01 pagine 1-3 - Riviste UNIMI

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ˆ‹Ž‘•‘ˆ‘…”‹•–‹ƒ‘ǡ̶‘…–‘”‘—‹•̶͵ͺȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ’’ǤʹʹͲǦʹʹ͸ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‹
Ǥ
ƒ†‡…ǡ ‡–‹–‡• ±–—†‡• ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡•ǡ •–‹–—– †̵2–—†‡• —‰—•–‹‹‡‡•ǡ
ƒ”‹• ͳͻͻͶǤ ‹‘˜ƒ‹ ƒ–ƒ’ƒ‘ ‡–‹‘• –Š‡ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ‹ Š‹• „‘‘ ǯ‹†‡ƒ †‹
ˆ‹Ž‘•‘ˆ‹ƒ‹‰‘•–‹‘ǡŽ‘Ž‹‰”ƒˆ‘ǡƒ†‘˜ƒʹͲͲͲǡ’’Ǥͳ͵ͷǦͳ͵͸Ǥ
ʹ
‡‡Ǥƒ”‘†‹ǡŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒˆ‹Ž‘•‘ˆ‹…‘ƒ‰‘•–‹‹ƒ‘ǡ—„”‹ƒ†‹–‘”‡ǡ‡”‰ƒ‘
ʹͲͲ͸ǡ’ǤʹͲǡˆ‘‘–‘–‡ͳͻǣ1“—‡•–‘—‘†‡‰Ž‹•–”—‡–‹†‹ƒƒŽ‹•‹ˆ‘†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹
‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹†ƒ2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘‡Ž•—‘ˆ‘†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‡•–—†‹‘Ȃ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡
ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ Ȃ ‡Ž “—ƒŽ‡ǡ ’‡” ’‘–‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒ”‡ ‹ ‰‘•–‹‘ — ’‡”…‘”•‘
—‹–ƒ”‹‘ ‡ …‘’‹—–‘ǡ ƒŽ‰”ƒ†‘ Žƒ –‡†‡œƒ ƒ‰‘•–‹‹ƒƒ ƒ ‘ …‘…Ž—†‡”‡ǡ •‹
”‹…‘””‡•’‡••‘ƒŽŽǯ‹†‡ƒ†‹‹†‡–‡”‹ƒœ‹‘‹ƒ‰‘•–‹‹ƒ‡ǡ†‡•–‹ƒ–‡ƒ•‘ŽŽ‡˜ƒ”‡
’”‘„Ž‡‹ …Š‡ ‘ ’‘–”ƒ‘ ”‹…‡˜‡”‡ ”‹•’‘•–ƒ •‡ ‘ ‘Ž–‹ •‡…‘Ž‹ †‘’‘ǡ ‡ŽŽƒ
•’‡…—Žƒœ‹‘‡•…‘Žƒ•–‹…ƒ‡ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹…‘Žƒ”‡ǡ‹‘ƒ•‘†ǯ“—‹‘Ǥ
͵
Ǥƒ†‡…ǡ2–‹‡‡
‹Ž•‘‡–Žƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤʹʹͳǤ
Ͷ
Ǥƒ†‡…ǡ2–‹‡‡
‹Ž•‘‡–Žƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥʹʹ͵Ǥ
ͷ
Ǥ ƒ†‡…ǡ 2–‹‡‡ ‹Ž•‘ ‡– Žƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡ ǥ …‹–Ǥǡ ’Ǥ ʹʹ͸ǣ
ǯ‹•‹•–ƒ…‡ •—” Žƒ †±’‡†ƒ…‡  Žǯ±‰ƒ”† †‡ Ž‘–‹ǡ †ƒ• Žƒ •‡…–‹‘ •—” Ž‡•
‹†±–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡•‡•–—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘†‡Žƒ†‡—š‹°‡±†‹–‹‘ ǥ
“—‹‡ˆƒ‹–Žǯ‡ˆˆ‡–†ǯ—‡’‹°…‡”ƒ’’‘”–±‡Ǥ
͸
‡‡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‡ –Š‘‹•‡ǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡ Ǥ ”‹ǡ
ƒ”‹•ͳͻͳͻƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡†‹–‹‘•Ǣ2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Š‹•–‘”‹“—‡
†— –Š‘‹•‡ ‹ 2–—†‡• †‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ ±†‹±˜ƒŽ‡ǡ —„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• †‡ Žƒ ˆƒ…—Ž–±
