Le Conte du Graal (Perceval)

http://www.quellehistoire.com
!"#$%
&'()*(
+
texte intégral libre de droits
1
,-
. /(//
/"01/(0
""2/
(0/2 ,! (
/2" /2 32
)(/,"'4(/2/
"056 /,/",(
,,,4
44/2! (2
2(//( 6
$7!(12 !/2(
/228!(, ,!(/9:
0(/";/#(
<4(/,!, /
28!( 9:0=;
(2("!/" 8(/"=(/0 (
#(//<4<4
,(/(2(,6(
/2<<4<,0/
/0) (2/2"
"0(/0",/
'4(0=>?(2,6
<0 (/ ( (/,
!(0(2,
2"/20"("(0!(
(
6"(/",
)
(" /? ?
6,("8 /
/(/104
8"2(
,6? /?4/6
"1 #
2
"( 20"8
/06,/(
(0(/2? !,(,8!
/(
80"(
,(",(",0
, / / 129
:2(((//0
"/1( !(/ !5!!(/62
!(," "26,/6 (/6
2 (6;8?
,,/2?8/ (/0
"(0",,(
(22,2!(
"0!9:@A<4(A!/
6@A(! (! (/
/20 "0(//!
0/("<(/ 04/
!<((0!/(<4
!(208?/2
< (6,
;5
/(/ 8
9:8,(/2 B,,(/
B,$0((0(!
/ /6;
72(2 !B1B(
9:*,(2 AC!( $(",(6
8<4=C( ".=CC
',(",(2(2/ 2?1 04/<4"64(
,",A;' 2,(
9:*? =;
,/'
( 9:D4(/,(/
/,=C>60,("(2
E(04,( (4A
E(C<("(/26",
6,=C(,( ,A8,"C
<,6,/,(//6
(40(0!1!2
0,C*,(2!/"(
3
<,1 ?=;, 2 9:/=C*,(
"(0,(/2,/6/A
E(<42(/?,/
?(4/62 !AE(/2 !(
28,/6 8,=C
*("((20"/(
(,2/2"
;'/"2!
(? 9:$(/
=C
("(<42(/2/
/(,//2
/2"C$(,0/
"/0 10)/,
2(2"C("(
<4A8,/(//(6
2 ;"9:*,("(
!"( ?;8, 20(9:>
("(0(/2/,=C*,("(
,=CEC*,(20(2 ,"C
<"=C,0C<("(6(
04(<4.2"/=C*,(2
!96,( "C<,(40(!<40(
/2 6 ;8
9:*,(<42?(,
=;8(/ ",(9:),=C
(,( /2 ?C.
=C*,(60/C<C5
26/
'(/205// (/ * 2"=;8
9:$(!, 0/,(/!
*C8/2("(0"=C
(/8!,
(2(;8?/2(
(6/2/2, 8/!(0 8
, "=/(/
(/0(2"(/
((/
/6?"2 ?8,
4
09:*? =C7"
2 ",;("08,/
9:$( 5
/"( C
*,("(/6(2 /6/6(/6"8/(
0/2!96,/2
!5 /2! /62 C$(
"(6E2D4),CD4),=E0/
7C$( "(62D)CD2
5(!C$("(0
/2D$C$2?<4(0
' =C$(6(/ 2C$2?
<4((!!/62?/626;
2 !,!,("/2B
,8,2 ",(
6
/2( 6/2(/
:D4",(04",; ",:D4",(, <
(/ >,=C>(
=E0(/62(/6!
6B2/62B5(,/!<
02/"0(2
20=CD4",(!0E C,(A! 0/(/
)=7 0(!(/<4/
!;0, 9:D4",(<(
/! B(6(!!
!(/?//2!C*(((A
?/2; (/
8/"("9:@A(
0AD4,",(0!
/62?, /62?,A
B,(04",(< B/ B!(,
2 ((04",(
"7< ,0/
,!(/6"
(872!
!1B(20 B
/ /!
5,( ( (
0* (,(" 60
,/!$!,(!,(/
5
( (?! ' " (F !(
/," 0'" !,12"?/ * "!1 "?(! "(/2
"?8(/ ,,(04",,
,(,( , ,.!""(
,4 4
'28,,(/"0,
8(/ ",("D
'6
0"16? (/6"( (/ (/2
""'"(62!!
<2,(/0
0,8!,<
", (6"" /",*
,,",/6(,0(/2 3 2<46"6,;
, /:'!("(,
2,(/"
(!2(/2 ;((
61 ,!
0"!
(2"00(
01 "8
26,(, (2(/ 2!
!(0 9:>!
!(04",(/*,(
,/2<2 (/2(
05/22 (
/=/"?/?"(
,"=5((5,",(
2(2(2/22 5
/2 /2D",(
"012 (!,
0 ,6/2 (",(< (6
$, !/2?0!( (? (2/(/
". (
< ,(, ,1
,(!,/2,1"/ < /0120( "(
, 82(2
( (020/
,<2 !(2(
6
!D4",(962,
! !/,1,
( 2D4",( ,(
,1 "/
!$ /!,
$!/6(
/20" ,C5("(/!=CF
"/"0C8(
/2=C7?90( ,
$2"2E( (.
"?,"6!,("! "(/2"/ (! ""2,(0, ",(
2 ? !
!C<!!
(",(28;'2
1! ( ("6'
!
" ,9,(
6, $6, (
2" / 0
1B",
(2 ?F "0 (/2(
</2:D4",("(<46 /2
(///,;.,"!,!
2 (!B" (
6 2"B8!
(2(/ # (,2
!B !"1
/6,'"6/6, '(,(,(2
/" 0,,2
","!,!12 "
2"2"012 "1'2!",(
/,( 2
'"((/ 04(
"!!,"(
,/9:<4(!>"6 *(//
0/(/6
/226E2 ( "(/2
!(/62!;"(
("2 (1
!(, !1
"/ "6
7
".,"(4"2# /2?(28,(/"(9:
(6(2 52!
/ ///; 0 /"0( " /22
:*,("()(/C8,
0( "(",(/2!"(/
2!CE((06(" (/6 )(/
(/(2(,;,
0,",(20("(
,(2"!//2
1"2(/,0(
(44",((2(
:8("(/2
2 ?(/ "?>#2(6C
526(" (0(2"
2;, ("(2
?(9:(0,A>
2!0 ,(0"/0/
(/2, 0; 9:2 (/620
(//2(6 ;,
/(/6B"
"F0 2!(
607,(,
0 ,"1 A"/"
2!( ,"6 !(
2!(/2 0,(20
!,,9:( !*,
!(0',(
;8 // (/
((, "1 ,
86 0/, !(<
, 20:<4("(0A<(
/6 (/2#/6
!!E2!;8 /6
<( /2(6 ((2
?(0/22?8 2
!/0</
,(!12 (9:<(6
!/6/BC((6"(
!((/0B
8
0"(6, ,C8 (0( ,=$2
B0B!(!C7 ((5
4/(/2(2 E,
/22B ;8,"!
!:"("(!A8/22 (25
6/2 "$ (6C$("(0C
D=C*(60("!C8#
>/2("/6!,
/6=$",((00!
/"'(
(/6!242,
/6!,1"(6",$2
(, 6! (,, / 162
"6;'26(,/2
0(:*("(
!(/2( 1
'(/(/"(C*,("(
'(04,(
(C>6
6CE("('22
30,7",(2',1
!,(/4 (
6(2924/;
, 0("//2
(/(0
"08 7/ 2$"
( 210(/
9
'%
,0(/( 9:
"(,!$2(02(,
//A;'2(//2!
(/ 8 (
9:>(,(=CE("((
C*,("(,0>(
(/
(/"(//8
!2/ (0(
/6 ;>//(/2
E/22(
!" (,/"
!8'2"2
0 1 (("(
/" ,,,(2/(/
(/27,(/
:*,("(/(/(,
/4;G,(/"(9:'(,
;,2(
(",2 :"(
,/("/.22 ( "=;2(
"( 2!2
/(,"0(00"
0"(/0(
9:D(0!,E /2
!,/2<2 (/ /62(/ 2(2
("///22(
*,("./8?
" /
02B!//2(
"2/?
(/?
(!2"(021
(<42?(/6 ;, //((?
:)("((2;
"!/
!(/ 0 !:'(
10
"(,(,(!
")(<(2 ;
8, 9:E2 /62
(,/6AE( "(2(
"(2C@A"(04(6"
2C)/6(",(
04((,
<,/62" (/ 2 ;4(/"0,(/22,(
9:'(,', ((
,"?/,/ CH4("( <( (/'
,$,"(2 !412 (/2(
,!*2!0 , /
(/!2/, ((/ (0 8 ,/2,,/"08/
(?!0#/" (
;8H4 (,(/2
( B(0!(((
9:*,(, !(6 !
