C'est un événement pour les pays de la
Francophonie qui demandent depuis
longtemps un dictionnaire de références
en
terminologie
française.
Une autre initiative dans le même ordre
de références a été la mise en chantier,
en collaboration avec Mankind 2000 et
le Center for Integrative Studies, centre
d'études sur les questions touchant la
politique scientifique, d'un « Yearbook
of World Problems » dont l'œuvre principale sera la collecte des renseignements déjà publiés sur les problèmes
considérés d'importance mondiale (ou
continentale) par les organisations (de
préférence
internationales)
qui
s'en
occupent. Quelque 3000 problèmes ont
déjà été enregistrés.
Ajoutons à ce tableau d'activités notre
Calendrier annuel des Congrès dont la
promotion volumineuse est le fruit des
efforts de la section des Congrès de
l'UAI qui a cette année à son actif
l'heureuse négociation, avec les autorités japonaises, du Congrès sur l'organisation des Congrès qui se tiendra
à la fin de 1975, à Kyoto.
Enfin notre Revue n'a pas été le cadet
de nos soucis, nos lecteurs en sont
juges. Les numéros ont été systématiquement programmés de manière à
traiter alternativement de thèmes centraux et de sujets variés d'intérêt international non gouvernemental. Telle
quelle, la Revue se veut un organe
d'études et d'informations en même
temps qu'une tribune à la disposition
des associations. L'intérêt scientifique
et la curiosité générale y trouvent l'un
et l'autre leur compte. La qualité des
signataires des études et des articles
n'aura pas échappé à l'attention de nos
fidèles lecteurs.
Après ce bref aperçu-bilan, nos vœux,
au seuil de cette année qui s'annonce
difficile pour le monde entier, tiendront
en peu de mots : puisse la solidarité
des faits, de plus en plus criante à
notre époque d'interdépendance, modifier les mentalités égoïstes et susciter
un état d'esprit transnational qui soit
autre chose qu'une transaction des intérêts nationaux sous la peur de la
guerre au plan des Etats, ou qu'une
juxtaposition des sections nationales
des associations internationales au
plan des organisations non gouvernementales.
Robert FENAUX.
5
L'internationale de la
francophonie
La 5emé biennale de la langue française
à Dakar
La Cinquième Biennale de la langue française s'est tenue cette
année à Dakar, au Palais de l'Assemblée nationale. Elle a réuni
quelque deux cent cinquante participants venus des quatre
vents de l'univers francophone, français, belges, luxembourgeois, suisses, canadiens, libanais, ivoiriens, dahomeyens,
mauriciens, vietnamiens, haïtiens, et bien d'autres nationalités
encore, sous la présidence d'honneur du poèts-président
Leopold Sedar Senghor, membre de l'Institut de France, en
habit vert comme ses « confrères » académiciens, M. Maurice
Druon, ministre français de la culture, et l'historien Jacques
Chastenet, remplaçant M. Maurice Genevoix, Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie française (voir la photo ci-dessous).
M. Alain Guillermou, l'ardent promoteur de ces états-généraux de
la langue française, avait le sourire radieux de ses œuvres en
annonçant les trois thèmes de la Biennale de Dakar : le français hors de France, l'enseignement du français langue seconde
et langue étrangère, l'enrichissement de la langue et de la
littérature française par les apports africains et malgaches.
Ces thèmes ont été traités simultanément en trois ateliers
dirigés par MM. Auguste Viatte, président de « Culture française », André Reboulet, rédacteur en chef de la revue « Le
6
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1974
français dans le monde » et Robert Cornevin, Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie des Sciences d'Outremer, président de
l'Association des Ecrivains de langue française.
Les nombreux exposés, d'un vif intérêt scientifique, seront
publiés en volume.
M. Robert Fenaux, Secrétaire général de l'Union des Associations internationales, invité de la Biennale, a fait une communication ayant trait au langage international, au français langue
de références et au mouvement des associations internationales
qui intéresse la Francophonie en général et le tiers monde
francophone en particulier. Cette communication a été suivie
du vœu suivant adopté à l'unanimité de la Biennale : - Etant
donné la vocation internationale de la langue française, il importe essentiellement que celle-ci participe a la clarification du
langage international, qu'elle s'affirme comme langue de références de l'organisation internationale gouvernementale ou
non gouvernementale, et qu'elle cherche son plein emploi dans
toutes les manifestations d'une société désormais ouverte aux
courants
transnationaux
d'idées
et
d'intérêts
».
Le Secrétaire général de l'UAI a été reçu en audience par le
Président Senghor.
M. Alain Guillermou
La nouvelle société ouverte
et le Conseil
international
Un séminaire de réflexion sur le rôle à venir
du réseau des associations internationales.
de la langue française.
A l'occasion du récent Festival liégeois des organisations internationales de langue française, notre Revue a consacré son
numéro d'octobre dernier au mouvement de la Francophonie
.qui est assurément une des manifestations les plus originales
et les plus vivantes de la société internationale de notre temps.
Ayant obtenu, pour lors, la collaboration de diverses personne-,
lités dont la charge ou l'opinion font autorité dans l'univers
francophone, nous avions vivement regretté que !e défenseur
le plus entreprenant et le plus enthousiaste du français universel. le professeur Alain Guillermou tout à la fois directeur-fondateur de l'excellente Revue « Vie et Langage » et de l'Office du
vocabulaire français, mais surtout le créateur des Biennales de
la langue française, n'ait pas eu le temps de nous apporter son
message.
Sans doute nous aurait-il dit, à sa manière chaleureuse, la belle
aventure de ses œuvres et les fruits qu'elles ont portés, tel le
Conseil international de la langue française — en sigle le CILF.
C'est le président de ce Conseil M. Joseph Hanse, membre de
l'Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises dé
Belgique, professeur à l'Université de Louvain. qui a succinctement défini l'objet du CILF pour nos lecteurs.
Cependant il arriva fâcheusement qu'en mentionnant dans
notre editorial le professeur Hanse comme le président-fondateur du CILF, nous avons, par inadvertance, soustrait à César ce
qui appartient à César, à l'exemple de M. Franceschini qui a
publié depuis dans le « Monde » un article attribuant cette fondation au Haut comité (français) de la langue française. M. Alain
Guillermou a revendiqué son droit d'auteur dans une mise au
point qu'à publiée le grand journal français. C'est bien volontiers
qi´à notre tour nous lui rendons historiquement justice.
Sous ces titre et sous-titre, qui suffiront a l'intelligence du
lecteur, l'UAI vient de publier en six langues (français,
anglais, allemand, espagnol, italien, néerlandais), grâce au
généreux concours du Ministère belge des affaires étrangères,
un petit ouvrage faisant suite à ses études et discussions de
Milan relatives à la philosophie de l'organisation non gouvernementale.
On trouvera ci-après la table des matières de l'ouvrage.
Message de M. R. Van Elslande, Ministre des Affaires étrangères de Belgique.
Avant-propos par R. Fenaux, Secrétaire Général de
l'UAI.
I — La nouvelle société ouverte
F.A.. Casadio : La transformation de la société
internationale.
M. Merle : Les acteurs de la société internationale.
G.P. Speeckaert : Transnational ou international ?
A. Szalai : L'avenir des organisations internationales.
II — Un Séminaire de reflexion
G. Devillé : Essai de synthèse
Extraits des interventions
Opinions et réponses à quelques questions.
Liste des participants.
III — L'avenir des organisations internationales non
gouvernementales
C. Roosevelt : L'avenir politique des associations transnationales.
D.H. Smith : L'avenir du volontariat.
A.J.N. Judge : Des principes de l'action transnationale.
Les relations interorganisationnelles; à la recherche d'un nouveau style.
IV — Initiatives de l'Union des Associations Internationales dans la suite du Séminaire de Milan
V — Annexes
1. Loi belge accordant la personnification civile aux associations internationales.
2. Projet de convention de 1923 relative à la
condition juridique des associations internationales.
3. Projet de convention de 1950 sur les conditions d'attribution d'un statut international
à des associations d'initiative privée (1950).
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1974,
7
8
THE MOSCOW CONGRESS OF WORLD PEACE FORCES
AND THE
ACTIVITY OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS
by MM. N. Kovalsky and E. Ametistov
World Federation of Young Federalists,
and European Federation of Liberal
and Radical Youth.
of the Institute of the Internationa! Workers Movement
The Background
of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Only a lew years ago the convening of
an international public forum with
such a representative composition of
participants and members of directing
bodies and, moreover, its passing any
agreed upon decisions was practically
impossible. However, during the year
preceeding the Congress, in the course
of preparatory work which acquired a
truly international scope, in the process
of free and democratic comparison of
different positions and views a possibility was revealed to reach an agreement
between various public movements on
cardinal issues of present-day international relations and social development. Preparatory and Coordination
Committees functioned in more than
100 countries of Europe, Asia, Africa
and America. The basic issues of the
Congress´ political line were discussed
at two international consultative meetings and at regional conferences and
public meetings held in Warsaw, Basle,
Leipzig, Reykjavik, Panama, Dacca, Antanarivu,
Bamaco,
etc.
The Congress continued the trend of
cohesion of all peace movements on
the platform of struggle for security
and peace which manifested itself
during the campaign of solidarity with
the peoples of Indochina especially at
the Stockholm Conferences, the Brussels Assembly of Public Forces for Security and Cooperation in Europe, in
organising joint action by various
trade-union, youth and women's movements whose representatives met in
Paris and Rome, Bologna and Helsinki,
Berlin and Varna.
With each passing year the participants
of these movements become increasingly convinced that the « watershed »
in the struggle for peace lies not along
geographical and ideological borders
but between all peace loving forces on
the one hand and forces of militarism,
reaction and chauvinism on the other
hand.
The participants
The World Congress of Peace Forces
was held in Moscow from October 25
to 31, 1973. An analysis of the composition of the Participants in the Congress
shows that this was the biggest international public forum in history where
more than 128 international and 1 1 0 0
national organisations and parties from
143
countries
were
represented.
The political composition of the Congress was also very impressive : 74
Christian-Democratic, Liberal, Peasants'
parties and organisations; 49 Socialist
and Social-Democratic parties; 58 national-democratic parties and movements; and about 70 Communist and
Workers' Parties took part in it. 233
MPs, representatives of 308 trade
unions, 84 women's and 104 youth organisations were among the Congress
delegates.
International organisations were also
widely represented at the Congress.
Among intergovernmental organisations,
mention must be made of the United
Nations and a number of its bodies and
commissions (including the personal
representative of the UN Secretary
General, Special Committees on Decolonisation and Apartheid, United Nations Economic Commissions for Europe and Africa, etc.). Representatives
of UNESCO, ILO, IAEA (International
Atomic Energy Agency), UNCTAD, the
League of Arab States, and the Organisation of African Unity were also present.
The list of international non-governmental bodies (NGOs) included a great variety of functional, political and ideological organisations. Among more than
100 NGOs participating in the Con-
gress, there were organisations advocating international cooperation in foreign
policy, economy, science, art, law, morality and religion, professional, youth,
women's and other bodies. Representatives of such politically and ideologically different organisations and movements as World Peace Council and
Pax Christi, World Federation of Trade
Unions and World Confederation of
Labour, World Federation of Democratic Youth and World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth, Berlin Conference of Catholic Christians and the Asian
Buddhist Committee for Promotion of
Peace, participated in a constructive
and friendly discussion held at the
Congress.
NGOs of various trends played an important role in directing the work of
the Congress and in drafting its final
documents. This is confirmed by the
fact that representatives of 20 NGOs
were included in the Steering Committee of the Congress : Afro-Asia Peoples'
Solidarity Organisation, Christian Peace
Conference, International Peace Bureau, International Student Movement
for the United Nations, International
Union of Socialist Youth, International
Union of Students, Women's International Democratic Federation, Women's
International League for Peace and
Freedom, World Association of World
Federalists, World Council of Churches,
World Federation of Democratic Youth,
World Federation of Trade Unions,
World Federation of United Nations
Associations. World Peace Council,
World Federation of War Veterans,
World Federation of Scientific Workers,
All-African Federation of Trade Unions,
9
The
unprecedentedly
broad
political
and ideological basis of the World
Congress of Peace Forces in Moscow
is the direct result of the process of
detente in international relations and of
consolidation of allround international
cooperation. From this point of view the
Congress was a new and important
step on the road towards establishing
closer ties and cooperation between
public forces of various political trends
and especially NGOs uniting these forces.
The range of problems discussed by
the Congress was equally wide. The 14
commissions of the Congress focused
their attention on such issues as peaceful coexistence and international security, Indochina, Middle East, security
and cooperation in Europe, peace and
security in Asia, disarmament, nationalliberation movements, struggle against
colonialism and racism, development
and economic independence, environment, cooperation in education and
culture, economic, scientific and technical cooperation, social problems and
human rights, Chile and others. NGOs
took an active and fruitful part in the
work of all commissions. At the same
time NGOs´ attention was drawn naturally to the work of the 13th Commission which was specially set up to discuss the problems of cooperation between NGOs and IGOs.
Role of NGOs___________
The discussion held in the 13th Commission and the Moscow Congress raised an urgent question of the role and
place of NGOs in contemporary world,
of their ties and cooperation between
themselves and IGOs, their ability to
express broad public opinion and to
influence world political, economic and
social processes.
The new situation which has recently
emerged in international relations is
characterised by important positive
changes and opens up real opportunities for final transition from cold war
and tension to a stable peace. LI.
Brezhnev, General Secretary of the CC
CPSU convincingly showed this in his
speech delivered at the Congress. The
implementation of these opportunities
requires maximum efforts by all forces
standing on anti-war positions. It is
but natural that the promotion of the
process of detente must be in the centre of attention of all NGOs and each
of them can make its own contribution
to this process by its own means in its
own
specific
sphere
of
activity.
International cooperation and mutual
understanding are the necessary condition of the NGOs aimed at supporting
the process of detente. There are two
aspects of this cooperation : first, relations between various NGOs and,
second, relations between NGOs and
IGOs.
The Moscow Congress has convincingly shown that the key moment in organising cooperation between NGOs
10
is the realisation of a simple truth that
the aim of the defence of peace and
easing international tension is so important to mankind that compared to it
differences
in
NGOs´
socio-political
views lose their importance and become secondary and, consequently, these
differences must not be an obstacle to
cooperation for achieving the main
aim.
Besides that, the attitude of a NGO
towards the question of preservation of
peace, its practical efforts and contacts with other organisations in this
respect are the most important criterion of the lawfulness of its existence
and activity, because the legal basis
of functioning of any NGO is the correspondence of its aims and methods
to the UN Charter, whose main aims
are, as it is known, support of world
peace, security and international cooperation.
Good will and mutual understanding,
necessary flexibility and sincere interestedness and loyalty to the principles
and aims of the UN Charter can and
must help in overcoming difficulties
emerging in cooperation between individual NGOs. In this respect, of a special importance is the exchange of
ideas on the problems of peace both
on a wide scale and in specific spheres of activity of NGOs, the development of a dialogue between them, and
expansion and development of mutual
contacts.
Relations between NGOs and
IGOs
As for the second aspect of the problem of cooperation — relations between NGOs and IGOs — for its solution ways must be found to establish
the broadest possible relations between these international organisations
in the question of supporting peace and
international security. This especially
concerns such universal IGOs as the
United Nations and its specialised bodies, as well as regional organisations.
NGOs could render considerable assistance to IGOs in solving the most important international political problems
(in particular in settling international
conflicts, creating security systems,
solving questions connected with disarmament, struggle against colonialism, facism, racism, apartheid and
other forms of racial discrimination,
protection
of
environment,
etc).
Another sphere of NGOs' activity is
promotion of implementation of the
decisions passed by IGOs, primarily by
the United Nations and its specialised
bodies, through informing the public on
a wide scale and mobilising public support
to
the
decisions
of
IGOs.
It must be pointed out that as for the
scope of contacts between NGOs and
IGOs the Moscow Congress was very
effective. At the Congress numerous
representatives of these two categories of organisations met on equal
terms during discussions of the ques-
tions of peace and ensuring international security. It must be said that cooperation between these two kinds of
international organisation clearly manifested itself in two ways. On the one
hand the activity of these NGOs
during the preparation for the Congress
and during its proceedings from the
legal point of view consisted in implemeting the aims and principles proclaimed in the UN Charter and in many
decisions passed by the UN and its
specialised bodies. On the other hand,
the Congress acting as a whole as the
most influential public movement decided to send its delegations to the UN,
OAU, League of Arab States and other
IGOs to inform them about its conclusions and resolutions. This is undoubtedly an important practical step in increasing public influence on the activities of IGOs. It must be noted that
by the time of completing this article
a representative delegation of the Congress has already delivered the documents passed by the Congress to the
Chairman of the XXIII Session of the
UN General Assembly, to the Chairman
of the Security Council, and to the UN
Secretary-General.
Difficulties which still exist in relations
between various NGOs and between
NGOs and IGOs are explained to a
great extent by the aftermath of the
cold war. To overcome them these
relations must be based on reciprocity,
on understanding specific features of
cooperating parties and on the search
for
mutually
acceptable
decisions.
In the present conditions, when the influence of world public opinion on the
solution of important international issues has considerably increased, new
opportunities emerge to enhance the
role of NGOs in United Nations activity, in its specialised agencies and
regional IGOs, with the aim of consolidating peace and developing international
cooperation. It is especially important
to stress that the emergence of these
new opportunities must be accompanied by further démocratisation of international life in accordance with the
generally recognised principles of international law reflected in the UN
Charter. This means that the aim of
cooperation between NGOs and IGOs
must be consolidation of international
security and peaceful coexistence, development of equal cooperation and
mutual understanding between nations
and social progress.
Recommendations on IGO-NGO
relations
Proceeding from these tasks the 13th
Commission of the World Congress of
Peace Forces, discussing the questions
of cooperation between IGOs and
NGOs in its final report, accepted the
following recommendations on the concrete aspects of this cooperation :
1. To increase the opportunities for
NGOs to render positive influence on
IGOs, and first of all the United Nations
concerning the questions on the Congress agenda in order to make the
detente irreversible. This will require :
(a) more effective use of consultative
status by NGOs themselves;
(b) increase of the influence of NGOs
reflecting public opinion in various regions of the world, in UN bodies connected with the most important political
issues (maintenance of peace, struggle
against acts of aggression, peaceful
solution of international conflicts, disarmament, decolonisation, etc.).
The necessity of wider positive use of
NGOs to preserve peace raises the
question of creating within the UN
Charter additional procedural opportunities (except consultative status in the
ECOSOC) to establish contacts between NGOs and various UN agencies
and bodies on the most important political issues.
2. To invite the broadest possible range
of NGOs of various political and ideological trends into a dialogue and cooperation (in certain cases into joint
actions as well) on the basic problems
of peace and international cooperation
in support of the UN positive activity
aimed at preserving peace.
3. To carry out joint actions by various
NGOs in support of creating international security systems and maintaining
world peace, against the arms race,
for banning weapons of mass destruction.
4. To carry out joint actions by various
NGOs to promote settling all armed
conflicts on a just basis.
5. To promote by all available means
(politically, materially and morally) the
process of decolonisation, the struggle
for abolishing the vestiges of colonial
system against racism, fascism, apartheid and other forms of discrimination, for consolidation of national independence of newly emerged states.
6. To support allround and equal international cooperation and contacts on a
global and regional scale aimed at
promoting economic and social progress of the peoples, first of all, in the
developing countries, defence of human rights, protection of environment,
education of the younger generation in
the spirit of peace, mutual understanding and respect for other nations.
7. To prepare and hold NGOs conferences to discuss joint actions to help the
UN and its specialised agencies In various aspects of their work aimed at
settling conflicts and maintaining peace, disarmament, decolonisation, etc.
8. To discuss a question of creating a
mechanism
for
further
consultations
and cooperation between NGOs and
for working out by them concrete decisions stemming from their contacts
with the United Nations and other IGOs
on the problems of maintaining peace.
Thus, the Commission has worked out
a definite programme of actions by
NGOs reflected in the Congress Communique. This programme can be joined not only by the organisations participating in the Congress but also by
any other NGOs which stand for peace
and
international
security.
. The elaboration of such a programme
based on a broad political and ideological basis is the most important
event in the activity of NGOs all over
the world. This programme can become
a real basis .for consolidating efforts of
wide circles of world public in defence
of peace and security of peoples. D
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1974
Photo UNHCR
11
Moscou 1973
Les délégués des mouvements nationaux de 143 pays, de 120 organisations
internationales
non
gouvernementales de 1.100 organisations et
mouvements et des personnalités telles
que l'écrivain anglais Aldridges, l'écrivain français Hervé Bazin, Lady Flaming, Philippe Noël Baker, Mme Salvador Allende et Mme Amilcar Cabral,
entre autres, composèrent une assemblée de 3.200 à 3.300 personnes qui
emplissait la grande salle du palais des
Congrès à Moscou.
Ils étaient venus du monde entier. Mais
fait étrange cette assemblée donnait
moins l'impression de la bigarrure que
de l'unité dans la diversité. Tous les
congressistes avaient cette impression
d'unité qui efface toute différence de
race et de costume.
Cela tenait au fait que le Congrès ayant
été
soigneusement
préparé,
chaque
délégué savait exactement pour quoi il
avait fait ce long voyage, qu'il reconnaissait comme vrais les buts du Congrès et qu'il savait quel rôle il allait
jouer pour que cette rencontre soit ce
qu'elle voulait être : « Le Congrès des
Forces de Paix ».
Le Congrès, on s'en souvient, était une
initiative du C.M.P. exprimée lors de la
mémorable réunion de sa Présidence
à Santiago de Chili en octobre 1972.
Durant les mois qui devaient suivre
aucune peine ne fut épargnée pour faire
comprendre à tous et à chacun que ce
Congrès, pour marquer une étape dans
rétablissement d'une paix stable devait
rassembler toutes les forces de paix.
Le C.M.P. a pensé qu'il avait non seulement le devoir de proposer ce Congrès, mais des chances de le réussir.
N'avait-ïl pas lancé les grandes campagnes contre les armes nucléaires et
la réunion des Cinq grands à Genève
en 1 9 6 4 ? N'avait-il pas lutté contre
les expériences atomiques et pour le
désarmement; n'avait-il pas été le
grand soutien de toutes les luîtes de
libération ?
D'organisation considérée comme adversaire par les partisans de la force,
le C.M.P. n'a-t-il pas conquis sa place
parmi les organisations non-gouvernementales ? Il est devenu un des hôtes
réguliers des Assemblées générales de
l'O.N.U., membre du bureau des orga-
par
Isabelle BLUME
Membre de la Présidence du
Conseil Mondial de la Paix
nisations non-gouvernementales et a
organisé avec elles une grande conférence pour le désarmement. Les secrétaires des organismes spécialisés de
l'O.N.U. assistent à ses réunions, même
à celles de la présidence, et il est rare
qu'ils ne soient porteurs de messages
du Secrétaire Général. Le secrétaire
général, Kurt Waldheim, empêché de
venir à Moscou, y envoya un chaleureux message.
Le C.M.P. dès l'époque où il lança
l'idée du Congrès avait conquis la confiance de nombreux chefs de gouvernement, de partis politiques et d'organisations internationales syndicales.
Préparation
Devenu cette force et ce lieu de rencontre pour la paix, le C.M.P. n'a jamais
cru qu'il pouvait suffire à la tâche. Il
reste en cela fidèle à son principe de
base énoncé par Joliot Curie. Cela, le
C.M.P. est allé le dire dans les Assemblées Continentales à Dacca, à Tananarive, à Bamako, à Panama, au Canada, à Reykjavik. Il l'a redit à toutes les
organisations
non
gouvernementales,
il a organisé des séminaires sur le
désarmement et le développement, il a
invité tous et chacun à deux conférences préparatoires et tous sont venus.
Ils ont débattu du titre, de la date, du
lieu, de l'ordre du jour et du déroulement du Congrès.
Il est vrai que le Secrétaire Général du
C.M.P. fut le président du Congrès,
mais il fut élu par ses pairs et non imposé.
Non contents d'avoir assisté à ces réunions préparatoires, les adhérents se
sont réunis au cours de l'été en 14
commissions de travail pour produire
sur chaque objet de ces Commissions
un rapport comprenant à la fois une
analyse du sujet et des propositions
d'étude et d'actions qui puissent servir
de base à la discussion dans chaque
Commission. Chaque délégué possédait au début du Congrès 13 rapports
auxquels vint se joindre « in fine », et
l'on comprend pourquoi, un rapport sur
le Chili.