†‡• Ž‡––”‡• †‡ Žǯ—‹˜‡”•‹–± †‡ –”ƒ•„‘—”‰ǡ –”ƒ•„‘—”‰ ͳͻʹʹǡ ’’Ǥ ͹͸ǦͳʹͶǢ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ –”‘†—…–‹‘  Žǯ±–—†‡ †‡ •ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡ Ǥ
”‹ǡƒ”‹•ͳͻͶ͵ʹǡ’Ǥ͵ͳͲǣ’‡—–•‡—Ž‡‡–…‘•–ƒ–‡”“—ǯ‹Žȏ—‰—•–‹Ȑƒˆƒ‹–
’‘—”Ž‘–‹…‡“—‡•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•†ǯ“—‹†‡˜ƒ‹–ˆƒ‹”‡’Ž—•–ƒ”†’‘—””‹•–‘–‡ǣ
•‘—‡––”‡  —‡ ”±˜‹•‹‘ ”ƒ–‹‘‡ŽŽ‡ǡ •‘—• Žƒ Ž—‹°”‡ †‡ Žƒ ˆ‘‹ǡ —‡ ‰”ƒ†‡
‹–‡”’”±–ƒ–‹‘’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡†‡Žǯ—‹˜‡”•Ǥ
͹
2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ ‘†ƒ†Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ‡™ƒ˜‡ͳͻͶͳǡ’’Ǥ
ǦǤ
ͺ
2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ –”‘†—…–‹‘  Žǯ±–—†‡ †‡ •ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ ȋͳͻʹͻȌǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡
Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡Ǥ”‹ǡƒ”‹•ͳͻͶ͵ʹǡ’’Ǥͷ͸Ǧ͹ʹǤ
‡•‹†±–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ—‰—•–‹‡‡•
ͻ
ͳ͸ͻ
2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥͷ͹Ǥ
ͳͲ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥͷͺǣˆ‘‘–‘–‡ʹǤ
ͳͳ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥ͸ʹǤ
ͳʹ ”‡ˆ‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”–‘2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ
’’Ǥ ͵ͳͳǦ͵ͳʹǣ ǯ‡•– “—‡ǡ ’‘—” •ǯ‡š’Ž‹“—‡”ǡ ‹Ž Ž—‹ ˆƒ—– …‘‡…‡” ’ƒ” …‡ “—‹
’‘—””ƒ‹–ƒ—••‹„‹‡²–”‡Žƒˆ‹‡–“—‡ǡ’‘—”†±ˆ‹‹”—’‘‹–“—‡Ž…‘“—‡†‡•ƒ
†‘…–”‹‡ǡ ‹Ž Ž—‹ ˆƒ—– ƒ„•‘Ž—‡– Žǯ‡š’‘•‡” –‘—– ‡–‹°”‡ ǥ –‘—– •‡ –‹‡– ‡–
•ǯ‡–”‡–‹‡– •‹ „‹‡ǡ “—ǯ—‰—•–‹ ‡ ’‡—– •ƒ‹•‹” — ƒ‡ƒ— †‡ Žƒ …ŠƒÁ‡ •ƒ•
–‹”‡”  •‘‹ Žƒ …ŠƒÁ‡ –‘—– ‡–‹°”‡ǡ ‡– ŽǯŠ‹•–‘”‹‡ǡ “—‹ –‡–‡  •‘ –‘—” †‡
Žǯ‡šƒ‹‡”ƒ‡ƒ—’ƒ”ƒ‡ƒ—ǡ•‘—ˆˆ”‡…‘•–ƒ‡–†‡Ž—‹ˆƒ‹”‡˜‹‘Ž‡…‡‡–ǡ
‡ …Šƒ“—‡ ’‘‹– ‘î ‹Ž Ž—‹ ƒ••‹‰‡ —‡ Ž‹‹–‡ ’”‘˜‹•‘‹”‡ǡ †‡ Žƒ „”‹•‡” ǥ Žƒ
’”±•‡…‡ †ǯ— ‘”†”‡ †‹ˆˆ±”‡– †‡ …‡Ž—‹ “—‡ ‘—• ƒ––‡†‹‘• ǥ Žƒ ±–Š‘†‡
ƒ–—”‡ŽŽ‡†‡Žǯƒ—‰—•–‹‹•‡‡•–Žƒ†‹‰”‡••‹‘ǤŠ‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡‹•™‘”–Š”‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ
ͳ͵ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‘† ƒ† Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ǥ …‹–Ǥǡ ’’Ǥ ͵ͺǦ͹͵ǡ “—‘–ƒ–‹‘ ’Ǥ ͸ͲǤ ‡‡
‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’’Ǥ͸ʹǦ͸͵ǣ
ƒŽŠ‡—”‡—•‡‡–ǡŽƒ’Ž±‹–—†‡†‡Žƒ˜±”‹–±…Š”±–‹‡‡ƒ–‘—Œ‘—”•ƒ˜ƒ…±ǡ…Š‡œ