/22(22(22
8 ;8 2 ,
, (/2?8H4(
( "
/2". "(
,(0" , /,9: 6//
/!;8 (
, (,2, *G,(/,, , !( !(
/2
8,!B ( 26
0., 2/2?
(9:5,6(( , (/'
A;89:*,(# =$( C.2(0=8
!(,(/"(/2,
=>,(6C*,("(6
# /0C<,(
11
,(/6(/ "D
,/6"( 2",;"
,((2"! 2 "/2"0
8,",//2"0,
/2 ',/2 2261
/22(" 2(/2 <(
,,8,,( 2 ("/
"(/2 !(2/2!2 (
"" (, "
8G,/ :7/("
(=."=CE/E/22B
(, 00
/ (/2/,
"(0(/20C>
(/6 0(,;("G,
:>"(,(,, 2;
G,6/2220
"2B5,B
/ ?( /27,?((
(!0(/,0/
12 ,/2,(,9
:<0(!(/6!0/"
2 A5! (/(,/6=5(!
( /2!=5!/!
22 0 A;
"
" 3" /2"
G,( 02/
"(""(/0(
2 !/ ! 2("8,B2
2 ("!G,2 ( 08#/G,2(,9:'(
,(2,(/20(6! /62!8 , (, (
, /.4"/6 (,/
6(60(/ !;8
/ (!"!
' (2'0G, (/ $9:$("6(/
/"C</,="
12
(/!C8<(("G,(
/ C<,!/(
"( /2
" =C$(! C8 (
=' /2!=C8#
,(/2C"(04,=C
$((6(/""!(
,"26 /" ;
9:@AH4(2,"A!2(
/(2,/62
C$(G,( "( ?(/H4" ( (/2
!(2 ;"(/","(
,,(26/2 (
9:<,(<4( ,<
",(0
/H4 ,/2 ,
!"(/,/ ! /2 (0"0
/ (/2
0,01 (02 A2
" /2; !. /2
(,(/2,/
2B. B,(/2?89
:@?A?AH4(2,A.
B2 2B(2(0
",502
(/ 2 (0!>
,(2/ !!
!!2(/"
(04",4A;8 !"(2 /(
13
D"
8,,2 ! "(/
/ 20(2
2!*!/2
2 (22(/2
", /$2
,!?(2 2/2 0$( /(
"$2!(,
,(/2"/2/
"8(("!1
00"!(/0(
0' (/(
0(/",04"
0,0, <
2 2, ,",
,(0(/2 (( ?,(/",0,/ 96 ,(
, *,202
2 0 (/ 01 1"0/0/
(9:$(2!C<4
0?(0";(" (/1 1
9:D4"(=C<=<'C.2"?=C
2"(/0C=$<40
(2 2<2/2
/">("0((
/0=C("(C<==;8
,?.",(,
(/8 /2
":E6
(/62 C8,(04
(/2,"=CE0
,2(//21
! /!C2<( 60(" (>(!(/4
0,#=C$(2!/ /(B/2(/ /;8 9:D"(0
(/05,I =C>?C
8/=C((/0!,C5
14
(" (/2,!0
,C8=;":.,
C"("(62C<,;8F,
(/"1(
0(""/
08 " ,
2/, ,(,(2 !! ( (9:'( ,2
! ,2 ;
2!(!
7 " /26(
"( /(/ 2 !! 2
(2 "1$ // "."0
00(/02!($2
9:'(,2
( =;8/
/66(2B(/2"B:
/2 (/ ("
(047, ,1 8//"?
"?(",(02,;
" (# 22B,6,,! /0(1/
( !
0"/ /2!/("!
2 ,(2",0 .,"
( ((2 B"9:$(!0"=,/62
(62=>/!
B5/62B,C
'(,(" (,(6#
,; ",( ",22!
//(/,2( ",
"'9:'(,(
/",2"=CE"C8 #=C' 2 ( ,C'(",C
."=C2 2,/;"
(/
2! (/0"2 (
2/(?/2 9:
15
'("(!",(2C<("(
<4(6",(/204,
,/",C<
2(" (/22(,(/2(2,
;2(,9:
$(2!/226 !
2B!/B(2!E
CD4,( (
,
,
;86/22212'
2!,!/ "0(/2 ?"/
"?30!, (04!,1
!",04!,0,$(
2!8 ,!
"<",(/,
/"(,!0<!","0
."0( (/"( /,7 ((
( ?4(2 B(
/20!B8, 9:$(6
(6 </2
/2 (/ " (2<(/(?
(0( (/6B
(/6"?6(,26; / ( "$, (
/6" (2
!(" 0
02 (/",
",G/"?9:'(
/,,(,;8, 9:D(
,,, /"(,
/=8,/6AC*,("/6("
(, *?(04(/6,(
/,,",C8!"(",(62
;' (
,8 20,(#2 4//"2 8 20($2 <2
,,(/ 8
2 (0(/ 2 /<4"(22
(/,89:D"(!(
/2!0(
16
9,/ "
(,2(/22,8
!,/, , //2(!
9:. ";(0"( ( (, "(
((,(",0(
, ,F !(,
!(/"!9, /"//2!
!;8, 9:<, 3,0,(0(/2?C>
6(0"(" (/ !<0!2,6/((
( /,(/ ,("
2 (!,C8/!(0=
C( J,(/ #( !;8/62
((/2/0/2!
!(9:D4(
<4A',<(/(/;
42 (/
/$",(/,
,/2 ",/(/
7"0<""
!<2/ 1 "0(,/2 !(/2
/! ( /40E/ (
""(2J"2 0
"/2 " ! (
9:./ =;! (9:
D((/ /,",
2 C$("(2,(6!
,8 /"0 ;
2 (/ !/2"
(#1!(/!,
( ( "?9:$(,,;$0B!,("
0(B/2/2 ?(
!B80"!(
,(/ ,B(/"277
(/0?(0?(2
17
!,0 ,0 ,(
#,",(,(
,6,522",
( !(/"
2 ? 8!(/2
* 22!8
, !,(/ !1
2(020"
" (/24"
!,(/"0< 2 ( /"0<0!""(
2 2B8 6( / !,$4"(0,(2
((2 /2"<2
0(/2 ,("4
,86/"0/<4B"
"( /"!<
"(44(2 ?(/0/?/
""("0
",(/22" 2"$40,!("
"(,
,0/ 2!0
!"<4 (2/ " "28/(((
1 0(9
:D"(42 /4 5/(
,( (/? /2
"?5 (,(2 ,(<4
;82 6/20
(/0!$/"
,/(
, 4(
/, /
/ "(224! :<4("(
4
,4(2/04",
"50,(,$2
"J(0402/
020(/220/
<42 2"? /20?;8/,
18
24! "(/2
2 //(/20/6
22809:$(
=C<("(66 (
620012,",(! 2(60/
,
,C@A04(" (
0,/
<4
/ 2 >/ (/2
( 31 60"8,/6
(6! ((( /B
(/B (5
6"(/0" 0(
,,5,2/2
!(,!2 (
0 <2 ,("2
!,2;'/2
0((!, '!
( !2 ' !
9(/(/21
2/ $!"
/10
D4"/
22/2B
("/ (
B((B52( !0/22/ (/22
52 (/0
( (/2"20/
25(!
7!"0(2
!(2 (
, /" 2 "0 /
000
( "2/ "<("( /$2
2! /2120?,
"/2(!(/ 08"/0, $9:D(/ =/2
=C@A!4(A< "
/2, /6/6
/2 !/"(/22
19
//6 3/622(2/6,"8
B/66/2(6
/(#2<
4!2,//(/
4('!!(
47(, ,<,/
(60/2(
/62 (2,
/62"'!
'!!(/2("(
(/2,
? (/(<4"(
4,(/ ",(6
5((,/2(2!(2(
2 4(/(2
6(222("(/6!
"/!7
>( ; ("2(2/ "(//"(" /2?/
?0(22 ( "8
9:'("0",( ,
,(2,,,<4(
(,/2,,,
(/2,@,;8
9:$ (";80(/0,
$2,1"/2
0( /286(,2(
00(6/2/6, "
,/00(0,0,(/26'26
2 0,(,
0 (2/28/
(6 (,(
",108 ,
2 09:$(<4
06A860/6",,<6
,(,( 2 (/ 2
2 (/ 2 0
,"56 </ ( /2,;89:D(2
/6/(, (6
/ $"( ( /!562/(B/
20
!(/212 ;8 9:$(2,/ 52(,!1 8 //6! /, (/ !,!(
/!24(,B(/
?,20"C,
("((/0216 ;
0/20(1/2
(/0"
( /,'"!(/
!(/20"8/2 1 (" (2"
/ 20
"/2 /9:$(<4?6
!'!!((/ ?;
8 E/2 (/"
(?,9:D(,<4
" "! 20 (
!,(//
;*-!D 8 8
2(2'!!(/
126(!,(/
/ ?(/2B
,/,"(/2" 0
/'!!(" / "!(9:*,(#
/2=<2* 0/=C
5(/",="( /2
?"=;8 !