Le Congrès était ouvert à tous, la liberté
de parole étant garantie. La presse
était présente même dans les réunions
des
Commissions.
Les délégués furent tous logés confortablement dans l'hôtel Russia. Chaque
délégation avait à sa disposition un
nombre d'interprètes variant suivant le
volume de la délégation. Les transports
furent bien organisés, même pendant la
tempête de neige. C'est sans doute
cette organisation de travail minutieuse
et précise, le respect de la parole donnée quant au déroulement des travaux,
qui empêcha ce Congrès extraordinaire et unique dans les annales de la
lutte mondiale pour la paix, de devenir
une tour de Babel et qui permit qu'il se
terminât par un projet d'action de continuation qui fut présenté par M. Pereira, Secrétaire Général de l'Association pour les Nations Unies et l'un des
Vice-présidents du Congrès; l'autre
Vice-président étant M. Mac Bride.
Président de l'Amnistie Internationale.
La suite
Le Congrès de Moscou n'a donc pas
fermé ses portes. Son Comité directeur
élu qui fonctionna tout au long du Congrès et le Comité préparatoire se réuniront en lévrier à Moscou pour décider
des actions communes à entreprendre.
Les premières, décidées de commun
accord sont les suivantes :
13
— Le Congrès appelle toutes les organisations participantes, nationales et
internationales, à approuver les divers
rapports
et
recommandations
d'actions et à les mettre en pratique dans
la mesure de leurs possibilités et selon
des formes adaptées aux méthodes,
aux traditions, aux conditions dans
lesquelles elles opèrent, et à se guider
pour ce faire sur le principe de respect
de l'indépendance des divers mouvements et organisations concernées. Le
Congrès appelle également toutes les
organisations, tous les partis et mouvements à promouvoir l'esprit de coopération, de dialogue et d'action commune qui a caractérisé le Congrès; —
la
diffusion
des
rapports;
2. une action immédiate pour le MoyenOrient, qui est en concordance absolue
avec les dernières résolutions de
l'O.N.U._____
L'appel______________
L'appel issu du Congrès montre bien
l'esprit
qui
l'anima
:
"
Nous, les participants au Congrès
mondial des Forces de Paix, réunis à
Moscou, appelons toutes les femmes
et tous les hommes à unir leurs efforts
afin d'assurer une paix juste et durable
sur la terre.
« Notre appel est le résultat de réflexions et de discussions quant à la voie
qui mène à une paix durable. Nos conceptions peuvent différer à maints
égards. Mais nous sommes tous d'accord sur le point essentiel : la nécessité d'éliminer la guerre de la société
humaine, d'assurer à chaque peuple le
droit de choisir sa propre route en
toute indépendance et de mettre les
grandes réalisations des sciences et
des techniques au service du progrès
social. >
On ne peut mieux exprimer le sens
politique du Congrès que ne le fait cet
extrait du rapport de la Commission
de la Coexistence Pacifique et Sécurité Internationale :
La coexistence pacifique
au centre du congrès
- Les participants à la discussion ont
souligné qu'aujourd'hui une situation
historique
qualitativement
nouvelle
s'est créée qui oblige à abandonner
les méthodes et les moyens basés sur
l'emploi de la force dans les relations
entre Etats, à refuser les instruments
de la guerre froide, de l'hostilité et de
la méfiance.
- A l'époque nucléaire, l'élimination
des guerres et de la politique de force
est une condition fondamentale de la
survie de l'espèce humaine. Ainsi qu'il
fut souligné, la guerre nucléaire ne
laisserait subsister qu'un seul monde :
celui de la mort. L'humanité ne pourra
pas résoudre ses problèmes immédiats
ni ses problèmes de demain sans qu'un
système de relations internationales
basé sur la coexistence pacifique ne
soit mis en place et consolidé.
» II est incontestable que le danger
14
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES 1974
d'éclatement d'une guerre nucléaire a
diminué dans la dernière période. Les
perspectives d'une paix générale sont
devenues meilleures. La cessation de
la guerre au Vietnam, la détente en
Europe, les travaux de la Conférence
sur les problèmes de la sécurité et de
la coopération en Europe, l'étape actuelle de développement des relations
soviéto-américaines, les mesures en
vue de prévenir la guerre nucléaire et
de limiter la course aux armements,
l'ampleur croissante de la coopération
internationale apportent une contribution substantielle à la création d'un climat politique mondial plus favorable.
La détente est aujourd'hui la tendance
dominante et c'est précisément elle qui
détermine l'orientation du développement ultérieur du monde. (...) .
» De la discussion ont résulté une
série d'idées concrètes qui ont aidé
à définir le concept de coexistence
pacifique. Ce concept est fondé sur la
conviction que les principes de la coexistence pacifique sont étroitement liés
à la sécurité internationale. Seule
l'acceptation au niveau mondial de ces
principes et leur stricte application
peuvent garantir la sécurité internationale.
» L'essence de la coexistence pacifique
des Etats consiste avant tout à renoncer à la guerre, à la menace de la force
et à la menace d'y recourir comme
moyen de régler les litiges internationaux. La coexistence pacifique signifie le respect de l'intégrité territoriale
et de l'inviolabilité des frontières des
Etats et répudie résolument les prétentions territoriales expansionistes, le
soutien explicite ou déguisé de ces
prétentions par d'autres pays. Elle
implique la reconnaissance de l'égalité
et du droit souverain des peuples à
l'auto-détermination, le respect des engagements qui découlent du droit
international y compris la charte de
l'O.N.U. ».
Les Commissions
C'est cette recherche des méthodes
de la coexistence pacifique et de la
négociation pour la solution des problèmes précis qui les confrontent qui
marque la discussion et les rapports
de Commissions sur le Vietnam, le
Lacs, le Cambodge et le Moyen-Orient.
Il est des traits communs entre les
rapports de toutes les Commissions;
par exemple le besoin d'information
dans les deux sens. Chaque délégué
a senti je crois la nécessité impérieuse de diffuser non suelement l'idée
de paix, mais les conclusions précises
du Congrès, celles qui peuvent mener
à des actions qui fassent avancer la
paix, en se rapportant autant que faire
se peut aux résolutions déjà prises par
les Nations Unies dans ce domaine.
Un second trait de cette assemblée
c'est la nécessité qu'éprouvent les
peuples à se regrouper par continent
pour chercher comment assurer leur
sécurité et leur indépendance. C'est le
cas non seulement en Europe mais
encore en Asie et en Afrique.
Il y a là une situation dont les membres des commissions qui traitaient
de ces objets ont été frappés, en particulier dans les Commissions 7 et 8
« Mouvement de libération nationale,
lutte contre le colonialisme et le racisme » et « Développement et indépendance économique ».
La paix stable ne peut être que le résultat d'une vaste coopération dans le
monde, dans l'égalité et l'indépendance de chacun.
La Commission sur le désarmement,
bien préparée, composée surtout d'experts qui sont en même temps des
militants de la paix fut une commission
sans histoire, dont les travaux approuvés à l'unanimité nous permettront de
reprendre avec plus de zèle et de pertinence ce combat qui reste le combat
de fond le plus dur de la paix.
Les autres commissions, où se faisait
l'examen de toutes les formes de coopération, même dans le domaine de
l'environnement, concluent toutes politiquement à la nécessité de la coexistence pacifique, de la sécurité, de la
négociation substituée à l'emploi de
la force pour régler les différends entre
nations, du désarmement, pour permettre une coopération réelle dans le
monde sur le pied d'égalité la plus
absolue.
Des interventions dont celles de quelques belges à la commission des
« Problèmes sociaux, Droits de l'homme
et paix » ont montré que le Congrès
était une Assemblée d'expression parfaitement libre.
Je crois que chacun peut souscrire aux
conclusions de la commission « progrès social et droits de l'homme »;
Vivre et travailler dans un monde de
paix, de liberté et de justice sociale
est le droit inaliénable de tout être
humain.
Une atmosphère de coexistence pacifique et de coopération amicale est un
élément essentiel du progrès social et
de la garantie des droits de l'homme.
Les travailleurs, plus que tous autres,
souffrent de la misère, du chômage,
des violations grossières des droits
de l'homme. Les hommes ne sauraient
être libres, dans la pleine acception
de ce terme, s'ils ne jouissent pas de
droits sociaux et économiques véritablement garantis, ainsi que de droits
civils et politiques.
Les Etats et les gouvernements qui
n'ont pas encore signé et ratifié les
pactes internationaux sur les droits
de l'homme doivent le faire sans retard
pour qu'ils puissent entrer en vigueur.
Il conviendrait d'établir, là où il n'existe
pas, un mécanisme d'application adéquat pour la protection des droits de
l'homme. A ces fins, il faut utiliser
dans leur pleine mesure les organismes
existants
de
l'O.N.U.
La pratique des tortures se poursuit;
tes conventions humanitaires existantes relatives aux conflits armés sont
non seulement inadéquates mais
encore
honteusement
Ignorées
par
plusieurs pays. H est recommandé que
les Nations unies prennent des mesures spéciales pour remédier à celte
grave situation.
Tout homme a un droit inaliénable à la
vie, droit qui doit être défendu par la
loi. Les Etats doivent tendre à l'abolition complète de la peine de mort. Le
droit à la vie est également lié au problème du droit de renoncer à priver
autrui de la vie. Il est indispensable
d'extirper toutes les formes de discrimination raciale, nationale, linguistique,
religieuse
et
de
sexe.
Les conditions de travail doivent être
améliorées, l'esclavage et le travail
forcé abolis. H convient d'améliorer le
système de là santé publique et les
conditions de vie, de généraliser un
système efficace de sécurité sociale,
de liquider l'analphabétisme, de développer l'enseignement général. Il faut
résoudre le problème des travailleurs
émigrés.
Il convient de développer la coopération entre les Etats à divers niveaux,
y compris entre organisations internationales, syndicales, de jeunesse, féminines, religieuses et autres organisations sociales, ainsi qu'entre les juristes, les économistes, les sociologues
et autres savants.
Dans tous les pays, tous les citoyens
doivent avoir les mêmes possibilités
d'accès aux fruits du progrès social.
Tous les droits économiques, sociaux,
politiques, civils et culturels doivent
être assurés par la législation et garantis de façon appropriée.
Diversité des opinions______
Des congressistes impatients espéraient
qu'une préparation aussi minutieuse du
travail en commission allait réduire
presque à zéro les interventions en
séance plénière et les interventions
préparées par avance en Commission,
allongeant ainsi le temps consacré au
dialogue.
Il a bien fallu se rendre compte que ce
Congrès, qui rassemblait toutes les
forces de paix, ressemblait à nos Congrès du mouvement de la paix en ce
qu'il devenait la plateforme d'où les
peuples en lutte chaude et serrée pour
leur indépendance politique et économique pouvaient devant le monde entier
décrire leur situation et faire appel à
l'aide. Ce rôle-là, les réunions et rencontres des forces de paix devront le
jouer jusqu'à ce que le monde soit libéré de toutes les formes d'impérialisme, de colonialisme ou de néocolonialisme.
Par contre, où le Congrès prit une tournure accentuée de discussion, c'est
au moment où les commissions durent
discuter leur rapport. A ce moment là
l'accrochage se fit entre le bureau et
la salle et dans la salle entre des
groupes aux idées différentes. Certains rapports portent le signe de ces
discussions puisqu'ils rapportent des
avis de minorités à côté de conclusions
adoptées
en
commun.
Un signe extraordinaire de ce Congrès
fut le sentiment très vif d'une égalité
parfaite entre les pays petits et grands.
Ainsi te représentant des îles Seychelles, de la Réunion ou de l'île Maurice
parlèrent de l'indispensabilité de la
libération de leur pays pour assurer la
sécurité et la paix dans l'Océan
Indien, avec autant d'assurance que
s'ils eussent été les représentants de
500 millions d'habitants comme les
Indiens.
Le congrès connut quelques sommets;
les interventions de Leonide Brejnev,
de Mme Hortensia Allende, de Mme
Amilcar Cabral et celles de tous les
combattants pour l'indépendance des
pays
d'Afrique
et
d'Asie.
(1)
Les séances plénières furent comme
un chant du monde à la paix. Chant
monotone peut-être avec des refrains
comme ont dit certains. Mais combien
plus doux et plus vivifiant que le
bruit des bombes et des avions de la
mort.
Si le Congrès de Moscou a créé chez
ses participants la conviction que
l'Union de tous est vraiment indispensable pour gagner la paix, il aura bien
mérité de toutes les générations à
venir.
0
(1) Ces discours de portée politique, résumés
par Mme Blume, ne sont pas repris dans ce
compte rendu.
15
Un document du Congrès de la Paix
Le rapport de la Commission 13
L'une des Treize Commissions du Congrès mondial des forces de Paix qui s'est tenu
à Moscou du 25 au 31 octobre 1973 avait pour tâche d'étudier « la coopération des
organisations internationales intergouvernementales et non gouvernementales ».
Soucieux d'information objective, nous publions volontiers le rapport de cette commission qui contient des suggestions intéressantes du point de vue de la méthode de
la consultation.
Tout le monde des associations internationales, sans distinction d'idéologies, souscrira de bon cœur au vœu de mobiliser l'opinion publique en faveur d'un ordre de
justice et de paix.
Cela ne veut pas dire que la même unanimité se fera sur l'ensemble du texte adopté
à Moscou non sans d'importantes modifications par rapport au texte initial, pas plus
d'ailleurs que le Congrès lui-même n'a fait l'unanimité, ce qui est un bon signe
d'évolution démocratique.
A cet égard la franchise oblige à dire que le rapport que nous publions aurait gagné
en conviction à moins de phraséologie et de redondances rituelles. Il aurait gagné
aussi en force de persuasion à ne pas donner l'impression manichéenne que la paix
est l'oméga d'un système à l'opposé d'un autre.
La paix sera le beau fruit de toutes les bonnes volontés et de la tolérance de conceptions différentes.
Aux travaux de la Commission ont pris
part des représentants d'organisations
intergouvemementales et non gouvernementales, ainsi que des délégués de
nombreux pays du monde. Un échange
de vues libre et constructif a eu lieu sur
un large éventail de questions relatives
à la coopération, à l'étape actuelle,
entre les organisations intergouvernementales et non gouvernementales, ainsi
qu'entre les organisations non gouvernementales
elles-mêmes.
Les participants à la Commission ont
constaté que la nouvelle situation qui
s'est établie dans les rapports internationaux et qui est caractérisée par toute
une série de changements positifs importants, offre des possibilités réelles
pour passer définitivement de l'état de
guerre froide et de tension à une paix
stable.
La réalisation de ces possibilités exige
la conjugaison maximale des efforts de
tous ceux qui aspirent au maintien et à
la consolidation de la paix. Ces grands
objectifs doivent être au centre de l'attention de toutes les organisations internationales et la coopération entre
elles doit leur être subordonnée.
L'apport constructif des organisations
internationales, non gouvernementales
16
comprises, à la solution des grands
problèmes internationaux, stimulant la
coopération entre elles, doit témoigner
de l'influence positive que l'opinion
publique exerce sur les rapports internationaux. Cela est d'autant plus important qu'à l'étape actuelle le rôle de
l'opinion publique internationale est
très grand et ne cesse de s'accroître.
De l'avis des participants, le Congrès
de Moscou fournit toutes les raisons
d'estimer que la tâche qui consiste à
étendre la coopération entre les organisations non gouvernementales et intergouvernementales, au premier chef
l'ONU, sur les problèmes du maintien
de la paix, est parfaitement réalisable.
L'attention dont le Congrès est l'objet
de la part des organisations internationales les plus influentes permet de
le considérer comme le début exaltant
d'une nouvelle étape de cette coopération.
Il existe 2 groupes de problèmes importants pour la coopération et la compréhension mutuelle :
a) celui des rapports entre les diverses
organisations non gouvernementales, et
b) celui des rapports entre les organisations internationales non gouvernementales et les organisations internationales intergouvernementales.
En ce qui concerne le point a) les dif-
férences de systèmes sociopolitiques
des divers pays ne doivent pas faire
obstacle à l'activité commune des organisations non gouvernementales pour
la défense de la paix. La bonne volonté, la compréhension mutuelle, le désir
d'aboutir à la solution positive de ces
problèmes importants et, le cas échéant,
une souplesse et un intérêt suffisant
peuvent et doivent aider à surmonter
les difficultés de la coopération. Entre
les organisations non gouvernementales,
il sera utile de procéder à des échanges de vues sur les problèmes de la
paix tant au plan général que dans de
nombreux domaines concrets, d'élargir
au maximum le dialogue, de multiplier
liens et contacts et de développer une
large coopération tant au niveau international qu'au niveau national sur les
problèmes du maintien de la paix universelle, de la sécurité et de la coopération.
Pour ce qui concerne les rapports indiqués au point b), à savoir les rapports des organisations internationales
non gouvernementales et des organisations
internationales
intergouvemementales, une coopération plus large
est nécessaire et possible, surtout avec
des organisations universelles comme
l'ONU, ses institutions spécialisées les
plus importantes et aussi avec les or-
ganisations régionales, en premier lieu,
sur les questions du maintien de la
non gouvernementales peuvent apporter une aide substantielle à l'activité
des
organisations
intergouvernementales tant dans les domaines du règlement des problèmes politiques internationaux les plus importants (règlement
des conflits internationaux, mise sur
pied de systèmes de sécurité, lutte
contre le colonialisme, le fascisme, te
racisme, l'apartheid et autres formes
le discrimination) que pour ce qui intéresse la mise en œuvre des décisions
des
organisations
intergouvernementales, avant tout de l'ONU, par le truchement de ses institutions spécialisées
et des organisations régionales, avec
l'aide et le soutien des grands mouvements de masse.
La Commission a accordé une attention
aux liens consultatifs des organisations
non gouvernementales avec l'ONU et
plusieurs de ses institutions spécialisées
qui permettent aux forces sociales organisées d'exercer une certaine influence
sur
leur
activité.
D'une part, les organisations non gouvernementales elles-mêmes ne mettent
jamais assez à profit ces possibilités
offertes par leur statut consultatif. D'autre part, dans le domaine organisationnel et juridique, le mécanisme des
liens n'est pas assez perfectionné, sa
procédure est trop compliquée, il n'englobe pas toute la diversité des problèmes existants ce qui rend notamment plus difficile la prise en considération des positions de l'opinion publique
sur les questions du maintien de la
paix et du règlement pacifique des litiges internationaux. Le système des
consultations et la coopération n'ont
pas encore atteint dans la pratique le
développement exigé par les conditions
actuelles.
Une des raisons essentielles en est les
difficultés considérables qu'ont les organisations de masse militant pour la
paix et la sécurité à obtenir le statut
consultatif nécessaire. Cela n'empêche
pas seulement les organisations intergouvernementales
de
tenir
compte
comme il se devrait des positions de
l'opinion mondiale dans leur activité,
mais limite encore leurs possibilités
d'action en les privant d'un soutien de
masse dans tous les pays et sur tous
les continents.
-Il a été noté, aux séances de la Commission, que les aspects négatifs de
cette situation se traduisent par les
difficultés que l'on éprouve à organiser
des contacts et une coopération permanents des organisations internationales et nationales du mouvement
contre la guerre avec les organismes
et les organisations de l'ONU. Le fait
que les liens déjà limités des organisations non gouvernementales avec l'ONU
soient orientés pour l'essentiel sur le
Conseil économique et social restreint
leur sphère aux seules questions relevant de sa compétence particulière.
Les questions politiques essentielles
du maintien de la paix, du désarment,
etc., dont s'occupent les autres grands
organismes de l'ONU, se trouvent en
dehors de ces liens. La vie oblige cela est déjà arrivé dans plusieurs cas
- à établir certains liens sporaliques
sur les questions de la lutte contre le
colonialisme et le racisme et certaines
autres. La tâche consiste à rechercher,
dans le cadre de la Charte de l'ONU,
des possibilités de multiplier ces liens.
Pour rendre plus efficaces les liens
avec les organisations intergouvemementales, il serait utile que les organisations non gouvernementales élaborent
un point de vue commun, une ligne
d'action commune et présentent en
commun des propositions en ce sens
aux
organisations
intergouvernementales, plus particulièrement à l'ONU.
Cette procédure exige de larges consultations et une planification minutieuse.
Diverses organisations de masse du
monde (politiques, de femmes, de
jeunes, syndicales, religieuses) et aussi
les organisations qui œuvrent à étendre
la coopération internationale et à renforcer la compréhension mutuelle acquièrent aujourd'hui une grande importance dans la lutte pour la paix. Un
exemple édifiant de coopération des
organisations syndicales, de femmes,
de jeunes et autres organisations non
gouvernementales est donné notamment par la Conférence sur la sécurité
européenne. l'Année internationale des
Femmes (1955), la Conférence syndicale
contre l'apartheid, le Xe Festival mondial de la Jeunesse et des Etudiants.
De l'avis général des participants, la
réalisation des tâches sus-indiquées
exige que l'on examine le problème de
la création d'un mécanisme assurant
des contacts et des consultations réguliers, et, dans les cas nécessaires,
la coordination de l'activité des organisations
non
gouvernementales.
Une place importante revient au problème de la responsabilité de nombreuses
organisations internationales
non gouvernementales vis-à-vis du mouvement de libération nationale qui pose
des propres problèmes et réclame que
les organisations internationales intergouvernementales, comme les divers
organismes de l'ONU, prennent des
mesures pour soutenir la lutte en faveur de la justice et de la liberté et
celle, avant tout, du peuple chillien.
Il a été acte au cours de la discussion
que les difficultés qui subsistent aujourd'hui dans les liens entre les deux
groupes essentiels d'organisations internationales viennent pour beaucoup
des interférences de la guerre froide.
Pour les surmonter, il importe que les
rapports entre les organisations intergouvernementales et non gouvernementales soient fondés sur la réciprocité, sur la compréhension de la
spécificité des parties prenantes, sur
la recherche de solutions mutuellement
acceptables.
Les conditions présentes de la détente
et de la coopération grandissante, de
l'influence accrue de l'opinion mondiale
sur la solution des grands problèmes
Internationaux offrent de nouvelles possibilités
favorables
à
l'accentuation
du rôle joué par les organisations non
gouvernementales
représentatives
dans l'activité de l'ONU, de ses institutions spécialisées et des autres grandes
organisations
intergouvernementales
en faveur de la paix et de l'extension
de la coopération internationale. Il a
été particulièrement souligné que la
base de principe de ces changements
doit être leur correspondance absolue
au processus de démocratisation grandissante de la vie internationale, aux
idées et principes de la Charte de
l'ONU, aux principes universellement
admis du droit international. Cela
signifie que la coopération entre les organisations
intergouvernementales
et
non gouvernementales doit avoir pour
but de renforcer la sécurité internationale, d'assurer la coexistence pacifique, la coopération sur un pied d'égalité et la compréhension entre les
. peuples, le progrès social et la démocratie.
Il
Au sujet des questions plus concrètes
de l'intensification de la coopération
entre les organisations intergouvernementales et non gouvernementales, la
Commission
estime
utile
:
1. L'accroissement des possibilités
qu'ont les organisations non gouvernementales d'exercer une influence positive sur l'activité des plus grandes organisations
intergouvemementales,
en premier lieu de l'ONU, de ses institutions spécialisées et d'autres organisations dans les domaines constituant
le programme du présent Congrès aux
fins de consolider la détente internationale et de la rendre irréversible. Pour
cela, il est d'abord nécessaire :
a) que les organisations non gouvernementales elles-mêmes utilisent plus
efficacement les possibilités offertes
par le statut consultatif;
b) que soit renforcée l'influence des
organisations
non
gouvernementales
exprimant l'opinion publique des diverses
régions
géographiques
du
monde, en premier lieu, dans les organismes de l'ONU qui s'occupent des
questions politiques internationales les
plus importantes (maintien de la paix,
lutte
contre
l'agression
impérialiste.
règlement des conflits internationaux,
désarmement,
décolonisation,
etc.).