—‰—•–‹ǡ •—” •ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡Ǥ ǯ‡•– ƒ—••‹ ’‘—”“—‘‹ǡ ‡ †‹•’‘•ƒ– “—‡ †ǯ—‡
–‡…Š‹“—‡ ’Ž‘–‹‹‡‡ ’‘—” Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡” †‡• ‹–—‹–‹‘• …Š”±–‹‡‡•ǡ ‹Ž ƒ Ž±‰—± ƒ—
‘›‡ Ÿ‰‡ †‡• ’”‘„Ž°‡• ”‡†‘—–ƒ„Ž‡• †‘– •ƒ‹– Š‘ƒ• •‡—Ž ƒ –”‘—˜± Žƒ
”±’‘•‡Ǥ ‡‡ –‘‘ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡ ‡– Žƒ –Š±‘Ž‘‰‹‡ ȋͳͻ͸ͲȌǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡
Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡Ǥ”‹ǡƒ”‹•ʹͲͲͷʹǡ’Ǥͳ͹͵ǣ—‰—•–‹ƒ˜ƒ‹–„‹‡†ðƒ••‹‹Ž‡”
Ž‘–‹ǡ ƒ‹• ‹Ž ǯ› ƒ ’ƒ• †‡ •…‹‡…‡ …Š‡œ Ž‘–‹ ǥ Ž •—ˆˆ‹– ƒ— …‘–”ƒ‹”‡ †‡
’”‡†”‡ ‡ ƒ‹ Žƒ ƒ••‡ †‡• …‘‡–ƒ‹”‡• †‡ •ƒ‹– Š‘ƒ• •—” ”‹•–‘–‡
’‘—”˜‘‹”•‘‹Ǧ²‡Žƒƒ–—”‡†—…Šƒ‰‡‡–“—‹•ǯ‡•–’”‘†—‹–Ǥ–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‹Ž•‘ǯ•‹†‡ƒ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ
ͳͶ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶͳǤ
ͳͷ ‡…‹˜‹–ƒ–‡‡‹ǡ͹Ǥ
ͳ͸ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶʹǤ
ͳ͹ ‡‡2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡƒƒ–‹°”‡‡–Ž‡•
ˆ‘”‡•ǡ’’Ǥʹͷ͸Ǧʹ͹ͶǤ
ͳͺ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶͶǤ
ͳ͹Ͳ
Š‹ƒ’’‡––ƒ
ͳͻ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶͷǤ
ʹͲ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶ͸Ǥ
ʹͳ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶ͹Ǥ
ʹʹ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶ͸Ǥ
ʹ͵ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͶ͹Ǥ
ʹͶ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‘ˆ —‰—•–‹‹ƒ ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹…• ‹ ‘—‡– –‘ •ƒ‹–
—‰—•–‹‡ǡŠ‡‡†Ƭƒ”†ǡ‘†‘ͳͻ͵Ͳǡ’’ǤʹͺͻǦ͵ͳͷǡ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘’ǤʹͻͳǤ
ʹͷ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡŠ‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ—‰—•–‹‹ƒ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹…•ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤʹͻʹǤ
ʹ͸ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡŠ‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ—‰—•–‹‹ƒ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹…•ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥʹͻ͵Ǥ
ʹ͹ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ǯ‹†±‡ †‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ …Š‡œ •ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ ‡– …Š‡œ •ƒ‹– Š‘ƒ•