,9:E/2,4(,(
/ 2"1 C<,
(",(/2A8,/
//!C>,#!("
'!!( $/4 ""(/
2;8("( 2,",)
"(! !(2(
""(2?1"/
(,"( 265
"(2,6! "/
!1" , 0,,//
'2,/2("
0,(" ,'!!
21
?," ,/0,,
8, (/2/<
,( 2 ( / , (
0" (/'!!?
8"2?/1,/22
/$ / / /22?( /2B/
"89:D4,(, ,/2,
E0/6(
0( /"B2/
BB/B/ ,2B
086!2 /22(
!,(( 2
B(2/2!!8!(!/2
0"!B2(2(!2 22/ "//0C8,/,/A8,
='(0/2/6
(
;8 9:</2(/2"(
/(
"",,,/,/,/
5 2/ 216 "52(
2(/2"(/(
(,";8/
(!122#/
,"#/22 (",/(/
0/2 :
!!("(0(2$2?<4(
4(/2"
!!8,2(04,(/
"8,2/2C"("(
'(B /2
"/H4" /2(
/62 /'!( /!(/!
;8 /"002
/21 2(
2" (2,! (/2
08"/1
!/2//"2
22
/'!62B
<?9:$(2'!! 2 ?(/
,?=;8 9:$!( "("? 0(
(/2, ,(" !,(,2?,
! B 0(/6"(
2B8,/4"=' '
(;'(/!6
(6/20 8
20"!10!(
600 54"
(/,"(/
!(/
2'!!:8<((;(
",(/"/2484
9:<=;8, 9:"(4
/2 '2C."(
,(( =< /
"2=;8 9:D4
(/"(/6/"
D ,2C8 (,(/
A;"/ 2:.(=3,(
/(,(6((2 ,;'
,/,(/9:*,(
"(, ! 0/
$2("/"1,( ;9:
$(, ,=E
00(!"<,
D 2/0/!("0(
"(2""( !"
,#"0KK 0 ( D"(" /" 1
(/ 2?"(/"0$
2"44(/2"/ 40("C"(6
0("4(/!,
,,!,0,( !;KK 4,(/
,"0(/
8/( 0(
/,(/,2 0
,",",,0
( 0/2 ,6"",
0 ,(00,
23
10("1 4
0/(/!,0
/("!,
/(/! /"
8 !"(2
(! (#5"0! "(
"!,/B,(/"
($ /
!" (/,!2
0(2"2,"08
,0 ,(//,,
/8 4
,(/ ,!,,("(2
/2! (,!/
!8/9:$(2
(2$< (
0(0,,,(2,
/2" (!
,!!( (,,
,2,6,*4,(/2
2$,(
41?/"( ?
/ <!, ;" ,/2 ,( !
1,/2 (2
,2"(/2 / (6/8
"24,6?!,, 0!/" !!2 $
< (,1/
,2B(2///
/'/(
/4!,(/28?9:5
(/0, 0, (0,;8?9:D,
<4(/"/#(,0
A,"(/,(
,! (/ ,0
0 2 2!/ "1 !( ("
0!;>0"0!//'
"!(2"4 ,,
"./ (
24
,/!6( /2/ "
!> !64(/"(
,0 !"( 8/, 1!#"
!> !,2
201"26
/(#60!"6(/
1/, /!"
,/!.!(1
4!,(/60/
,1?/2(/4 ",!( 84(/
!(!(,2,(
/6/22 0(. /
("(//2
2(/2(0(/2 !"
!!4/ "(6 /
(5 ?/0
2(2 0/:$!(
,(",(",0(/6 ;8 (/ 2
(,( 6/2/,1
!!/20 /
$ 2/22(
0(" (/2!
!5(!/2
!!#(/2"(0
J"/"2(
2/ "/2 ?/0
2"(,
/2 '!(/,
(,( /21 2!24(,2 (".4(/
0("/2"
#"!0(22/2
(/4! ("( 2,
",)"(
! !1(""(
21"/,(
"( 261"(
220 ! !
25
',?(62( 2
/2,'"
!104
"(/2? ,D /
4"( 2 3
/050/
' !(/H4
" !("!(!(
<42"' "/2(,
/26,(/,,2(
66/22(2/ (
/22( 28
421/(/ "!" (2/. (",",8, 6",(2
(/2
<2 4(/,
((/
2/
(/62B2B4
! '!!<(
'<2 (!6(
/! <60
1!6
(22/<!
/5!0(
/!5'!!2(
4 (6, 2!BD2
,B6/2<
('
"84,,(,
"('!!(/!6"
26/2",(2,
$!( (
# 9:$!(!(,A,
#(2,(/,72
/(62,,(/2,E0
?(/264
7(6/"4/2B
2 35 ;8
'!! (/4 (2
(2"(/?
6'"2',(?
1" (/"
8H4 (,"0,(
26
0(" 0(
0(2 0(",5
0 "! $"2 1,"2(0
02(020(2!
2! 1"!(
!("92!/(
!(" $"!
/,2/ 8
,26/(9:$(2 (
!,CH4((,2 (/6 ,!!"( /"!(
/2!;8 (4
(/ (,(9
:<40?/( " !(!!,
/2"A>,("(0(/!
(!/#2
/2/< 2 (/
5/6(6
/(4/
(C'(<42?("(
( J(,C>?(,,
("4(04( ,6
/2(/6 /(
H4!"265/2!(
<4;." (6
29:<,(<40?(0!0"(
,"(/0,0(6!2(
;H4(/ (!
1,/ /22"(
"9:@AH4(
2!"/2,"!2
(!;'
",(
(G(/,,/2 !
8/2!(,
0?8
22,0(
(?(/0"
/"6<0"/ 0 (
0 2(//0(
2"< !("4"
!( 2!8/
27
(D(20(,
28"/((2 B/
!2B59/
1/228"
!/ ?(2/
?"/2(2(/
22(,"(
(8 (2
!(,."
( 2"62''"
6( "0(
89:$(/2
,,(2 /
45!,4(/ ;8
9:(,(,/
0/6(/0/
),=E((/ $
(!2"!1(
", 2(/<4'0
08(!(((!
(/6",0 2(<4;'
12(
"(,,
28
'L
86(/22(
/B!8" !( (
/8 /
(22!2 "!2
,(9:@A<4 ,(/ ((;82
/ /2(/
8 2"/21
"6(2#
72(/2/
6/28221(/0
"8/" 2#(
#2 !!2//"
/ !9:'!,
("(!(2! ;8/ 9:(0"("(2"((!!
(/ (44
(2 D!2( !C>
2!,("( <(6 ;89:<
2,(E0!5, "/"1/,(
((,!( 0;
521/(!
8/ (/(9
:.!,/=0!<4
!!/#2$20(/
/6/#A(/?(
!"?? ;
"2/ 26/2D0
0."( 0("
(!, (/
02/28 21
?,(/", 2,(
(((,
(","02(
"126/2!$,/6/2
!?0(//?,
!/2!2(/,1
42(/"/!8
((0 (/,1
29
" ,20( 4(
2"0' ,"("!
0(0("D ?
"(2B",
/(2 <
!1/(9:
'(!""(/62 ,
C<((,("(/2! (<46
; !/ ,(9:'(#, (,1
,B,(60;,,(
9:'(/ =C$("(
D (C$2?<4(" (,!
6"*B,/!B20C
8,6 (",(";./ (
, ' ( !
(2820(0
""(/2 "1/2
0/2 #"/ /
//"!2 ,/2 9:
$( ((/0( 1
,?!/*,
(0 (2//"62 2"/(/6
"! ;8/,
!2 !(/0 ,
2 "2(2'0
1"2"
*$ 0(9:D(
"6!(6/2,5
!,(2,;72(/ 2
( 2"1/2 (
"52!!1",
!(00/0!2B0<
0("//!
/(2 (!,!(
/ !,!2
"./2 22(
,20(/0 ! ( ,"/,1,
0"0(2!"
6/2!
,(/,,12
,(//
"(/! / !1
30
/(2(/2( 2
8(/
("(,0(/
'4
7!,
(060.",!
/2(!,,( /,' /2!!(/("1
!( /1 !, 208, 2!2(/,6,
!$/2!(/62?