La nécessité pour les organisations
non gouvernementales d'apporter un
concours positif à l'activité de l'ONU et
des autres organisations intergouvernementales dans le domaine du maintien
de la paix met à l'ordre du jour le
problème de la création, dans le cadre
de la Charte de l'ONU, de possibilités
complémentaires de procédure (en dehors du statut consultatif) pour les liens
des organisations non gouvernementales avec les organismes de l'ONU au
sujet des questions politiques susmentionnées.
II
2. Le développement du dialogue et de
la coopération (et dans certains cas
l'organisation
d'actions
communes)
d'un cercle aussi large que possible
d'organisations
internationales
non
gouvernementales de divers horizons
politiques et idéologiques sur les importants problèmes du maintien de la
paix, du développement de la coopération internationale et de l'appui des
activités de l'ONU ayant pour but d'assurer la paix.
3. La réalisation d'actions communes
concrètes en faveur du règlement, sur
la base de l'équité, de tous les conflits militaires, de la liquidation des
foyers d'agression impérialiste, par
exemple au Proche-Orient, et dans
d'autres régions du monde.
4. La réalisation d'actions communes
des diverses organisations non gouvernementales, pour favoriser la création
de systèmes de sécurité internationale
et le maintien de la paix universelle,
d'actions contre l'exacerbation de la
tension internationale, contre la course
aux armements et pour l'interdiction
des armes d'extermination massive.
18
5, Le concours sous toutes les formes
possibles (appui politique, matériel et
moral) à la décolonisation, à la lutte
pour supprimer les vestiges du système
colonial, le racisme, le fascisme et
l'apartheid et les autres formes de discrimination, pour reforcer l'indépendance nationale des jeunes Etats souverains.
6. Le concours au développement
d'une coopération et de contacts internationaux, dans tous les domaines
et sur un pied d'égalité, à l'échelleglobale et régionale, ayant pour but le
progrès économique et social des
peuples et, d'abord, des peuples des
pays en voie de développement, la
garantie des droits de l'homme, la protection de l'environnement, l'éducation
de la jeune génération dans l'esprit de
la paix, de la compréhension et du respect
mutuels
entre
les
peuples.
7. La préparation et la tenue de conférences des organisations non gouvernementales aux fins d'examiner les
problèmes de leur activité commune et
de leurs actions collectives concernant l'ONU et ses organismes sur les
questions essentielles du règlement
des conflits et du maintien de la paix
du désarmement, de la décolonisation,
etc.
8. L'examen du problème de la création
d'un mécanisme permettant d'assurer
les consultations et la coopération entre
les organisations non gouvernementales,
l'étude par elles des problèmes concrets de leurs liens avec l'ONU et les
autres
organisations
intergouvernementales sur les problèmes du maintien
de la paix.
La Commission estime que le travail
réalisé en commun par les organisations non gouvernementales pour préparer et tenir le Congrès des Forces de
Paix à Moscou est une expérience positive et elle souhaite que les contacts
et la coopération se poursuivent à
l'avenir.
La Commission exprime le vœu que les
principaux résultats de ses travaux
soient portés à la connaissance de
l'ONU et de ses institutions spécialisées.
Le présent rapport a été approuvé par
la Commission le 30 octobre 1973.
Photo: Inbel
19
by
Charles W. Merrifield
California State University, Hayward
In the recent past there has been a
marked shift in the ways in which nations have chosen to use political
power. Roughly since World War II, a
voluntary (and unprecedented) redirection of nation-stale energies and resources has been invested in the building of functional international organizations. The purpose of many of these
international services can properly be
classified as the seeking of non-power
goals. The direction of the shift is obvious : the use of power for non-power
purposes.
The currently most visible form of this
ordinal redirection is, of course, the
loosely
co-ordinated
Development
System of the United Nations, including
the formal structures and programs of
the Economic and Social Council, its
Technical and Regional Economic Commissions, the UN Development Program,
the several Specialized Agencies - as
well as perhaps a hundred Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO's) and an
equal number of highly competent international
Non-governmental
Organizations (NGO's). The generalized purposes of these kinds of trans-national
service for functional) agencies is to
eradicate those human conditions which
are perceived to nourish the roots of
war, apathy, desperation, fear, hatred
and social injustice and exploitation.
As a system of peaceful problem-solving,
it might be characterized as a Functional Commonwealth, different in kind
from the power-politics system from
which it emerges.
International agencies built on the collaborative model are nothing new. At
least since the establishment of the
Rhine River Navigation Commission in
1815, they have compiled a long and
honorable operational history. The work
of the great Public Unions in such nonsensitive areas as river commerce,
weights and measures, postal services,
patent protection and telecommunications is well known. Perhaps less well
known, but equally significant, has
been the work of some of the well managed and highly expert NGO's in such
20
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1974
fields as : weather observation, child
welfare, mapping, conservation, sea
and air exploration, epizootics, international transport, mental health, law
codification, the cultural arts, non-profit
commerce,
tourism,
standardization,
emergency relief and scientific coordination.
Today some of these functional organizations are growing rapidly (in some
cases approaching universal memberships), and are recognized as institutional
instruments with experience and expertise in virtually every field of human
interest.1 As such, they comprise a
loosely integrated system which permits
nations to seek their own self-interests
- even as the hurly-burly of power politics and ideological, racial and religious
conflicts swirls about them. We are
only beginning to be dimly aware that
their deeper theoretical significance
is as important to the modern world as
their undoubted scientific and technical achievements.
Taken together as a generic whole, the
functional commonwealth appears to
display some characteristics which
merit closer examination and inquiry.
Three of these will be described here :
1) Its voluntary (non-coerive) character
2) Its technically-oriented (non-ideological) problem-solving, methodology
3) Its un-boundaried (non-territorial)
growth potential.
The Voluntary Principle in
International Functional
Enterprise
One of the more attractive features of
the international functional organizations and programs has always been
their inability to coerce their memberships. Almost paradoxically (from the
viewpoint of political orthodoxy), the
strength of functional enterprise has
derived from the fact that successful
functional efforts literally require voluntary motivation. What brings international functional efforts into being is
the considered, freely given, will and
consent of nations for national subgroups) to employ skills tools and ideas
that are relevant to problem-situations
recognized to be trans-national in
character.
When a nation or national professional
group applies for membership in the
League of Red Cross Societies, or the
World Health Organization or the World
Tourism Organization, it does so retaining its sovereign option to participate or withdraw at any time. What is
transferred from the nation or national
subgroup is not sovereignty, but simply
the authority (intellectual permission to
proceed) to cooperate with other nations for experimental problem-solving
purposes. What is to be created is
something which « does not now
exist »; that is, a novelty of some sort
which
under
rigorous
experimental
operations can be reality tested to determine whether the item of trans-national concern can be dealt with on
an
evidential,
cause-effect,
basis.2
Poverty, for example, is an objectively
identifiable condition of human affairs.
So are ill-health, illiteracy, earth-pollution, unemployment, tourist barriers,
killer-storms, epidemic diseases and
accelerating population growth. None
of these things are respecters of national boundaries. Yet all nations, rich
or poor, feudal or advanced, Muslim,
Catholic or Hindu, feel their effects
What functional agencies do is to act
as voluntary trans-national vehicles,
to whom authority is delegated, to
seek out those causal principles, which
may
provide the scientific-technical
authority to deal with the existing conditions of doubt, uncertainty and ambiguity.
It would appear to be the genius of
true international functional efforts that
they work primarily, if not exclusively,
with the available skills-tools-and-ideas
of the open-ended scientific methodology. The appeal of such expertise is
obvious. When a nation's diplomats,
statesmen and politicians perceive that
a Universal Postal Union, or a World
Meteorological Organization or an In-
«... the ideal of a complete national life implies aims that transcend national
boundaries... International cooperation is therefore not something that nations agree
to on account of extraneous pressure or by reason of a passing accession of humanitarian enthusiasm,... The more nationalism itself becomes conscious of its true destiny
and its effective aims, the more it will contribute to the growth of international institutions ».
Paul S. Reinsch
International Geophysical Year, or a
Desert Locust Campaign can operate
on such an antiseptic and non-sensitive plane, there are perhaps few
reasons for not proposing that one's
nation collaborate voluntarily in the
enterprise. For each national actor,
« ...the central question is whether the
credits exceed the debits, whether as a
whole the (international) institution is
making a net contribution to the national interests ».
As the UN Development System continues to demonstrate, trans-national
collaboration of the functional type does
not undermine, impugn or diminish
jealously guarded sovereignties. There
is no loss to the nation of discretion
over its citizens which is not instantly
recoverable upon the national initiative.
There is no diminution in ability to defend the nation. No sovereignty is
transferred. No power, even in the classical sense of that term, is lost.
As the functional commonwealth grows
and expands toward universality, we
are beginning to learn that it is possible
for nations to collaborate in many problem areas without need for coercive
power. The new « norms » of international behavior, voluntarily adhered to,
are beginning to comprise a new set of
global behavior networks that assist
nations to achieve their non-power
goals. The new context, what Ernst
Haas has called the * web of interdependence », is beginning to assume a
life-style of its own, in which nations
are gradually becoming more sensitive
and receptive to the learning experiences
of
the
system
itself.4
What appears to be emerging is what
Eduard Lindemann once called a system of « obedience to the principle of
the unenforceable ». No functional
agency can coerce or compel a nation's conformity to its standards or
conventions, (any such efforts in the
past have either failed or been quietly
abandoned). But there is no way of
refuting the empirical fact that nations
do voluntarily alter their behavior to
conform
to
international
functional
norms under certain restrictive conditions : 1) because to do so involves no
threats to national sovereignty and 2)
when the international system yields
technical and other dividends that can
be as efficiently achieved no other way.
The Problem-Oriented
Character of International
Functional Enterprise
The secret for explanation) of the
obvious attractiveness of functional
enterprise, of course, goes beyond its
voluntary character. Part of its appeal
resides in its application of scientific
experimentation, a rigorous technical
accuracy and - by implication at least an
instrumental
ethic.
When nations voluntarily collaborate
for trans-national problem-solving, they
can afford to do so most safely when
they can be assured that functional
organizations will scrupulously apply
experimental method and procedure.
Experimental logic and procedure is,
perhaps, most unique in its refusal to
deal with any ideological or other absolutistic systems or logics.5 It lacks
any - answers in advance * of its inquiry. It must proceed with anticipations of doubt, ambiguity and uncertainty. It must always provide for a
margin of error, and for learning from
its failures and null hypotheses. It
makes room for human fallibility as
standard practice.
It is worth noting that the United Nations
has increasingly turned its attention to
functional
matters
employing
these
practices.6 Not only does the ECOSOC
coordinate the UN Development system
through the UN Development Program
(UNDP), but maintains a cluster of
seven permanent Technical Commissions, as well as four Regional Economic Commissions in Santiago (ECLA),
Geneva (ECE), Addis Ababa (ECA) and
Bangkok (ECAFE). To these institutions,
the General Assembly has added others
including the Children's Fund (UNICEF),
two trade organizations (GATT and
UNCTAD), an industrialization organization (UNIDO), two relief organizations (UNRWA and the UNHCR), a
training
and
research
organization
(UNITAR), an organization to study the
social impact of technology (UNRISD),
and more recently an ecological organization to undertake « Earthwatch »,
equipped with an Environmental Fund
(UNËP). In 1969 U Thant estimated that
over eighty percent of UN resources,
budget and personnel were engaged in
various aspects of functional enterprise.
By contrast, the political and security
duties of the UN have been sharply
curtailed.7
It is this technically-oriented « new
United Nations » which is attracting
increasing scholarly and lay interest
and attention. Part of the explanation
may be sought in the method of the
technological process which functional
efforts demand.
The technical process, employing experimental procedures, is both incremental and cumulative. It is a practical
means of combining existing skillstools - and - ideas in such ways that
novelty and innovation can come into
existence - and be brought to the stage
of technical feasibility. John Dewey
once
put
it
succinctly
:
The new vision does not arise out of
nothing, but emerges through seeing,
in terms of possibilities, that is, of
imagination, old things in new relations
serving a new end which the new end
aids
in
creating.6
This technical-experimental-novelty-
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1974, 21
producing process creates, artificially,
what might be termed a succession of
- sheltered risk » opportunities. It derives its logical forms (including categories of relevant data, problem-definitions, its hypotheses and its principles) from the problem-situation at
hand. (It does not permit pre-dispositions or pre-judgments to be smuggled
in to skew the evidences). When
hypothetical solutions are laboriously
and painstakingly manufactured, they
are then subject to open and evidential trial in pilot-plant circumstances.
The nature of the proof of causal connections is open, candid, repeatable
demonstration. It is tne Missouri farmer's « show me » character of proof.
It has the ability to demonstrate predictable
cause-effect
relationships
among the hard, visible evidences with
a reasonably high degree of probability.
It carries with it, at least for the present,
a kind of non-contradictable pursuasiveness.
When such overt demonstrations of
causality emerge in the technical process of innovation, they assume a
« power » quite different from that of
the orthodox political and economic
tradition. Lord Keynes referred to them
collectively as « the power of ideas » as distinguished from the « power of
the vested interests »,9 and possessed
of the quality of « correctness », only
because, to date, all efforts to prove
them
false
have
failed.
When such causal patterns become
evidentially demonstrable, they literally
alter the fact-base of the human environment. They make possible new
options and new alternatives. They free
men to employ the new know-how (for
good or ill), and they also pose the
crucial question for all political judgment : how shall the novelties and innovations be permitted to be used ?
How shall Power speak to truth ? 10
In the recent history of science and
technology, national politicians, statesmen and diplomats have increasingly faced these kinds of decisions.
They have been required to «do something », with such technical products
as : vaccines, satellites, high-yield
cereal grains, micro-wave transmission,
lasers,
weathersensors,
pesticides,
containerization-modules,
rockets,
missiles,
space-surveillance,
nuclear
energy - and a thousand other technical applications of basic scientific
research. The response of Power to
truth has historically tended to take
two forms: 1) as an effort to enhance
and support the existing power-structures (i.e., the arms race, nationalizing
of science, limited wars), and 2) as an
effort to use technical novelty to help
resolve the common problems of the
global society at more instrumentally
efficient levels.
22
Where and when the second criterion
has been employed, that is. to use
science and technology !or non-power,
problem-solving purposes, the functional commonwealth has been permitted to come into existence. When
statesmen of sovereign nations have
had to confront global problems which
could not be resolved by national efforts alone, they have sometimes turned to the international functional alternatives. Nations have permitted the
new international functional networks
to come into existence piece-by-piece,
program-by-program and organizationby-organization.
Understandably, these functional advancements have usually been perceived through the mask of national «selfinterest. » The required collaborations
have been legitimized as such in many
cases. But the important fact is that the
functional commonwealth of agencies
has been gradually permitted to evolve,
almost within the « nooks and crannies » of the existing power system
for over 1 6 0 years. We appear to be
learning that as Professor Haas has
suggested « ... political and transpolitical objectives are rarely irreconcilable in actual operations. »11 Like many other
developments
in
human history, this quiet and deep-flowing evolution appears to have gathered substantial momentum before it
came to wide notice. With the exception of a notably few scholars, functional efforts have tended to be dismissed as aberrant state-behaviors,
almost as footnotes to the traditional
view of human relations as an interminable and continuous struggle for
naked Power.12 But today, international
functional efforts and achievements
have come to much wider notice and
understanding.
Their
non-ideological
methods of operation; their scrupulous
regard for an evidential nature of proof,
and their continuing production of
viable non-power options that do not
require surrender of state sovereignties
(may even actually enhance them) have
all contributed to the growing importance of functional forms of international collaboration that are peaceful,
intelligent and economical.
Functional Agencies as
Un-Boundaried International
Institutions
Partly because of their voluntary character and their technical orientation,
international functional agencies have
demonstrated a unique ability to commend themselves to the « impermeable ' fortress-sovereignties of the political orthodoxy. Taken together as an
historic process, the functional commonwealth presents us today with
vue d'ensemble of such vitality and
irreversible achievement as to suggest
that, under certain conditions, cooperation of nations for non-power purposes
can exist and flourish even in the midst
of political and ideological strife and
competition.13
We are also learning from the functional system (which exists alongside
the older nation-state system) that
conditions of epidemic disease, earth
pollution, mal-distribution of food and
energy, grinding poverty, ill health,
illiteracy,
unemployment
runaway
population
growth,
psychological
hopelessness, apathy, and fear are
symptoms
of
global
disorganization
that
transcend
national
boundaries.
They can be approached and mediated
in some degree by globally organized
human intelligence. This is. at least,
the story told by the functional commonwealth's rapid growth toward universality and by its remarkable increase in the range and kind of tasks
assigned to it by its volunteer members. (See Table I.)
We are learning from the present power-politics system that the concept
of the nation as an impermeable fortress, sovereign in its claims to independence of action and capable of
mounting an effective defense against
external threat - is something of a
myth. Today, as John Herz has pointed out: « ... not even the two halves
of the globe remain impermeable. »14
The
concept
of
Power-Management
for attaining something called Peace
is no longer as credible as it may once
have been, especially in the presence
of the technological feasibility of ABC
warfares capable of escalation to
Overkill.
Table 1.
MEMBER SHIPS IN REPRESENTATIVE INTERNATIONAL
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS'
;
!
Name of Organization
Type of Membership
I. Intergovernment Organizations (IGO's)
National Governments in Countries
International Labor Organisation
Food and Agriculture Organization
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Org.
World Health Organization
International Bank for Reconstruction and Dev.
International Development Association
International Monetary Fund
International Finance Corporation
International Civil Aviation Organization
International Telecommunications Union
Universal Postal Union
World Meteorological Organization
International Maritime Consultative Organization
General Agreement and Tariffs and Trade
United Nations Childrens' Fund
International Atomic Energy Association
United Nations High Commission for Refugees
UN Conference on Trade and Development
World Tourism Organization (formerly IUOTO)
International Office of Epizootics
International Council of Scientific Unions
120
125
120 (3 associates)
133 (1 associate)
'
117
107
II. Non-governmental Organizations (NGO's)
120
96
122
140
145
1 2 3 (1 3 others)
72 (1 associate)
80 ( 1 5 others)
1 24
102
31
132 (3 others)
92
66
64 (governments and 16 int.
scientific unions)
Private Organizations In Countries
International Council of Voluntary Agencies
International Social Security Association
International Electrotechnical Commission
'. international Organization for Standardization
International Music Council
Internationa! Cooperative Alliance
International Air Transport Association
International Union of Architects
International Council for Scientific Management
Int. Union for the Scientific Study of Population
International Federation of Library Associations
Internationa! Geographical Union
International Planned Parenthood Federation
International Press Instituts
League of Red Cross Societies
Scientific Committes on Ocean Research
", Union of International Associations
World Federation of Mental Health
World Council of Churches
World Energy Conference
World Council of Credit Unions
'World Peace Through Law
1 0 0 (national agencies)
91 (221 national groups)
41 (national technical groups).
59 (national commissions)
55 ( 1 3 associated NGO's)
59 ( 6 1 1 . 523 local cooperatives)
87 ( 1 0 6 scheduled airlines)
77 (national organizations)
7
41 (national organizations)
81 (950 individual members)
53 (national library associations)
63 (national committees)
79 (national associations)
62 (1700 individual members)
1 1 5 (225 million members)
29 (6 Int. Unions; 29 nat'l committees
43 ( 1 6 1 members; 2500 corresp, NGO's)
49 ( 1 2 3 national associations)
SO (252 church groups)
67 (national committees)
39 (38 million members)
1 2 8 (5000 individual members)
23
Photo INBEL.
24
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES 1974
As the United Nations moves into its
Second
Development
Decade,
unboundaried,
problem-oriented,
functional activity has assumed both volume and increasing reliability. But it
must be seen as part of the larger
picture
of
global
interdependence.
Trans-national participation of a functional character is, of course, only
one aspect of the still larger canvas
which includes: bi-lateral assistance
programs, cultural study and research
abroad, military service assignments,
business/commercial
residence
in
foreign countries, tourism and the
enlarged activities of many multinational corporations. All of these
forms of transnational activity tend to
loosen
the apron-string psychology
of the parochial, self-sufficient, national units. And they also imply that
the new experiences and the new
learnings are reflected in the attitudes
and actions of the returnees to their
national homes. Robert Angell reports,
for example, the central hypothesis
of his study of trans-national participation « ... that there is a broadening
stream of influence on national policymakers toward accommodation among
nations is strongly supported ».15 This
newer view of international relations
tends to emphasize cooperation over
conflict, voluntary rather than competitive behavior and the shift from
physical power and violence to responsible accommodation and experiment.
How far this global-type of calculation
has gone may be glimpsed in George
Kennan's call for the ecological conservation of the common Earth-planet
What is lacking in the present approaches (to conservational controls on
Development) would seem to be precisely an organizational personality pan conscience, part voice - which
has at heart the interests of no nation,
no group of nations, no armed force,
no political movement and no commercial concern, but simply of mankind generally, together - and this is
important - with man's animal and
vegetable
companions,
companions,
who have no other advocate.
This entity, while naturally requiring
the initiative of governments at its
inception, would have to be one in
which the substantive decisions would
be taken... on the basis of collaboration
among, scholars, scientists, experts
and perhaps something in the nature
of environmental statesmen and diplomats - but true international servants, bound by no national or political mandate, by nothing, in fact, other
than the dedication to the work at
hand.16
This type of proposal is hardly as remarkable as it once might have been.
The growth of world-sense, what might
be
called
Recognized
Interdependence, is increasingly visible in the
ways nations are beginning to re-calculate
their
national
self-interests.
As recorded in the growth of the functional commonwealth this awareness
of the universal needs appears to be
an empirical fact of modern state-behavior.
Moreover, as trans-national functional
activities multiply, and as nations gain
confidence and limited trust in one
another's motives, the learning, process tends to compound. The present
international functional commonwealth
is still far from being a - world community; » the rhetoric concerning a
- global community » is as yet an
extrapolation from the known evidences. Nevertheless, the concept of a
world community, a non-violent interdependent trans-national society distinctive in kind from the older .nationstate system, is beginning to take on
articulate
expression
and
meaning.
As the Pearson Commission stated it :
We know now that a war anywhere
In the world concerns and may engage
us all; that the pollution of the environment in one. area can affect the
life of the whole planet; that epidemics
and disease do not respect national
boundaries.... Problems of nutrition,
of excessive population growth, and of
educational reform are world-wide in
scope...
The concept of world community is
itself a major reason for international
cooperation for development.17
It would appear that this growing
functional interdependence has no
inherent limitations to its growth. Already many of the functional agencies
have developed solid membership
bases on all continents in both eastwest and north-south hemispheres.
The thrust toward universality would
tend strongly to indicate that human
beings can - under certain circumstances - pry themselves loose from
traditional blood-line kinships, restrictive ideologies and ancient paranoias. Most important, perhaps, the
functional commonwealth is tangible
evidence that it is at least possible
to retire the narrow understandings
of simple Power of the political orthodoxy to its proper place as merely
one of several motivations to political
behavior and conduct. Power and
Peace in Functional
Enterprise : The Authority
Problem Re-opened ______
The current disarray in the general
(Table on preceeding page)
* Union of International Associations Yearbook of International Association (Brussels : UIA 1972), p.
859 and passim. 14th Edition (1972-73). The above list Is simply a selected sample of organizations
capable of acting in the sense of the term functional as employed here (see tootnote, p. 2). Those are
many other international groups whose work, partially or fully. might be also thus considered.
theory of International relations is
plain enough : we have an orthodox
theory of Power and Peace (peace
protected by power) which does not,
in fact, appear to describe all political
behavior as it attempts to claim. To
this degree the inherited explanation,
based on power motivation, lacks both
inclusiveness ana generality - the two
prime requirements of any truly general theory. Indeed, it is somewhat
embarrassing to try to explain a State' s behaviors by a principle (Power)
whose use at escalated levels to overkill could devastate or eliminate it.