†ǯ“—‹ ‹ …–ƒ ‡„†‘ƒ†ƒ‡ —‰—•–‹‹ƒƒ‡ǦŠ‘‹•–‹…ƒ‡ ȋ‡…—””‡–‡ …‡–‡ƒ”‹‘ ƒ‘ ƒ ˆ‡Ž‹…‹ –”ƒ•‹–— •Ǥ —‰—•–‹‹Ȍǡ ˆˆ‹…‹ƒ Ž‹„”ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ”‹‡––‹ǡ
‘”‹‘Ǧ‘ƒͳͻ͵ͳǡ’’Ǥ͹ͷǦͺ͹ǡ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘’Ǥ͹ͷǤ
ʹͺ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ǯ‹†±‡ †‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ …Š‡œ •ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ ‡– …Š‡œ •ƒ‹– Š‘ƒ•
†ǯ“—‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥ͹͹Ǥ
ʹͻ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ǯ‹†±‡ †‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ …Š‡œ •ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ ‡– …Š‡œ •ƒ‹– Š‘ƒ•
†ǯ“—‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥ͹ͺǤ
͵Ͳ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ƒ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ ƒ— ‘›‡ ‰‡Ǥ ‡• ‘”‹‰‹• ’ƒ–”‹•–‹“—‡•  Žƒ ˆ‹ †—
‡•‹°…Ž‡ǡƒ›‘–ǡƒ”‹•ͳͻͶͶǡ’Ǥͳ͵͹Ǥ
͵ͳ  –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‘‘ ǯ•’”‹– †‡ Žƒ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ ±†‹±˜ƒŽ‡ǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡
Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡Ǥ”‹ǡƒ”‹•ͳͻ͵ʹǡ
‹Ž•‘’”‘’‘•‡••‹‹Žƒ”’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ„—–
Š‡ †‘‡• ‘– —•‡ –Š‡ –‡” ‹†±–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǣ “—‘–‡ •‘‡ ‡š…‡”’–•ǣ ƒ‹–
—‰—•–‹ Ž—‹Ǧ²‡ǡ „‹‡ “—ǯ‹Ž •‡ †±ˆ‡†‡ …‘–”‡ …‡”–ƒ‹‡• …‘•±“—‡…‡• †‡•
’”‹…‹’‡• ˆ‘†ƒ‡–ƒ—š †— ’Žƒ–‘‹•‡ǡ ƒ „‹‡ ˜— “—ǯ‹Ž ‡ ’‘—˜ƒ‹– ”‡ˆ—•‡”
†ǯƒ……‡’–‡”…‡ŽŽ‡ǦŽǤǯŠ‘‡ǡ†‹–Ǧ‹Žǡ–‡Ž†—‘‹•“—ǯ‹Ž•ǯƒ’’ƒ”ƒÁ–Ž—‹Ǧ²‡ǡ
‡•– —‡ Ÿ‡ ”ƒ‹•‘ƒ„Ž‡ǡ “—‹ •‡ •‡”– †ǯ— …‘”’• –‡””‡•–”‡ ‡– ‘”–‡Žǡ ‘—
…‘‡ —‰—•–‹ Žǯ±…”‹– ƒ‹ŽŽ‡—”•ǡ …ǯ‡•– —‡ Ÿ‡ ”ƒ‹•‘ƒ„Ž‡ “—‹ ƒ — …‘”’•Ǥ
‘—”–ƒ–ǡ ‘ ˜‘‹– „‹‡ “—‡ Ž‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡ …Š”±–‹‡ •‡– “—‡ŽŽ‡ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–± •‡
‡•‹†±–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ—‰—•–‹‡‡•
ͳ͹ͳ
…ƒ…Š‡ •‘—• …‡• ˆ‘”—Ž‡•ǡ …ƒ” ‹Ž ƒŒ‘—–‡ ƒ—••‹–Ø– “—‡ ŽǯŸ‡ ”ƒ‹•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‡– Ž‡
…‘”’• “—ǯ‡ŽŽ‡ ƒ ‡ ˆ‘– ’ƒ• †‡—š ’‡”•‘‡• †‹•–‹…–‡•ǡ ƒ‹• — •‡—Ž Š‘‡Ǥ
‘ ‹–‡–‹‘ †‡ •ƒ—˜‡‰ƒ”†‡” Žǯ—‹–± †‡ ŽǯŠ‘‡ ǯ‡•– †‘… ’ƒ• †‘—–‡—•‡ǡ
ƒ‹•Ž‡’‡—–Ǧ‹Žƒ˜‡…•‡•’”‹…‹’‡•ǫ˜‘‹–„‹‡“—ǯ‹Ž‡Ž‡’‡—–’ƒ•ǡ…‡ˆƒ‹–