/ ("D
!2(/
2 "/"/
2,2
( 028
2(2 <! (
('/ (
",0!""(/ ,6,<"209"6/
/2(2!$"
0( / (!,
4 6/0 "
2"! * ,
"( 2(0<" 4
,(/22!(
4!/"8!4
4 (,!2
(/ (
,6,(25 /2'
2! (28(
((,/2(,1
6/2(/!! 2
8 (20!2
2 !0(, 0!"040<!/
" ,(,0
' ! 01
,"(/((
31
"!,! !("
!!04' 0200( (2
(0 < ,(
/2 1 9:'(
E2((,0!1/
(,#E2 (
/22 ;7777!"2
02((/
!(2 '
"/(///""8/
(0
,86/2/206"
"$!(/,(2
8//2B!(/2/"2(
(/, (,1 (/"(/2 (
///.,
0(20/,B,(
B,(/0",7 ,9
2., (22
>(,!,(
(/ ,"
,2!,(272
0(/2 /
(//(/22 ,8
/"( /2(
!!2 (,/ 4
24/( (!2 2" 8#/" ( ,/2
(4"(/(22B0(
"0(4/8,
/(/2 (2 :<("((/ ( A>
/6=((22/
/;8 "(/ 32
2>!4
8"2//
4/:<#("(!/2
/!/;2 0(
/ ,/
9:("(B(6"
(/A AB
(< B(/!2B$,
""$2"6"A 2
,=./6 (/=
' ((5,(!
2(0 !(!;8
2/2(/ E/2,(/2B<(
(("0( 28,
/9:<(//!=C$(
2(" (56!"
2/6!(/2 (<4!((
!2(44,2
42,/"04(4
" !(/2B !"
2"(2B, 0
<?2/,0, C
"("(0(!2! (2 (
(//(226
!!B2, 0B ?
E(,(/6B/C@A
(!B/3=C( $(2 (!3
("/(,
"(/!J"6(22#
(2!06;8
9:D((01"
0,!,,"/ 7"",
26 (2B,!/2
5/ 2
("" 2#9 3( /2 " ((
/",0 (/220
(""C<(
33
"( "(/@!
/!!' !(/6
,!/2(
/2 162,(/6 C(
!"/,8/,?(
? (2
C$!=>?( "C8 =C
2 /C$2?<4(,//,
8?!=C>?0C8/=CF
C<=C<20(( C'!=C>?C.=C<, C8
/=C C8 !(/=CF C8/=C7 2!C
<!/ =C>/0
2C$2?<4( A,(=;8/
/4
(
21(8/2(
29:*
!,(C=C4A@A4B(
"/2(/B
0/!,/,B!!,0
8!,0A50/
((2(
/2E,/(/,
/!'"!(
!!$ /2B/2!B/2"
(///2"/62
/2
"4C@A("4(/
2,(,CE("(
/C><42("4(
0A)2,8 /(
/!/(/ 2" /
='25,(6
0(/(/,(6 ,,(A'0<"
0/!,(/21!
("(6(6 ;8(
/ "/(9:$(!"
02 /!2
*,"(,( #( 2",/,8 2/6(<42?(/, 1
34
!225" / "(//2"
0!=E0""0/"6
,(
",6(/2?,"/,0(/2
CD(
(
20 (2,
(/2,>(,(
/2"(6"=C>?(! .
(/( "0
"$(2,0
("/(/""(6" /2
,(2(/22
"C("(2!"(4(";
2((/ (
"4,,/2
"!(/ < "(
!(/2B,D,
B,0/B( (/6
0, ,' "0
!/202"",1,
, 1 !!(/2
F0(01
(, /,0"
,0B1/20/
2 (,
',!(
""(!!<"0
( "(/ ,""?1/6/2 06/!,5 /$4(!
B(B ,
(/(//,( 824(
2? 9:<4(
"(6 /6!A (2 A B"A<4(
,0(/!2(2((/
!(/"
'( ( (! /2 !( /2B$B/
!2B(2B / 2B(
35
B52/" (;9:D(<4A;
4(/28/2(20
09:$(/2(/2(2!
;84 (/9:'(
( =! /!/
?"?C$("(/!
2/B<2!B/
2!C*(!!("4(
""((!!#(2
#1/!B (66
2BB/4
C@A("(,",
, ,"1",(",
C7("(! / ( /6"(
C.>!(/
0(!0(/2
(( /2/
2 / !( /
!2!/2( 2;./ (
>!0" 0 (9:*(/, $/
" /2 5!
2 /!2 /( /"6
"!5(2F60,
(2
(/ /,0
/4("/0 "($2
(/=.0!(2" 0=>?(6/20," (/2
2.0" 2"(/
(!/2)/00
!(2/10/2
"(0,/" "
/2 !!(
1"2
(/""(26!!!
/26//(2 (
5,06,2" ,/
6"52( ."
"( /2!5 /
6!'?2(/(2!
",",,(2
36
//!/
2"(;.4(
/ 9:'(,/2"
(/!/0 "(2 (
( 2 2"1!("(
,(0!<"!"C
"(">!(/(/
!?>(/"C'
2 , ;("4
42, 2 /2
"/2 2
65"( 2
!,0"",< 2!(/
!0(00/>!
8//20
/ /62? //?(
9:( "(626/2
2(/2( !6(/"
;/ 2/9:D(6
E,/6 "</6"!C*
("(/"0!6
/2!82 (00
'( $2 ( "
2 !H48
/2"(
,/(/2(?
(008 (/( /22(6H4/2/(6
(/!/!2 /
'/0"!(6,;8
/2//6(2
(/6"/
? ( 0B :>(/0("
4( 2(/!/;
37
'
( 2(, 82"0!("
2/20"' ('"(0 (/22
/ *,2 '/1/"9
:$( "/,(0
,(/,/(
;/(0/9:
<,("(0(/60/
2"1,0,,,
,C$(5/
(#/6,(/? ?/6 (/26/
/6"" /"(2/
2 ";7 "./?
(21(
(.?",
!'(>!9:<(,
/6 (/ 2/<
/ (/22( /
C'(!;("?8
/2!"( /
,(2 /2"' /H44"(9: ( (/#2(
/ 6 ,/6B
/6 <4?/2 /2!/
'!/!0""!/
";8/"2( ,
29:<H4(<40?( ,(
;' " 9:@AH4("?/
/!0!02(/6
;" ( 1
(/
,9:<((/ / /0='72
?((/ ? 2CD4(6("(2
B.!(2"//?(
/6"?E0(9:
)(5,/2 38
;8/6 6 /2B'
/20/ 2
8H4(/(,6,6
0/(9:)(0
;/?(2 226/#
E#,(/
*,"./"(6 ((
"!8, 2"26(2
0!2/ !</
2 60, !6//62((,
6 /;/6("B
/2/2.?((
" (!(2 ( ,(!0, ?
62/" ,8
2 (01? 2/?2 !(
(,"!0!(/
"84",(/
/1 2,!(/"!!8,/
(!/0?*B?(
/22" "/0 !
(20/22(2
"/2201 "(2 (
684 B
!""(!/ 0(0!2/2
/12"#(4
""/,!6(/ $2 (."0/"2(
/20'((,0
!"/0 '
2!/"( (/2?
"204!/
//2
8#/2(/!(
$!(/ <, ,:<("(,( ,#=C
$("(B/
C8,=C"(?C
2 ("(2
;$!"2
39
:$("(;8
( /2(
$!/2(
)"//("01,,2
2/2:$("(
;8"0/ 21(
12?9:2 (,6
!</ (! ;2! (
/!(6"22!4(/!(
( ( !
'/2($! #1
" (#2 /2
084,2"((
!0(48H4(//
"(2!09:D(,
$!"(2!
CH4("(20(/2!0, >
,",,C$("H4(,
/ /!(!2,""(
(";
',2/!
/222!8!9:*4(
4(,A*,6 "( ,
";"4(/2( 2(/ <0"(
2,"H4"(0
(/"84 2"( 02(20(/(
2((20,0(
"("210"H4
(4"2
D/,(
(. (/,!,", "84! !0840,1
,(2/22(/2!0(/
/20
" 8(/22
!(! 2(/
0,282"
2"(?/2!0(62
8
9:$(<42?(
40
2(0,(?2,,6,6!
(/("( (
//212B(((
2 /2"(
2"(2 5 (
( / B
! ( /26/#;'H4
#9:@A
(2,6 (
(0 D",(0
8, .,
"2,(!//2
/A
(,"/2
AD, (/0
,!,!,"!,6=5,
//2(/A0 ,
0"E 0<
, /(!" 9:$(<4
!;("2 !(0, ! !(
29:>0
;C@AH4( 0("( ?,,!
=E2( "(62/ (04
,E20,,(/6
2C>2,(((/,/
$2 (2,(, ,(/
,2, ;'" /0,
(,"(
(/ ,'2 , /
( /,!/
"(( 2 "8
0(,""0(9:$(6B(
B6",5 !0/!