And as Professor Burton reminds us,
many of the newer nations have
neither the technical capability nor
the financial resources to engage
in the race for Power. « It is difficult. » he says, « to place power in
the centre of any international system
in which centralized governments
are subject to pressures which seek
goals other than power. Power as a
prime motivation cannot be attributed
to States whose concentration is on
internal development, and in a world
in which independent sovereign States
do not always require national force
or international guarantees for their
continued independece ».18
What is at issue here, or course, is
the Authority Problem - the answer
to which has for at least three hundred
years been presumed closed. For if
Might makes Right, then authority
ultimately issues from the ability to
coerce, command, manipulate and
if necessary to kill - in order to achieve
conformity and social order. Since the
will to power is alleged to issue from
man's « innate traits, » the prime
problem of politics is to « manage
power * in order to avoid its more
unacceptable consequences.19
It is this logic which is thrown into
question by the rapid development
of international functional enterprise
especially since the development of
mass destruction technology. The
functional commonwealth of agencies.
has grown up alongside, as if within
the nooks and crannies of, the prevailing power-struggles of the nationstate system. These agencies and programs of mutual collaboration have
been in, but only incidentally, part of
these power rivalries. (In some instances, they appear to be sort of
left-handed admissions that some
things are not worth fighting over.)
In any case, the great international
functional services have actually
produced new international norms that
do not require enforcement by coercive means. Where this has become
possible, state-behaviors have been
« standardized » by voluntary agreement and mutual accommodation and without force. From whence, then,
does the « authority » for such behaviors arise? Can sources of authority
be identified which do not require
organized violence?
25
An alternate answer to the authority problem becomes more visible
if we observe
nation's
behaviors,
rather than their rhetoric. When nations collaborate in functional scientific-experimental
operations
their
goals are novelty and innovation for
problem-solving purposes. When as a
result of such trans-national efforts
a Desert Locust Campaign or an Atoms
for Peace program or a Food for Peace
program emerges into the realm of
technical feasibility - there is a positive increment of predictive usefulness. More significantly, there has
occurred a learning process. The factbase of the human environment has
been altered. Fresh options for individual states are opened. The realm
of « reliable probability » is enlarged.
Nations are freer (to choose or not) to
participate in the new norms or behaviors on the basis of calculated
self-interest
What brought the new possibilities
into being, however, was not any
exercise of political power, other
than the extension of political permission to take part in the innovative
processes. Power cannot command
creativity, nor can it kill it. Power is
never a causal agent; the most that
power can do is to hinder the technological process or - alternately - to
extend to it the blessings of legitimization. Power can encourage or discourage technical novelty, but it cannot
cause novelty.
It is in the experimental sense of inquiry
for
problem-solving
purposes
that the functional concept of Peace
comes into fuller view. In functional
enterprise, peace is not the classical
notion of « absence of conflict » or
« temporary cessation of violence »
or the « unstable equilibrium of forces ». It is rather a « working peace »
(in David Mitrany´s felicitous phrase);
a continuing process of inquiry and
deliberate innovation. Peace is not
some vague Utopia for the functionalist, rather it is the broad continuing
effort
to
modify
those
economic,
social,
physical
and
psychological
conditions that frustrate and minimize
the potential development of human
beings. Peace is a process, not a
condition or event.
What seems to be needed, as many
people have pointed out, is an operating partnership of the political and
the functional modes of thought and
action. But the required dialogue
has too long been clouded by semantic
ambiguities.
When the
realist
talks of « peace », he means absence
of war and conflict. When the functionalist uses the term, he is talking
about a technological process of innovation for problem solving. The needed collaboration requires the prior
understanding that neither need fear
the other, nor attempt to separate
the political from the functional in
sterile compartments. Properly understood, both can sustain and support
one another. The sudden appearance
of mass destruction technology has
established
powerful
motivations
for
the
growth
of
this
understanding.
It is perhaps conceivable that as the
functional
commonwealth
develops
its usefulness, and ' as the practical
trust and confidence among nations
grows, we may be able to resolve the
authority problem by creating a partnership between political permissions
to collaborate and functional enterprises - for the non-power goals of
peace by experiment.
D
• Reinsch. Paul. Public International Unions : Their Work and Organization, A Study
In International Administrative Law (Boston :
World Peace Foundation, 1916). pp. 10-11,
Second edition.
term functional will be employed to designate
which are capable of producing problem-solving novelty, and of estabilishing and maintaining a requisite service which nations or
national groups can perceive as furthering
their own sell-interests. It does not
include
or which seek differential advantage at
the
network of cultures.
'
2 Cf. Merrifield, Charles W., Beyond Power :
A Fresh Look at the Theory of Functional
Development. in International Associations,
Vol. 18 No. 12 (December 1966) "When this
Their chief stock in trade is ideas and the
from understanding that experiments of a
3 Johnson, Joseph, as quoted in Haas, Ernst,
The Web of Interdependence : The United
Slates and International Organizations
(Englewood Cliffs : Prentice-Hall 1970). p.4
« Haas, The Web of Interdependence, p. 2,
He says : in " ... systemic learning, the impulse proceeds from an international experiens to a national reaction ... (and) encounters with the "system" of international
realations and institutions - changes the ways
in which national policy - makers react.
causing
them to adapt or revise their expectations,
thus possibly changing the system
itself because of a new pattern of demands and
response".
5 Cf. Tondle. Ladislav. Conflict Situations
in Scientific Communities in International
Social Science Journal, Vol. XXII, No. 1
(1970),
pp. 111-126. He points out: Science submits a rational picture of the world, highly
ideological categories and principles
(whose
they are in keeping with these
categories
and bear them out. , p. 12.
6 Cf. Jackson, Sir Robert G.A.. A
Study of
the Capacity of the United Nations
Development System (Geneva: United Nations.
1969),
Vol. I (The Commissioner´s Report) He
says
taken place... The UN system has taken its
first groping steps along the road to world
order. Almost unnoticed it has moved into
action • a development of profound significance • and in so doing • ...
improvised a
cooperation and pre-investment, , pp. 6-7.
7 See Cox. Robert (ed.), International Organization : World Politics (London : Macmillan,
1969). Contrasting markedly with the marginal
and very limited role of the UN in the security
field. Is the growing and significant role of the
UN and the Specialized Agencies In the nationbuilding field. , p. 301.
8 dewey, John, A Common Faith (Now Haven :
Yale University Press 1934), p. 49
9 "Indeed, "he says, " the world is ruled by
little else ... I am sure that the power of vested
interests is vastly exagerated compared with
gradual encroachment of ideas. Not, indeed,
immediately, but after a certain interval: for in
the field of economic and political philosophy..
the ideas which civil servants and politicians
and even agitators apply to curent events are
not likely to be newest. But soon or late, it
is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil. " Keynes, John M., The
General Theory of Employment Interest and
Money (N.Y. Harcourt-Brace, 1935), pp. 383384.
10 For a brilliant discussion of the impact of
instrumenlal expertise on the institutional matrix
see Ayres, Clarence E., The Theory of Economic Progress (Chapel Hill University of North
and IX.
11. Haas, The Web of Interdependence, p. 99
12 Cf. Morse, Edward L, Tne Politics of Interdependence in International Organization,
Vol. XXIII. No. 2 (Spring, 1969). He states
"The continued preoccupation among political
scientists with conflict has interfered with the
more general understanding of international affairs... The locus on conflict has obfuscated
radical changes (in relations among sovereign
nations) in recent years. The changes pertain
relatively little to the order of high policy involving security maximization and pursuit of power. The most salient trait of these relations is
that they are seen as economic and Involve the
pursuit of plenty rather than the pursuit of power, peans, or principles. p. 313
Even Professor Morgenthau is now apperently
willing to consider that current forms of religiomoralistic nationalsrn equipped with mass
destruction technology must somehow be domesticated if the nation-state system is to endure.
in his introduction to David Mitrany's A Working
Piece System (Chicago Quadrangle Books.
1966), Prof. Morgenthau says "The only rational reply to the challenge which nationalism
presents to the peace and order of the world is
the voluntary cooperation of a number of nations with common interests for the purpose of
creating supra-national institutions after the model of the specialized agencies of the United
Nations and the European Communities.", pp.
10-11.
13 Cf. Judge, Anthony J.N., Visualization of
the Organizational Network in International
Associations, Vol 22, No. 5 (May 1970) pp.
266ff
14 Herz, John, Rise and Demise of the Territorial State in World Politics, Vol. LX. No. 4
(October 1956-July 1957). p. 239. No longer, he
adds, can statesmen rely upon" ... sovereignty
and ever so absolute power (to) protect nations
from annihilation."
15 Angell, Robert C.. Peace on the March :
Transnational Participation (N.Y.: Van Noslrand
Reinhold. 1969). p. 188.
16 Kennan, George "To Prevent a World Wasteland" in Foreign Affairs. Vol. 48, No. 3 (April,
1970:, pp. 409-410.
17 Report of the Commission on International
Development (London: Pall Mall Press, 1969),
pp. 9-10.
18
Burton.
John
W..
International
Relations
:
A General Theory, p. 54.
19 I use term power, says Inis L.
Claude
"to denote what is essentially military capacity
- the elements which contribute directly or indirectly to the capacity to coerce, kill and destroy... the capacity to do physical violence...
is the variety of power which most urgently requires effective management. "See his Power
end
International
House. 1962). p. 6.
26
Relations
(N.Y.:
Random
27
The Need for and the Purpose
of the International Standing
Conference on Philanthropy
by Ambassador P.A. Forthomme
PRESIDENT OF INTERPHIL
Throughout the advanced countries
of the free world there is continuing
pressure for more and more welfare,
social benefits, education and cultural
development. To a certain degree, the
movement is paralleled in the developing countries.
At first sight this would appear to
create a favourable juncture for the
growth of philanthropic activities as
well as of the bodies which carry them
on. In fact, the reverse is nearer the
truth. Voluntary institutions share the
disfavour with which private entreprise is regarded in many circles,
including political organizations that
influence
governments
and
public
opinion.
In the minds of those who oppose or
dislike private entreprise, philanthropy
is variously equated with self-aggrandizement, cover-up for business greed,
conscience money, paternalism, promotion of religious or sectional views
and interests. They rarely accept that
people can, without political or ideological motivations, be genuinely concerned with human well-being or inclined to disinterested pursuits of scientific,
cultural or social significance. Those
who do admit that philanthropy may
have some merit, feel none the less
that its endeavours are liable to be
fragmentary or intermittent and too
often dependent on the variable pleasure of donors and volunteer workers.
These views have led to governments being called upon to take over
more and more tasks in the fields of
human well-being and of social welfare. Responsibilities have increasingly
been transferred from charity or private benefaction to the public authorities,
This has caused a constant increase in
public expenditure and in income.
transfers through fiscal means, with
a corresponding growth In the weight
of taxation and social levies. To a point
where considerable tension is being
28
generated by a growing conflict of objectives between governments and citizens who, while not objecting to receiving the benefits of increased expenditure for social and community purposes, resent being denied the personal
disposal of an ever larger share of
their gross income.
The unrest shows in various fashions : calls for less public spending,
generally with little fruit, and demands
for lower taxation. This does not lead
to a decrease in the total amount taken
in by the tax-collector, but to changes
in the way in which the burden is shared
out among the various classes of taxpayers. One consequence is that the
authorities are more and more critical
of tax exemptions or facilities, even
in those countries where there is a
tradition and practice of encouraging
philanthropy through fiscal concessions
to donors and beneficiary charitable
institutions. This growing stringency is
fostered by all those who are ideologically committed to the idea that the
State should take over all aspects of
human welfare, as well as the support
and promotion of science, of social
endeavour and of intellectual speculation and creation. Philanthropic giving
on any considerable scale is therefore
in question, together with the future
of philanthropic bodies in general.
People who are active in the various
fields of philanthropy, together with
those who give them financial and other
forms of support, cannot but feel that
these trends are in contradiction with
their everyday experience. They do
recognize that there are valid reasons
for the transfer of a large field of
responsibility from charity or private
benefaction to the public authorities.
They do not think however that this
justifies the wholesale elimination of
private voluntary service and solidarity.
Large-scale philanthropy such as is
practiced by public agencies tends to
provide average service for the average man. Such service can only be
partly satisfactory, as there are many
people whose cases or personalities
are not average. A whole realm of services and assistance are required by
non-average people, and all the more
required as they diverge more widely
from the norm, whether they be abnormally weak or particularly brilliant and
individual. Also, with the growth of the
welfare State everywhere, it has become apparent that, contrary to certain
political prejudices, there is no finite
field for philanthropy and that one
cannot count on everything being finally solved and safely entrusted to
public responsibility. As society ' changes, new problems and new aspirations
arise, while old problems take on new
aspects. Unknown fields are therefore
progressively opening where private
initiative,
energy,
compassion
and
vision can outpace the State, both in
breaking fresh ground and in providing relief for needs that have not yet
gained
general
recognition.
This
pioneering
task,
advancing
along new paths while relinquishing
known ground to the State, is not the
only role open to philanthropy. Many
traditional duties would go by default
if private endeavour withdrew from
them in favour of public action, in
particular because they often can only
be performed by dedicated persons who
do not fit into bureaucratic frames and
regulations. One can also foresee that
private philanthropic endeavour could,
if it puts forward its claim convincingly
and in time, obviate the growing tensions due to the ever increasing pressure of taxation by taking over a number of services, including development
aid, which it could perform better and
more cheaply than public agencies.
The problems and the opportunities
just described are known to those in
charge of philanthropic tasks and to
those who take an interest in philanthro-
py. Nevertheless, they do not always
appear to perceive the link between
certain of the basic oppositions in contemporary society and the hostility
shown to the concept of philanthropy
and the activities of voluntary organizations.
In its essence, philanthropy can express itself and be practiced under any
social system. However, philanthropic
institutions thrive more under political
systems which permit some creation
of private wealth, philanthropy is consequently often pictured as a concomitant of wealth, serving to project a
favourable image of rich capitalists.
This is dangerous because, to quote
the - Financial Times», it is nowadays
« socially unacceptable to argue at
length in favour of capitalism; this in
turn is presumably due to an awareness
of the damage that free entreprise can
do, combined with a growing realisation that while the market mechanism is
useful it cannot deliver anything like
all the goods and services that modern
society requires ».
Philanthropic
institutions
should
be attentive to this state of affairs and
should corporately affirm their function in a free society as providers of
services which neither the machinery
of government nor the economic
agencies can perform. Taking such a
stand is not a matter of issuing a few
resounding statements. It calls for continuous and carefully studied action,
in order to win recognition of the fact
that while philanthropy certainly needs
the support of both the State and private wealth, it makes its own distinctive
contribution to the improvement of
human and social life, a contribution
which is invaluable and for which there
is no substitute.
The question arises now of where
and how the necessary study and action
should be carried out ?
Philanthropic
bodies
are
primarily
national institutions. They must look to
their domestic authorities and public
opinions for recognition of their worth1
and of their interests. Moreover, the
everyday concerns and activities of the
vast majority of the very numerous
foundations and charities in the western
world are confined to the national
scene.
The
most
important
institutions
however, are involved to some extent
in international relations. Some of
them conduct part of their activities
in other countries, while many have
ties of varying closeness with organizations abroad whose objects are similar
to theirs. Moreover, contacts between
organizations of all kinds are developing steadily in the form of conversations, meetings and symposiums. There
is a general desire for better knowledge
of conditions and trends in other nations.
It is doubtful however if the major
philanthropic bodies have as yet really
become conscious of the common
nature of the basic problems, threats
and opportunities which confront philanthropy in all countries. The differences in standing and treatment of foundations and charities from country to
country have obscured the fact that
ideas, attitudes and measures affecting
philanthropy and philanthropic institutions can spread in spite of national
frontiers or language barriers, often to
the peril of privileged positions. Besides, the individualism and independence
of spirit of voluntary organizations inhibits the feelings of common involvement which promotes the banding of
forces in pursuit of common objects.
Some valuable work has been started at the international level on the
comparative study of the status of philanthropic bodies in the various countries, on the role of such bodies in
scientific research, on some aspects of
fiscal treatment and on other matters.
One has the feeling however that what
has been achieved is too little, too
dispersed
and
too
slow.
A good deal of what has been done
has been due to the action of the International Standing Conference on Philanthropy, often in co-operation with
the Council of Europe. This organization, known for short as INTERPHIL,
was created as a result of a conference
held at Evian in 1969, at which more
than 160 participants arrived, when
only 15 or so were expected. Although
they had come mainly to discuss problems of fund-raising, many of them
became conscious, as the exchange of
views proceeded, of the need for concerted and vigourous action on the
general and particular problems of
interest to philanthropic bodies as a
whole. And it was increasingly felt that
to get things moving, some specific
agency should be charged with ensuring
that the necessary work be performed
either by itself or through recourse to
other agencies.
29
Acting on these ideas, a number of
persons decided to create INTERPHIL,
whose objects are
a) to advance the study of the application of private resources and voluntary
action to community purposes of a
. scientific, religious, health, educational, cultural, social welfare, charitable or philanthropic nature;
b) to assist thereby non-profit organizations of this character serving the
community to achieve their individual purposes more effectively by
improving their financial and operational strength; and
c) to provide opportunities for representatives of the voluntary sector, of
governmental and intergovernmental bodies, and of business or commercial entreprises, to meet together
internationally with a view to furthering their common endeavours in
the community interest by advancing the above objects.
INTERPHIL has gathered as members a good number of persons whose
activities in the field of philanthropy
are noteworthy and whose expertise
is considerable. In the first four years
of its existence it has justified its founding. It has to its credit four important
meetings, three in co-operation with
the Council of Europe :
Fiscal questions (Strasburg 1970),
Fund-raising problems and techniques (London 1971),
Scientific research (Strasburg 1972),
Role of philanthropic bodies (Strasburg 1973).
However, the fact that the membership
of INTERPHIL has remained small
has hampered the full development of
its activities, because of the lack of
financial means for the setting up of
adequate administration and working
arrangements.
The
Board
of
INTERPHIL
therefore arrived at the conclusion that they
should put to the test the validity of
the assumptions of its founders. The
Board had the good fortune to obtain
the co-operation of the Council of
Europe, which organized the 1973
meeting of a number of representatives
of foundations and other persons active
in the field of philanthropy. The discussions at the meeting revealed very
wide agreement on which problems were
of common interest and on their importance. It was generally felt research
was necessary in the following fields :
a) Legal status of philanthropic organizations and differences in the various
States;
b) Differences in fiscal provisions applying to philanthropic institutions;
c) Terminology in use and definitions
in the field of philanthropy;
d) International relations and their problems;
e) Problems of information :
i) public image and public relations,
ii) documentation and publication,
30
iii) information between philanthropic institutions;
f) Problems of management, including
fund-raising.
However,
probably
through
the
force of the habit of working alone or
in restricted sectional groups, great
caution was shown with regard to giving
active support to the work of INTER-
PHIL, or even setting up a common
organ
on
some
other
basis.
In consequence, the Board of INTERPHIL is now convinced that it must
make further efforts to spread its
views on the importance and urgency
of common thought and action by the
bodies that have a stake in the future
of philanthropy.
D
RESUME EN FRANÇAIS
s'agit pas de s'affirmer par quelques
déclarations catégoriques, mais d'entreprendre un effort prolongé de cla-
La nécessité et les objectifs de la Conférence Permanente
Internationale des Organisations sans but lucratif
On pourrait croire que l'aspiration générale dans le monde à toujours plus
de solidarité et de bienfaits sociaux
créerait un climat propice à l'épanouissement des organisations philanthropiques.
On constate au contraire que la défiance de nombreux groupes politiques ou
idéologiques à l'égard de l'entreprise
privée se manifeste également à l'égard
des organisations de bienfaisance. Ces
milieux tendent à mettre en doute tant
les motivations que l'efficacité de la
philanthropie privée. On préfère donc
se tourner vers les gouvernements et
leur réclamer toujours plus d'interventions dans les domaines du bien-être
humain et des services sociaux. La
conséquence en est une augmentation
constante de la pression fiscale, pression qui commence à provoquer des
réactions des contribuables. Celles-ci
poussent les autorités fiscales non pas
à réduire la charge des impôts, mais
à vouloir en modifier la répartition,
notamment en mettant en question les
avantages fiscaux qui peuvent être
concédés aux organisations philanthropiques, ce qui peut compromettre leur
avenir.
L'intervention de l'Etat en matière sociale, culturelle et intellectuelle est justifiée, mais l'expérience montre qu'elle
ne peut se substituer entièrement à la
philanthropie d'initiative privée. Celleci conserve des champs d'activité variés et même en découvre des nouveaux, jouant un rôle de pionnier du
progrès social. Les organisations bénévoles rendent ainsi des services dans
des domaines où l'action publique
s'avère inefficace ou trop onéreuse.
Les
organisations
philanthropiques
devraient par conséquent affirmer leur
volonté de poursuivre leurs missions
propres et faire reconnaître que, s'il
est vrai qu'elles ont besoin tant de
l'appui de l'Etat que des contributions
des donateurs particuliers, elles sont
néanmoins un élément distinct et nécessaire de la structure sociale, car
elles assurent des services que ni les
administrations, ni tes entreprises privées ne sont aptes à fournir. Il ne
rification des conceptions et d'information.
Sur quel plan et par qui une telle action
devrait-elle
être
entreprise
?
Les relations internationales entre organisations philanthropiques se sont
multipliées, mais celles-ci restent essentiellement des créations nationales.
Elles sont peu sensibles au fait que les
tendances et les conceptions qui peuvent leur porter préjudice ne se laissent
pas arrêter par les frontières. Elles ne
s'intéressent donc que peu à la coopération entre organisations, surtout sur
le plan international. Certes, on a
commencé à étudier certains aspects
internationaux des problèmes de la philanthropie, mais ces travaux progressent irrégulièrement - et restent fragmentaires.
Une partie de ce travail a été dû à
l'initiative d'Interphil, qui est un organisme sorti d'une conférence d'organisations philanthropiques tenue à
Evian en 1969. Voulant créer un organe apte à traiter les problèmes d'intérêt commun pour l'ensemble des organisations philanthropiques, les fondateurs d'Interphil lui ont assigné comme
objectifs
— de favoriser l'étude de l'emploi des
ressources privées et de l'application
des activités bénévoles à des objets de
caractère scientifique, religieux, de
santé, éducatif, charitable ou philanthropique;
— d'apporter ainsi une aide aux organisations sans but lucratif œuvrant dans
ces domaines à remplir plus efficacement leurs objectifs propres par l'amélioration de leurs capacités financière
et d'action;
— de faciliter au niveau international
des rencontres entre représentants d'organisations bénévoles, d'organismes
gouvernementaux et inter-gouvernmentaux, d'entreprises commerciales et
industrielles, en vue de favoriser des
efforts en commun pour promouvoir
les objets cités plus haut dans l'intérêt
de la communauté humaine.
En quatre ans d'existence. Interphil a
pu organiser quatre réunions, dont trois
en collaboration avec le Conseil de
l'Europe :
La dernière de ces réunions a permis
de conclure qu'il serait bon de poursuivre les études dans divers domaines
— les statuts juridiques de la philanthropie dans les divers Etats,
— les diverses dispositions fiscales ap-
plicables aux organisations philanthropiques,
— la terminologie en usage dans le domaine de la philanthropie,
— les relations internationales des organisations philanthropiques,
~ les problèmes de l'information des
organisations philanthropiques ainsi
que de l'information au sujet de cellesci
— les questions de l'administration et
du financement des organisations
philanthropiques.
Malgré ce succès, Interphil doit encore
gagner un soutien suffisamment ample
de la part des organisations philanthropiques, afin de pouvoir se doter d'une
structure administrative et de travail
adequate.
P.A. FORTHOMME
WHO Photo/J. Mohr. Iran
31I
Annual International Congress Calendar 1974-1985
14th edition - Publication : January 1974
14e édition - Parution : Janvier 1974
How many international meetings are there each year in the
world ? How can you know where they are, who will be organizing them, how you can participate ?
The ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS CALENDAR gives
the answer !
A wealth of invaluable information about future reunions is
divided for your convenience into :
A chronological list giving for each of the principal meetings
from 1974 on the date, the place, the name and address of
the organizer, the type of meeting, the theme, the number of
participants expected, indication of any exhibitions planned
in conjunction.
1973 Sep 9-15
Copenhagen (Denmark)
Int Federation for Housing and Planning. Int congress :
Structure of local authorities and planning of local environment. P : 600. Ex.
(YB n° 1826)
43 Wassenaarseweg, The Hague, Netherlands,
1973 Sep 9-21
Kyoto (Japan)
Int Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2rd general scientific assembly. P : 900.
(YB n° 1292)
Organizing Committee for the 2nd General Scientific
Assembly of IAGA, Science Council of Japan, 22-34,
Roppongi 7-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan.