“—‡ Žƒ †±ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡ †‡ ŽǯŸ‡ ‡•– ‹†‡–‹“—‡  Žƒ †±ˆ‹‹–‹‘
ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡†‡ŽǯŠ‘‡ȋ’ǤͳͺͲȌǢƒ˜±”‹–±ǯ‡‡•–’ƒ•‘‹•“—‡…‡„Ž‘…
’Žƒ–‘‹…‹‡ǡ‹–”‘†—‹–•ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘’”±ƒŽƒ„Ž‡†ƒ•Žƒ’‡•±‡…Š”±–‹‡‡ǡ›
ˆƒ‹– ˆ‹‰—”‡ †ǯ— …‘”’• ±–”ƒ‰‡” ‡– “—‡ •ƒ ’”±•‡…‡ › •‘—Ž°˜‡ †‡• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–±•
‹…‘—‡• ƒ— ’Žƒ–‘‹•‡ ƒ—–Š‡–‹“—‡ ȋ’Ǥ ͳͺͳȌǢ ‹•‹ǡ ƒŽ‰”± Ž‡• ƒ˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•
‹…‘–‡•–ƒ„Ž‡• “—ǯ‹Ž ’”±•‡–ƒ‹–ǡ Ž‡ ’Žƒ–‘‹•‡ ‹–”‘†—‹•ƒ‹– ƒ— •‡‹ †‡ Žƒ
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ …Š”±–‹‡‡ —‡ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–± Žƒ–‡–‡ǡ ƒ‹• ‹•—”‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ȋ’Ǥ ͳͺʹȌǢ
‡ŽŽ‡‡•–’”±…‹•±‡–Žƒ”ƒ‹•‘’‘—”Žƒ“—‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ†ð”‡’”‡†”‡Žƒ
“—‡•–‹‘  ’‹‡† †ǯà—˜”‡ ‡– ‡ ”‡…‘•–”—‹”‡ …‘’Ž°–‡‡– Žƒ •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ”‡‡– ŽǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡ †‡• ‹†±‡• ƒ ’”±•‡–± ’Ž—• „‡Ž ‡š‡’Ž‡ †ǯ— ‡ˆˆ‘”–
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡ –›’‹“—‡‡– …Š”±–‹‡ǡ ’ƒ”…‡ “—ǯ‹Ž ǯ‡•– Œƒƒ‹• ‹‡—š ƒ’’ƒ”—
“—‡ …ǯ‡•– ‡ •‡ ˆƒ‹•ƒ– ’Ž—• ˜”ƒ‹‡– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ “—ǯ—‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ †‡˜‹‡–
’Ž—•…Š”±–‹‡‡ȋ’Ǥͳͺ͹ȌǤŠ‡™Š‘Ž‡’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Šǡ ǯƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹‡…Š”±–‹‡‡ǡ
‹•™‘”–Š”‡ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›Ǥ
͵ʹ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥͳͳ͹Ǥ‡‡–‘‘’’Ǥ
ͳͳʹǦͳʹͷǤ
͵͵ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͳͺǤ
͵Ͷ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ–”‘†—…–‹‘Žǯ±–—†‡†‡•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳʹͳǤ
͵ͷ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ —”“—‡Ž“—‡•†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–±•†‡Žǯ‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡ǡ‹̶‡˜—‡
±‘Ǧ•…‘Žƒ•–‹“—‡†‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡̶Ͷͳȋͳͻ͵ͶȌǡ’’Ǥ͵ʹͳǦ͵͵ͳǡ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘’’Ǥ͵ʹʹǦ
͵ʹ͵Ǥ