!1 /, C7
6("4(/62
!" 86 2 /
1/ 22/ (/
!"/0
'2!2/"20?(
6, 2/?C("
( 2 (#,(",/
5!/,
"'(2 (!C>(
0( ("4(H44C>?(
41
(,//6(
6/0,, #(,(
C< !("4(/H4";
.
2?(2(9:$(
<4(/$(,=C
4(8(=C$(,/!
0 C
=C*(0;42
6?9:$(0? 2
(C("
( /2"( (
;849:"(!,(/
0,(!2" /!
;201
826
1(/6?2
!(:$(("( "(
(2
!6;2//
2(H4(!9:> 2
(5"0! (/2(2/
2 #2 2/
$2,/ (2"
?"(?,, ,",
;8H4(",,(8
!('
""(00"
"( ".",00
(/"00(/"
2:$((6("
(/(6(?,(
46,2 ,,,
0(,CD4("(;("(/
9:D(0!,A
/2 !,6 C"(6
("4(0E24
C@A
4(04,(/(62 ,
5B!(/! (/
!2/<4("0
/, /H44"
*,0(2(
/?;?(/
?/,4
"/( //2!(
42
29:<46 0(
/(?/
/B2;8? 9:8,0,(
, 0A;
4(/(29:D(2(
!/6"2?;8 2
,"6/"
(?0(
/2(/8!6
"(2"6/2,6/
/"(
!"!((
4(/
"?,"8,?"
("2/2$
( 12!
20"$0J2"((
008 ,0(20(
0" 0120
6/D"" <(,4
"B0,
0("(
"9:@A4()8
,//02 (/(
)(/A3(?/
("! 20 /
? ! "0A8
!/?(/?/2
5B/0/ !(
/ 04!(B(/?/2"
(BA8B"BA8BB(/(
B(/2"!, ( 68,/2
/(/2 !,=<
,( (/
"(( ;9:3(62(7
!,?
>! (28
(,/22/22
/(!0/
"//2260(2"
$2/(2"8/ (! ,/(
43
/2"' /,5
1!//! 7!28 8!3! B<40B;(
/0/ (2 , 8
(// "(
",(",
(/2(<4?(>!:8!
5(H(6/";8
4(/2!,!
22! !/ 2(/
,/2//220(
/!2(/2/(
/, /216 8/06/2/(
2(6/0/2/(
"
44
%!
8// (,/
!0
( 2(220
/2,"
!0((
(,2 "9:
(? "2/2@ 0(
2 ?00/!2";
'
,1'!
>!("(9:<("(0(
,!!<0(!/
("( ;89:$(6
2"!( "2/2 /8!"B/!B(
/?"?/
B08!(62"(,
!!(( ;8/22 28(/ 04/'(:8!(
"
( /!/;
!02(
22 ,.0(/0(/00
( /2 2*77
,8,/"
B,(2 !"( ,0(
("!1,2/ (
2
</22, F
(
/, !
9:8(// =;8
9:$(25,,( ,,C8
=C$(!,2',(/
C"("
(2'!0>=
2C$(/5,, 0!(,((((,
C<4("
("5,,
0,=C>?((<4$ 0/2 "(! / (2
" /21/62
// "
"( : (
45
( "(6/,2"
6/2(//20
/2 ,
,2(/!,
2062;$(
(/2'!!/2,/
0/22/2'1
",/,,,;89:'(2(
!("/,;52
,(
<2"(/
80,"0(
,,(,0(6,(
,50,2 /2
!(/! /,12
0"D" " (/2 52
(2 (1
" ,6,((",201"0
5
(/ / (9
26/262. "
(2 ,(/ 4(2,
,, ,(/!1
!6/5
(!( !!(6
/?(/2" ?(/2"B,
,/B,(/2"!(,/2 ,
"12 09:$(<4(6
B !'/
< 0(/?E
/,B(/
,00!,0/4
8!0/ $
!, (!!( !;
/0,,0/222
/<6(
4(8 , (, !
(0 /2B
/2,/20 8
?(/"((/0"(/
/28
/9:<4((
/,B(22."
46
,=4"B,/ ,0;
!,0(/( ,
82// ("
02,"(/" '2,"(/
/2 5(/0,
'"0 08,02
5,,(2/
9:<(,20/!?(
("5,,<2,
,0=702
/02 ;8(/,(/
0(2(2 "
(/(/2(
8,(0
2 "08,
//5,69
/ 1 #(2 ! (",/"/2 212
!62/2 B9:<((,
(,? 2? A*,
0/?,,,7 04,
//;8 9:
0(
;8"9:
*(!("0/ 0/62BA$,6!,
",;"/,,,,(
/,20( !
2:<4("2(
,(//2=;F
/2 6( 9:
5,(AC8,!("/72
/ /
, /!(2
4C*(,!(" (
2,,/, ! =
2,/0,)/!
$8 (0,/!7
(0;80?9:D
(20(21"0 /2
0 !)(!(
/ , "7
;5
47
/?(1 ((
/22 ?(2/"2(/22
0(( !
8 /2/2", (2
(0(//,6,
"85,,! ,"
66/22", .!!(
2 ,"7!"
(/(F
" 9:<,(<42?(
" ,/ ,"
0("0.20(
2(/!( ( /,(
2,!,")/ / "8, 0//
",1/, ,!(>2,
!!A,42 ,(",(
/6";5 2"
4(9:*4(2,(/
6!,2,"("=C<(
"(/= ( (0
5( "(2(/!
5"("0!;5
2!(" 4/ /!8
,( (
2 (!!( "
/2068 /8
"(/ ( (
(/!6( 0!00(9:$(
4,,$ (,(/(,(
02, C
(
("
(0(/62, ?;
2(22/
/642 8
(/22 ?(! (
0/2 !0/8
, (2 0/2 ,2 /0!
9/ 2(("2
(8!,
2
82,"// /9
48
:$("(!0/2, (,/
!!, ,/,(0E
",//2 /(,
"(,!$2,(
" 4("!
252,7
"D(/20!2> (/!
/2; /2"?"8
1?(2/
. "/(
2/ 12!/(2
2!
(
"D(
/"08/ / (6"("," 2 (26"(,008
,",
(/" "(",D(
2'! (
28(1
/:!
(",
(( ,6 0
C"(! /("
"
5,4("CC'A
(",
(/A
9!!!!
",/2"
"C
2/!"?("(2?<4E
42 ( (
"(/20C
,,("
(6/!,;
,222/2
.
(/
0!,(9:D!,A;8B
( 2, /(/
?( 26,/22, 28 ((/2B
(/?2 (2"
C'B("((,"5
0=C$("(28(!
(C
0("(/8 /2 ( (
4/ ;8
/2
(/2 ( 0
4(/(//
/'2 ' (2 (
49
"(/ 60!
0#9
:$(,#A'/201
2"( ;8
(/
/("19:'
!(0((!22(
/ 2"C'("(0(/=.
" !=;(/ !(/"
(9:)(/=;8
9:$(, 0" (62"1(/ ( C*(0;("/6/
6/2 2'2 , $" " #
80""(9:$(
2!"/!/5,,
( 04,(!,0 (
/?/ 0?
8 2 "!(,"0A
6/2( ( /620
5,,(B,,/"$
! /2(!,,
CD"(" (!0/
, (! ;
8(/" 9:*((/5
/28 !(
6C)(! 0(" >,(/
!0,;8 0,2 (!
,/2(/ 8/
(9:$(
(5=E,!(
26<2, =C8("(/2
,"=*B,08,/"(
/,0( 2,"/
;"" (/
("8"""/
""0!" (
9:)(,,,/2
,( /;8 (/220(
2 (
/!6 ! /
!(,2(2
2(/68"(
50
//20"
22!
52 /"6("
?/28
/2!?//?.
"(!
9:<4
66A5 , /6!C*(("
(
;' /22'
"((
(0 ,
,<,5,,2,(,,(
!,0! ,(
!(,9:<(,/
!;8
24 / 8
"/2"!(/
8( "0
/2 (/21 !!/2"6(/28,
(/0B(2"(
5,19:$( ,5,!(
/,5,0 A> /6
(0(<4(//,;
(/!(9
:
(2A$2(!20"/
2 /!C'A(<!("
/62(,0
"(!00(!"122 /2 82,(!/2
2/60! ;B"
2(2"1"/
'2(/
"( ,(" (2,
!(/0(/22
(2(/2>/
!!",77776 ,(/
!!( (2
2/(/ 12"
,(2/8, (2 (
2 2 72
/" ,25
/ "(/
51
// 2("//
2 (9:*("(A;8
0/2( "9:8,,0(
(/6(/6E
!( 0!(/6!/2
!!C
,,;("8
/ (/ /
!/ !