Combien de réunions internationales chaque année dans le
monde ? Ćomment savoir où elles se tiennent, qui les organise, comment y participer ?
Le CALENDRIER ANNUEL DES CONGRES INTERNATIONAUX
vous donne la réponse à ces nombreuses questions.
Pour votre facilité, les informations sont regroupées en deux
\sect ions principales complétées par deux index :
Section chronologique donnant pour chacune des réunions
annoncées depuis 1974 jusqu'aux dates les plus éloignées
la date, le lieu, le nom et l'adresse de l'organisateur, le type
de réunion, le thème, le nombre de participants attendus, la
mention d'une exposition conjointe s'il y a lieu.
A geographical list permitting you to locate meetings by the —
city and country in which they will be held, giving at the
same all the pertinent information about them.
: 1973 Mar
Brussels (Belgium)
World Federation for the Métallurgie Industry, European
Organization for the Metallurgie Industry. 2nd conference.
P : 60.
(YB n°1883)
rue Joseph II, 50, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.
1973 Apr 4-7
Brussels (Belgium)
Int Recreation Association. Int recreation congress :
Leisure activities in the industrial society. P : 1000. C : 25.
(YB n° 2404)
R. Lecoutre, Secr. Gen., Grote Markt 9, B 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
— Section géographique permettant de repérer par pays et par
ville les réunions qui s'y tiendront et en même temps tous les
renseignements concernant celles-ci.
An international organization index giving both chronological and geographical references to meetings which they
organize.
2061 Int Folk Music Council, 73 Jul 26-Aug 1 (San Sebastian, Spain)
2067 Int French-Language Congresses of Forensic and
Social Medicine, 74 May (Liège, Belgium)
2074 Int Gas Union, 73 Jun 5-9 (Nice, France); 76 Jun
5-11 (London, UK)
- Un index des organisations internationales, selon leur titre
anglais, mentionnant les références à la fois chronologiques
et géographiques des réunions dont ces organisations sont
responsables.
An analytical index of organizations and themes of meetings, —
giving where and when these meetings will be held.
The calendar, to be published in January of 1974, will be
complemented by monthly supplements appearing in the
magazine « International Associations ».
Hydraulic research 73 Jan 9-12 (Bangkok); 73 Jan 15-19
I (New Delhi); 73 Sept 2-7 (Istanbul); 74 Jan (New Delhi);
Hydrocarbon, reaction 73 Jun 3-7 (Lake Balaton);
Hydrography, North sea 73 Sep mid (Stockholm);
Hydromelallurgy 73 Feb 25-Mar 1 (Chicago);
Hydrology 73 summer (Havana); 73 Sep 25-28 (Europe)
74 May (Paris); 77 Apr 18-30 (Monte Carlo);
- Un index analytique, en anglais, des organisations et des
thèmes des réunions signalant où et quand ces réunions sont
prévues.
Ce calendrier, publié en janvier 1974 est complété par les
suppléments mensuels qui paraissent dans la revue « Associations Internationales ».
ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS CALENDAR
14th edition, 1974-85.
January, 1974; 340 pages.
30 x 21 cm.
PRICE : (surface mail included)
— Calendar only:
BF.500,— FF.163.— SF.44,— £6.00 $16.00
— Calendar plus monthly supplements :
BF.800,— FF.100,— SF.70,— £9.50 $25.00
32 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1974
CALENDRIER ANNUEL DES
CONGRES INTERNATIONAUX
1974-1985, 14e édition
janvier 1974; 340 pages
30 x 21 cm.
UNION OF
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
1 rue aux Laines, 1000 BRUSSELS (Belgium)
Tel.. (02)11.83.96 - 12.54.42.
PRIX : (frais d'expédition inclus)
— Calendrier seul :
FB.500,— FF.63,— FS.44,— £6.00 S16.00
— Calendrier avec suppléments mensuels
FB.800,— FF.100,— FS70,— £9.50 S 25.00
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1974 33
WORLD SYSTEM RESEARCH AND INFORMATION BUREAU
a proposal
by Ervin Laszlo,
Professor of Philosophy State University of New York at Genesco
This is a proposal for the-creation of an international information gathering, evaluating
and disseminating agency, functioning in the supranational interests of mankind. Such
proposals must not be treated lightly, and they should not be made lightly. I begin therefore by discussing the warrant for the creation of such an agency, and then go on to
sketch in details concerning its organization.
The problem
Concern and controversy over the state
of the world is currently growing at an
exponential rate. Debate and theory
focuses on the question of whether the
world system, composed of the human
population of the earth together with
its technology and ecology, can support further growth without limit, or
when and how limits to growth must
be introduced. The most discussed
current models and projections of the
world system include that of the Club
of Rome (Forrester, Meadows, et al.),
a - Blueprint for Survival - authored
by five British scientists attached to
The Ecologist, and general surveys of
the environment and its problems such
as those prepared for the UN Conference on the Environment by the International Council of Scientific Unions,
various UN Committees, and UNESCO.
The significant common feature of
current studies of global processes is
their sense of urgency. Their message
is clear and simple : either present
trends are stabilized, or human civilization on this planet will be in danger.
The Meadows group points out that
material growth cannot continue indefinitely on a finite planet. Current rates
of material growth cannot be sustained
for another century. We are faced with
an inevitable transition from worldwide growth to global equilibrium.
Forrester argues that there are many
possible mechanisms of growth supp-
34
ression, and one or a combination of
them will necessarily occur. Unless we
act soon, the system will choose for
us; we will be overwhelmed by conditions we have created but cannot control.
The British ecologists sound an even
more pessimistic note. An examination
of the relevant information, they say,
has impressed upon them the extreme
gravity of today's global situation. If
current trends are allowed to persist,
the breakdown of society and the
irreversible disruption of the life support
system on this planet are inevitable —
possibly by the end of the century, but
certainly within the lifetime of our
children.
The recommendations flowing out of
the existing world system models involve large-scale reform the world
over. Forrester's world system model
can only achieve a stable state if the
following reductions are effected immediately (i.e., as of 1970) : a reduction of capital investment by 40 per
cent, birth rate by 75 per cent, and
food production by 20 per cent. The
related Meadows model requires for
stabilization (1) setting the birth rate
equal to the death rate by 1975) (2)
setting the investment rate equal to
the depreciation rate by 1990; (3) shifting the composition of the GNP away
from material products towards services; (4) redesigning industrial capital
and consumer goods to prolong their
33
usefulness; (5) shilling investment programs
toward
conservation,
soilenrichment and increased food output,
regardless of effective demand. Given
these measures, a stabilized world population slightly larger than the present
can be achieved, with a modest but
stable world GNP per capita of S
1800.00.
The « Blueprint for Survival » authored
by the British ecologists recommends
even more radical measures. Recognizing that « solutions must be formulated in the light of the problems and not
from a timorous and superficial understanding of what may or may not be
immediately feasible, » they outline a
global strategy of controlling variables
from a to z, starting with the establishment of national population services
and the introduction of taxes on raw
materials, amortization, and power,
carrying through with anti-disamenity
legislation, air, land, and water quality
targets, and ending with the decentralization of industry, redistribution of
government, and the constitution of
self-sufficient communities, of about
500 persons each, spread over the
habitable continents.
It is clear that implementing the stabilizing measures called for by the current
world
system
models
means
effecting radical changes on all levels
of human existence, from the individual
to the intergovernmental. To implement
all measures fully would require an
almost total control of the world's human population. It is not surprising,
therefore, that reaction to the models
and
the
entailed
recommendations
was mixed. It ranged from enthusiastic
support to violent rejection. Typical
of the range of reactions is the case
of the debate on the pages of The
New York Times over the ForresterMeadows model. Anthony Lewis greeted Limits to Growth enthusiastically,
calling it « likely to be one of the most
important documents of our age » teaching us « the complete irrelevance of
most of today's political concerns. » A
few weeks later, Passell, Roberts and
Ross called the same book « an
empty and misleading work, » of which
the « imposing apparatus of computer
technology and system jargon conceals a kind of intellectual Rube
Goldberg device — one which takes
arbitrary assumptions, shakes them up
and comes out with arbitrary conclusions that have the ring of science. »
In response to their review, the Times
received a flood of letters, some commending, but many condemning, the
negative review. (A similar series of
letters was received by the editors of
Science
following
Martin
Shubrik's
harshly negative review on December
3, 1971.)
What lies behind the wide swing of
opinions ? Obviously, more is at stake
than scholarly excellence; the problems
are not simply academic. Those with
a stronger sense of concern and res-
ponsibility over the fate of the human
world tend to take the models seriously;
others view them primarily from the
perspective of scientific criteria of
completeness and reliability. In addition, what appears as genuine concern
for some, appears as unfounded pretentiousness for others. Thus Passell,
Roberts and Ross, taking the professional view of the Meadows book, say
that it « pretends to a degree of certainty so exaggerated as to obscure
sights that it genuinely contains...
The .Limits' team is dealing with matters of cosmic importance and delivers
its message in tones of cosmic urgency.
It does not offer itself as a modest,
tentative first approximation — but as
a kind of 'Einstein letter' to the world,
warning of dangers beyond the ken of
the untutored. »
But disagreement with the model reaches beyond the style of its presentation. The trio of reviewers for the Times
disagree with the assumption that the
state of the world system can only be
salvaged if material growth is replaced
by equilibrium. They claim that the investigators biased their model to make
every projection lead to collapse : they
permit exponential growth for industrial
and agricultural needs, but limit the
technological progress that might accomodate those needs. The reviewers
perceive here a new variant of the
once fashionable apocalypse of nuclear incineration, illustrated by the
clock on the cover of the Bulletin of
Atomic Scientists which marches inexorably
toward
midnight.
Passell et al do not dismiss the problems lightly, but they obviously consider publications on them from the
scholarly perspective, rather than the
practically oriented humanistic one.
They object
to
*
public-relations
stunts » which cry wolf and imply a
false inevitability of doom and demand
« a unique degree of sobriety and precision » — qualities which the Club of
Rome sponsored
research evidently
lack in their eyes.
The question raised by the controversy
over current world system models
concerns the frame of reference by
which we should evaluate and use
them. Are we to require the last word
in completeness and perfection before
we take them seriously ? Or must we
pay attention to their results even if
we know them to be tentative and incomplete ? If we take them seriously
in their present form, we will be impelled to act on the basis of partial and
imperfect information. If we wait until
the models achieve the required degree
of sobriety and precision, there is a
distinct possibility that we shall have
missed our chance for humanistic action. Hence to act now may be improper, and to wait until later may be fatal.
This is the dilemma. It is in answer to
it that the present proposal is submitted.
35
The proposal
One does not buy accident insurance
because he expects to break his neck
but because he recognizes it as a real
possibility and wants to provide for it.
We do not know with certainty whether
the doomsday hypothesis, or some more
optimistic assessment of the world
situation, is correct, but we have to
take reasonable steps to cover the possibility that the doomsday theorists
may be right. Yet to take global action
to
implement
the
recommendations
flowing out of the doomsday models
can hardly be called reasonable. Fortunately, large scale coercive policies .
are not the only means to face even a
critically
assessed
situation.
Two principal eventualities and one
alternative to them are recognized in
the present debates on the state and
future of the world system. The eventualities are, (i) voluntary pressures
introduced now, to head off growth;
or (ii) involuntary pressures introduced
later by the dynamics of the system
itself. The basic alternative recognized
today is (iii) : wait and see, because
(a) technology may come up with the
answers, and (b) the models may turn
out to be faulty anyway. I now propose
a second alternative which is less
risky than (iii). It is : (iv) investigate,
and disclose to the world public, all
real possibilities of danger to human
life and civilization. Enable people to
face them, but do not tell them what
to do.
The theoretical principle underlying the
proposed alternative is an analogue
of the technique known as biofeedback. It has become known in the last
few years that a human being can exert
unsuspected control over his own body
when he is informed of its relevant states and is told what, kind of states he
is to strive for. He can regulate rate of
heartbeat, circulation of blood in particular tension, and even the level of
activity in his brain. Bodily control
hitherto achieved only by Yogis proves
to be within the reach of the average
person.
The lesson to be learned from biofeedback is that human beings have more
plasticity and adaptive capacity than
they are usually credited with. Currently
there is an analogous scepticism concerning the plasticity and adaptability
of social and cultural systems formed
by human beings. It is likely, however,
that these systems have large, and as
yet untapped adaptive capacities as
well. The method to this assumption,
and at the same time to take effective
steps to bring whatever capacities
there are into play, is to apply the
analogue of biofeedback to the world's
human population. For the sake of simplicity, I refer to this method as ecofeedback.
Ecofeedback is the principle that the
existing states of the world system can
be measured, evaluated in terms of
36
preferred states, and the pertinent Information fed back to the population
directly concerned in maintaining or
changing the given states. Further, if
this feedback process is accomplished,
the desired changes can be produced
by spontaneous reorientations of behaviors and policies. We must recall
that, like Topsy, the world system was
not made but just grew, and that it
need not be re-made, but can be guided
along
its
developmental
path
through monitoring and feedback. It is
equally fallacious to overplanify, and
to believe in an unqualified laissez-faire.
The efficient middle road is keynoted
by the word, information. Information
must be had of relevant world systemic
trends, information on these trends
must be evaluated against optimal
curves with respect to long-term quality of life and civilization; and information with the recommended differentials must be fed back to the relevant
segments of the world's population.
•Until and unless this is done, there
can be no certitude that potentially
lethal growth and depletion curves
will be reversed and the world system
stabilized.
The creation of an international World
System Research and Information Bureau is proposed in order to provide
the continuous vital functions of ecofeedback.
(A)
Organizational
principles
The tasks of providing effective ecofeedback are neither particularly difficult nor particularly expensive. World
system monitoring and modeling is
rapidly becoming a prime concern of
national and international, private and
governmental organizations. In addition to the Club of Rome, research
groups
presently
operating
include
such diversified bodies as The World
Institute, and the newly formed International Institute of Applied Systems
Analysis. These organizations specialize in applied research on various
major subsystems of the world system-environmental systems, urban systems,
engineering
design
systems,
health and medical systems, communication and economic systems, and
so on. Data from them is, and will continue to be, readily available. Nor is
the marketing of world system information particularly difficult. Public concern is mounting over world systemic
issues such as the environment, overpopulation, depletion of natural resources, urban plight, weapons stockpiling and the rest. Intelligible information on these issues can find a ready
outlet in existing public information
media.
Although new organizations and research teams are forming every day,
not all areas of world system relevance are covered by existing research.
Yet it is evident that lacunae are not
due to a lack of interest but to a lack
of coordination of existing research.
When available findings are collated
and wherever possible integrated, and
empty domains' identified, there is
every
reasonable
expectation
that
there will be investigators willing and
eager to undertake the needed research.
The problem of outside funding for new
research is not insurmountable either.
Mounting national and international interest, in the private as well as in governmental sectors, provides incentive
for large funding bodies to provide the
required financial support. Even formerly opposed and presently competing nations, such as the USA and the
USSR, can agree to jointly fund this
type of research : the National Academy of Sciences, and the Soviet Academy of Sciences, each contributed
S 1 million to the budget of the International Institute of Applied Systems
Analysis.
The functions and responsibilities of
the proposed Bureau can be defined in
reference to the need for providing
efficient
ecofeedback.
The Bureau need not • be responsible
for specific policies and recommendations, or be required to furnish plans
and projects, in connection with effecting the changes which are called for
to reduce the differential between the
measured values, and the norms, of
the world system. Its responsibility ceases with the gathering, evaluating, and
disseminating of the pertinent information. The specific responses groups of
individuals, or nation states, undertake
are likely to be diversified. The incorporation of the information into regional, and cultural institutional patterns
is part of the adaptive assimilation of
the feedback and need not be preprogrammed any more than one needs to
tell an individual human being how to
slow down, or speed up, the rate on
his heartbeat. A multiplicity of institutional responses is actually preferable
to a single master policy or plan, repeated in identical or similar form :
multiplicity hedges the bets and introduces the variety which is requisite
for the continued plasticity of functioning of complex systems. What is
essential is not the specific form or
the particular institutional or ideological content of the responses, but the
fact that responses are produced to
the continuous and effective feedback
of
vital
information.
(B)
Organizational
framework
Ecofeedback calls for the creation of
three interacting bodies of specialized
investigators : data gatherers; data
evaluators;
and
data
disseminators.
The data gatherers keep tab on the
changes in their data base introduced
through responses to the dissemination of data, thus closing the feedback
loop.
There are no existing institutions capable of fulfilling these tasks. Existing
institutions that handle related tasks
fall into two general classes : nongovernmental informational organizations;
UNICEF Photo by Don Briggs
37
(i) Nongovernmental informational organizations are research teams in
various institutional settings. Examples
are
the
Fortester-Meadows
systems
dynamics group and its sponsoring
body the Club of Rome, The World
Institute headed by the World Institute
Council, and the many research groups
working in academic settings with and
without special grants. The fundamental shortcomings of such organizations
are (a) they are normally limited to
the exploration of one particular kind
of model (namely the one under development by the given group), and (b)
they have inadequate access to world
public opinion, being primarily limited to scholarly publications and teaching.
(ii) Governmental (and intergovernmental) operational organizations mushroomed in recent years. A significant
number of them deal with world system problems. These include UNESCO
(represented by several programs and
agencies, the most relevant of which
is « Man and Biosphere »), the World
Health Organization, as well as, to lesser extents, the FAO, UNDP, ICAO, the
ILO and the International Atomic Energy Agency. (UNISIST is relevant in
that it gathers, compacts, stores and
makes available scientific information
on a world-wide basis.) These and
related
organizations
are,
however,
operational, rather than informational
agencies. That is, they are designed
to undertake monitoring tasks themselves, as well as to implement the programs emerging from findings vis-avis the national governments. Hence
they fall short of the proposed goal in
being (a) restricted primarily to monitoring functions carried out by themselves, and (b) limited in effectiveness
by the success they may have with
national governments. What is needed
is a combination of the informational
character of most nongovernmental
research organizations with the international scope and prestige of intergovernmental organizations. The world
system monitoring and feedback functions could then be carried out under
optimum conditions. Specifically, the
functions must include :
A. Monitoring. This refers to the collection, storage and communication of
information relevant to the world system. Such monitoring must not be restricted to the framework of a single
model or set of assumptions, nor need
it be limited to measurements effected
by the Bureau itself. Data must be
gathered on the informational, not the
operational level, i.e., it must involve
data resulting by measurements effected by other monitors, private and
public, governmental and nongovernmental. Hereby the data base can be
significantly broadened without a corresponding increase in cost.
B, Evaluation. This term covers
transformation of data into scientific
the
judgments about world systemic trends
and conditions, Using a broad data
base, evaluation can be made with respect to problems connected with the
world economy, ecology, population,
health, environmental quality, and quality of life.
C. Dissemination. This concept makes
reference to the net output of the
Bureau ; the communication of judgments
concerning
world
systemic
trends and conditions, based on evaluated data. The information is directed
to the world's peoples, not directly to
national governments. The Bureau's
responsibilities cannot include negotiations with governments and leadership in view of implementation of the
disseminated
information.
The
sole
task of the Bureau would be to raise
the public's level of consciousness of
world system problems. Performing
this task is in the interest of humanity
as a whole, and therefore in the longterm interest of each nation. But instead
of attempting to pressure national governments to align their policies with
possibly unpopular measures in keeping with the interests of the world system, the Bureau could speak to public
opinion through the existing national
and international media. Thus whenever national goals and policies would
require reorientation, a broad base of
public understanding could be available, reducing resistance and lending
support.
Contact with the world's peoples would
be established with the help and approval of national governments. Public
opinion could be mobilized through
the creation of appropriate news items
and documentaries, and the periodic
organization of conferences. Meetings
where the best minds recognized by a
nation discussed questions of the
greatest urgency have attracted wide
public attention in the past, and they
can do so again in the future. Recurrent conferences such as the Pugwash
meetings, the Stockholm conference
on the environment, the press and
public conferences convened by the
Club of Rome, could be purposefully
organized to speak to specific issues
of interest to specific segments of the
world population. The leading scientists, humanists and statesmen of the
respective subgroups could be involved
in the evaluation and dissemination
procedures, maximizing the impact on
the desired sector of public opinion.
Notwithstanding the great variety of
existing institutions concerning themselves with world system problems,
the creation of a central mechanism
for the information gathering, evaluating and disseminating functions outlined here remains an urgent need.
When established, its cost-benefit ratio
is likely to be impressive. Its success
would depend on the acuity of perception of its data gatherers, the soundness of judgment of its evaluators, and
the public relations expertise of its
information disseminators. Talent in all
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES. 1974
38
these areas is available. What is needed is the organizational framework
for pulling it together and rendering it
effective.
The organizational framework for creating the World System Research and
Information Bureau on the preferred
intergovernmental level may already be
at hand. The most likely framework for
this purpose is the International University, to be set up by UNESCO at the
request of the UN General Assembly.
A Panel of Experts convened by the
Secretary-General
met
at
UNESCO
headquarters from April 8. 1972, and
its report concerning the educational,
financial, and organizational aspects
of the University was considered by
UNESCO's Executive Board in June.
The Board reaffirmed its recommendation to establish the International University under UN auspices, and the
Economic and Social Council likewise
recommended that the General Assembly should take a decision in this
regard and then take practical steps
for its implementation as soon as possible.
The International University may, therefore, soon come into being. It could
offer the organizational framework for
exercising the ecofeedback functions
of the proposed Bureau. But other organizational settings also come into consideration. The International Council
of Scientific Unions has proposed
programs (especially through its Special Committee on the Problems of the
Environment) which make it a suitable
base
for
ecofeedback
operations.
There can be no doubt that there are
already, and are shortly coming into
being, international agencies and programs capable of accommodating the
World Systems Research and Information Bureau.
The proposal is, therefore, realistic.
But it remains to be realized. I recommend therefore more detailed studies
of the principles and guidelines outlined
here by the relevant international and
intergovernmental
bodies.
D
Steel production in Chile. Photo U nations.
39
E. Schwab/WHO Photo. Air pollution In Mongolia.
40
Portrait d'une OING
L'ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE
DES PARLEMENTAIRES DE
LANGUE FRANÇAISE
L'association internationale des parlementaires de langue française, fondée
le 18 mai 1967 à Luxembourg, a pour
but de favoriser les initiatives de toute
nature pour le rayonnement de la langue française.
Peuvent être admis également à titre
de membres associés, les parlementaires de quelque pays que ce soit, faisant un usage habituel de la langue
française dans les assemblées internationales.
Elle
n'a
pas
d'objectif
politique.
Elle entend participer à toute initiative
ayant pour dessein de défendre et d'illuster la culture française dans les pays
entièrement ou partiellement francophones.
A l'heure actuelle l'Association comprend 21 sections nationales : Belgique,
Cameroun, Canada (Parlement fédéral,
Assemblée nationale du Québec, Assemblée législative du Nouveau-Brunswick), Côte d'Ivoire, France, Gabon,
Iran, Haïti, Haute- Volta, Laos, Liban,
Luxembourg,
Madagascar,
Maurice,
Niger, Rwanda, Sénégal, Suisse, Tchad,
Tunisie, Zaire. Et 5 sections associées ;
Jersey, Louisiane, Monaco, Seychelles
et Val d'Aoste.
Elle se propose de participer également
à toute action visant à développer et à
faire connaître, par la langue française,
les cultures et les civilisations des peuples qui font un usage habituel du
français, sans être de culture et de civilisation françaises.
L'Association internationale des parlementaires de langue française entend
constituer entre les parlementaires qui
la composent, une étroite coopération
pour renforcer la solidarité que l'usage
de la langue française crée entre eux,
et contribuer ainsi à la définition
d'une culture commune. Elle émet à
cette fin des vœux transmis aux autorités compétentes.
L'A.I.P.L.F. se compose de Parlementaires groupés en sections nationales formées au sein des Parlements des
Etats où la langue française est langue
officielle ou véhiculaire ou bien langue fréquemment parlée.
Les Parlementaires ou représentants
d'Assemblées,
législatives
régionales
de quelque pays que ce soit, appartenant à un Etat dans lequel n'existe
aucune section nationale, peuvent être
admis à titre de membres associés.