͵͸ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ —” “—‡Ž“—‡• †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–±• †‡ Žǯ‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡‡ ǥ …‹–Ǥǡ ’Ǥ
͵ʹͷǤ
͵͹ ‡‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡••ƒ› ‡• •‘—”…‡• ‰”±…‘Ǧƒ”ƒ„‡• †‡ Žǯƒ—‰—•–‹‹•‡
ƒ˜‹…‡‹•ƒ–ǡ‹̶”…Š‹˜‡•†ǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡†‘…–”‹ƒŽ‡‡–Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡†—‘›‡Ÿ‰‡̶Ͷ
ȋͳͻ͵ͲȌǡ ’’Ǥ ͷǦͳͲ͹ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ’’Ǥ ͹ͶǦͻʹǤ —†‹••ƒŽ‹—• ™‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
ƒ—‰—•–‹‹‡ƒ˜‹…‡‹•ƒ–Ǥ‡‡–‘‘2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡƒŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ƒ—‘›‡ ‰‡ǥ
…‹–Ǥ
ͳ͹ʹ
Š‹ƒ’’‡––ƒ
͵ͺ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‡• •‘—”…‡• ‰”±…‘Ǧƒ”ƒ„‡• †‡ Žǯƒ—‰—•–‹‹•‡ ƒ˜‹…‡‹•ƒ–ǡ ‹
̶”…Š‹˜‡•†ǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡†‘…–”‹ƒŽ‡‡–Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡†—‘›‡Ÿ‰‡̶Ͷȋͳͻ͵ͲȌǡ’ǤͳͲ͹Ǥ
͵ͻ ‹Ž•‘ǯ•‡–Š‘†ƒ––ƒ…Š‡•‰”‡ƒ–‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–‘–Š‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ
ͶͲ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‘—”“—‘‹ •ƒ‹– Š‘ƒ• ƒ …”‹–‹“—± •ƒ‹– —‰—•–‹ǡ ‹ ̶”…Š‹˜‡•
†ǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡ †‘…–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‡– Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡ †— ‘›‡ Ÿ‰‡̶ ͳ ȋͳͻʹ͸Ȍǡ ’’Ǥ ͷǦͳʹ͹ǡ
“—‘–ƒ–‹‘’ǤͷǤ
Ͷͳ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͺǤ
Ͷʹ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͲƒ†’Ǥ
ʹͶǤ
Ͷ͵ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͷʹǤ‡‡
–‘‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡••ƒ›±ˆŽ‡š‹‘••—”Žƒ…‘–”‘˜‡”•‡•ǤŠ‘ƒ•Ȃ•Ǥ—‰—•–‹ǡ
‹ ±Žƒ‰‡• ƒ†‘‡–ǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡ Ǥ ”‹ǡ ƒ”‹• ͳͻ͵Ͳǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ǡ
’’Ǥ͵͹ͳǦ͵ͺ͵Ǥ
ͶͶ ‡‡ –‘‘ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‘‰‡” ƒ”•–‘ǣ — …ƒ• †ǯƒ—‰—•–‹‹•‡ ƒ˜‹…‡‹•ƒ–ǡ ‹
̶”…Š‹˜‡•†ǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡†‘…–”‹ƒŽ‡‡–Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡†—‘›‡Ÿ‰‡̶ͺȋͳͻ͵͵Ȍǡ’’Ǥ͵͹Ǧ
ͶʹǤ
Ͷͷ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’’ǤͺͶǦͺͷǤ
Ͷ͸ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͳͳǤ
Ͷ͹ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Š‹•–‘”‹“—‡†—–Š‘‹•‡ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͳͺǤ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ǤǤ
Š‘‘ǡ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ‘–‹ˆ‹…ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡ ‘ˆ ‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ –—†‹‡•ǡ ‘”‘–‘ ͳͻͺͶǡ
’’‡†‹šǡ ’’Ǥ ͵ͻͷǦ͵ͻ͹ǣ —ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹Ž•‘‹ƒ •‡‹ƒ”• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡
2…‘Ž‡†‡•ƒ—–‡•2–—†‡•ȋͳͻʹͳǦͳͻʹʹȌǣ̶•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–•‘ˆ—‰—•–‹‡‘
†‹˜‹‡‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‹‘̶ǡ̶–Š‘ƒ•ǯ…”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–—‰—•–‹‡̶ȋ–”ǤŠ‘‘ȌǤ
Ͷͺ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳͳͺǤ
Ͷͻ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤͳʹͲǤŠ‡
•ƒ‡‘’‹‹‘‹•‡š’”‡••‡†‘’ƒ‰‡ͷǤ
ͷͲ 2Ǥ
‹Ž•‘ǡ‘—”“—‘‹•ƒ‹–Š‘ƒ•ƒ…”‹–‹“—±•ƒ‹–—‰—•–‹ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’Ǥͳʹ͸Ǥ
‡•‹†±–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ—‰—•–‹‡‡•
ͳ͹͵
ͷͳ ‡‡ 2Ǥ ‹Ž•‘ǡ ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡ †‡ •ƒ‹– ‘ƒ˜‡–—”‡ ȋͳͻʹͶȌǡ ‹„”ƒ‹”‹‡
Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹“—‡Ǥ”‹ǡƒ”‹•ͳͻͷ͵͵ǡ’Ǥ͹ǣŽǯŠ‹•–‘”‹‡ǯ‡•–’ƒ•‘‹•‹’—‹••ƒ–
†‡˜ƒ–—‡‰”ƒ†‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡“—‡Ž‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡Ž—‹Ǧ²‡‡Žǯ‡•–†‡˜ƒ–Žƒ
ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‡‡ –‘‘ ǤǦǤ ƒ””‘—ǡ ‡ Žƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡  ŽǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡ǡ ‹ ‡…‘–”‡•
2–‹‡‡
‹Ž•‘ǤŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡†‡ŽƒŠ”±–‹‡–±ǡ‡•2†‹–‹‘•†—‡”ˆǡƒ”‹•ͳͻͶͻǡ
’’Ǥ͹ͳǦͺ͸Ǥ
ͷʹ ‡‡Ǥƒ”‘†‹ǡŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒˆ‹Ž‘•‘ˆ‹…‘ƒ‰‘•–‹‹ƒ‘ǥ…‹–Ǥǡ’ǤʹͲǡ‘–‡ͳͻǣ ‘
•–—†‹‘ †‹ ‹Ž•‘ ”‹•—Ž–ƒ ‹ –ƒŽ ‘†‘ —‘ †‡‹ ’‹î ”‹•’‡––‘•‹ †‡ŽŽ‡ ‘Ǧ
…‘…Ž—•‹‘‹ ƒ‰‘•–‹‹ƒ‡ …Š‡ ˜‡‰‘‘ ƒ……‡––ƒ–‡ …‘‡ –ƒŽ‹ ’”‘’”‹‘ ’‡” †ƒ”‡
ƒ˜˜‹‘ ƒ — ’”‡–‡•‘ ’‡”…‘”•‘ †‹ ƒ–—”ƒœ‹‘‡ †‡ŽŽƒ ˆ‹Ž‘•‘ˆ‹ƒ …”‹•–‹ƒƒ
‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ‡Ǥ
ͷ͵ ǤǤ Š‘‘ǡ 2–‹‡‡ ‹Ž•‘ ǥ …‹–Ǥǡ ’Ǥ ͳ͹ͶǤ ‡––‡” –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ‰Ž‹•Š „›
ǤǤŠ‘‘Ǥ

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