5
2/ 1
( (/:$(
,(/
","/2/
2#,";./2
("6 (9:$(,(
/ ,(/(2/
( !6(/!;<
(
8
(/2"( (0
<1
/
1 /0 ////89:2,
(/(2?<4(0(60(6!
;'2 ! 2!1
<
52
%8
5
06(//8
20 /
0/ ,22"G,
/2(/4(/(
"/ /!(
/(,0
82 0(",!/
,#80
(2"? (/20 (4". 0
(G(/4
1"( /
""(:$(2"72/2
/2"/" ;/
!/I<!/
(!# /( / ,,1 !,/
( ' ,
(64,
047!
(9:
$(!!',!!,
D0!(2 E2
/!6"(/
,;89:$(!(04 ,(
!(,$B, /
!/ 2 "/(/
(/2!/"
(/", !"( (
/.20(
,(/!2 !
/! /;2 /(/
!
52 B,(//2"B,(2!!
!(/0,(
",/7!( 0!(
!22!(/(
(/ 2/"
("0
0,( ( "0
"( !1
!"("00("(
53
4,4(4("4D ?
/2B,6,"(/2 (
( ! !
',!$2
/2"(/#
!
6/20 (9:'0(
",!/2
,,8",(0
,2"
,/,
"(! ,0> ,(/6
2(/20;8(/!69:
D,/2 !A.0 !
(D4(,(" (
,/0!( "/2 (
"0 !;2(/4 61
(/ (/,0(0"/
!/<2 (/2 (!"
5
/2 (/2
(2"(,2F
,(/(/!
(
0!6"8/
6( !(,2!9:)(
A<4"(/22/
?6?(/02A)
B"(",0/,"'B
,/00$0(
(,,B"2B(/
"B("B"052"
/2I0(/ "(/
205"(0(/
/, (0." ( ;'2#/
B ( 6
!1
2(2 /2B8/"(9:@A
A6((( E(
!((, 4
,5,,!0
F 0";5
(2!
/" (,",672 54
/2</0!2(
/2 2
',
!0(/( /(
!B("0?,?,/
?"</
1
/"/("/22B/
B((/ 8?
/22 (,20?(
,8//"2(
2 //2/
06860(29:$(
"!(/
20$2 (!
!E2
?(0,(/,
"0!,$0,(/
,"(/62;8
!09
:5(( /</2
"1!(!26
1 0(! (!!
/!20!( !!;86/2
!'/2/
2(/2/
'(/?(
?(/0!:$("(0"
" /?" /2(,(/?,
,5/0!2,!(/22
/228/2(
!9
!0(/!(/!?2
7" 92,"(
! 0(
2
/"(62!2
> !
, /
2,8!/, !"/2
?"8//2 !1
,,;
'(82
(
0(/0 /
!0 9:
$
(
(! (/!
/6,",/,2/
B( B</2"2
6 ;8!9:$(<42?(
55
0 2
= "!66?5"
5/!(/2
(/ ,6/20(
2/",6,(62
/ 1//,
!(/6"!( <"C!
#("
(,!,/
"??"?2 /!,"/
6CD("(66 "2
, /!96,//
", $,(,(
,/C8("(! ,
";' 2"/
//80
6/2 !01 ,!
' ! ,,/2
4,("/
!
2!(2(24/
" <!
( 56
,2
4(2( /<
*", 4(,(/2!
<,28, ( /1!("
(/(/02 (
2/2 !"0"
' ,,8,
2/<'",/ ((,12
,((6/2( ( !</,
(/ " ,/",
829:8,A<
,E(/=(
202 (,!,,(6/E
,",;8/2 62(
(9:.46,=C.4(=$
,=2,(/2 ,
, @",,/",(
/, , ,(,
,,((0,*/<4
"(*!/( $8 #(<4
#("?,2(28/
6"7",*!( 2"?(/6 ",2",5 "
,(/,"
(/2B("4(0(/
,1 /
C8,="
4:$((20(2(/
"0(/( ,(!<C
<A!(//?=.=."?=C.(
="<, ,("
?!!0!"?/ "/
0< ;/4?" (
/0 :("((2(!
C$(/(
?!/,/
57
/4!"? /2
!(/;'<2(
84(/ /",<2 20!(/2!(
$( 22'
2 ((
/#( 0/! ,(
,4!, 1
02 (/ (6/2
2/,!84(/
< (2 (2
6 </(/!8
0"(/62(2
" ,:$("(0,/!!"(
<2(2/ "C@A04(
" ( "( </2
C$(3"",(
",(!/!!2
$2 B!/,B(<
0(/2, "/!B BC@A04(" (
;89:4(;' (/
B(9:)(2B ,,(
4// (/ ?" (, (" //!(2
82B (22B<(
5 /<4 2!
!,!(/"/,2
?2/?.!
B2("B2""5
"(3(/",((/
!"8, /, 9
2((/2! (
"(!41 4/
/2/!K*,6(/
02!?>6
CD4(2!("4(
0."(0,(6
(,C*(04> A.2
, ,/26( 8 (
( 0(/
58
#(,E!,(,2
8("1
/ $(
<(<(<(
0" (2
/ !(<42 ( /22
/ ,"(4<!
4>4C>?("(C> /6,!/ !
;84(
,2"/21
,$!(!!/6
02( .2 (
"/2!?,! :"!(;(
"8?26?' , , 01"
!8!/2 14
22!0 (0(,
"84/<4#
"",'/,"4 59
< ! (#,,?
!
/ 2,5
( / 2(/
!(!(
<22 (,
" 1!(/2
(0( "0$ ",
"4(/24(/ ?(B2!',
! (/,0(B6
5,", 4
2"#""/
0(,"0.
2 (2,19:(
/,=C$("( ,/2 !
(/;89:5(,(
,(//"C$(
!2(" (, (
2/22!5
"(/!/2 (!" C8!2( ";<"
22 (/2 22(/
02 /"(#9:$(
,(/002,/
"!,5 ? /2,
(/", /"3,(,C3(=
8! =C
(( "(/,?8,
/# 0
1"(2!, 8,2 / ?(22
,("(/,((!(
6/2(/! ""1
/"2 ,
/!C"("
(
! 612 (/! (!2E
#/! 2 CE0/2"
2("",*,(/,5
((2/ (
! (/( /2(/
60
!, (,((!,(
, $!,( $(
/,(/22
8 " /<4"" " 0( ( ">0/
(2 (/ ;
5
( 2
(/2 0
(2( ","/
"(2!(!
4(/0<2 !0004,(/04 ,(
",/!,(26/2
4(0(0",
5
, "1<,"
(( 8/",(
(/!(/ 0/
<22""5
20B(9:5((A
D(/, "A)/ C<
<,0("
( >(0(
" (/2,0(, =C$",(( "(/!0/ ,C8=
"C*, C*0(C
0("5/
A
6(/E
" (/4
/52 A8
/((2 $2
/26 "(62
//, 4
2 !C8(0( ="C(("(4C@A0
(4((!2 =. /!C((0,( ,
!!! !5
,(/22 ,,/,
,C*("(,$2(2,/((2
((/62, 80(2 (
/ 1!/
"/2 (,
/2' (,
!/!2!1?9:.0
( (/"A(
61
2/ 2BA'"(
!,4/4 "(/,/4
42A@A( 2 =.62!
!,4!, /22;8
( /!
/2
2 "(,50( 2
(,2((
010!
8
2 " "(/"2"1!,
(/9:( , ">
26(/2!!A8 /!
"(0 5!
/29(0( !"
C! ("
(0(/
/,02(!2(
/2!,/=
,,
",C80,("!,(0"(/ <( (!2(/
24(/24(/22B
8!28!2"(!
2(/(4(2(6 /5
2(/ ;5
2/ "(/
2 20(" (
/0 (/ 2(,
8
2 !(/"(
20 (/(
! ( /2 "
8
"9:>#(
,( (C6<4("
(!(/0,!A$
/"/2B(6
7 B2B/2
B5,
6/22(02, "9!
0( "(/2?/ 8<46
/!1!68/
/(/ 1!,6, / 2!,
(/!B/!
09/22 ,";5
62
//(2/(
/ "(8
20(/ "01
2!(/29:*4(
"(/! =<(!
2/
2(2 /
!/!<,/
,0""=E"<
/!6! ;8
(2"0(9:(,/
//,(!/ 8(< ;8
(
2/ ,(2(2
"0 (/
B! /8
/! F0(
0 (20(21
/ (/2
9:D4(!/,(/22
;8
(/2
2 "019:
( ((,(/20 0
82 (! 0/((
/2
(/2 0((/
!/2"(/220/
",/",(/ 04/2 ""2!