Robert Muller représentant personnel
du Secrétaire Général de l'ONU et
M. Michel Kekeh, Secrétaire général
adjoint de l'Agence de coopération
culturelle et technique.
A l'issue des travaux 19 résolutions ont
été adoptées par l'Assemblée générale,
dans les domaines les plus divers.
S'agissant en particulier des activités
de l'Agence de coopération culturelle
et technique, la résolution n° 17 se
félicite de l'ouverture de l'Ecole Internationale de Bordeaux, tandis que
les résolutions n° 14 et 18 prennent acte
avec satisfaction des actions de l'Agence dans le domaine des échanges de
Jeunes.
Les organes de l'Association sont l'Assemblée générale et le Bureau, assistés
d'un Secrétariat général.
Activités de l'année 1973
Précédée d'une réunion du Bureau qui
a eu lieu le '3 janvier 197 3 à Dakar.
l'Assemblée générale de l'A.I.P.L.F.
a tenu sa quatrième session du 3 au
8 janvier 1973 à l'Assemblée nationale
du Sénégal. L'A.I.P.L.F. s'est donnée
à cette occasion pour Président, M.
Charles Hélou, ancien président de la
République du Liban.
32 pays, régions ou organismes étaient
représentés par 1 2 5 délégués dont M.
( 1 ) siège à Luxembourg
Secrétariat Général à Paris 54, av. de Page
Paris XV.
S.G. M. Pierre Enfoux
S.G. parlementaire M. Xavier Denlau.
Conformément
au
calendrier
arrêté
d'un commun accord avec l'Agence
pour une session qui est maintenant
institutionnalisée, la Commission de
Coopération culturelle et technique de
l'A.I.P.L.F. s'est réunie à Paris du
11 au 13 avril 1973 dans une salle de
l'Assemblée nationale, pour examiner
les programmes et les projets de
l'Agence.
Cinq résolutions sont venues cautionner les efforts de l'Agence en matière
de tourisme, d'artisanat, d'échanges
de jeunes et de diffusion des mallettes
pédagogiques.
A cette occasion, la Commission
a
également pu juger sur place de la valeur de deux réalisations de l'Agence ;
le Centre d'Artisanat International de
Paris et l'Ecole de Bordeaux.
41
Faisant suite à un vœu de l'Assemblée
générale exprimé d'abord à Versailles
en 196S et réitéré au Canada en 1 9 7 1 ,
le Bureau de l'Association a, pour la
première fois, constitué une mission
parlementaire qui s'est rendue au
Niger, en Haute-Volta et en Côte
d'Ivoire du ´3 au 12 mai 19/3. en vue
de stimuler les échanges entre les diverses sections et d'examiner, par
ailleurs, les actions de l'Agence de
Coopération culturelle et technique
dans chacun de ces pays.
La conjuncture a amené cette mission
à se pencher tout spécialement sur le
problème de la sécheresse catastrophique qui s'est abattue sur les états sahéliens. Les délégués de l'A.I.P.L.F. ont,
dès leur retour, avisé le Bureau de leurs
constations, alerté leurs opinions publiques et saisi de cette question leurs
parlements respectifs.
A l'issue d'un voyage officiel au Canada de son Président le Bureau de
l'Association a tenu sa réunion annuelle au Nouveau-Brunswick du 27 juin au
1er juillet 1973 — Au cours des travaux qui se sont déroulés à Fredericton
et à Menton, l'A.I.P.L.F. a admis deux
nouveaux membres, l'Iran et la HauteVolta. Elle a émis le vœu que le projet
de réalisation à Paris d'une « Maison
de la Francophonie » soit activement
poussé.
42
Le Bureau a également saisi le Conseil
économique et social des Nations Unies
du rapport de la mission de l'A.I.P.L.F.
sur la nécessité d'un vaste élan de solidarité en faveur des états africains victimes de la sécheresse. Par lettre du
20 août 19/3, le Secrétaire général
des Nations Unies, M. Kurt Waldheim,
a bien voulu féliciter l'A.I.P.L.F. pour
l'action qu'elle n'a cessé de mener en
ce sens. Entre autres décisions prises
au Canada, l'Association a également
retenu le principe d'une mission internationale de parlementaires à Haiti
afin d'y examiner sur place les réalisations de l'Agence de Coopération
culturelle et technique. Cette mission
devrait être effectuée dans la deuxième
quinzaine de janvier 1974.
La 19me Conférence de la « Commonwealth Parliamentary
Association
»
s'est tenue à Londres au mois de septembre 19/3. Conformément à la
décision prise par le « General council » de cette Association, l'A.l.P.L.F.
a été invitée à ces assises. M. Xavier
Deniau, Secrétaire général parlementaire de l'Association — et qui depuis
cette date a été chargé d'une importante mission ayant trait à la francophonie par le Gouvernement français
— y a représenté l'A.l.P.LF. à titre
d'observateur.
C'est à titre d'observateur de l'A.l.P.L.F.
que M. Habib Dadfar, Président de la
•section iranienne, a également représenté notre association à la 11´ 3ème
session à Genève, en octobre 19/3, du
Conseil exécutif de l'Union Interparlementaire, destiné à remplacer la Conférence générale de l'IUP initialement
prévue à Santiago du Chili.
Enfin, M. François Couchepin, député
du Valais et membre de la section suisse de l'A.I.P.L.F. a représenté l'Association à la Ve Biennale de la langue
française qui s'est tenue à Dakar du
1 e r au 8 décembre.
Ces diverses activités sont retracées en
détail dans les numéros 12/13, 14 et
15 de la revue trimestrielle de l'Association (Revue des Parlementaires de
langue française).
A l'invitation de la section belge et afin de préparer dans une réunion de
travail la tenue en Belgique, en septembre 1974, de la Vème Assemblée générale de l'A.I.P.L.F,, l'Association a
organisé à Liège le 16 octobre, une
journée de prestige qui s'inscrivait
dans le cadre du « Mois de la Francophonie », parallèlement à la réunion
de la IIIème Conférence générale de
l'Agence de coopération culturelle et
technique.
The Problems
behind
Problems
a clue to the nature of « world problems »
by ANN DALLY
It may seem odd but one of the problems about having a problem is deciding what sort of problem to make it
appear. This important decision is
usually made unconsciously. For instance, a man who has chosen the
wrong profession or who is trapped
painfully in an intolerable marriage
may feel unable to admit this to himself or anyone else. So instead of going
to the marriage counsellor or simply
getting the hell out of it, he 'decides'
to present his problem in another form.
He may, for instance, 'decide' that he
needs a holiday and call on a travel
agent. He may 'decide´ to move house,
take up a new interest, or initiate legal
action about some matter that irks
him, and he will behave as though
these are what he really wants to do.
He may 'decide' to drown his sorrows
in his favourite hobby and so will visit
appropriate shops or clubs. He may
bury himself in his work and increase
this to a point at which it appears that
his 'problemˇ is simply that he has too
much work. (In my experience most
cases of apparent 'overwork' are of
this type.)
Often the man 'decides' to cast his
problem in a medical form and to present it to the doctor. Here he still has a
wide range of choice for there are.
many systems in the body and many
disorders which can be summoned to
the aid of those who feel the need of
them. Suppose he decides on stomach
ache. The game then begins. Will the
doctor spot that there is something
hidden that the patient cannot 'stomach' ? If he spots it, will he reveal
the problem for what it really is ? Or
will he continue to play the game by
accepting the problem at its face value,
perhaps prescribing indigestion powder
and ordering special investigations ?
And if he decides to search out the
real problem, how does he do it ? And
having discovered it, what on earth
does
he
do
about
it
then
?
A wise doctor may suspect that the
real problem lies elsewhere and may
even see clearly what that problem is.
Yet he still may choose to deal with it
in the form in which it is presented —
because this is likely to be easier,
more acceptable or more effective.
An infinite number of human problems
can be presented in an infinite number
of different ways, alt of them concealing the real problem. Problems of
poverty and ignorance may appear as
problems of health. Problems of marriage may appear as 'something wrong
with the child'. Problems of work
appear as problems of health or marri-
age. Sexual problems often masquerade as bodily symptoms based, if only
one can find the key, on internal symbolism and the logic that goes with it.
Problems of personality (perhaps the
commonest basic problem in industrial
countries) are presented in any other
form and appear as problems of marriage, children, work, money, sex, health
or religion.
Sometimes
problems
are
projected
into everyday living and appear as
simple problems such as those concerning buying meat (when they are
then presented to the butcher), or of
hair-style (which are thrashed out with
the hairdresser). The henpecked husband may turn round and attack the
office boy or the dog. The emotionally
deprived wife may take up the cause
of the underprivileged. The problematic
personality may blame circumstances,
the world and everyone else but herself
for the difficulties in her life.
Sometimes problems are stacked in
layers. A pain in the neck may conceal
a marital crisis (the spouse may indeed
be a pain in the neck), which may
conceal a sexual difficulty, which may
conceal
an
abnormal
personality,
which may conceal... There is no end
to it. This is why spotting the real problem is a professional activity for some
people.
I suspect that of all professions, writers,
especially novelists and poets, are
overall best at spotting underlying problems. Nowhere in the world is this
better portrayed than in the works of,
say, Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Flaubert
or
Henry
James.
After the writers come the doctors, but
only some of them. Others, notably
some surgeons, can be relied upon to
take the presenting problem at its face
value and, if possible, to cut it out.
Take for instance the true story of a
woman with an intolerable burden of
guilt, derived originally from her very
odd parents, and the system they imposed upon her. She presented the
problem of her guilt in the form of
multiple symptoms fixed on some part
of the body which were aimed, unconsciously, at having that part removed.
When this aim was achieved, symptoms would develop in another part of
the body. After several operations for.
removal of 'offending' parts, the true
problem was correctly diagnosed by a
psychiatrist who struggled for several
years to help her towards a more realistic and constructive approach to life.
But it was too much for both of them.
She disappeared into the hands of
other surgeons and reemerged some
years later having lost her tonsils, gall
bladder, appendix, large bowel, womb,
kidney, thyroid, stomach and teeth.
And, of course, she still felt guilty.
In some professions such as medicine,
especially psychiatry, and social work,
members are actually trained, to some
extent, in the art of spotting the problems behind the problems. This has
become
increasingly
fashionable
in
recent years, and I believe that this is
largely because the world has changed
fast and problems have changed too.
Methods of presenting them have always tended to lag behind. A hundred
years ago physical medical problems
were often presented as moral problems — in the older language of religion. Nowadays problems of living and
of personality, maturity and adaptation,
are likely to be presented in the older
framework of physical symptoms. People
tend
to
choose
well-worn
paths.
Professional training in the subject
involves trying to bring the whole thing
up to date so to speak, and trying to
make the presentation of the problem
fit the problem it really represents.
But spotting problems that masquerade
as others is also an art-of-living activity. If it is practised artlessly, the
results are futile and can be disastrous.
Spotting the problem can to a large
extent be learnt and taught in a professional situation. But dealing with it
is another matter. In my opinion it is
far better not to see below the surface at all, than to rush in with a little
knowledge and try to hand out the
'true' interpretations. For the 'true'
answer can only emerge if interpretations or help are given in the right
quantity, in the right way, in the right
circumstances and at the right time.
No amount of teaching can impart the
necessary qualities for judging these,
which is where the art comes in.
So in practice, spotting and dealing
with the true problem is sometimes
done better by gifted non-professionals
than by trained professionals. But unfortunately our world has become so
complicated that it is usually impossible nowadays to be successful without training as well. As a result there
are fewer and fewer people who have
the necessary qualities to help other
people with their problems. And so,
since problems do not diminish, more
and more devious ways have to be
found for presenting them.
(") Reprinted from the New Humanist,
January 1973, p. 371).
43
YEARBOOK OF INTERNATION
15th edition - Publica
EXAMPLE NOTICE
# 3352
Union of International Associations
Union des associations internationales (UAI) — Union de Asociaciones Internationales — Union der Internatïonalen Verbände — Unie der Internationale Verenigingen.
SG Robert Fenaux, 1 rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels. T.
11.83,96 - 12.54.42.
Founded 1 June 1907, Brussels, as Central Office of International Associations. Became a federation, under present name,
at 1st World Congress of International Organizations, 1910.
Statutes modified in 1951 to give it character or institute instead
of federation. Registered by Belgian Royal Decree 2 July 1920.
Aims Serve as information center on international governmental and non-governmental organizations, their activities
and meetings ; undertake and promote research on legal, administrative and technical problems common to international
NGOs ; publicize their work and encourage their mutual contacts ; promote the development of international co-operation
with special emphasis on international relations of a nongovernmental character.
Structure General Assembly (every 2 years), elects Executive
Council of 12 for 4-year term. Individual membership limited to
250 and subject to election by General Assembly. Meetings
closed. Staff 14 paid. Languages English, French. Finance
Subscriptions; sale of publications; grants from official and
private bodies. Budget for 1972: 8,600.000 Belg. Fr.
Consultative Status ECOSOC (II) ; UNESCO' (B). Special ECOSOC resolution, 20 July 1950, establishing co-operation
between UN and UAI for publication of Yearbook of International Organizations. On ILO Special List.
NGO Relations Linked with 500 international NGOs through
the Corresponding Organization membership category ; 2,500
others supply information.
Activities Collection, analysis and publication of data on all
international governmental and non-governmental organizations, meetings and publications (4,000 files on past or present
international organizations; 17,000 volume library; 1,000 periodicals currently received). A proportion of the data is stored in
the Inter-Contact computer system and is used for directory
preparation, mailings and research, either by the UAI, university groups or under contract. General Assemblies 23 up to
1969; Barcelona 1970. Consultative meetings with NGOs.
Congresses of International Congress Organizers and Technicians 2 up to 1961 ; Rome 1962, Copenhagen 1966, Barcelona
1970. Seminars for staff members of international NGO's Turin
1969, Milan 1972.
Publications International Associations (monthly in English/French ; International Congress Calendar (annual) ; ........
Members individuals (161) in 43 countries:
Af Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco. Senegal, Togo, ..................
SOC SCIENCE
The COMPREHENSIVE reference work for International Organizations (over 4,300 entries).
No other directory of current information on the
FULL RANGE of international Organizations (nongovernmental as well as governmental) exists.
Published with the sanction and assistance of the
United Nations and now COMPLETELY REVISED
ANNUALLY, this 15th edition of the Yearbook gives
the following information, based on data provided
almost entirely by the organizations themselves :
\
— organization name in English, French and other
languages where applicable
— principal and secondary addresses
— name of secretary general for director general,
etc.)
— history
— goals, structure
— technical and regional commissions
— personnel, finances
— consultative relations
— members and their nationality
— main activities and programmes
— place and dates of most recent past and future
meetings
— periodical and other publications
A numerical ordering is permanently assigned to
each organization. These numbers appear in the
different indexes and in other publications of the
UAI — yearbooks, congress calendars, address
lists, etc... Organizations which have ceased their
activities are mentioned with a special reference,
thus giving the Yearbook encyclopaedic value.
There is also a section of informative supplements including various lists, tables and statistics :
— the members of the United Nations family, its special institutions and associated Institutes
— non-governmental organizations which have been granted consultative status with the United Nations
or its specialized organs
— non-governmental organizations most frequently recognized by intergovernmental organizations
Send your ORDER to : UNION DES ASSOCIATIONS
1000 Bruxelles, Belgique
INTERNATIONALES,
1,
rue
aux
Laines,
lONAL ORGANIZATIONS 1974
lication: March 1974
Transport. Travel
#0034 Airlines Staff Int Asn
#0046 American Asn of Port Authorities
#0060 Arab Asn of Tourist and Travel Agent
#0178 Atlantic Passenger Steamship Cnf
#0214 Caribbean Hotel Asn
#0215 Caribbean Travel Asn
#0476 East Asia Travel Asn
Seven indexes are at the disposal of users of the Yearbook :
1. major subject area with which the organization
Is concerned (28 categories)
2. alphabetical listing by English title
#0840 Centre régional européen
développement communautaire
#2548 int
#2889
Centre
Soc of
régional
Hydatidlatinoaméricain
Diseases
#3645
publiques
#2551 Centre
Int Socrelations
of Internal
MedicineUIC
#2552 Centre
#2616
Int Soctechnique
of Lymphology
int embouteillage
#3139
CEE
#2554 Chambre
Int Soc of commerce
Medical Hydrology
#2559 int Soc of Nephrology
#2560 Int Soc of Obstetrical Psycho-Prophylaxis
#2561 Int Soc of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology
3. alphabetical listing by French title
6. Keyword in English
#471d
remedial education
#0907d remilitarization German
#1995 renaissance studies
#3684d representation rights
4. geographical distribution of the headquarters
of the organization
7. Keyword in French
5. Acronyms and initials of organizations
Jordan
Amman
Head office
#1321
AlOCC courses cyclistes
#3619 Arab Tourism
Union
# 1 1 9 1 AIOSP orientation
Sudsidiary office
#1323
AIP papyrologues
#2273 Int Movement
Apostolate
Children
#2336 AIP pédiatrie
Korea (South)
Seoul
#1253 AIPA psych appliquée
Head offices
#1238Cnfed
AIPA psych adlerlenne
#3876 Asian Basketball
AIPC
#3081 Pan Pacific#1177
and S E
Asiaponts
Women's Asn
#1224 AIPC
cécité
#3454 World Anti-Communist
League
#1268 AIPC congrès
#2589 reproduction animal
#1438 reproduction rights
#1729 reprography
#2412d rescue relief cmt
# 0229 aviation services de sécurité
(Amérique)
#0722 aviculture (Europe)
#3613 aviculture scientifique
#2424 aviron
# 1301 avocats
#1050 avocats Amérique
#2187 avocats juristes latins
— thé classification of international non-governmental organizations
— statistics on the number of non-governmental organizations and their geographical distribution
— names and addresses of foundations with international programs
— names and addresses of institutes, centers, and schools of international relations
— names and addresses of international relations scholars
— bibliography of documents on international relations ; international organizations study topics
PRICE : BF : 1.500.—. SF : 130.—. US $ : 43.00. UK £ : 17.00 (postage included)
The purpose of this Newsletter is to maintain contact with the network of individuals and
organizations interested in aspects of the project to produce a Yearbook of World Problems,
Integrative Disciplines and Human Development (to be a sister volume to the 1200 page
Yearbook of International Organizations).
Mankind 2000
Union of International Associations
Center for Integrative Studies
Project address : 1 rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels, Belgium (Tel. : 12.54.42)
RESUME DES TRAVAUX EN COURS DANS
LE CADRE DU « WORLD PROBLEMS PROJECT »
Unesco, 29 novembre - 1 décembre 1973).
Séance n° 4
par A.J.N. Judge, Directeur do Projet.
Manque d'un système de classification : Les
problèmes sont classés dans un ordre séquentiel sans signification. Différents index
les regroupent selon différents systèmes de
Organisation du projet
Trois organisations collaborent á ce projet:
Union des Associations Internationales, éditeur
des ouvrages de réference sur les organisations
internationales (notamment lÁnuairew des Organisations
Internationales); Mankind 2000.
reconnu pour sa promotion des conférences internationales de futurologie; et le Center for
Integrative Studies, centre d'études sur les
questions louchant la politique scientifique. Le
travail, commencé en août 1972, se fail au siège
de l'UAI à Bruxelles.
Nature du projet
Le projet se divise en trois sections majeures:
problémes mondiaux, disciplines dites "intgratives", et développement de l'homme, dont la
première requiert 90 % des ressources. L'activité principale de cette section est la collecte
des renseignements déjà publiés sur tes problémes considéres dímportance mondiale (ou
continentale) par les organisations, de préference
internationales, qui sén occupent. Ces
informations sont triées et classées par problémes pour permettre la rédaction dúne description de format normalisé à propos de chaque
probléme. Ces descriptions seront incorporées
dans une banque de donées, pour permattre
notamment l´édition en 1974 dún Yearbook of
World Problems. Integrative Disciplines and
Human Development, dénviron 1000 pages (et
analogue
á
lÁnnuaire
des
Organisations
Internationales)
Aspects uniques
Nombre de problèmes : Les critères sont
larges pour rester sensibiles á une gamme
très étendue de problèmes — le but étant
de refléter l'univers des problèmes tel qu'il
est ressenti et formulé par les percepteurs
et non d'un point de vue donné d'avance.
Ainsi le nombre de problèmes "enregistrés"
s'élève déjà à 3000. Le triage par "importance" est á faire par chaque utilisateur avec
l'apport de son propre système de valeurs
et do priorités.
plus subtile que les hiérarchies de classe-
terne de catégories.
de disciplines (c.à.d. systèmes de pensée).
la liste (environ 1.200) et indiquera quellediscipline s'occupe de quel problème. De
(chaque
problème
peut
être
comme une valeur "déguisée").
considéré
Nature évolutive : 11 est évident qu'un travail de cette nature nést jamais complet.
Premiérement les perceptions et les problémes évoluent, secondement láquisition et le traitement des informations par
une
seule
équipe
introduisent
des
imper-
un moyen pratique et économique de dialoguer avec un réseau déxpertise, chaque
édition devenant en quelque sorte un cycle
dans un processus du type Delphi. Des
peuvent ainsi être incorporés à chaque
édition. Le projet établira donc un cadre
"ouvert" pour permettre l'insertion des
nouveaux types de menaces dans le réseau
sans craindre la bosculade dún systéme
de catégories soigneusement mis au point.
46
Descfiption détaillée do l'lnformation recherchée
Les Problèmes Mondiaux.
Eléments descriptifs : nom(s) du problème,
définition, incidence, historique, évolution, argument faveur de son importance, contre-argument éventuel.
Hiérarchies
de
problâmes
:
renvois
aux
problèmes dont celui en question fait
partie, renvois aux problémes qui font
partie de celui en question.
Résaux de problémes: renvois aux problémes accentués ou atténués par celui
en question, renvois aux problémes que
celui en question accentué ou atténué.
Organisations internationales: renvois aux
organisations intergouvernementales et
non gouvernementales qui sóccupent du
probléme en question.
Renseignent: centres dínformation
internationaux, publications clefs, périodiques internationaux,, réunions internationales dans chaque cas uniquement
quand il s'agit d'un point de renseignement
de
perspective
mondiale.
Pays : liste des pays dans lesquels le
problème existe.
Indexes: mots clefs, organisations inter-nationales, problèmes classifies (de
plusieurs façons), analyse des renvois.
Les Disciplines " Intégrativés"
Bibliographies des documents qui cernent
dúne façon ou dúne autre lápproche dite
interdisciplinaire,
intégrative.
systématique, etc (déjà environ 2.000 fiches),
clasifiés de maniére á faire ressoirt les
plus intégratives. Ce travail aidera à
metire en évidence le travail intelectuel
déja entrepris dans ce domaine, assez
mal connu malgré son importance vitale
face aux réseaux complexes des problêmes.
Glossaire
des
approches
intégratives
différentes
pour
clarifier
la
terminologie
dans ce domaine.
Liste des périodiques, personnes et centtrès d'études dans ce domaine.
Liste des disciplines, avec une mise en
évidence des inter-disciplines, et des
renvois systématiques aux problémes
dont ils peuvent sóccuper.
Le développement de l'Homme
Dans cette section, comme dans la précédente, il y aura une bibliographie, un glossaire, une liste des périodiques, personnes
et centres d´études, et une liste de valeurs
renvoyant aux problémes correspondants.
Les disciplines sont les outils pour résoudre
les
problèmes;
cette
section
essayera
de documenter les différentes fins de cette
action, c'est-à-dire les différentes conceptions de la nature du dévelopment de
l´homme en tant qu´ére humain, plutôt
quúnité économique.
Interaction des sections
La section problèmes sera la majeure partie de
l'ouvrage. Les autres sections et les interactions
entre les trois sections ne sont pas. pour cette
raison, amoindries. Il se fait que les problèmes
sont plus concrets et soulèvent moins de
controverses et de désaccords que les systèmes
On espère que la juxtaposition et les renvois
entre les sections mettront en évidence des re-,
talions jusqu'à présent plutôt implicites qu'explicites.
Philosophie
Le projet est conçu surtout comme un travail de clarification. Ce travail n'est pas do
recherche
mais
do
référence.