(((/0 05! 0CE
0("2 !"(?"(
/22! ;! "(/"
01
(/2"(
20/ ( ?,
/2/2 5
/
9:<4/ 2(/
! B,"0 2/8,/
"
(62(!2
," E2
/," 5
"(9,(/
;8/
2(
63
8/4"(94,
(, /,(4
(/6/2!(/
,D"00( (
,/2
2 (#9:$(
<42?(/(,(
!(/(4 C$("(
,0/2/( ;8
22/(
1/2 09:*4(/2"!
6!//!!=
;5
(
" (/20,"!(
/21/(
6 4", 8/",(9:
*4("2,C*("("2!(2!!1
2 /2"(<41?!
C>("(/, !
0, ,2, (/6 ;'/( "/2B
(!
9:,(0*
,6,,(",(
2, ,/,,(
!, "( ,(/! (/!,",1,2(
62/ (/ ! "(/!
/6; (
((B"(2!
B( 2B8
(2 "(0
'/22( (
# ##8
2!(/2
! 2!(22(
9:$( "(2!,"/!(/
,<,6(0,(/ ,
!, ";8 9:
(2 ("(/"(/!2(
2C'A!!# 0("
A2(/"?C
( (//22B(
C>!( ( 0/
2(/290"("5! 4(2/"
64
4"7!1
,(/(C$(
(?!
"?"?!/"?
!(=$
/"?/"(/!C8(
(
/ ? "0"?=/0
/2' B
(/!/! !/
"/ "(/!" 6(/0 C
( ?
(6(0212/22"
/!"(/
!( !'
2!20(/2!2
;'
22(/2
!0B(!B1 !
9:*4I(4(/",=> ,
/4,2,D/,
(<4!AE, /!
!8"!/22,A
(
,( / ,;
/," 8
09!(!(! ,1
4,/202
"!(,0(2!
!1!""2
1,"( ,! (,(,
, 1"0 #2
(M/"2:@A(0("
>!62/ /
,(20,/!6,
4,>0(
,0(0,0/ > !,B,*
, (2,(6,(/2
,
(/2,/!
6//2",;8
9:D(,/0(
2"/, / 4,1,
0!0"C (
!2(,,(2
0,!;86/2
2( (/ /2 "
!, *
( 12 0(20
65
//2 "/ / "82 ",!/
"("/"
! !02<
2 24 0 ,( ", ,(6//24"
"", 2/"2
/(/? 0(/,
00>0(( "(
/! ,!
",,"( 10,
0, ,8 2" "!/2
"8 /
( 2
"08"/""
" '"
"(/"( ",(/
"",:*4("(, ,,
(/ !2 (,
(/6, ,"?
,C'(( =C,/!("=$
?,((",;5
((
9:>!(//
/?!! !=C
( 5(" (0
/6 ? 0?5 /!
B/2 (! (/2# (0 ( /
2$/2/22
!(4
',2"C6" ((
#2CE(" (#2(
/04 04",6 0 E!6"/
0A50,0/
6(//C(62!(2
8! (,;
2"/ 0 ! 8
2(2"
/(
! (2(2/(2 /:@A<4("("
66
/2 A8
0/ (
/# #(2"8
2 (/ 2
0/1200(2
"0(26
!2/!",2"'
2 (/(2(
"(0/2 (
/2
67
'L2G!
./2 (/
(/1/", (9:
$(! , (
/",9,(!,;8 9
:<40?0 ! 6 <"2!
5/"=C$(,0 !$2, (
,;8 9:'("6
!(/2 2C'A(
! /
,(/",(2/2""/2
B0( !B(/!2B>(
!(" ;8
9:
'( ,,2,C2 !,("( "1?(!(,
" (,8 /(
,( 2,(,/"C'(!
( !"!"=C>?("(
BE!(/6
2 !E C
86("("";
(( (//2"!8
2(2 (/2 2(
/2,"/ 8
9:$(/("/",(
! ,(/ "2< (C>,("(;8
// (
2(/2
8
/22 (
(/(/ 89:$(
/(/ 2 (,
/$( "
5,(0!,
(/ 0!(/2
! !,C'(/
((//2;'
"(/ '"(2(
22"4("4/
?(",0
68
1!6(!6 <// "
,9 ", , (""(0
(,< ",(
.!(0
(/2 !
2( /6,
((/221
(" "2
(/"0(!
",
":>("(2 (
//;
8 9:$(C*,=2(
/2,(/!,2,!,(
,/AC("( /6
/CD4(//"
!C$(0!(//0(/,6,
$""(6"
6( ! 8
(/?!!(
!?(/2!2(
2 ?"" ,1
/2/?"
8"(/! 2"(
!/, 0,"8
0! (/, /!F!2(/?
(! /#"!,2/
2? 2,2? 1/2 / /
!2,?2("
69/22 5
,,(,(/ ,(0
6/2(00,((/200!(
00 !(/!(/
12(/2,!(
,,2!( /
"("(/?(/
!4!,(2
!"/ (/2/,!
/!(/! !
,"5,!
/2/ (/2
!!(,(0"((
69
,,$24 ( " !
,0,
, ;5!
"0:>("((
",(! (,2C$(
/ =6,(<4!( C
>( (/0,4A8,2(
2?<4(/2"/C
,(A"(< (",(,(
,C>("(, AE <4
2 /!AC"((!2
(/ !.!(,(
2(2,/!(/2,(
,0(5C>(
/=EC8,2,CD4(
"(/2;/2"
20 ((
2(2(
"(/"
!/ !/ !(/
2!0"02
2(
/ 0"
2/ 28
!
9:$(/
0=C$220("
( "(
/20/6C8<("((
!,0A*?,64/
"("/! !
;82 0/2 (
2" 0(/!
"2"(!22 "2(0
12 "20( ("
2 , "
,,( 1"(0,
0 ,8 ",2"(2
/2"("/(/2!
<"0",(, <!1/ ,
0"(/!!( /
! ,"!,/!61
!((/2 ,
70
2"6/22,(/ 04",(/
(2/ "4",261"
,, < /2/22
<0"10(
(/! ?(/ 2?,/ 2" ,( 0/2 ?"
8 "0(
5
!6#
. !(2 9:D4(!
, "/220
>/2,(/"",/!2
'! (2/
C@A0(<4!/2 , A
,( ,2/
/C>(/"!/=C.(=!(
/!!.B#(
(B/>!
/(/,(,,
!, ?2 B,/,(
C<!/<4/!,
0 /((0/ 0
5!2/!2? ?
/ "/;(/ ,"?
( 9:*2,( ,A5
,,,(/,(
( 10 "
((?(<4!(/
02 C"("
(!
(! (/! /4,",
B /2!B(!41!
26( 2(//2A;/2 ( (/2 /
(,9:$(2
"(//2((/1/
2,5(2 2
/6<!,!(
,!!,,#. # (<4;'"
2(
2,"(
'2/"(!0
/ / ("
1/ "/4,("/,
71
!
2(/2",
4/ (/ /(
/8 ,0/!
02 (" 2(/
0(
/4/"
2 /"8#
/2B,,(", ,(/2 "(1","
" 20!
!, !(/ !
020/2!,"8
""0 "/2 ,"
,(/ !/ , ,.((
19:$(!
/2,>,B(/
,6, /,8
6,,,,,(<4,A;
'"(0(
!,?9:D4,(, /(/,
(2;5242 (
(0/"8//
( ,(/0,(
"2( "0( 22
"(00"(!' ,((!01,,(
/0(2
0("2
!5
/2(
/2 ,(9:(
0!,A;8 9:5?(04
(,(/ !
!/!E ,"1 / !
(//
, >2 /
;5!
/8",
(/ (/ /0(
/" !E(2/
72
2!!(2/<4"2 (
/ "(!
9:5
(,/2(0(/(/
2 (/!!!
B,5,(2,(20(
/2 "!/!(/
?02/
""(/22!(0
0 (/0;8
( 9:5?
0"(0 ,2,A
5((!(/!80
///((0
25,2 C$"!(( "("
(( ,!
? "1 ,( (
!", /!;'
2
20(/"
(2""/ #
//'(2
, ,/2
?( 0/ 5
",0 (2
!9:>(( <( 0",,C$( ,(
"(0(/62?/<4
/2,!(/2
0/262(",
0(/,,61
62,6C>("(,AE!,
$2?<4(! 6/26,
, /6/244,( /!2
",/!;'26,(2 ,5, (/ /.
(2,,(
2B1/2B(
00/2,2(0"
2(,9:$(/ (8
!,(!,(,(#;
8
9:D(!2!
/!26/2
! 6?(/!2?; (
0?(2 1?2 (/
73
9:D("?(/(/,0
!/<4,=C@A!4?(
"0 /,28 (/22
!50/
",!0"(0 !/2
2 ( 01
,2/2,(7
C5(,(/, ,/
E!2/2"!
62;2?B(2 (
2?(0(
0,/
?/2 (
/?? 1, /20/ (
"2 (0"2(2.
2!(2(8
9:$(! !(/
2,05'=C<(
?C8(!(2!(/
"=C<(CD8(
(03(=C<(
"(!2/ ,",
;8 9:D(!
(/, ,(0 5
("/",C<(C>,
C<(
,,(,'!(>!
1H,
;8?
9C$(<42?((0 B
</0"/A>(,
F=C<(?C8"=C<(?(
!G((0",6
,/ (!
8G(/2 "!( 2 2'(/,/ (!CD4(
"('(=C5,/2"/
( ,( ",C"("(2 ,
7"('$2,(2 5/2
?(2 C((
0!/<4"!!2
!/<4 "'"(
74
"10(/2!
,",(?
! (/,0(
< /,2(/20
//" /2 0" 2(62
,/ ,C",",((C
<("(0/#/!?/
!"?(,,>,6,/!
C$( </"("?0
(0,6(
"68/0,,(! ,(
!,/ (///9 (
!,((2 (,0,!
C<(6/6! 0 (/2
//26C((/
/C<(!!(
2,!C$(!!(,,
/!;'?2(
0 0(/ ,!(
!//* !(100
!2(,"!,(
05
"
!(!" ,(/2 /
6,(/2",
!,,/!"",' !(,/2
(6" !/2
8#/2(657,
2(//"12
" 02
("'"
,(!,(0(2,(!(0 '
02?2(/29:
("/,(,=C>?((
! C8(0=C<((
C(6((< (2
06;?(//
(/2("2!
/ (
!(,2 ?1!
",C$(0,,(
"?6,,6(!
/""C<(!6/
75
" 5(2( ,"/ /(2
C
("
?/2!4"(/#
56(/2 <
/ !/(/,
",!$02!(/
((/C<("(!
(2,!C$( </!
!!,0! E(< ( 2,6 *
2,6(,"C'(?0A
>2,E2 62
</6! C@A(
"(,"0E,!(/2
C8!2("?( /(
<4"(/2C<("(
(/!! 5(
,(/,6,(
!C8!(( /2(2"("?(
/2?$" !"?
(/?,("2B,;
76
4
<(( ("(,,(2
6/2 ,(120(
!"0/2(
2
8 ,9:'(
/,((,=;8 9:(!0//2 ;8
9:$<4!(2!/B
!/" ,(/2, ( ,
(/!/!
(/6 /2 ?,
0 ,( /<4;
2,",( (208
2("/200,
"1" ,(/00
2/2 "("/ ,( 8((/
!(/ 0, "$
2 (," 2/2 (,28
"
(/28 "7(9:3,(0(
/2(,
C@?A"(("0,"A*
B,0,",, /2B
5",6!B(2B,6!( ",
,/,!5,9,,
/02,=$(0,(/"0
0"5, 0,
0",/(/,"(
" /6(/!/
,,/ C("(6/(
(6/";89:E<4
/!A;'(
8 4
1?9:@A( (//
= 2(2( (
(/0(
/<4/,0("
(,0;8" 77
!/2$,20(
/"(
2 9:("(
! /$ /! "(,/
! !("!(62/ ;8 9
:*,! "(=5 C5!!,A ((
!, ", ($/22 C*2,(
" (0>/ /
B,/6 ,(/
,/( 2(2 ;6/2
2 "
(".
(
/4!!" /2
? //
2 "(/2 2!
,!, 1"(/2 0(!(4/2 ,(2 ",$02"/
(/".",(2,, ,
,(2/ 1# !
(/8,
2/1 . 4",(2,600
6(2 /
/!0#2 8 ,4 "04/2 0.
2 (04":<4
0;8" 49:0(
045((
$ !=C$("(/
/2/!2C8/2"?=C
<22C8/=C52(
/2/2C(0(8 "2("/2/!(2
!(2/" 0(!2
!1/2/2(2
52(/ /2/ /"
2(/2!(, ,(
2?<41"/4//
5"/"21 /"2( ! /
.
(!(
02/2C$("(
78
(/ "2", 6 C(=@A"
(/ 0(/!"08
( ("2 "(
0(<4"A50#"( !
(4(64(/6 2(!1(/6 2(//!(2,;
)"
9:$("(62/!
/=C'("(!,/
,12,(62!<
(2>/C8=C
,C$(
,,(!20?(!
8 02
!(2 ,!=C
0("(
!/2"0!(/2
!8 2>!!("("
C8((/,((
=C'(,/2
>!328*(/!
,
C84/0
042!!(2!0=;'
,,2
9:$(( ,(0
"A;8
,2(9:2
/!/!" A*2(!
"/(/(/2
5,,
(C$("(!6(5(
2 2/ C$("(
/,>2,,
#!(/2!"0!",
6!(05!/"/
B"!8 /"!
"?/?;8
9:$(
/!2( !(, /
!(// (/
8"/ 1"/(2
!2!"/!
0,","/24
!,"/ $,/2 (
,!(/(<( ,
79
0<!/0=;
,
/2 (6 /2
"/:
("(/5
,;8(/"!(9:$(
<4!(/ !B
/ B2/,B5?
? /?/C
>/("(2!2 C8!("(
8'C)/<('(
! (2 (/04, ,(
( ,C$((.F !(
("(/?G! ?1
" 0?8?(0(2?(2(
!(0(/""/!
5
C
(0(/!0(
/2
0 ,44,C$((
2,6' 2#(!""(
0(!/2(2(
<4!1/2 (!
!(/!
( ,C*2, !
",("
( 2$62 ( !C*,(02
5/
(6 01?!
>/ !
!5"(/,( ,
2(0,/,1/
!"2/2,/"
",/!B0 52B,0, (/
;
2 9:
$("/(,0!( !(
0!0(2"2,
;89:$(!0",((
,2(/!2!
!/
2,4(,(3
!50 !
(2>/ (/
(,0<,
=C((!;89:$(
,( (,/ ;8
80
9:$(<42?(/",E
/,(6
C
=C*(
'C"(,("(/,(
,/!,>2 "/!2
201/!",
("((/6 2 !52(! ( 0(2/ !
0>(4((/6/26,
6 (
?!,(! ?(2 "00(,
/1/0 (2
/( "!(,0,/
,8/,(/,
(, 2//2
/"C$("
(2
"?(2 ? B/602B8!
"(2 , /0;89:
/
(202
2("
//9(!/1
6/26,(/
,'>(0?(22/
6!, !'(
"/!26, ,;8 9:$<4
(,,(,1!2
C
("(! "/ 2 /
6/22;8
/22/!
/22!:8,/!
"!" (2;
42(/ 2
20. /2
((/
/2"(/ ! :
D("( 62,
/ 2
(22
(<4(/2 (2
(/22(!?1"!/2(2
(!21 2"/2
25/(/ /
!2020
!(25 (/
81
, (!" 2/ !62(
,"( //!"?
(/ $( ,6/6 /
CD("(//!
6"=E"< / ,(
,(,(26/2"*,
(/ C*2"(
;(" 82
!
"1(
/2(/2", 8
( (/ !
" >62/
" !, < "? 1 " 0 !
6!6(/
12
?2!6 1!"(
600, ,</2!6
(/ (/ 2"'
!6 2( ,8
2,510
9:<(! 2 (
2F /C$("(!05!2
(2!/2(2/!
252((2! /#(!2 /!
2(2< 2C@A0(
62,/,,,/,"
(/"!(/2BC'A
(!"<(!
/"",>2!,(/
2A!("(2/
,;./ (
(?,"9:D"(/
!/2,"(=
! ((22 ,/
!1/!/ 0 !/ (8 B</2B B"8C@A("2?(<4
/"A;' /22/2 !""1
"(/2 2."
(/2"(2!6(/
28
0/
/(/ 00
,0( ! 0,,
'02(,."
83
(9:*,(!,$!
(0 / !,6"C$(,
! ,!2 "0
/,/"C'("(!
'(/!
(2!!(/
2>08
6/(2.(
1/B (!
6E2//,2'("
/2(/!(/2 /!,/6",!
(2 !(!
1/620 / /!2
,,"(/
?'?(/2! !"/
(/2( /21 /6
52! (/2
0/ 6/;8 /2(!
"0(/:("( ;8, 02"
!6,(, (/2""(/22"":"(
"
(,(0>(/
0;8
6/22/"!
" (2/2,
,(/2!,82>
(/ 8
(6!6!
E"(?"0,"(
2",, 0! 10
/0" /"0! 0"2'6/2 (2/2!'
#2 2 !448
,/2,2>(
! 8(/!(
?9:!0!(6/2 !!
5( (/2
28//(/
?!=C<("(/2" 84
=" /
/ <,,0
;8 !
! !/28,2(2
/ ( " /!0
2( , !'"
, /# (8
!(/2" <!
62(2? (/
?(/284 4
http://www.quellehistoire.com
85