Son
originalité et son Importance se trouvent dans les
interrelations des éléments assez bien
connus dans leurs propres domaines, mais
qui ne rassortent pas des vues dénsembles
déjà disponibles. Pour minimiser les controverses, les classifications et autres
apports intellectueles ont été évites autant
que possible ou localisés dans des sections spéciales.
Un effort spécial a été fail pour inclure les
problémes de nature psycho-culturels, aussi
bien que les problémes socio-économiques
mieux connus et mieux acceptés par des
organismes officiels.
Au départ il a été reconnu qu'il fallait refléter la complexité pour faciliter et relier
les travaux á ce sujet dans des secteurs
différents, plutôt que de la simplifier sur
la base d'une analyse spéciale d'un intérêt [imité à un secteur particulier.
Action future possible
Banque de données. Il a déjà blé décidé
d'incorporer les informations sur les réseaux de problémes dans le systéme dórdinateur que l'UAI utilise pour l'édition de
son Annuaire des Organisations Internationales (en Anglais et en Française) en tout
et en parties. On espère que l´évolution de
ce système permettra l'analyse de ces réseaux de problèmes (et d'organisations)
isolés.
Cartes problématiques. Les réseaux sont
difficiles à décrire en texte sans l'aide de
diagrames. Des études ont déjà été complétées en vue de permettre l´établissement
rapide, par ordinateur, de cartes problématiques sur lesquelles est dessiné le réseau de relations autour dún probléme
choisi. Une sélection de ces schémas pourrait être incorporée dans le Yearbook of
World Problems. Lútilisation de cette technique est dáilleurs importante pour faciliter et encourager des commentaires sur les
informations déja incorporées.
Visualisation graphique dynamique. Etant
donné la complexité des réseaux á traiter,
l´évolution dún support technologique plus
puissent pour les visualiser et les commenter est trés désirable. Une puissance accrue
est acquise en utilisant des visualisations
garphiques et dinamiques en trois ou
quatre dimensions (simulées) avec la
possibilité de faire appel á (1) des niveaux
de données plus détaillés et (2) des
moyens de calcul, quand cela sávére nécessaire. Línstrument en question est un
terminal dórdinateur avec écran de visualisation sur le contrôle de lútilisateur permettant l'exposition et la rotation des
structures ("interactive graphics terminal
with vector generator"). Un film a déjà été
fait par l'UAI pour montrer les facilités
dúne telle machine dans le domeine en
question.
Une évolution dans une telle direction n'est
pas d'un intérêt secondaire. Une difficulté
actuelle majeure est la compréhension de
la complexité, sans sa simplification. L'exposition en texte dans la terminologie dúne
seule discipline ne rend pas cette complexité assez "transparente" pour être
comprise dans plusieurs secteurs. De plus,
et sans une fragmentation des données, le
réseau de problèmes devrait être compris
et interrogé à plusieurs fins, telles que :
recherche, politique scientifique, enseignement, administration des programmes, informations publiques.
M est à espérer que des expériences pourront être faites dans ce domaine sur la
base des informations collectionnées par
ce projet.
47
Geographical Distribution of International Congresses
organized in 1972, by Continents, Countries and Cities.
* Copyright UAI 1973
Répartition Géographique des congrès internationaux
organisés en 1972; par Continents, Pays et Villes.
Reproduction Interdite.
Africa
ALGERIA
MALAWI
Algiers
SWAZILAND
Blantyre
DAHOMEY
9
MALI
MOROCCO
2
1
2
TCHAD
Cotonou
1
3
. ETHIOPIA
NIGERIA
CAMEROON
Yaounde
Addis Ababa
GABON
GHANA
Limbe
2
Rabat
Ibadan
Lagos
TOGO
1
U.A.R.
GUINEA
Conakry
2
SIERRA LEONE
Dakar
Cairo
Abidjan
4
Freetown
1
KENYA
SOUTH AFRICA
Kinshasa
Nairobi
1
MALAGASY Rep
SUDAN
Tanarive
2
3
Lusakra
1
Johannesburg
Khartoum
1
3
2
1
TUNISIA
Carthage
Tunis
UGANDA
Kampala
3
IVORY COAST
Fort Lamy
2
1
REUNION Island
4
SENEGAL
Accra
Mbabane
TANZANIA
Dar-es-Salaam
1
8
2
8
ZAIRE
2
ZAMBIA
1
88
America
ARGENTINA
CANADA
Buenos-Aires
Mar del Plata
Villa Maria
BAHAMAS, Isl.
Freeport
Nassau
34
BRAZIL
Brazilia
Curitiba
Rio de Janeiro
Recife
Sao Paulo
48
1
1
Calgary
Ottawa
Albany
Banff
Chateauguay
1
Cornwall
Chateaufrontenac
Esterel
7
Guelph
2
. Hamilton
13
Halifax
1
Montreal
5
Madison
Parksville
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
19
1
Quebec
Richmond Hill
St Andrews
Toronto
Vancouver
CHILE
Santiago
Via del Mar
COLOMBIA
Bogota
Cali
Medellin
1
6
1
1
13
2
12
1
8
3
3
COSTA RICA
San José
CUBA
9
Havana
1
1
DOMINICAN Rep
ECUADOR
Quito
et SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
Guatemala City
JAMAICA
Kingston
MARTINIQUE Isl
Trinité
MEXICO
Guernovaca
Merida
Mexico City
Morelos
Sonora
NETHERLANDS ANTIL.
NICARAGUA
Managua
PANAMA
7
1
3
2
3
1
1
31
2
1
2
1
Panama City
6
Asuncion
3
PARAGUAY
PERU
Arequina
1
7
PUERTO RICO
San Juan
SANTO DOMINGO
TOBAGO
Tobago
USA
Albany
4
1
2
Ann Arbor
Argonne (III)
Asheville
Athens (Ohio)
Atlanta (Ga)
Atlantic City (NJ)
Bal Harbour (Ha)
Baltimore (Md)
Baton Rouge
Beltville
Bethlehem (Pa)
Blacksburg (Va)
Boca Raton (Fia)
Boston (Mass)
Boulder (Col)
Cambridge (Mass)
Cape Kennedy (Fla)
Chicago (III)
Claremont (Cal)
Columbia
Columbus (Ohio)
Denver (Col)
Dallas (7ex)
Desmoines (Iowa)
Detroit (Mich)
Ft Lauderdale (Fla)
Gaithersburg (Md)
Greenbelt (Md)
Hanover (NY)
Honolulu (Hawaii)
Hot Springs
Houston (Tex)
Kent (Ohio)
Kingstone
Lafayette (Ind)
Las Vegas (Nev)
1
1
1
1
4
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
3
2
1
6
Mankato (Minn)
Miami Beach (Fla)
New London (New H)
New Orleans (La)
Newport
New York
Oakland
Philadelphia (Pa)
Phoenix (Ariz)
Portland (Ore)
Pittsburg (Pa)
Richland (Wash)
Rochester (NY)
ST Louis (Mo)
St Paul (Minn)
Salt Lake City
San Diego (Cal)
San Francisco
1
1
2
San Jose
Santa Barbara
Santa Cruz
5
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Santa Monica (Cat)
Seattle (Wash)
South Berwick
Stanford
Swarthmore (Pa)
Tucson (Ariz)
University Park (Pa)
Washington (DC)
4
9
1
1
30
1
5
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
11
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
48
URUGUAY
1
Montevideo
4
1
VENEZUELA
Caracas
1
1
. 15
1
Maracaibo
San Paulo
Zulia
12
6
Albuquerque
Ames (La)
3
1
Los Angeles (Cal)
Madison (Wis)
Asia
AFGHANISTAN
ARABIA
CEYLON
Colombo
1
2
HONG-KONG
Hong-Kong City
INDIA
Bombay
Calcutta
Chandigarh
Madras
New Delhi
Poona
Srinagar
1
1
1
11
1
1
Beirut
3
Kuala Lumpur
Penang
7
1
1
PHILIPPINES
4
1
5
LEBANON
MALAYSIA
PAKISTAN (W)
Karachi
Lahore
1
1
3
1
1
1
28
1
23
1
Adelaide
Brisbane
Canberra
Grosari
Melbourne
Newcastle
Perth
Sydney
FIJI Isl
Suva
NEW CALEDONIA
Noumea
NEW ZEALAND
Manila
12
Singapore
4
Auckland
Dunedin
Wellington
Taipei
3
SAMOA
Bangkok
Chiang Mai
Mahidol
Narai
Ramathibodi
12
1
1
1
1
1
———
201
SINGAPORE
TAIWAN
ISRAEL
Einbokek
Haifa
Jerusalem
Rehovot
Tel Aviv
Yavne
AUSTRALIA
4
KUWAIT
1
IRAQ
Baghdad
Mowsul
JORDAN
KOREA SOUTH
12
2
40
1
Kuwait
IRAN
Shiraz
Teheran
Kyoto
Sapporo
Tokyo
Seoul
2
INDONESIA
Djakarta
Australasia
JAPAN
Kabul
Jeddah
523
1
2
THAILAND
VIETNAM
Apia
Pago-Pago
1
2
6
1
23
1
3
12
1
6
8
1
3
3
1
———
72
49
Europe
AUSTRIA
Baden
Badgastein
Dornbirn
Graz
Igls
Innsbruck
Klagenfurt
Salzburg
Seefeld
Strobl
Vienna
4
8
1
2
2
2
1
12
1
1
54
BELGIUM
Anvers
Ath
Bruges
Brussels
Gembloux
Ghent
Knokke
Liege
Louvain
Namur
Ostende
Steenokkerzeel
4
1
2
80
2
1
4
16
8
3
1
1
BULGARIA
Golden Sands
Sofia
Varna
1
6
Bratislava
Brno
High Tatra
Karlovy Vary
Marianske Lazne
Marienbad
Hradec Kralove
Ostrava
Piestany
Prague
Strbske Pleso
Vsetin
3
4
1
Aalborg
Arhus
Copenhagen
Elsinore
Nyborg
Odense
Rundstedkyst
Rungestedgaard
1
14
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1
3
1
1
1
1
14
1
1
DENMARK
5
28
4
Hannover
5
2
Heidelberg
Julien
Karlsruhe
Kassel
Kiel
Krefeld
Landshut
Lindau
Mainz
Marburg
Miltenwald
Munich
Oberhausser
Plon
Regensburg
Rhine (the)
Rinteln
Runsten
Sarrebruck
Stuttgart
Travenmunde
Tutzing
Wiesbaden
2
2
.1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
2
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
13
1
1
141
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
6
40
3
1
1
7
GERMANY (Dem Rep)
Dresden
1
BERLIN East
BERLIN West
GERMANY (Fed Rep)
5
13
Aachen
Augsburg
Baden-Baden
Bo chum
Bonn
Brauschweig
Burg Stettenfels
Cologne
Darmstadt
Dusseldorf
Frankfurt/ M
Freiburg / Breisgau
Freudenstadt
Garching
Geisenheim-Rhein
Gottingen
Hahneklee
Hamburg
1
1
1
1
2
33
1
1
1
1
1
2
FRANCE
Aix les Bains
Amiens
Angers
Amibes
Bauge
Biarritz
Bordeaux
Cannes
2
Chantilly
Chatenay-Malabry
Cluny
Deauville
Dijon
Dinard
Dole
Evian
Fontainebleau
Grasse
Grenoble
La Rochelle
Le Creusot
Le Touquet
Les Houches
Libourne
Lille
Lyons
Marseilles
Melun
Mezieres-Charleville
Monsegur
Montpellier
Nancy
Nantes
Narbonne
Nice
Orleans
Orsay
Paris
Peyrieu
Pointe à Pitre
Pont à Mousson
Rennes
Saclay
Saint Etienne
Saint Malo
Saint Maxime
Sevrés
Strasbourg
Toulouse
Tours
Valence
Versailles
1
1
1
FINLAND
Abo
Auklando
Espoo
Helsinki
Jarvenpaa
Kuopi
Lahti
Otaniemi
Porvoo
Turku
Chaton
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
11
Postdam
Storkow
4
1
1
6
1
3
2
1
8
8
5
6
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
45
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
4
GREECE
Athens
Crete (1st.)
Delphi'
Leukas
Mt Parnassus
Rhodes
Thessaloniki
28,
1
1
2
2
HUNGARY
Budapest
Eger
Heszthely
Koszeg
Lake Balaton
Matrafured
Miskolc
Parad
Pecs
Siofok
Siklos
Sopron
Szeged
Venzprem
Villany
39
2
2
2
IRELAND
Dublin
Killarney
20
ITALY
Agape
Alghero (Sardignia)
Aoste
Bellagio
Bologna
Catania (Sicily)
Florence
Genoa
Milan
Naples
Padova
Palermo
Porto Conte
Rimini
Rome
San Remo
Stresa
Taormina
Torre Petlice
3
4
16
2
10
2
3
52
4
3
3
1
51
Trieste
1
SWEDEN
Turin
Udino
Valca Monica
Venice
Verona
Villa Monastero
LICHTENSTEIN
Vaduz
LUXEMBURG
Luxembourg
MALTA
MONACO
Monte Carlo
NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam
Arnhem
Assen
Delft
Ede
Eindhoven
Enschede
Groeningen
Hedenesse
Maastricht
Nijmegen
Osterbeek
Rotterdam
Scheveningen
Soesterberg
The Hague
Utrecht
Wageningen
Zeist
NORWAY
Bergen
Bodo
Geilo
Oslo
Sandefjord
POLAND
Cracow
Gdansk
Gliwice
Jablonna
3
2
1
14
1
1
Bergendal
Frostavallen
Goteborg
Hindas
Jonkoping
Kiruna
Landskrona
Lund
Malmo
Sigtuna
Skovde
Stockholm
Uppsala
SWITZERLAND
Adelboden
Arosa
Ascona
Basle
Berne
Bossey
Burgenstock
Cran s/Sierre
Cret-Berard
Davos
Geneva
Inter laken
Kandersteg
Lausanne
Locarno
Loeche
Lucerne
Lugano
Montreux
Merges
Morschach
Neuchatel
Ruschlikon
St Gallen
Zurich
TURKEY
Ankara
Istanbul
Izmir
UNITED KINGDOM
2
8
2
8
42
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
1
2
3
1
24
6
5
1
2
2
1
12
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
27
2
1
1
1
3
11
5
1
1
1
1
105
1
1
8
1'
1
2
1
5
3
1
1
2
2
22
3
7
2
Kew
1
Langford
Lancaster
Leeds
Leicester
Littlehampton
Liverpool
London
Longashton
Loughborough
Manchester
Newcastle on Tyne
Norwick
Nottingham
Oban
Oxford
Reading
Renfrew
Regetey
Sheffield
Southampton
Southsea
St Andrews
Stratelyde
(Sussex)
Swansea
Teddington
Uxbridge
Warwick
Watford
Windsor
York
USSR
Kiev
Leningrad
Minsk
Moscow
Tbilisi
YUGOSLAVIA
Belgrade
Bled
Dishande
Dubrovnik
Herceghovi
Kovershada
1
3
3
1
1
1
129
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
6
6
1
1
3
7
1
1
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
1
5
2
12
1
8
1
6
Jaszowiec
Poznam
Torun
Warsaw
Wroclaw
PORTUGAL
Algarve
Coimbra
Estoril
Lisbon
Porto
RUMANIA
Bucharest
Cluj
. Eforie
Mama/a
SPAIN
Barcelona
Canaries (Isl)
Cordoba
Granada
Ibiza
Madrid
Palma de Mallorca
San Sebastian
Seville
Torremolinos
1
1
2
18
1
1
1
2
11
1
19
1
1
1
18
1
1
1
1
33
1
1
1
2
Aberdeen
Aviemore
Bearsden
Belfast
Birmingham
Blackpool
Boulder
Brighton
Bristol
Cambridge
Cardiff
Cranfield
Douglas (Isle of Man)
Eastbourne
Edinburgh
Exeter
Falkirk
Palmer
Garston
Glasgow
Guild ford
Handerns
Hastings
Hull
Jersey (Isl.).
Keele
Kent
1
1
1
2
8
1
1
15
4
5
.1
1
1
2
6
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
4
1
1
Ljubljana
Roving
Skopje
Zagreb
© Copyright UAI 1973 Reproduction Interdite.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1 9 7 4
53
2
3
———
1876
New International Meetings Announced
This calendar is a monthly supplement to information listed
in the Annual International Congress Calendar.
1974 Jan 8-10
'
'
Berlin (East)
Int Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation. W53 meeting :
1974 Jan 31 - Feb 6
Nairobi (Kenya)
World Meteorological Organization. AMS Int tropical meteorology mooting.
41 avenue Giuseppe-Motta, 1 2 1 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland.
(YB n° 1723)
Weena 704, Post Box 299. Rotterdam, Netherlands,
1974 Jan 1 1 - 1 2
and Commission.
New York Botanic Garden, Bronx, New York, NY 10458, USA.
1974 Jan 14-21
Int Association of Geodesy. Symposium on geodesy.
Sudan Survey Department, P 0 Box 306, Khartoum, Sudan,
1974 Jan 17-18
1974 Jan
Mossoro (Brazil)
.
(Chile)
Ciecc. 5th regular meeting.
Pan American Union Building, Washington D C 20006, USA.
(YB n° 3030)
(YB n° 4246)
1974 Jan - Feb
Rio De Janeiro (Brazil)
Organisation of American States, Inter-American Juridical Committee. Annual
Khartoun (Sudan)
(YB n° 1 2 9 1 )
Rome (Italy)
Int Monetary System and Related Issues). Meeting.
Pan American Union Building, Washington DC 20006, USA.
1974 Jan /Apr
Austin (Tex. USA)
Organization of American States. 19th seminar on acquisition of Latin American bibliographical materials.
(YB n° 3030)
Pan American Union Building, Washington, D C 20006, USA.
(YB n° 2266)
IMF, Washington, DC 20431, USA.
1974 Jan 17-21
Murren (Switzerland)
Int Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation. CIB Research
managers and board meetings.
(YB n° 1723)
Weena 704, Post Box 299, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
1974 Jan 18-30
Verona (Italy)
Pax Romana, Int Movement of Catholic Students. Directing committee meeting.
P ; 20. C : 14.
(YB n° 3086)
1, route du Jura, BP 453, 1 7 0 1 Fribourg, Switzerland.
1974 Jan 20-23
Mexico (Mexico)
Organization of American Stales, Area of Education, Science and Culture.
(YB n° 3030)
1974 Jan 20-25
Guatemala City (Guatemala)
Inter-American Savings and Loan Union. National League of Insured Savings
Association/United States Savings and Loan League/Agency for Int Development/ Instituto de Fomento de Hipotecas Aseguradas.. Conference :
Planning our inevitable expansion. P : 500.
(YB n° 1108)
inter-American Savings and Loan Union, Clasificador 53, Correo Central, Santiago, Chile.
1974 Jan 21-23
New Orleans (La, USA)
Topical meeting on integrad optics.
Optical Society of America, 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC
20037, USA.
1974 Jan 22-25
World Federalist Youth. Council meeting. P : 30-40.
WFY, Norrebrogade 36, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Florence (Italy)
(YB n° 3513)
1974 Jan 24. Feb G
Tokyo (Japan)
World Meteorological Organization. Seminar on meteorological telecommunication : equipment and procedure.
(YB n° 3556)
41 avenue Giuseppe-Motta. 1 2 1 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland
1974 Jan 25-27
Int Confederation of Accordionists. Winter congress.
JJ Black. MA, Somerset House, Cranleigh, Surrey, UK.
Ostend (Belgium)
(YB n° 1652)
1974 Jan 25-29
Florence (Italy)
World Federalist Youth. European seminar : Security and the federalist concept of Europe. P : 50.
(YB n° 3513)
WFY, Norrebrogade 36, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
1974 Jan 28-Feb 1
Rhode-St-Genese (Belgium)
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. AGAHD-VKI Lecture series :
La-
minar and
turbulent separation including three dimensional effects.(YB n° 3420)
Chaussée de Waterloo 73, 1640 Rhode St Genèse, Belgium.
1974 Jan 29-Feb 1
Wellington (New Zealand)
Int Union of Geodesy and Geophysics/ Tsunami Committee. Meetings : Tsunami generation, propagation, runup, instrumentation and experiments.
(YB n° 2722)
L M Murphy. Secretary, IUGG Tsunami Committee, 13528 Glen Mill Road, Rockville, Maryland, USA 20350.
1974 (1st hall)
(Venezuela)
Organization of American Stales. 3rd seminar on methodology (science and
technology).
(YB n° 3030)
Pan American Union Building, Washington, D C, 20006, USA.
1974 Feb 1
Christchurch (New Zealand)
Int Bowling Board. General meeting. P : 30. C : 20.
(YB n° 1403)
George H Atkinson, Hon Sec Treas, IBB, P.O. Box 38200, Booysens, Transvaal,
South Africa.
1974 Feb 3-7
Los Angeles (USA)
Inc. Semiannual meeting.
ASHRAE, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.
1974 Feb 4
Nuremberg (Germany, Fed Rep)
European Federation of Toy Wholesalers and Importers Associations. Working
meeting.
(YB n° 761)
Sandstrasse 29 / IV, 8500 Nuremberg, Germany, Fed Rep.
1974 Feb 4-6
Intergovernmental Océanographie Commission / ICG tor the Tsunami Warning
system in the Pacific. 4th session.
(YB n° 1 1 1 8 )
c /o Unesco, place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris, France.
1974 Feb 4-5
La Jolla (Calif, USA)
6th Geodesy solid earth and ocean physics research conference.
American Geophysical Union, 1707 L St., M W, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
1974 Feb 4-8
Hobart (Australia)
World Poultry Science Association, Australian. Branch World Poultry Science
(YB n°3613)
Australian Branch World Poultry Science Association, P 0 Box 314, Liverpool,
NSW 2170, Australia.
1974 Feb 4-9
Obergurgl (Austria)
6. Fortbildungstagung für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe. P : -400.
Intercongress, Stadiongasse 6-8, 1 0 1 0 Vienna, Austria.
1974 Feb 5-7
London (UK)
Int Secretariat of Entertainment Trade Unions. Theatre workers' meeting.
(YB n° 2443)
Rue Montagne aux-Herbes-Potagéres 37-41, 1000 Brussels. Belgium.
1974 Feb 6-8
Yosemite (Calif, USA)
Conference on magnetospheric coupling.
American Geophysical Union, 1707 L St., N W, Washington, 20036, USA.
1974 Feb 1 1 -1 5
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics. Short course : Progress in numerical
fluid dynamics.
(YB n° 3420)
1974 Feb 11-16
Geneva (Switzerland)
World Meteorological Organization. Preparatory meeting for the conference Of
plenipotentiary delegations on the North Atlantic Ocean Stations. (YB n° 3556)
41 avenue Giuseppe-Motta, 1 2 1 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland.
1974 Feb 11-15
Paris (France)
Int Council for the Exploration of the Sea FAO/Intergovernmental Océanographie Commission. Coordinating Group for the planning and execution of
the Co-operative Investigations of the Northern part of the Eastern Central
Atlantic.
3rd
session.
(YB
n°
1732
971
1118)
c /o Unesco, place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris. France,
1974 Jan 30-Feb 2
Pacific Grove (Calif, USA)
Western Spectroscopy Association. 21st annual conference.
Mr G ft Haugen, L-404, University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory,
Livermore, California 94550, USA.
55
1974 Feb 11-23
Manila (Philippines)
World Meteorological Organization, Regional Association V (Soulh-West Pa(YB n°3556)
1974 Feb 14-15
Madrid (Spain)
IRANOR. Serrano. 150. Madrid 6, Spain.
1974 Feb 16-23
(Mexico)
Association Mondiale des Anciennes Elevés du Sacré-Cœur. 5e conseil int.
Calle Ferraz 63. Madrid 14. Spain.
1974 Feb 16-22
Boy Scouts World Bureau. Professional seminar.
CP78, 12 11 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
Stockholm (Sweden)
(YB n° 194)
1974 Feb 18 - Mar 1
for adoption of a new joint financing Agreement on the North Atlantic Ocean
Stations.
41, av Giuseppe-Motta. 1 2 1 1 Geneva 20. Switzerland.
(YB n°3556)
1974 Feb 20-24
ASTA, Int Active Members. Conference. P : 300.
(YB n° 1106)
1974 Feb 28-Mar 1
Rotterdam (Netherlands)
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research-TNO. 7th Int conference : Acquisitions of technology for Innovation; technology transfer versus
R and D. P : 200.
c /o Holland Organizing Centre. 16 Lange Voorhout, The Hague. Netherlands.
1974 Feb
Washington (USA)
Inter-American Commission of Women. 5th regular meeting of the executive
committee.
(YB n° 1058)
Pan American Union Building, Washington, D C 20006. USA.
1974 Feb
Washington (USA)
Inter-American Committee on the Alliance for Progress. 33rd plenary meeting.
(YB n° 1062)
1725 Eye Street NW, Room 1 1 0 1 . Washington DC. 20005, USA.
1974 Feb
Washington (USA)
Organization of American Slates. Meeting : synthesis of the program of technical change.
(YB n° 3030)
Dublin (Ireland)
Mr J Moloney, Moloney & Kelly Travel Consultants, 18 Fitzwilliam place,
Dublin 2. Ireland.
1974 Feb 25-Mar 1
1974 Feb 26-28
Santo Domingo (Dominican Rep)
Inter-American Travel congresses, technical Commitee on facilitation, 7th
meeting.
single and two-phase flows.
(YB n° 3420)
1974 Feb
(Argentina)
Organization of American States. Meeting of coordinators of the multinational
project on pulp and paper.
(YB n° 3030)
Pan American Union Building, Washington, DC 20006, USA.
1974 Feb
(Bolivia)
Organization of American States. Meeting of coordinator of the multinational
project on ore dressing.
(YB n° 3030)
57
Extract from the Annual International Congress Calendar (14th ed) : list of Meetings due to take place
in FEBRUARY 1974_______________________
1974 Feb 2-10
Hannover (Germany, Fed Rep)
Int Working Group for the Construction of Sport Premises.
Hannover Messe. Conference « Constructa » : Planning of
recreation facilities in town and region. C : 20. Ex.
(YB n° 4245)
IAKS. 5 Köln 1, PSTF. 450 568. Germany, Fed Rep.
1974 Feb 2-14
Beirut (Lebanon)
Int Secretariat for Volunteer Service. Seminar on domestic volunteer and other types of development service.
P: 30. C: 15. (YB n° 2441)
ISVS, 10 chemin de Surville, 1213 Geneva-Petit-Lancy,
Switzerland.
1974 Feb 3-6
Tel Aviv (Israel)
Int Association of Professional Congress Organizers. General assembly. Council meeting and seminar.
(YB n°' 1330)
IAPCO. 1 rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
1974 Feb 4-6
New York (USA)
Institute of Int Auditors. Audit manager's seminar.
(YB n° 1031}
5500 Diplomat Circle, Orlando, Florida 32810, USA.
1974 Feb 4-6
New York (USA)
Institute of Int Auditors, Operational Auditing. Meeting,
(YB n° 1031)
1974 Feb 4-8
Hobart (Australia)
World's Poultry Science Association / Australasian Poultry Science Association. Convention. P : 1500. C : 20.
(YB n" 3613)
Mr. A. O. Moll, POB 314, Liverpool, N.S.W. 2170, Australia.
1974 Feb 4-8
Melbourne (Australia)
Int Federation of Sportive Medicine. 20th world congress.
P: 1000.
(YB n° 2013)
. Mr B Markey, Int Convention Management Services,
151 Barry Street, Canton 3052, Australia.
1974 Feb 4-8
New
Institute of Int Auditors. EDP III. (YB n° 1 0 3 1 )
York
(USA)
5500 Diplomat Circle, Orlando, Florida 32810. USA.
1974 Feb 4-8
New York (USA)
Institute of Int Auditors, Internal Auditing for Banking
Institutions. Meeting.
(YB n° 1031)
5500 Diplomat Circle,
Orlando, Florida 32810, USA.
1974 Feb 4-8
New York (USA)
Institute of Int Auditors, Staff Auditor's Development. Meeting.
(YB
1031)
1974 Feb 4-8
New York (USA)
UN Economic and Social Council, Committee on NonGovernmental Organizations.
(YB n° 3377)
UN ECOSOC, New York, USA.
1974 Feb 4-8
Singapore
(Singapore)
Int Organization of Consumers Unions. Seminar : Community education for consumer protection. P : 45.
(YB n° 2321)
9, Emmastraat, The Hague, Netherlands.
1974 Feb 4-9
Kampala (Uganda)
East African Medical Research Council. Conference : The
growth, development and survival of the child in the
African environment. P : 200. C : 25-30.
(YB n° 474)
The Secretary, E A Medical Research Council, P 0
Box 1002, Arusha, Tanzania, East Africa.
58
ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1 9 7 4
1974 Feb 4-9
British Commonwealth Ex-Services League. 19th triennial
conference.
(YB n° 197)
92 NEW Bond Street, London W1, UK.
1974 Feb 4-15
Kuhtal (Austria)
Int Society of General Practice. Austrian Society of General Practice. 7th Winter congress on general practice :
Progress in diagnosis and therapy. (YB n° 2544)
Fremdenverkehsverband Kühtai, A-6183 Kühtai/Tyrol,
Austria.
1974 Feb 4-Mar 8
New York (USA)
UN Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human
Rights. 30th session.
(YB n° 3377)
UN ECOSOC, New York, USA.
1974 Feb 5-7
Harrogate (UK)
Electricity Marketing conference and exhibition. P : 5000.
A N Snoxall, Esq., 1 Charing Cross, London SWI, UK.
1974 Feb 5-8
Int congress of geodesy and geophysics, Tsunama committee and tsunama research.
D.S.I.P.. Wellington, New Zealand.
1974 Feb 6-8
Paris Union Committee for Int Co-operation in Information
Retrieval Among Examining Patent Offices, Technical
Coordination Committee. Meeting. (YB n°' 292)
WIPO/OMPI, 32 Chemin des Colombettes, 1 2 1 1 Geneva
20, Switzerland.
1974 Feb 6-8
London (UK)
Committee of Organizers of National Participations in International Economic Displays (INTEREXPO). Annual meeting. P : 40-50. (Y8 n° 302)
OES Exhibition Services Limited, 11 Manchester
Square, London, UK.
or, INTEREXPO, Hoher Markt 3, 1 0 1 1 Vienna, Austria.
1974 Feb 6-8
New York (USA)
Institute of Int Auditors, Developing Operational Audit
Findings. Meeting.
(YB n° 1031)
1974 Feb 6-9
Rochester (NY, USA)
Int Screen Printing Association. Technical seminar. P : 250.
Executive Vice-Président, John M Crawtord, 150 South
Washington Street. Falls Church, Virginia 22046, USA.
1974 Feb 6-10
Tulsa (Okla, USA)
Great Plains Mobile Housing and Recreation Vehicle Institute. World congress of housing : Living and leisure-'74.
Ex.
Donald J Timberlake, Attorney, Laumun, Mock, Featherly and Baer, 1501 Classen Boulevard, Bettes
Building, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73106, USA.
1974 Feb 7-28
New Delhi (India)
FAO / NORAD. Regional seminar on food and nutrition
policy on planning in economic and social development
for Asia and Far East. C : 12.
(YB n° 971)
Ministry of Agriculture, Dept of Food, New Delhi, India.
1974 Feb 9-15
Reykjavik (Iceland)
Int Falcon Movement - Socialist Educational Int. Int conference - Aims and limitation of socialist education. P : 40,
C
:
15.
(YB
N°
1821)
IFM-SEI, B P 583, A-1011 Vienna. Austria.
1974 Feb 10-17
Badgastein (Austria)
Society of Jaw-orthopedists at the Austrian Dentists Association. Training college : continuation jaw-orthopedics
studies. P : 350/400.
Putzendopplergasse 26/61, 1232 Vienna, Austria,
59
Feb 74
1974 Feb 1 1 - 1 3
4th Vacuum conference. Ex.
Canberra (Australia)
Dr R. J. MacDonald, Cont. Secr., Dept. of Physics.
The Australian Nat. University, POB 4, Canberra,
Australia.
1974 Feb 11-13
Int Potato Center. Review and workshop on golden nematode resistance.
(YB n° 4103)
Apartado 5969, Lima, Peru.
1974 Feb 1 1 - 1 5
New York (USA)
American College of Cardiology. Convention.
William D Nelligan, Executive Director, 9650 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Md 20015, USA,
1974 Feb 1 1 - 1 6
Algarve
(Portugal)
Int Touring Alliance. 5th Int congress on leisure and touring : Planification for leisure : national, regional, urban.
P : 500. Ex : prob. (YB n° 2636)
de Autornovel Club de Portugal, rua Rosa Araujo 2426, Lisbon, Portugal.
1974 Feb 11-20
•
World Health Organisation. Symposium on health aspects
of population trends and prospects.
(YB n° 3548)
Via Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
1974 Feb 11-20
Lima (Peru)
Pan American Health Organization. Inter-regional meeting.
(YB n° 3060)
Abraham Horwitz, 525 Twenty-Third Street, N W,
Washington, DC 20037, USA.
1974 Feb 12-13
London (UK)
Conference and fluid power equipment in mining, quarrying
and tunnelling.
Conf. Dept., Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 1 Birdcage Walk, London SW1H 9JJ, UK.
1974 Feb 12-14
Los Angeles (Cal, USA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Aerospace and electronic systems, winter convention. P : 800.
IEEE, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.
1974 Feb 12-17
Essen (Germany, Fed Rep)
2nd Int Austellung und kongress « Technik in konventionellen und nuklearen kraftwerken ».
VGB, Klinkestr 29/31, 43 Essen 1, Germany, Fed Rep.
1974 Feb 13
London (UK)
Int Political Economy Group / University Association for
Contemporary European Studies. Seminar : Integration of
. labour markets and labour unions.
Dr Michael Hodges, Rutherford College, University of
Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
1974 Feb 13-14
Brussels
(Belgium)
Int Institute for Sugar Beet Research. 37th Winter congress : Seed treatment with chemicals - Effect of harvesting and storage on sugar-beet quality - Recent developments in nitrogen fertilizing of sugar beet. P : 180.
(YB n° 2132)
IIRB, Beauduinstraat 150, 8-3300 Tienen, Belgium.
1974 Feb 13-15
Houston (Texas, USA)
Seminar on - Space flight photographic science and engineering ».
Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers, 1330
Massachusetts Avenue, NW. Washington DC 20005
USA.
1974 Feb 13-15
Philadelphia (Pa, USA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Int solid
state circuits conference.
IEEE, Office of Technical Board, 345 East 47th Street,
New York. NY 10017, USA.
DU
1974 Feb 13-17
Düsseldorf (Germany, Fed Rep)
5th Int « modern shop design and display », congress
and ex.
Düsseldorf Messegesellschalt mbH NOWEA, 4 Düsseldorf, Postfach 10203. Germany. Fed Rep.
1974 Feb 13-19
Caracas (Venezuela)
Int Civil Defence Organization. 7th world conference :
Planification et intervention en cas de catastrophe. P : 500. C : 55. Ex.
(YB n° 1506)
P O Box 124, 1 2 1 1 Geneva 6. Switzerland.
1974 Feb 14
Montreux
(Switzerland)
European Confederation of Agriculture. Symposium : Assurances agricoles et questions sociales. P : 30. C : 9.
(YB n° 686)
CEA, Case Postale 87. CH-5200 Brugg, Switzerland.
1974 Feb 15
Bergtesgaden (Germany, Fed Rep)
Int Luge Federation. Int congress : Sports in the Olympic
Winter Games. P : 150. C : 22.
(Y8 n" 2236)
A 8786 Rottenmann, Austria.
1974 Feb 16-20
Stockholm (Sweden)
Nordic Council. 21st Annual session.
(YB n° 2984)
Christiansborg, Ridebane 10, 1218 Copenhagen, Denmark.
1974 Feb 17-24
New Delhi (India)
Int Union of Architects. Council meeting, 45th session.
(YB n° 2689)
Director, Govt of India, Tourist Office, 88 Janpath,
New Delhi, India.
1974 Feb 18-21
Winnipeg (Canada)
Canadian Industrial Traffic League. Convention : P : 350.
A A Landry, Exec VP, 708-67 Yonge Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada.
1974 Feb 18-22
Tokyo (Japan)
Int Iron and Steel Institute. Int symposium on environmental matter. P: 200. C: 15.
(YB n° 2174)
The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Keidanren Bldg,
1-5-7, Ohtemachi. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
1974 Feb 18-26
Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
Int Academy of Trial Lawyers. Conference. P : 250.
de Hong Kong Tourist Association, 26th Floor Realty
Building, Connaught Road C, Hong Kong.
1974 Feb 18-Mar 1
UN Economic and Social Council, Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Special session.
(YB n° 3377)
Palais des Nations, 1 2 1 1 Geneva 10, Switzerland.
1974 Feb 19-20
London (UK)
2nd int conference on carbon fibres : Their place in
modern technology.
The Plastics Institute, 11 Hobart Place, London SWI,
UK.
1974 Feb 19-22
Port au Prince (Haiti)
Int Association for Medical Research and Cultural Affairs.
Congrès des médecins de langue Française de l'Hémisphère Américain : Médecine, chirurgie, pédiatrie, obstétrique
et qynécologie, nutrition, planning familial. Ex.
(YB n° 1199)
AIRMEC. 4 rue de Sèze, 75009 Paris, France.
1974 Feb 19-23
Berne (Switzerland)
Universal Postal Union, Executive Council. Annual session.
p : 120.
(YB n° 3408)
Bureau Int de l'UPU, 3000 Berne 15, Switzerland.
61
Feb 74
1974 Feb 2t-23
Geneva
(Switzerland)
Int Institute for Peace / Graduate Institute of Int Studies,
Geneva. Symposium ; Integration and internationalisation
of production : improving the system of financing cooperation between East and West European countries. P : 40.
(YB n° 2128)
Möllwaldplatz 5, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
1974 Feb 21-25
Armidale (Australia)
Australasian conference on the ecology and control of
pasture .insects, P: 40,
Dr R J Roberts, Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
1974 Feb 22-24
Bombay
(India)
Int Society for Cardiology. Int seminar on hypertension.
(YB n° 2533)
ISH, Medical Research Centre, Bombay Hospital, Marine Lines, Bombay 20, India.
1974 Feb 22-24
Singapore (Singapore)
Int Union of Food Science and Technology / Int Development Research Centre. Symposium : The interaction of
agricultural development on food science and technology.
(YB n° 1610)
Dr E V Araullo and Mr J H Hulse, Agriculture, Food
and Nutrition Sciences, Int Development Research
Centre, P O Box 8500, Ottawa, Ontario KIG3H9,
Canada.
1974 Feb 23-24
Luxembourg (Luxemburg)
Int Federation of Railwaymen's Travel Association. Executive Committee.
(YB n° 1993)
Association Touristique des Cheminots Luxembourgeois, Casino Syndical, 63 rue de Bonnevoie, Luxembourg, Luxemburg.
1974 Feb 25-27
Int Potato Center. Review and workshop on cold resistance.
(YB n° 4103)
Apartado 5959, Lima, Peru.
1974 Feb 25-Mar 1
San Francisco (Cal, USA)
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Convention. P : 7000. Ex.
Mr. D. W. Thornhill, Meetings Manager, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, USA.
1974 Feb 25-Mar 2
San Francisco (Cal, USA)
Society for General Systems Research/AAAS. Workshops
and symposia.
(YB n° 4167)
12613 Bunting Lane, Bowie, Maryland 20715, USA.
1974 Feb 25-Mar 2
Stockholm (Sweden)
Int Federation for Information Processing. PC Congress
74 meeting.
(YB n° 1828)
3 rue du Marché, 1204 Geneva. Switzerland.
1974 Feb 25-Mar 8
Brussels (Belgium)
Customs Co-operation Council, Permanent Technical Committee. 83rd/84th sessions. P : 200. C : 72. (YB n° 462)
Chevalier G Annez de Taboada, rue Washington 40,
1050. Brussels, Belgium.
1974 Feb 26
Cairo (UAR)
Int Federation of Clinical Chemistry / Egyptian Society of
Clinical Chemistry. 1st Regional Arab-congress : Automation, instrumentation, research, health maintenance P :
250. C: 12.
(YB n° 1890)
Egyptian Society of Clinical Chemistry, Prof Abdul
Fadt. Secretary, Dept of Chemical Pathology. Kasr
el-Ainl, Cairo, UAR.
62
1974 Feb 26-28
Santo Domingo (Dominican Rep)
Permanent Secretariat of the Inter-American Travel Congresses, Division of Tourism Development (OAS). 7th
meeting of the technical committee on facilitation.
(YB n° 1106)
Ricardo Anzola-Betancourt. General Secretariat OAS,
Washington 20006 DC, USA.
1974 Feb 27-28
Brussels (Belgium)
Economic and Social Committee. Plenary session. P : 136.
(YB n° 669)
rue Ravenstein 2, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
1974 Feb 27-28
Newcastle (UK)
The Welding Institute. Int conference on welding in offshore constructions.
The Welding Institute, Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge CBI 6AL, UK.
1974 Feb 27-Mar 1
Washington (USA)
Scintillation
and Semiconductor counter symposium. Ex.
IEEE. 345 East 47th Street. New York, NY 10017, USA.
1974 Feb 28-Mar 2
Melbourne (Australia)
Int Association for the Protection of Industrial Property,
Executive Committee meeting. P : 250, C : 38. (YB n° 1227)
Mr J Barton Hack, Australian President, AIPPI. 4 1 4
Collins Street. Melbourne 3000. Australia.
1974 Feb 28-Mar 2
Tel Aviv (Israel)
European Regional Organization of the Int Dental Federation. 19th meeting : Dental education with special reference to post-graduate dental education. P: 50-60. C: 20.
(YB n° 842)
Dr R Braun, Universitätsstrasse 73. 5 Cologne/Lindenthal, Germany, Fed Rep.
1974 Feb 28-Mar 29
Int Committee of the Red Cross. Conference diplomatique
sur la réaffirmation et le développement du droit humanitaire.
P
:
800.
(YB
n°
1623)
7 avenue de la Paix, 1211 Geneva. Switzerland.
1974 Feb
Brussels (Belgium)
European Union of Slaughter-House Operators. Meeting.
(YB n° 3634)
W. Boer/Bundsverband Der Versandchlachtereinen
e.V Donarweg 19, D 3 Hannover Buchholz.
Advertisers index/index des annonceurs
no. 1, vol. 26, 1974
Air France : 4th cover
Air Inter : 54
Belgian National Tourist Office : 3rd cover
Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas : 15
Casino d'Enghien : 42
Aux Deux Créoles : 57
Editions Weber : 2
Guinon : 60
Hôtel Dolder : 57
Hôtel Lendi : 58
Hôtel Scandinavia (Western International Hotels) : 50
Palais des Congrès de Barcelone : 52
Socfi : 59
Sofitel : 62
Société des Restaurants de la Tour Eiffel : 61
Tourisme France : 1
Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer : 2nd cover
UTH : 61
Ville de Nice : 63
Palais des Congrès de Liège : 56
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1 9 7 4
63
Copyright 1973 UAI
Views expressed in the articles,
whether signet or not, do not
necessarily reflect those of the UAI.
Copyright 1973 UAI
Les opinions exprimées dans les articles, signés ou non, ne relièrent
pas nécessairement les vues de l'UAI.
PARMI LES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAI :
LA SCIENCE DES CONGRES INTERNATIONAUX.
• Théorie et pratique de l'organisation des congrès internationaux
FB 100,—
FF 11,—
FS 9.—
• Manuel de l'organisateur de congrès, par Lucien R.
Duchesne
FB 200—
FF 23 —
FS 18 —
• Programmation d'une réunion internationale,
mural bilingue (120 x 80 cm.)
Prix pour 3 exemplaires :'
FB 50—
FF 6,—
FS 5 —
• Comment participer aux réunions internationales : 82
conseils. Petite brochure de 12 pages, format poche
pour tous les participants de congrès internationaux.
Français,
anglais,
allemand
et
espagnol
Par 50 exemplaires : FB 150,—
FF 17,— FS 13,—
Tarif dégressif par quantités plus importantes.
tableau
• Compte rendu du 3e Congrès des Organisateurs et
Techniciens de Congrès internationaux. Rome 1962Les Moyens audiovisuels. Les Expositions associées.
Les Relations publiques
FB 200,—
FF 23.—
FS 18 —
• Guide pratique à l'usage des utilisateurs de services
d'interprétation de conférence, par l'Association internationale des Interprètes de conférence. Français, anglais, espagnol
FB 50,—
FF 6,—
FS 5,—
• Les divers types de réunions internationales, l'aménagement des salles, l'équipement et les services, par
G.P. Speeckaert
FB 200,—
FF 23,—
FS 18,—
•
• Guide pratique des services linguistiques (traduction,
comptes rendus analytiques, édition) à l'exclusion de
l'interprétation, par l'Association internationale des
traducteurs de conférences
FB 50—
FF 6,—
FS 5,—
Le 4e Congrès international sur l'organisation des
congrès, Copenhague 1966. Compte rendu. Les divers
types de réunions internationales et leur aménagement
matériel. Les participants et les orateurs. Les investissements financiers consacrés aux congrès et leur rentabilité
FB 200,— FF 23.— FS 18,—
• L'organisation des réunions médicales internationales,
par le Conseil des Organisations internationales des
Sciences médicales
FB 250,—
FF 28,—
FS 22,—
• Les organisations internationales face à l'aspect budgétaire et économique de leurs congrès. Compte rendu
du 5e Congrès International sur l'Organisation des
Congrès, Barcelone 1970
FB 350—
FF 40.—
FS 32,—
LES BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
• Bibliographie sélective sur l'organisation Internationale
(1885-1964) par G.P. Speeckaert, 2e édition, 1965. 350
titres relatifs à l'organisation internationale en général
et 730 titres relatifs à 214 organisations différentes.
• Répertoire des Périodiques publiés par les organisations Internationales, 3e édition, complète les informations de l'Annuaire des Organisations Internationales 1734 périodiques décrits dont 1475 publiés par 1.071
organisations
internationales
non
gouvernementales
(sciences, médecine, éducation, jeunesse, arts, religion,
technologie, économie, etc...).
•
Bibliographie des ouvrages et documents reçus par
l'UAI, trimestriellement dans « Associations Internationales ».
• Bibliographie des comptes rendus des réunions internationales
tenues en 1957
(1963)
tenues
en
1958
(1964)
tenues en 1959 (1966) 3 volumes
•
Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings,
édition (épuisée) (congrès tenus de 1960 à 1967).
1re
•
Yearbook
édition
2e
of
International Congress Proceedings,
(congrès tenus de 1962 à 1969).
MODES DE PAIEMENT DES PUBLICATIONS DE L'UAI — METHODS OF PAYMENT OF UAI PUBLICATIONS
Solt :
Par chèque barré à l'ordre de l'Union des Associations In-
Either :
ternationales, 1, rue aux Laines, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgique -
By crossed check to the order of the Union of International
Associations, 1. rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels, Belgium —
(Tel. : (02) 11.63.96).
(Tél.: (02) 11.83.96).
Solt :
Bruxelles :
Or :
.
Compte chèque postal n° 346.99
ou Compte n° 210-0451651-71 à la Société Générale de Banque.
Genéve:
New York :
Compte courant n° 472.043.30 Q à l'Union des Banques Suisses.
Account n°10141122 at the First National City Bank, 55, Wall Street.
Paris:
Compte n° 545.150/42 à la Banque de l'Union Parisienne, Boulevard Haussmann
la Banque n° 170.09).
,
Rome:
Compte courant C/E 0083021 Banco di Roma, 307 Via del Corso.
The Hague:
London:
6-8 (C C P. de
Account 25.78.53.303 at R. Mees & Hope, 13, Kneuterdijk.
Crossed cheque to Union of International Associations, Acc. n° 04552334, National Westminster
Bank (Overseas Branch), 53, Threadneedle Street, London EC 2,

- Union of International Associations

Transcription

Documents pareils

Liste des conventions internationales d`entraide judiciaire

easyBook Cover

Lire les propositions d`actions In Tribune Socialiste N°611, 21 mars

Set de tampons World Map

Julien Clerc - Communiqué coffret

The secret life of babies

lamborghini countach - Saint-Jean-Cap

Mérieux NutriSciences Group Scientific publications

du moniteur d`issoire - Archives Municipales de la ville d`Issoire